nitrous oxide profile

Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	948
CHEMBL ID	1234579
CHEBI ID	17045
MeSH ID	M0014927

Synonym
ins-942
dinitrogenii oxidum
nitrogenum oxygenatum
e-942
nitrogen oxide (n(sub 2)o)
CHEMBL1234579
protoxide of nitrogen
ins no.942
CHEBI:17045 ,
lachgas
NNO ,
stickstoff(i)-oxid
e942
oxidodinitrogen(n--n)
protoxyde d'azote
factitious air
diazyne 1-oxide
nitrogenium oxydulatum
oxyde nitreux
r-744a
laughing gas
gaz hilarant
distickstoffmonoxid
D00102
nitrous oxide (jp17/usp)
nitrous oxide (tn)
oxido nitroso [spanish]
stickdioxyd [german]
hsdb 504
un2201
nitrous oxide, compressed
protoxyde d'azote [french]
nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid
ccris 1225
fema no. 2779
nitrous oxide [un1070] [nonflammable gas]
einecs 233-032-0
nitrogen hypoxide
hyponitrous acid anhydride
nitrous oxide [jan]
un1070
nitrous oxide [anaesthetics, volatile]
nitrogen oxide (n2o)
dinitrogen oxide
nitrous oxide
N2O ,
dinitrogen monoxide
10024-97-2
C00887
NITROUS-OXIDE ,
nitrogen protoxide
nitral
gas, laughing
oxide, nitrous
nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid [un2201] [nonflammable gas]
unii-k50xqu1029
nitrous oxide [usp:jan]
k50xqu1029 ,
oxido nitroso
stickdioxyd
ec 233-032-0
nitrous oxide [un1070] [nonflammable gas]
AKOS015903682
nitrous oxide [usp monograph]
nitrous oxide [hsdb]
nitrous oxide [fcc]
dinitrogenii oxidum [who-ip latin]
nitrous oxide [who-dd]
nitrous oxide [vandf]
nitrous oxide [inci]
nitrous oxide [ep impurity]
nitrous oxide [ep monograph]
nitrous oxide [fhfi]
nitrous oxide [mart.]
nitrous oxide [green book]
dinitrogen oxide [who-ip]
nitrous oxide [mi]
un 1070
un 2201
diazyne 1-oxide #
DTXSID8021066 ,
DB06690
nitrious oxide
nitrous oxide, jan, usan
nitrous oxide (jp15/usp)
fema 2779
nitrous-15n2 oxide
Q905750
n-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-3-piperidinamine ethanedioate
100240-04-8
nitrous oxide (ep impurity)
nitrogenii monoxidium (latin)
nitrogenii oxidium (latin)
nitrous oxide, usp
nitrous oxide (ep monograph)
azoto protossido
nitroux oxide
nitrous oxide (usp:jan)
nitrous oxide sedara
nitrous oxide, (compressed)
nitrous oxide (mart.)
nitrogenium oxydulatum (latin)
oxydum nitrosum (latin)
nitrous oxide (usp monograph)
dtxcid301066

Research Excerpts

Overview

Nitrous oxide (NO) is a colourless, odourless gas that has been used in medicine for more than 150 years for its anaesthetic and analgesic properties. Nitrous oxide is a highly potent greenhouse gas and one of the main contributors to the greenhouse gas footprint of wastewater treatment plants.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nitrous oxide is a colourless, odourless gas that has been used in medicine for more than 150 years for its anaesthetic and analgesic properties. "	( Nangs, balloons and crackers: Recreational nitrous oxide neurotoxicity. Evans, EB; Evans, MR, 2021)	2.33
"Nitrous oxide is an inhaled analgesic that may be used for pain relief for women undergoing external cephalic version."	( External cephalic version: Success rates with and without nitrous oxide. Blat, C; Ha, TK; Lamar, R; Rosenstein, MG, 2022)	1.69
"Nitrous oxide is a highly potent greenhouse gas and one of the main contributors to the greenhouse gas footprint of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). "	( Exploring the microbial influence on seasonal nitrous oxide concentration in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant using metagenome assembled genomes. Andersen, MH; Laursen, MD; Mielczarek, AT; Nielsen, PH; Peces, M; Singleton, CM; Valk, LC, 2022)	2.42
"Nitrous oxide (NO) is a commonly used drug in medical practice, restoration, and the automobile industry. "	( Peripheral polyneuropathy and acute psychosis from chronic nitrous oxide poisoning: A case report with literature review. Parent, T; Sood, R, 2022)	2.41
"Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective agent for children undergoing low-complex procedures."	( [Nitrous oxide is not widely used for children in the emergency departments in The Netherlands]. Hulshof, GWL; Kluijfhout, WP; Welsing, RTC, 2022)	2.35
"Nitrous oxide is a useful inhaled analgesic. "	( Nitrous Oxide Use in Australian Health Care: Strategies to Reduce the Climate Impact. Eley, VA; Lee-Archer, P; Liu, Y; McGain, F; Seglenieks, R; Sheridan, NM, 2023)	3.8
"Nitrous oxide is a medical and household gas that has seen its use drift to recreational purpose among the young population in recent years. "	( Nitrous oxide-induced polyneuropathy, pancytopenia and pulmonary embolism: a case report. Bollens, B; Parein, G, 2023)	3.8
"Nitrous oxide is a useful option for children who require procedural sedation, and means that more procedures can be performed without general anaesthesia."	( Use of nitrous oxide in children. Iversen, C; Olsen, A; Størdal, K, 2019)	2.41
"Nitrous oxide is a commonly abused inhalant by adolescents and young adults. "	( Venous thrombosis after nitrous oxide abuse, a case report. Patterson, KC; Pratt, DN; Quin, K, 2020)	2.31
"Nitrous oxide abuse is a rare cause of vitamin B12 deficiency and consequent subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. "	( Pernicious azotaemia? A case series of subacute combined degeneration of the cord secondary to nitrous oxide abuse. Gaillard, F; McArdle, DJT, 2020)	2.22
"Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas, and its emissions from single reservoirs have been extensively studied; however, it still remains unclear about nitrous oxide emission patterns in cascade reservoirs. "	( Nitrous oxide emissions from cascade hydropower reservoirs in the upper Mekong River. Chen, Q; Chen, Y; Hu, L; Liu, D; Ma, H; Shi, W; Yi, Q; Zhang, J, 2020)	3.44
"Nitrous oxide is a common gas used as an anesthetic agent and analgesic medication in operating rooms. "	( A review of the effects of the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide on the immune system; a starting point for future experiences. Kourosh Arami, M; Mohsenzadegan, M; Oshaghi, M; Sedigh Maroufi, S, 2020)	2.26
"Nitrous oxide is an inhalant drug that is readily available and legally obtained."	( Case Study: Naltrexone for the Treatment of Nitrous Oxide Use. Brar, R; Ickowicz, S; Nolan, S, )	1.11
"Nitrous Oxide is a colorless, odorless, gas that has been in medical use for over 150 years."	( Ketamine and nitrous oxide: The evolution of NMDA receptor antagonists as antidepressant agents. Conway, CR; Janski, AM; Kalmoe, MC; Nagele, P; Palanca, BJ; Zorumski, CF, 2020)	1.65
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an odorless and colorless gas routinely used as an adjuvant of anesthesia and for short-duration analgesia in various clinical settings mostly in the form of an N2O/O2 50%-50% equimolar mixture (EMONO). "	( Safety and efficacy of an equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide: a randomized controlled trial in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. Attal, N; Bessière, B; Bouhassira, D; Chevrillon, E; Corand-Dousset, V; Dal-Col, C; Deleens, R; Delorme, C; Delval, C; Giniès, P; Gov, C; Houéto, P; Kieffert, P; Kuhn, E; Maindet, C; Martiné-Fabre, G; Nguyen, JP; Perrot, S; Pickering, G; Ramirez-Gil, JF; Ranque Garnier, S; Riant, T; Schaller, M; Serrie, A; Sommer, C; Tölle, T; Viel, E, 2021)	2.31
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and its reduction to dinitrogen gas by the N2O reductase (encoded by the nosZ gene) is the only known biological N2O sink. "	( Differential expression of clade I and II N2O reductase genes in denitrifying Thauera linaloolentis 47LolT under different nitrogen conditions. Hallin, S; Semedo, M; Song, B; Wittorf, L, 2020)	2
"Nitrous oxide is an increasingly popular recreational drug. "	( Nitrous oxide-induced neurotoxicity: A case report and literature review. Burrage, D; Thayabaran, D, 2021)	3.51
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an anesthetic gas with both therapeutic and abuse potential. "	( Rewarding Subjective Effects of the NMDAR Antagonist Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) Are Moderated by Impulsivity and Depressive Symptoms in Healthy Volunteers. Cawley, E; Das, RK; Hennessy, V; Iskandar, G; Kamboj, SK; Piazza, G; Troebinger, L; Zhao, H, 2021)	2.31
"Nitrous oxide (NO) is an inhalant that has become increasingly popular as a recreational drug. "	( Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a complication of nitrous oxide abuse. Bouwman, NAMG; de Valck, L; Defelippe, VM, 2021)	2.31
"Nitrous oxide misuse is a recognized issue worldwide. "	( Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy. Barnes, S; Blair, C; Bolitho, S; Cremer, P; Lu, Z; Michael Halmagyi, G; Offord, J; Palavra, N; Sutherland, E; Swart, G; Yogendran, S, 2021)	3.51
"Nitrous oxide (NO) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted from agricultural operations. "	( Temporal Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure after a Simulated Rainfall Event. Casey, KD; Parker, DB; Todd, RW; Waldrip, HM; Webb, K; Willis, WM, 2017)	2.31
"Nitrous oxide 70% (N20 70%) is an excellent medication for procedural analgosedation in a pediatric emergency department. "	( Nitrous Oxide 70% for Procedural Analgosedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department-With or Without Intranasal Fentanyl? Landolt, MA; Seiler, M; Staubli, G, 2019)	3.4
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a gaseous drug with abuse potential. "	( Plasma corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels increase during administration of nitrous oxide in rats. Al-Noori, S; Cimpan, A; Kaiyala, KJ; Maltzer, Z; Ramsay, DS, 2018)	2.14
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an anesthetic gas with antinociceptive properties and reduces the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for volatile anesthetic agents, potentially through mechanisms involving central alpha2-adrenoceptors. "	( MAC-sparing effect of nitrous oxide in sevoflurane anesthetized sheep and its reversal with systemic atipamezole administration. Careddu, GM; Columbano, N; Driessen, B; Duffee, L; Melosu, V; Scanu, A; Sotgiu, G, 2018)	2.24
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with agricultural soils representing its largest anthropogenic source. "	( Effects of fertilizer application schemes and soil environmental factors on nitrous oxide emission fluxes in a rice-wheat cropping system, east China. Chen, N; He, F; Ma, Y; Shakoor, A; Wang, Q; Xu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, S; Yin, H; Zuo, H, 2018)	2.15
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and the dominant anthropogenic stratospheric ozone-depleting emission. "	( Using stable isotopes to follow excreta N dynamics and N2O emissions in animal production systems. Clough, TJ; Laughlin, RJ; Müller, C, 2013)	1.83
"Nitrous oxide is an effective sedative/analgesic for mildly to moderately painful paediatric procedures. "	( Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures--a systematic review. Bayat, A; Jacobsson, ML; Pedersen, RS; Steen, NP, 2013)	3.28
"Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective method to achieve analgesia and sedation during minor, but painful procedures. "	( Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures--a systematic review. Bayat, A; Jacobsson, ML; Pedersen, RS; Steen, NP, 2013)	3.28
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a primary ozone-depleting substance and powerful greenhouse gas. "	( Municipal gravity sewers: an unrecognised source of nitrous oxide. Ashbolt, NJ; Daikeler, A; Mann, K; Peirson, WL; Peters, GM; Short, MD; Stuetz, RM, 2014)	2.1
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a potent greenhouse gas and of special concern in wastewater treatment. "	( Oxygen-induced dynamics of nitrous oxide in water and off-gas during the treatment of digester supernatant. la Cour Jansen, J; Stenström, F; Tjus, K, 2014)	2.14
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful atmospheric greenhouse gas, which does not only have a strong influence on the global climate change but also depletes the ozone layer and induces the enhancement of ultraviolet radiation to ground surface, so numerous researches have been focused on global climate change and ecological environmental change. "	( [Key microbial processes in nitrous oxide emissions of agricultural soil and mitigation strategies]. Jia, Y; Wang, XH; Xu, HJ; Yang, XR; Zhu, YG, 2014)	2.14
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with ozone layer destruction potential. "	( Detecting nitrous oxide reductase (NosZ) genes in soil metagenomes: method development and implications for the nitrogen cycle. Chee-Sanford, JC; Higgins, S; Konstantinidis, KT; Löffler, FE; Orellana, LH; Ritalahti, KM; Rodriguez-R, LM; Sanford, RA, 2014)	2.25
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that also depletes stratospheric ozone. "	( Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen. Millar, N; Robertson, GP; Shcherbak, I, 2014)	2.09
"Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas. "	( [Contribution of fungi to soil nitrous oxide emission and their research methods: a review]. Huang, Y; Long, XE, 2014)	2.13
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a 100-year global warming potential approximately 300 times that of CO2. "	( Isotopic fractionation by a fungal P450 nitric oxide reductase during the production of N2O. Gandhi, H; Hegg, EL; Ostrom, NE; Yang, H, 2014)	1.85
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a significant anthropogenic greenhouse gases (AnGHGs) emitted from biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. "	( Mitigation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from denitrifying fluidized bed bioreactors (DFBBRs) using calcium. Eldyasti, A; Nakhla, G; Zhu, J, 2014)	2.21
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) gas is a widely used anesthetic adjunct in dentistry and medicine that is also commonly abused. "	( N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blocker-like discriminative stimulus effects of nitrous oxide gas. Richardson, KJ; Shelton, KL, 2015)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and the predominant ozone depleting substance. "	( Intergenomic comparisons highlight modularity of the denitrification pathway and underpin the importance of community structure for N2O emissions. Graf, DR; Hallin, S; Jones, CM, 2014)	1.85
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitted from biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. "	( Influence of biofilm thickness on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from denitrifying fluidized bed bioreactors (DFBBRs). Eldyasti, A; Nakhla, G; Zhu, J, 2014)	2.12
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance that has anthropogenic as well as natural marine and terrestrial sources. "	( Isotopic constraints on marine and terrestrial N2O emissions during the last deglaciation. Baggenstos, D; Bauska, TK; Brook, EJ; Fischer, H; Joos, F; Petrenko, VV; Schaefer, H; Schilt, A; Schmitt, J; Severinghaus, JP; Spahni, R; Stocker, TF, 2014)	1.85
"Nitrous oxide is a minor component of the atmosphere, and it is a thousand times less than carbon dioxide (CO2)."	( Assessment of nitrous oxide emission from cement plants: real data measured with both Fourier transform infrared and nondispersive infrared techniques. Benedetti, P; Guerriero, E; Mosca, S; Rotatori, M, 2014)	1.48
"Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective analgesic technique for polipectomy office hysteroscopy compared with the paracervical infiltration and control groups."	( Inhalation analgesia with nitrous oxide versus other analgesic techniques in hysteroscopic polypectomy: a pilot study. Del Valle Rubido, C; Delgado Espeja, JJ; González Hinojosa, J; Rodríguez Miguel, A; Solano Calvo, JA; Zapico Goñi, Á, )	1.87
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, which is produced during nitrifying and denitrifying processes. "	( The synergistic effects of dissolved oxygen and pH on N2O production in biological domestic wastewater treatment under nitrifying conditions. He, J; Li, P; Liu, Y; Peng, Y; Wang, S, )	1.57
"Nitrous oxide is a powerful, long-lived greenhouse gas, but we know little about the role of estuarine areas in the global N2 O budget. "	( Nitrous oxide fluxes in estuarine environments: response to global change. Erler, DV; Eyre, BD; Murray, RH, 2015)	3.3
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a by-product of exhaust pipe gases treatment produced by motor vehicles. "	( The N2O activation by Rh5 clusters. A quantum chemistry study. Avilés, R; Bertin, V; Francisco-Rodríguez, H; García-Cruz, R; González-Torres, JC; Olvera-Neria, O; Poulain, E, 2015)	1.86
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas and a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion, yet its sources and sinks remain poorly quantified in the oceans. "	( Nitrogen cycling. Rapid nitrous oxide cycling in the suboxic ocean. Babbin, AR; Bianchi, D; Jayakumar, A; Ward, BB, 2015)	2.17
"Nitrous oxide is an inflammable gas that gives no smell or taste. "	( Death from Nitrous Oxide. Bäckström, B; Eriksson, A; Johansson, B, 2015)	2.25
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an NMDA receptor antagonist."	( Nitrous Oxide for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain. Atim, A; Deogaonkar, A; Katyal, S; Leizman, D; Liu, J; Mekhail, N; Sarwar, S; Sessler, DI; Turan, A; You, J; Yousef, HF, 2015)	2.58
"Nitrous oxide (NO) is a safe, quick-acting, and well-tolerated sedative agent with analgesic and anxiolytic properties that make it ideal for ED use."	( The use of inhaled nitrous oxide for analgesia in adult ED patients: a pilot study. Chudnofsky, CR; Damiron, K; Deitch, K; Herres, J; Manur, R, 2016)	1.48
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas and a key catalyst of stratospheric ozone depletion. "	( Reduction of the Powerful Greenhouse Gas N2O in the South-Eastern Indian Ocean. Bodrossy, L; Hardman-Mountford, N; Holmes, B; McInnes, AS; Raes, EJ; Thompson, PA; Van de Kamp, J; Waite, AM, 2016)	1.88
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) with substantial global warming potential and also contributes to ozone depletion through photochemical nitric oxide (NO) production in the stratosphere. "	( Nitrous Oxide Metabolism in Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria: Physiology and Regulatory Mechanisms. Bedmar, EJ; Delgado, MJ; Gates, AJ; Richardson, DJ; Rowley, G; Simon, J; Torres, MJ, 2016)	3.32
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be emitted during biological nitrogen removal. "	( Aerobic N2O emission for activated sludge acclimated under different aeration rates in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process. Guan, Y; Pan, M; Wang, H; Wu, G, 2016)	1.88
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas, but large uncertainties remain in global budgets. "	( Pristine mangrove creek waters are a sink of nitrous oxide. Holloway, C; Maher, DT; Santos, IR; Sippo, JZ; Tait, DR, 2016)	2.14
"Nitrous oxide-sedation is a safe and effective option for patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration."	( Randomized controlled study of the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide-sedated endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for digestive tract diseases. Chen, YY; Sun, SY; Wang, CX; Wang, J; Wang, JN; Yang, F; Yu, X, 2016)	2.12
"Nitrous oxide is a widely used anesthetic gas. "	( Inflammatory response to nitrous oxide in the central nervous system. Baethmann, A; Lehmberg, J; Uhl, E; Waldner, M, 2008)	2.09
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is an attractive agent for procedural analgesia and sedation of children in the emergency department (ED). "	( Limited analgesic efficacy of nitrous oxide for painful procedures in children. Babl, FE; Oakley, E; Puspitadewi, A; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide is an effective analgesic when performing bone-marrow biopsies. "	( [Pain prevention with fixed 50% nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture during bone-marrow biopsy]. Bernit, E; Gayet, S; Harlé, JR; Kaplanski, G; Mazodier, K; Sati, H; Schleinitz, N; Veit, V, 2009)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas and its origin and fate are thus of broad interest. "	( N(2)O concentration and isotope signature along profiles provide deeper insight into the fate of N(2)O in soils. Gebauer, G; Goldberg, SD; Knorr, KH, 2008)	1.79
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a greenhouse gas that is an intermediate during the biological process known as denitrification."	( Structural basis of inter-protein electron transfer for nitrite reduction in denitrification. Inoue, T; Kobayashi, K; Koteishi, H; Nakagami, T; Nojiri, M; Suzuki, S; Yamaguchi, K, 2009)	1.07
"Nitrous oxide is a common adjuvant to anaesthesia in the ED but it not often thought of as a drug of abuse."	( Peripheral neuropathy following nitrous oxide abuse. Richardson, PG, 2010)	1.37
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a medicinal gas that has been used for anesthesia for over a century and a half. "	( [Use of nitrous oxide in Uruguay]. Andruskevicius, M; Cristiani, F; Fernández, P, 2010)	2.24
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a significant greenhouse gas, and biological nitrogen removal systems have been shown to be a significant N(2)O source. "	( Effect of aeration rate on the emission of N2O in anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactors (A/O SBRs). Hu, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Wang, J; Xie, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, T, 2010)	1.8
"Nitrous oxide is an inhaled agent commonly used by dental staff to provide anxiolysis and analgesia for dental procedures and by anesthesia personnel as an adjunct to more potent general anesthetic gases. "	( Seizures temporally associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation. Doescher, JS; Zier, JL, 2010)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. "	( Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks. Arango, CP; Ashkenas, LR; Beaulieu, JJ; Bernot, MJ; Burgin, AJ; Cooper, LW; Crenshaw, CL; Dahm, CN; Dodds, WK; Grimm, NB; Hall, RO; Hamilton, SK; Helton, AM; Johnson, LT; Johnson, SL; McDowell, WH; Mulholland, PJ; O'Brien, JM; Peterson, BJ; Poole, GC; Potter, JD; Sheibley, RW; Sobota, DJ; Tank, JL; Thomas, SM; Valett, HM; Wollheim, WM, 2011)	3.25
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and a primary cause of stratospheric ozone destruction. "	( Abiotic mechanism for the formation of atmospheric nitrous oxide from ammonium nitrate. Carmichael, GR; Grassian, VH; Rubasinghege, G; Spak, SN; Stanier, CO, 2011)	2.06
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a highly potent greenhouse gas; however, the characteristics of N(2)O production during denitrification using poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as a carbon source are not well understood. "	( Effect of anaerobic reaction time on denitrifying phosphorus removal and N2O production. Chen, S; Geng, J; He, W; Ren, Z; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Xing, M, 2011)	1.81
"Nitrous oxide is a useful method to be used alone or together with the other methods."	( Alternatives to neuraxial analgesia for labor. Ahonen, J; Palomäki, O; Volmanen, P, 2011)	1.09
"Nitrous oxide anaesthesia is a particular risk."	( Vitamin B12 deficiency and phenylketonuria. Walter, JH, 2011)	1.09
"Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during microbial nitrification and denitrification. "	( Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment and water reclamation plants in southern California. Pataki, DE; Rosso, D; Townsend-Small, A; Tsai, CY; Tseng, LY, )	3.02
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a significant greenhouse gas with a global warming potential that is 300 times than that of carbon dioxide. "	( Spatio-temporal variation in soil derived nitrous oxide emissions under sugarcane. Grace, P; Huang, X; Mengersen, K; Weier, K, 2011)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide is an antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and may prevent the development of chronic postsurgical pain. "	( Chronic postsurgical pain after nitrous oxide anesthesia. Chan, MTV; Gin, T; Leslie, K; Myles, PS; Wan, ACM, 2011)	2.1
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a stable greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in the destruction of the ozone layer. "	( Expression of the nos operon proteins from Pseudomonas stutzeri in transgenic plants to assemble nitrous oxide reductase. Altosaar, I; Goto, K; Johnson, AM; Mottiar, Y; Wan, S, 2012)	2.04
"Nitrous oxide is an effective sedative/analgesic for mildly to moderately painful pediatric procedures. "	( Safety of high-concentration nitrous oxide by nasal mask for pediatric procedural sedation: experience with 7802 cases. Liu, M; Zier, JL, 2011)	2.1
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and a major sink for stratospheric ozone. "	( Mechanisms of N2O production in biological wastewater treatment under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions. Emmenegger, L; Joss, A; Mohn, J; Siegrist, H; Wunderlin, P, 2012)	1.82
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is an attractive agent for pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) with rapid onset and offset of sedation. "	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	2.07
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a powerful atmospheric greenhouse gas and cause of ozone layer depletion. "	( Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions. Baggs, EM; Giannopoulos, G; Pretty, J; Richardson, DJ; Thomson, AJ, 2012)	2.11
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) which has a global warming potential 310 times that of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) over a hundred year lifespan. "	( Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from aquaculture: a review. Chandran, K; Hu, Z; Khanal, SK; Kim, S; Lee, JW, 2012)	3.26
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is an important greenhouse gas and biological nitrogen removal process of wastewater treatment plant is one of its sources. "	( Minimization of nitrous oxide emission from anoxic-oxic biological nitrogen removal process: effect of influent COD/NH4+ ratio and feeding strategy. Hu, Z; Li, S; Liang, S; Xie, H; Zhang, J, 2013)	2.18
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a major radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone-depleting gas emitted from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. "	( The unaccounted yet abundant nitrous oxide-reducing microbial community: a potential nitrous oxide sink. Bru, D; Graf, DR; Hallin, S; Jones, CM; Philippot, L, 2013)	2.12
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential approximately 298 times greater than that of CO(2). "	( Quantifying uncertainties in N(2)O emission due to N fertilizer application in cultivated areas. Loyce, C; Makowski, D; Philibert, A, 2012)	1.82
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is an inhalational anesthetic/analgesic gas that has been used for clinical practice for more than a century. "	( Nitrous oxide exerts age-dependent antinociceptive effects in Fischer rats. Fujinaga, M; Hashimoto, T; Maze, M; Nelson, LE; Ohashi, Y; Stowell, JM, 2002)	3.2
"Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas, and NO and NO2 play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. "	( Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide fluxes from soils after manure and urea application. Akiyama, H; Tsuruta, H, )	3.02
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a frequently used adjunct to propofol anesthesia. "	( Nitrous oxide produces minimal hemodynamic changes in patients receiving a propofol-based anesthetic: an esophageal Doppler ultrasound study. Inoue, T; Ogawa, R; Shiga, T; Wajima, Z, )	3.02
"Nitrous oxide analgesia is a cost-effective and efficacious alternative to conscious sedation or general anesthesia for minor pediatric surgical procedures. "	( Nitrous oxide analgesia for minor pediatric surgical procedures: an effective alternative to conscious sedation? Burnweit, C; Diana-Zerpa, JA; Lankau, CA; Malvezzi, L; Nahmad, MH; Shapiro, T; Smith, L; Thayer, K; Weinberger, M, 2004)	3.21
"Nitrous oxide is a cerebral vasodilator and may therefore decrease zero flow pressure and increase cerebral perfusion pressure."	( Effects of inhaled nitrous oxide 50% on estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and zero flow pressure in healthy volunteers. Eastwood, JR; Hancock, SM; Mahajan, RP, 2005)	1.38
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. "	( N2O emissions at solid waste disposal sites in Osaka City. Fukuyama, J; Ito, H; Masuda, J; Tsujimoto, Y, 1994)	1.73
"Nitrous oxide is a dimerization product of nitroxyl anion; its presence in the reaction products indicates that the nitroxyl anion is a product of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed reaction."	( Detection of nitrous oxide in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase reaction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gao, YT; Ishimura, Y; Masters, BS; Panda, SP; Roman, LJ; Weintraub, ST, 2005)	1.42
"The nitrous oxide is an inhaling gas that can increase intratympanic pressure during the anesthetic act and cause negative pressure after it is discontinued, mainly in patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction. "	( [Evaluation of tympanometric alterations in patients subject to general anesthesia with nitrous oxide]. de Lima, MA; Teixeira, FM; Tomita, S, )	0.91
"Nitrous oxide is a potent inhalational anesthetic/analgesic that is safe and effective for out-of-hospital use. "	( Prehospital pharmacology: nitrous oxide. Jaslow, D; Lemecha, D, 2007)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide is a well established analgesic and anxiolytic agent, and it significantly reduces pain associated with transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy."	( Nitrous oxide inhalation to improve patient acceptance and reduce procedure related pain of flexible cystoscopy for men younger than 55 years. Barua, JM; Calleary, JG; Masood, J; Van-Mallaerts, R, 2007)	2.5
"Nitrous oxide is a commonly used anesthetic that inhibits the activity of methionine synthase, an enzyme involved in methylation reactions and DNA synthesis and repair. "	( Nitrous oxide decreases cortical methionine synthase transiently but produces lasting memory impairment in aged rats. Baxter, MG; Crosby, G; Culley, DJ; Deth, RC; Raghavan, SV; Waly, M; Yukhananov, R, 2007)	3.23
"Nitrous oxide is a commonly abused inhalant drug. "	( Nitrous oxide "whippit" abuse presenting with cobalamin responsive psychosis. Capasso, G; Mullin, P; Sethi, NK; Torgovnick, J, 2006)	3.22
"Nitrous oxide is an attractive agent for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department; however, there are limited safety data for high-concentration continuous-flow nitrous oxide (50%-70%) and its use in young children. "	( High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Seaman, C; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	2.12
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a widely used inhalational anesthetic gas, but its exact mode of action and its distribution in the CNS are not yet well known. "	( Electrophysiological measures (CNV--EEG) and nitrous oxide at low doses in man. Gerono, A; Morocutti, C; Niethammer, T; Pierelli, F; Pozzessere, G; Rizzo, PA; Timsit-Berthier, M, 1982)	1.97
"Nitrous oxide is a popular inhalation anesthetic-analgesic agent. "	( Accidental death by nitrous oxide inhalation. Rozin, L; Wahba, WW; Winek, CL, 1995)	2.06
"Nitrous oxide however is a greenhouse gas and can also indirectly contribute to ozone layer depletion."	( General anaesthesia and the environment. Fitzpatrick, GJ; O'Hare, B, )	0.85
"Nitrous oxide is an excellent agent used for the preanesthetic induction phase of hair transplantation surgery."	( Use of nitrous oxide in hair transplantation surgery. Militana, CJ; Sadick, NS, 1994)	1.47
"Nitrous oxide is suspected to be a developmental toxicant in humans. "	( Effect of nitrous oxide exposure on maternal and embryonic S-adenosylmethionine levels and ornithine decarboxylase activity. Fullerton, FR; Hansen, DK; Knowles, BJ; Poirier, LA, 1993)	2.13
"Nitrous oxide continues to be a valuable agent for the control of pain and anxiety. "	( Nitrous oxide in the dental office. ADA Council on Scientific Affairs; ADA Council on Dental Practice. , 1997)	3.18
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a commonly used sedative for painful diagnostic procedures and dental work. "	( Bispectral EEG index during nitrous oxide administration. Kim, JS; Lenhardt, R; Negishi, C; Rampil, IJ; Sessler, DI, 1998)	2.04
"Nitrous oxide is a gas that has been used to provide analgesia to patients for more than a century. "	( [Analgesia using a (50/50) mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen in children]. Carbajal, R, 1999)	2.02
"Nitrous oxide is known to be an inducer of narcosis, at atmospheric pressure."	( Narcotic effects produced by nitrous oxide and hyperbaric nitrogen narcosis in rats performing a fixed-ratio test. Risso, JJ; Turle-Lorenzo, N; Zouani, B, 1999)	1.32
"Nitrous oxide is a commonly used anaesthetic agent. "	( [Severe polyneuropathy after using nitrous oxide as an anesthetic. A preventable disease?]. Alarcia, R; Ara, JR; Capablo, JL; García, M; Latorre, AM; Serrano, M, )	1.85
"Nitrous oxide (N20) is a greenhouse gas, the third most significant contributor to global warming. "	( A novel type of catalytic copper cluster in nitrous oxide reductase. Besson, S; Brown, K; Cambillau, C; Moura, I; Moura, JJ; Pereira, AS; Prudêncio, M; Tegoni, M, 2000)	2.01
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a key atmospheric greenhouse gas that contributes to global climatic change through radiative warming and depletion of stratospheric ozone. "	( Wheat leaves emit nitrous oxide during nitrate assimilation. Bloom, AJ; Smart, DR, 2001)	2.09
"Nitrous oxide is a general anesthetic used at subanesthetic concentrations to reduce anxiety during dental procedures."	( Preoperative dental anxiety and mood changes during nitrous oxide inhalation. Graham, L; Hurst, RJ; Janiszewski, DJ; Zacny, JP, 2002)	1.29
"Nitrous oxide is a commonly used potent analgesic gas."	( Nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients with ischemic chest discomfort: effect on beta-endorphins. Friehling, TD; Kowey, PR; O'Leary, U; Puglia, C, 1987)	2.44
"Nitrous oxide is an important and widely used anesthetic agent. "	( Nitrous oxide use and endotracheal tube rupture. Mosby, EL; Schelkun, PM; Vincent, SK, )	3.02
"Nitrous oxide analgesia is a safe alternative to parenteral narcotics for outpatient surgical procedures. "	( Nitrous oxide analgesia for outpatient procedures. Davidson, KW; Kahn, RF, 1985)	3.15

Effects

Nitrous oxide has a long history of use and has been well documented in the literature as a safe, effective, and inexpensive option for pain management in labor. It is underused in the United States.

Nitrous oxide has a short-acting suppressant effect on the pressure generating capacity of the diaphragm in healthy humans. Nitrous oxide toxicity has been reported in medical and dental professions and a few cases of myeloneuropathy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nitrous oxide has a long history of use and has been well documented in the literature as a safe, effective, and inexpensive option for pain management in labor in other countries, but it is underused in the United States."	( A Nurse-Directed Model for Nitrous Oxide Use During Labor. Baldwin, KM; Curlee, K; Keever, M; Pinyan, T, )	1.87
"Nitrous oxide has a proven clinical efficacy in conscious sedation. "	( Nitrous oxide occupational exposure in conscious sedation procedures in dental ambulatories: a pilot retrospective observational study in an Italian pediatric hospital. Bussu, A; Camisa, V; Derrico, P; Galeotti, A; Gilardi, F; Lembo, M; Moscato, U; Pattavina, F; Raponi, M; Tucci, MG; Zaffina, S, 2019)	3.4
"Nitrous oxide has an adverse effect on cerebrovascular hemodynamics. "	( Transcranial Doppler ultrasound study of the effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral autoregulation during neurosurgical anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Battaglia, C; Conti, A; Iacopino, DG; Lucanto, T; Santamaria, LB; Siliotti, C; Tomasello, F, 2003)	2.01
"Nitrous oxide has a minor effect on the effective dose 50% values of bolus doses of rocuronium. "	( Quantitation of the effect of nitrous oxide on rocuronium infusion requirements using closed-loop feedback control. Antila, H; Illman, H; Olkkola, KT, 2008)	2.08
"Nitrous oxide has a short-acting suppressant effect on the pressure generating capacity of the diaphragm in healthy humans."	( Depression of diaphragm contractility by nitrous oxide in humans. Clément, A; Cordingley, J; Fauroux, B; Hart, N; Lofaso, F; Moxham, J; Polkey, MI, 2002)	1.3
"Nitrous oxide has a long clinical history, but its effects on the heart remain controversial. "	( Effects of nitrous oxide on contractile function and metabolism of the isolated heart. Bosnjak, ZJ; Kampine, JP; Marijic, J; Monroe, SM; Rooney, RT; Stowe, DF, 1990)	2.11
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used nationally as an analgesic in many clinical settings. "	( Multicenter Study Evaluating Nitrous Oxide Use for Labor Analgesia at High- and Low-Altitude Institutions. Amura, CR; Anderson, J; Arbet, J; Collins, MR; Mayer, DC; Nodine, P; Orlando, BS; Stein, D; Wood, C, 2022)	2.46
"Nitrous oxide has rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but its underlying mechanisms of therapeutic actions are not well understood. "	( Brain function changes reveal rapid antidepressant effects of nitrous oxide for treatment-resistant depression:Evidence from task-state EEG. Hu, B; Kong, W; Li, L; Li, X; Liao, M; Ou, W; Shao, X; Sun, S; Yan, D; Zhang, Y; Zheng, F, 2023)	2.59
"Nitrous oxide has become over the last few years a public health problem in many countries. "	( Nitrous oxide: a unique official French addictovigilance national survey. Aquizerate, A; Daveluy, A; Duval, M; Gérardin, M; Guerlais, M; Istvan, M; Laforgue, EJ; Lionnet, A; Victorri-Vigneau, C, 2023)	3.8
"Nitrous oxide has been used safely in dentistry and medicine for many centuries."	( Pro-Con Debate: Nitrous Oxide for Labor Analgesia. Vallejo, MC; Zakowski, MI, 2019)	1.58
"Nitrous oxide has long been used recreationally for its ability to induce euphoria and other deliriant effects. "	( Nitrous Oxide Inhalant Use Disorder Preceding Symptoms Concerning for Primary Psychotic Illness. Farahmand, P; Roberts, D; Wolkin, A, 2020)	3.44
"Nitrous oxide has become a popular inhalant as abused substance by young Chinese people in recent years. "	( Isolated cortical vein thrombosis after nitrous oxide use in a young woman: a case report. Bu, B; Liu, M; Zhang, J, 2020)	2.27
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used since the 19th century for its analgesic, antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects during surgical procedures in awake and anaesthetised patients. "	( Assessing the antinociceptive effect of nitrous oxide to tetanic stimulation in anaesthetised patients with new intra-operative nociception monitors: An observational study. Brulotte, V; Coulombe, MA; Décary, E; Drolet, P; Fortier, LP; Godin, N; Idrissi, M; Issa, R; Maximos, S; Raft, J; Richebé, P; Tanoubi, I; Verdonck, O; Zaphiratos, V, 2021)	2.33
"Nitrous oxide has proven to be especially helpful for repair of lacerations under local anesthesia and is a multiuse modality that should be available to women in all birth settings."	( Nitrous Oxide Utility in Labor and Birth: A Multipurpose Modality. Collins, M, )	2.3
"Nitrous oxide has a long history of use and has been well documented in the literature as a safe, effective, and inexpensive option for pain management in labor in other countries, but it is underused in the United States."	( A Nurse-Directed Model for Nitrous Oxide Use During Labor. Baldwin, KM; Curlee, K; Keever, M; Pinyan, T, )	1.87
"Nitrous oxide has been used for decades in the Anglosphere but it is a greenhouse gas, and interactions with Vitamin B"	( [Pain therapy during labour]. Jochberger, S; Klein, KU; Ortner, C, 2017)	1.18
"Nitrous oxide and midazolam have been used as sedative agents to decrease fear and anxiety associated with dental procedures. "	( Nitrous Oxide and Midazolam Sedation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2017)	3.34
"Nitrous oxide has many potential applications in dermatology; however, further evidence from randomized controlled trials is needed."	( Use of Nitrous Oxide in Dermatology: A Systematic Review. Brotzman, EA; Crane, J; Sandoval, LF, 2018)	1.66
"Nitrous oxide has also shown antidepressant efficacy."	( Emerging evidence for antidepressant actions of anesthetic agents. Mickey, BJ; Tadler, SC, 2018)	1.2
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used widely to sedate patients for dental procedures."	( The disturbance in dynamic property in the reconstructed state space during nitrous oxide administration. Kim, HG; Kim, PJ; Shin, TJ, 2019)	1.46
"Nitrous oxide has a proven clinical efficacy in conscious sedation. "	( Nitrous oxide occupational exposure in conscious sedation procedures in dental ambulatories: a pilot retrospective observational study in an Italian pediatric hospital. Bussu, A; Camisa, V; Derrico, P; Galeotti, A; Gilardi, F; Lembo, M; Moscato, U; Pattavina, F; Raponi, M; Tucci, MG; Zaffina, S, 2019)	3.4
"Nitrous oxide has been shown to be effective for a variety of minor surgical procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous cannula placement, lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration, laceration repair, dental care, and minor dermatologic procedures."	( Applications of nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in the pediatric population. Tobias, JD, 2013)	1.46
"Nitrous oxide inhalation has also been found to enhance the level of sensory spinal block."	( The effects of intrathecal and systemic adjuvants on subarachnoid block. Paraskeva, A; Staikou, C, 2014)	1.12
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has become the prime ozone depleting atmospheric emission and the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential approximately 300 times higher than CO2. "	( The effect of nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine depositions to grassland under summer conditions in the UK. Barneze, AS; Cerri, CC; Minet, EP; Misselbrook, T, 2015)	2.12
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been widely used as a dental and surgical anaesthetic for over 150 years. "	( Is nitrous oxide a genotoxic carcinogen? Hammond, TG; O'Donovan, MR, 2015)	2.48
"Nitrous oxide by inhalation has been used in Australia since the 1950s and improved methods of administration have made this method of analgesia safe and practical."	( Developments in labour analgesia and their use in Australia. Callaway, L; Eley, VA; van Zundert, AA, 2015)	1.14
"Nitrous oxide has been used for over 160 years for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. "	( Nitrous oxide-based techniques versus nitrous oxide-free techniques for general anaesthesia. Jia, RH; Jia, WQ; Kuriyama, A; Liu, Y; Luo, XF; Ma, B; Sun, R; Tian, JH; Yang, K; Zhang, P, 2015)	3.3
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has gained considerable attention as a contributor to global warming and depilation of stratospheric ozone layer. "	( Field study of nitrous oxide production with in situ aeration in a closed landfill site. Komiya, T; Nag, M; Nakayama, H; Shimaoka, T; Xiaoli, C, 2016)	2.23
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic and sedative properties; it is easy to use and widely available."	( Effect of nitrous oxide on fentanyl consumption in burned patients undergoing dressing change. Carmona, MJ; do Vale, AH; Flório, C; Gomez, DS; Posso, Ide P; Tsuchie, SY; Vane, MF; Videira, RL, )	1.26
"Nitrous oxide has previously been shown to increase serum homocysteine levels."	( Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, a Unique Complication of Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use. Alexopoulos, C; Alford, K; Celermajer, D; Indraratna, P, 2017)	1.4
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used for about 150 years in clinical anaesthesia. "	( Is nitrous oxide necessary for general anaesthesia? Gilani, SM; Sofi, K, )	2.2
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has modest pro-apoptotic effects on its own and potent, synergistic toxic effects when combined with volatile agents."	( Nitrous oxide discretely up-regulates nNOS and p53 in neonatal rat brain. Abramo, A; Cattano, D; Forfori, F; Giunta, F; Maze, M; Valleggi, S, 2010)	2.52
"Nitrous oxide gas (N(2)O) has been proposed as an alternative to intravenous (i.v.) analgesia in patients undergoing lower gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( Systematic review: the use of nitrous oxide gas for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cochrane, S; Lewis, S; Minto, G; Welchman, S, 2010)	2.09
"Nitrous oxide has been used as a component of general anesthesia for over 160 years and has contributed to countless apparently uneventful anesthetics in neurologically at-risk patients. "	( Is nitrous oxide use appropriate in neurosurgical and neurologically at-risk patients? Lanier, WL; Pasternak, JJ, 2010)	2.42
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has become a routine intervention in contemporary American dental practice, especially in the management of children. "	( Ethical considerations in the use of nitrous oxide in pediatric dentistry. Levering, NJ; Welie, JV, 2010)	2.08
"Nitrous Oxide (N(2)O) has now made a comeback and shown by recent studies to be as safe as CO(2) for creating pneumoperitoneum (PP)."	( Nitrous oxide for pneumoperitoneum: no laughing matter this! A prospective single blind case controlled study. Manimaran, AB; Manohar, RR; Naidu, RM; Rammohan, A, 2011)	2.53
"Nitrous oxide has been shown to have both anxiolytic and analgesic properties."	( Effect of nitrous oxide on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Beck, M; Drum, M; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Stanley, W, 2012)	1.5
"Nitrous oxide has been associated with increased vascular risk in the perioperative period. "	( Nitrous oxide exposure does not seem to be associated with increased mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction: a non-randomized subgroup analysis of the General Anaesthesia compared with Local Anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA) trial. Bodenham, A; Gough, MJ; Graham, C; Lewis, SC; Sanders, RD; Warlow, C, 2012)	3.26
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been widely used in clinical anesthesia for >150 years. "	( The association between nitrous oxide and postoperative mortality and morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Kurz, A; Mascha, EJ; Saager, L; Sessler, DI; Shiba, A; Turan, A; You, J, 2013)	2.14
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has the advantages of being a sedative agent that does not require a painful injection and that offers shallower levels of sedation and a rapid recovery of mental state."	( A randomized comparison of nitrous oxide versus intravenous ketamine for laceration repair in children. Eun, SC; Heo, CY; Jo, YH; Kim, K; Kim, SH; Kim, TY; Lee, JH; Rhee, JE, 2012)	1.4
"Nitrous oxide has proved to be of particular value but carries a degree of risk for the operating staff."	( Seminars on controversial issues. A review of the pharmacological approach to the management of dental anxiety in children. Faponle, A; Folayan, MO; Lamikanra, A, 2002)	1.04
"Nitrous oxide gas (N2O) has been proposed to be effective in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). "	( Long-term effects of and physiological responses to nitrous oxide gas treatment during alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alho, H; Methuen, T; Paloheimo, M; Roine, R; Salaspuro, M; Seppä, K; Strid, N; Tiainen, J, 2002)	2.01
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), but some studies show conflicting data. "	( Anaesthesia with sevoflurane in children: nitrous oxide does not increase postoperative vomiting. Bortone, L; Mergoni, M; Picetti, E, 2002)	2.02
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in both children and adults."	( The effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow velocity in children anesthetized with propofol. Bissonnette, B; Karsli, C; Luginbuehl, IA; Wilson-Smith, E, 2003)	1.4
"Nitrous oxide has an adverse effect on cerebrovascular hemodynamics. "	( Transcranial Doppler ultrasound study of the effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral autoregulation during neurosurgical anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Battaglia, C; Conti, A; Iacopino, DG; Lucanto, T; Santamaria, LB; Siliotti, C; Tomasello, F, 2003)	2.01
"Nitrous oxide has been used in addition to other volatile anaesthetics to provide general anaesthesia and short time sedation for more than 150 years. "	( [Nitrous oxide. Sense or nonsense for today's anaesthesia]. Graf, B; Hollmann, MW; Schönherr, ME, 2004)	2.68
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been reported to reduce post-withdrawal craving in alcoholic humans, aiding in their continued abstinence. "	( Nitrous oxide acutely suppresses ethanol consumption in HAD and P rats. Kebabian, CE; Kosobud, AE; Rebec, GV, 2006)	3.22
"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has been used for well over 150 years in clinical dentistry for its analgesic and anxiolytic properties. "	( Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide. Emmanouil, DE; Quock, RM, 2007)	2.05
"Nitrous oxide has a minor effect on the effective dose 50% values of bolus doses of rocuronium. "	( Quantitation of the effect of nitrous oxide on rocuronium infusion requirements using closed-loop feedback control. Antila, H; Illman, H; Olkkola, KT, 2008)	2.08
"The nitrous oxide program has expanded to provide sedation for additional tests in radiology as well as in other hospital departments."	( Creation of a registered nurse-administered nitrous oxide sedation program for radiology and beyond. Drake, GJ; Farrell, MK; Finkelstein, M; Rucker, D; Zier, JL, )	0.87
"Nitrous oxide has been used in clinical practice for over 150 years, often for pediatric procedures. "	( Nitrous oxide in pediatric anesthesia: friend or foe? Baum, VC; Schmitt, EL, 2008)	3.23
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) abuse has been associated with myeloneuropathy, but significant mental status changes rarely have been described. "	( Subacute toxic delirium following nitrous oxide abuse. Coyle, PK; Sterman, AB, 1983)	1.99
"Nitrous oxide has been reported to act both as a stimulant and as a depressant of cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) and blood flow under a variety of experimental conditions in the intact animal. "	( Effects of nitrous oxide on the cerebrovascular tone, oxygen metabolism, and electroencephalogram of the isolated perfused canine brain. Fitzpatrick, JH; Gilboe, DD, 1982)	2.1
"Nitrous oxide has been reported to be associated with various teratogenic effects in experimental animals and may be associated with other human ailments."	( Nitrous oxide levels during retinal cryosurgery. Gawecki, S; Marcus, DF, 1981)	2.43
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic properties as determined in both animal and human research. "	( Effects of subanesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide on cold-pressor pain in humans. Apfelbaum, JL; Patterson, TH; Pirec, V; Thapar, P; Zacny, JP, )	1.84
"Nitrous oxide has been effectively banned from use in therapeutic laparoscopy because of fear of combustion. "	( Nitrous oxide pneumoperitoneum revisited. Is there a risk of combustion? Hunter, JG; Oddsdottir, M; Staheli, J; Trus, T, 1995)	3.18
"Nitrous oxide has been implicated as an emetogenic agent in many studies."	( Omission of nitrous oxide during anesthesia reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis. Badwe, RA; Divatia, JV; Hawaldar, RW; Vaidya, JS, 1996)	1.39
"Nitrous oxide toxicity has been reported in medical and dental professions and a few cases of myeloneuropathy due to induced vitamin B12 deficiency have been reported."	( Myeloneuropathy from whipped cream bulbs presenting as conversion disorder. Brett, A, 1997)	1.02
"Nitrous oxide has never been implicated to be harmful in any way to the patient."	( Clinical use and potential biohazards of nitrous/oxide oxygen. Clark, MS; Jeffers, BW; Renehan, BW, )	0.85
"Nitrous oxide has been shown inconsistently to impair the oxidative function of neutrophils. "	( Nitrous oxide impairs the neutrophil oxidative response. Fröhlich, D; Hobbhahn, J; Rothe, G; Schmid, P; Schmitz, G; Taeger, K; Wittmann, S, 1998)	3.19
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown to decrease the solubility (lambdaB:G) of volatile anesthetics in human blood and, consequently, affect their rate of uptake. "	( Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide have no effect on the blood-gas solubilities of sevoflurane and isoflurane. Chamberlain, SK; Lockwood, GG; Shaw, AD; Spased-Byrne, SM, 1998)	3.19
"(1) Nitrous oxide has been shown to impair the oxidative function of neutrophils. "	( Nitrous oxide impairs the signaling of neutrophils downstream of receptors. Fröhlich, D; Rothe, G; Schmitz, G; Taeger, K, 1998)	2.3
"Nitrous oxide has been used as an anesthetic for 100 years by the health care profession. "	( A review of the effects of trace concentrations of nitrous oxide on performance and related health problems in medical and dental personnel. Gratton, TB, )	1.83
"Nitrous oxide is a gas that has been used to provide analgesia to patients for more than a century. "	( [Analgesia using a (50/50) mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen in children]. Carbajal, R, 1999)	2.02
"Nitrous oxide has a short-acting suppressant effect on the pressure generating capacity of the diaphragm in healthy humans."	( Depression of diaphragm contractility by nitrous oxide in humans. Clément, A; Cordingley, J; Fauroux, B; Hart, N; Lofaso, F; Moxham, J; Polkey, MI, 2002)	1.3
"Nitrous oxide has been added to a technique for anesthesia, allowing the concentration of enflurane to be reduced by a third while retaining the amnesic properties, stable physiologic parameters, rapid recovery, and excellent acceptance by the patient."	( An evaluation of enflurane combined with nitrous oxide as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery. Buhler, JE; Kraut, RA; Mangelsdorff, D; Shelton, DW; Watson, RL, 1979)	1.97
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been thought to increase this frequency, but previous studies have been indecisive."	( Nitrous oxide, nausea, and vomiting after outpatient gynecologic surgery. Felts, JA; Poler, SM; Spitznagel, EL, )	2.3
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been implicated as a cause of myocardial ischemia. "	( No finding of increased myocardial ischemia during or after carotid endarterectomy under anesthesia with nitrous oxide. Benefiel, D; Cahalan, MK; Eger, EI; Kozmary, SV; Lampe, GH; Schiller, NB; Wauk, LZ; Whitendale, P, 1990)	1.94
"Nitrous oxide has a long clinical history, but its effects on the heart remain controversial. "	( Effects of nitrous oxide on contractile function and metabolism of the isolated heart. Bosnjak, ZJ; Kampine, JP; Marijic, J; Monroe, SM; Rooney, RT; Stowe, DF, 1990)	2.11
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used to produce analgesia and anesthesia for more than 100 yr. "	( Hyperbaric nitrous oxide as a sole anesthetic agent in humans. Loomis, JL; Richard, RB; Russell, GB; Snider, MT, 1990)	2.11
"Nitrous oxide has been reported to increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis. "	( The mechanism of nitrous oxide-induced changes in pulmonary vascular resistance in a dog model of left atrial outflow obstruction. Caldwell, RW; Heerdt, PM, 1989)	2.06
"Nitrous oxide has been widely employed by dentists as an anesthetic agent throughout its history of clinical use. "	( Nitrous oxide in dental practice. Jastak, JT, 1989)	3.16
"Nitrous oxide has no effect on longterm memory and probably inhibits the 1st phase of memorization."	( [Amnesic effect of nitrous oxide in gradual general anesthesia]. Bachelet, Y; Berlemont, D; Milhaud, A; Mouquet, W, 1989)	1.23
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown to be an effective analgesic in adult medical outpatients, yet no prospective studies of its use in the pediatric medical outpatient exist. "	( Nitrous oxide analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Gamis, AS; Glenski, JA; Knapp, JF, 1989)	3.16
"Nitrous oxide has been used to relieve ischemic discomfort during myocardial infarction."	( Nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients with ischemic chest discomfort: effect on beta-endorphins. Friehling, TD; Kowey, PR; O'Leary, U; Puglia, C, 1987)	2.44
"Nitrous oxide/oxygen has long been the mixture of gases used in dental practice to produce light sedation. "	( Sedation by the use of inhalation agents in dental care. Hallonsten, AL, 1988)	1.72
"Nitrous oxide has acquired widespread use as a tool for managing young dentally anxious children. "	( The effects of nitrous oxide on anxious young pediatric patients across sequential visits: a double-blind study. Nathan, JE; Venham, LL; Werboff, J; West, MS, )	1.93
"Nitrous oxide anesthesia has been implicated as contributing to the development of delayed tension pneumocephalus following surgery performed in the sitting position. "	( Nitrous oxide withdrawal reduces intracranial pressure in the presence of pneumocephalus. Drummond, JC; Shapiro, HM; Skahen, S; Todd, MM; Zelman, V, 1986)	3.16

Actions

Nitrous oxide does not produce the classical anteriorization of slow wave activity typically seen during anesthetic induction. Nitrous oxide-induced increase of neuronal activity in the locus ceruleus was reversed by dexmedetomidine.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nitrous oxide promotes absorption atelectasis in poorly ventilated lung segments at high inspired concentrations. "	( Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in the ENIGMA II Trial: A Post Hoc Analysis. Chee, B; Desai, M; Etherington, C; Ho, A; Leslie, K; Liskaser, G; Marsh, H; Myles, PS; Perrett, G; Peyton, PJ; Torlot, F, 2023)	2.35
"Nitrous oxide did not increase the risk of postoperative complications or prolonged length of hospital stay in the neurosurgical cohort enrolled in the ENIGMA-I and ENIGMA-II trials."	( Safety of Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia in a Selected Group of Patients Undergoing Neurosurgery: An Exploratory Subgroup Analysis of the ENIGMA Trials. Cheng, J; Gaudet, J; Gondar, R; Leslie, K; Myles, PS; Nouri, A; Patel, KK; Schaller, K; Sun, X; Tessitore, E, 2022)	2.57
"Nitrous oxide may increase the success of the IANB."	( Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Effect on IANB Injection Pain and Mandibular Pulpal Anesthesia in Asymptomatic Subjects. Dds, MB; Drum, M; Fowler, S; Kushnir, B; Nusstein, J; Reader, A, 2021)	2.79
"Nitrous oxide misuse can cause a severe but potentially reversible subacute myeloneuropathy. "	( Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy. Barnes, S; Blair, C; Bolitho, S; Cremer, P; Lu, Z; Michael Halmagyi, G; Offord, J; Palavra, N; Sutherland, E; Swart, G; Yogendran, S, 2021)	3.51
"Nitrous oxide is known to cause subacute degeneration of the spinal cord by inactivation of active vitamin B12."	( [Nitrous oxide-induced polyneuropathy]. Beekman, R; Beerhorst, K; Bruijnes, JE; Conjaerts, SHP, 2017)	2.09
"Nitrous oxide did not increase the risk of death and cardiovascular complications or surgical-site infection, the emetogenic effect of nitrous oxide can be controlled with antiemetic prophylaxis, and a desired effect of reduced volatile agent use was shown."	( The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at-risk patients having major non-cardiac surgery (ENIGMA-II): a randomised, single-blind trial. Beattie, WS; Chan, MT; Devereaux, PJ; Forbes, A; Leslie, K; Myles, PS; Paech, MJ; Peyton, PJ; Schricker, T; Sessler, DI; Silbert, B; Wallace, S, 2014)	1.42
"Nitrous oxide is known to inactivate vitamin B12 via oxidation, which can precipitate a demyelinating myelopathy akin to the classical B12 deficiency syndrome, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord."	( An unusual cause of falls in a young woman. Burn, D; Sleeman, I; Wiblin, L, 2016)	1.16
"Nitrous oxide inhibited the increase in the LF/HF ratio."	( Inhalational conscious sedation with nitrous oxide enhances the cardiac parasympathetic component of heart rate variability. Asano, Y; Kohjitani, A; Okushima, K; Sugiyama, K, 2008)	1.34
"The nitrous oxide-induced increase in noradrenaline release may be due to both excitation of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic neuron and direct stimulation of its axon terminals."	( Nitrous oxide and xenon increase noradrenaline release in the cerebral cortex in vivo and in vitro. Hirota, K; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Kushikata, T; Tose, R; Yoshida, H, 2010)	2.28
"Nitrous oxide was found to produce clear reductions in resting total power, particularly at frontal-vertex sites. "	( Effects of nitrous oxide sedation on resting electroencephalogram topography. Foster, BL; Liley, DT, 2013)	2.22
"Nitrous oxide does not produce the classical anteriorization of slow wave activity typically seen during anesthetic induction. "	( Effects of nitrous oxide sedation on resting electroencephalogram topography. Foster, BL; Liley, DT, 2013)	2.22
"Nitrous oxide-induced increase of neuronal activity in the locus ceruleus was reversed by dexmedetomidine."	( Dexmedetomidine enhances analgesic action of nitrous oxide: mechanisms of action. Chow, A; Dawson, C; Ma, D; Maze, M, 2004)	1.3
"Nitrous oxide may increase pharyngeal pressure by the cuffs of the laryngeal tube, and thus it is advisable to monitor and adjust the intracuff pressure of the laryngeal tube during anesthesia to minimize possible ischemic changes to the oropharynx."	( Time-related cuff pressures of the laryngeal tube with and without the use of nitrous oxide. Asai, T; Shingu, K, 2004)	1.99
"Nitrous oxide does increase the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in cases where risk of this side effect is increased, but it seems likely that use of antiemetics prophylactically will negate this factor."	( Nitrous oxide: a unique drug of continuing importance for anaesthesia. Hopkins, PM, 2005)	2.49
"Nitrous oxide does not increase the incidence of surgical wound infection."	( Nitrous oxide and risk of surgical wound infection: a randomised trial. Akça, O; Fleischmann, E; Fülesdi, B; Greif, R; Herbst, F; Kurz, A; Lenhardt, R; Sessler, DI, )	3.02
"Nitrous oxide can also inhibit major enzymatic pathways and repeated exposure may lead to neurologic damage."	( Nitrous oxide in pediatric anesthesia: friend or foe? Baum, VC; Schmitt, EL, 2008)	2.51
"Nitrous oxide was found to produce no effect in the absence of halothane, but to potentiate the hepatotoxicity of 0.75% halothane (P = 0.0003 for Asp."	( Effect of nitrous oxide on halothane-induced hepatotoxicity in hypoxic, enzyme-induced rats. Duffy, SW; Monk, SJ; Ross, JA, 1984)	1.39
"Nitrous oxide may cause expansion of these bubbles."	( Inhalation of nitrous oxide expands epidural air bubbles. Erickson, S; Kao, TC; Lucio, J; Petty, R; Stevens, R, )	1.21
"Nitrous oxide seemed to increase the NR and NSA, whereas the benzodiazepines alone did not affect behavior."	( The effect of age on the behavioral responses of mice following diazepam and midazolam sedation in combination with nitrous oxide. Condouris, G; Houpt, M; Press, SH, 1995)	1.22
"Nitrous oxide did not cause significant changes in the biochemical parameters examined."	( Nitrous oxide impairs electrophysiologic recovery after severe hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices. Amorim, P; Chambers, G; Cottrell, J; Kass, IS, 1997)	2.46
"Nitrous oxide may cause neurological and haematological signs and symptoms, as a result of its tendency to form complex with cobalt(I) in methylcobalamin, the cofactor for methionine synthase (EC 2.1.1.13), resulting in irreversible oxidation of the cofactor and inactivation of the enzyme protein. "	( [Nitrous oxide can cause cobalamin deficiency. Vitamin B12 is a simple and cheap remedy]. Lindstedt, G, 1999)	2.66
"As nitrous oxide is known to cause a neuropathy similar to that seen in pernicious anaemia, we postulate that nitrous oxide analgesia combined with low B12 levels was the cause of the marked neuropathy in these patients."	( Sickle cell disease and nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy. Adepegba, T; Ogundipe, O; Pearson, MW; Slater, NG; Westerdale, N, 1999)	1.12
"Nitrous oxide can cause hematologic abnormalities, including death, if it is administered for several days. "	( Hematologic effects of nitrous oxide in surgical patients. Eger, EI; Koblin, DD; Lampe, GH; Waldman, FM; Wauk, LZ, 1990)	2.03

Treatment

The nitrous oxide gas treatment between pressures of 600-1000 kPa proved to be effective in inducing tetraploids. Nitrous oxide treatment was used to inhibit the tetrahydrofolate-generating enzyme, 5-methyltetrahydrfolate homocysteine methyltransferase.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nitrous oxide pretreatment had no effect."	( Xenon pretreatment attenuates anesthetic-induced apoptosis in the developing brain in comparison with nitrous oxide and hypoxia. Fidalgo, AR; Ma, D; Maze, M; Pac-Soo, C; Patel, SM; Shu, Y; Wan, Y, 2010)	1.3
"The nitrous oxide gas treatment between pressures of 600-1000 kPa proved to be effective in inducing tetraploids."	( Induction of tetraploid derivatives of maize inbred lines by nitrous oxide gas treatment. Birchler, JA; Kato, A, )	0.85
"Nitrous oxide treatment was used to inhibit the tetrahydrofolate-generating enzyme, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthetase, E.C."	( Methanol toxicity in the monkey: effects of nitrous oxide and methionine. Black, KA; Eells, JT; Tedford, CE; Tephly, TR, 1983)	1.25
"Nitrous oxide treatment was used to inhibit 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthetase, EC 4.2.99.10) in order to delineate the role of this enzyme in regulating the metabolism of formate in rats and in determining the sensitivity of this species to methanol intoxication."	( Methanol poisoning and formate oxidation in nitrous oxide-treated rats. Eells, JT; Makar, AB; Noker, PE; Tephly, TR, 1981)	1.25
"Nitrous oxide treatment required significantly less time for completion of the procedure."	( Nitrous oxide compared with intravenous regional anesthesia in pediatric forearm fracture manipulation. Gregory, PR; Sullivan, JA, )	2.3
"Nitrous oxide treated animals had significantly higher tissue concentrations of MDA than the controls."	( Lipid peroxidation induced in vivo by hyperhomocysteinaemia in pigs. Kennedy, DG; Kennedy, S; Molloy, AM; Scott, JM; Weir, DG; Young, PB, 1997)	1.02
"Nitrous oxide treatment was associated with an increase in postoperative leukocyte levels that was modestly but significantly smaller than that found in patients not given nitrous oxide."	( Hematologic effects of nitrous oxide in surgical patients. Eger, EI; Koblin, DD; Lampe, GH; Waldman, FM; Wauk, LZ, 1990)	1.31
"Treatment with nitrous oxide was chosen to address the pain, in combination with the treatment that had already been started, so that the nitrous oxide could eventually be reduced again."	( [Multidisciplinary treatment approach in a patient with a severe gag reflex]. Borsjé, C, 2017)	0.79
"Treatment of nitrous oxide-exposed monkeys with repetitive doses of methionine (100 mg/kg 10, 12 and 14 hr after methanol) reversed the effects of nitrous oxide on formate oxidation, resulting in a marked decrease in blood formate levels and an increase in the rate of [14C]O2 formation from methanol."	( Methanol toxicity in the monkey: effects of nitrous oxide and methionine. Black, KA; Eells, JT; Tedford, CE; Tephly, TR, 1983)	0.88
"Rats treated with nitrous oxide exhibited a marked decrease in the rate of oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide."	( Methanol poisoning and formate oxidation in nitrous oxide-treated rats. Eells, JT; Makar, AB; Noker, PE; Tephly, TR, 1981)	0.85
"Pigs treated with nitrous oxide for periods of 1, 2 and 4 months demonstrated markedly reduced levels of methionine synthase and concomitant reduction in the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine, the methylation ratio, at all time intervals."	( Demonstration of hypomethylation of proteins in the brain of pigs (but not in rats) associated with chronic vitamin B12 inactivation. Kennedy, DG; Kennedy, S; McKeever, M; Molloy, A; Scott, JM; Weir, DG; Young, P, 1995)	0.61
"Treatment with nitrous oxide was associated with small increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure (5 and 8%, respectively), as well as a 19% reduction in systolic shortening and a 30% fall in endo/epi blood flow ratio in the hypoperfused LAD region distal to the stenosis."	( Nitrous oxide worsens myocardial ischemia in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Nathan, HJ, 1988)	2.06
"Pretreatment with nitrous oxide, for a period of 3 days, was more effective than treatment after the administration of 5-FU."	( Effects of 5-fluorouracil treatment of rat leukemia with concomitant inactivation of cobalamin. Abels, J; Ermens, AA; Kroes, AC; Lindemans, J, )	0.45

Toxicity

Inhalation of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen was safe and effective labor analgesia. Nitrous oxide analgesia is safe for mothers, neonates, and those who care for women during childbirth if the N(2) O is delivered as a dose.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" One such possibility is that N2O causes adverse reproductive toxicity secondary to its sympathomimetic effects."	( Preventive effects of phenoxybenzamine on nitrous oxide-induced reproductive toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Baden, JM; Fujinaga, M; Mazze, RI; Myatt, JK; Suto, A, 1991)	0.55
"The influence of age and volatile anesthetic agents on plasma concentrations and toxic effects of bupivacaine were studied in 2-day-old, 2-week-old, and 2-month-old pigs."	( Bupivacaine toxicity in young pigs is age-dependent and is affected by volatile anesthetics. Badgwell, JM; Heavner, JE; Kytta, J, 1990)	0.28
"Although once considered completely devoid of complications, it is now recognised that the misuse or inappropriate use of nitrous oxide (N2O) often results in adverse side effects."	( Adverse effects of nitrous oxide. Brodsky, JB; Cohen, EN, )	0.67
" Ligation was safe when, during temporary clamping, cerebral blood flow exceeded 40 ml/100 g/min, but was deemed unsafe when flow was less than 20 ml/100 g/min."	( Cerebral blood flow, internal carotid artery pressure, and the EEG as a guide to the safety of carotid ligation. Barker, J; Fitch, W; Leech, PJ; Miller, JD, 1974)	0.25
" Unpredictable and severe toxic effects were significantly more common in patients aged greater than or equal to 50 who had received at least 80% of the full chemotherapy dose and in patients who had received chemotherapy within 6 h of mastectomy than in other patients."	( Toxic effects of early adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. , 1983)	0.27
" The nature of these radicals, their cellular production as well as the defence mechanism which oppose their toxic effects are successively and briefly analysed."	( [Pulmonary toxicity of free radicals of oxygen]. Housset, B; Junod, A, 1983)	0.27
"N2O is a relatively safe general anaesthetic under normal medical and dental anaesthetic use."	( Myelotoxic, neurotoxic and reproductive adverse effects of nitrous oxide. Louis-Ferdinand, RT, 1994)	0.53
" However, it could have remained unnoticed had there been two N2O wall outlets and could have resulted in severe adverse effects."	( [Wrong connection of a flexible medical air hose to a nitrous oxide outlet caused by a defective safety device]. Ancellin, J; Cazalaà, JB; Nicaise, C; Robert, C, 1996)	0.54
" Intubation conditions 60 sec after administration of muscle relaxant and immediate cardiovascular disturbances or adverse events during the hospital stay were noted by blinded observers."	( Comparison of neuromuscular effects, efficacy and safety of rocuronium and atracurium in ambulatory anaesthesia. Estafanous, FG; Knapik, AL; Maurer, WG; Whalley, DG, 1998)	0.3
" The incidence of adverse events and the cardiovascular profiles for the two drugs were similar, although one patient receiving atracurium experienced transient flushing of the head and neck."	( Comparison of neuromuscular effects, efficacy and safety of rocuronium and atracurium in ambulatory anaesthesia. Estafanous, FG; Knapik, AL; Maurer, WG; Whalley, DG, 1998)	0.3
" Nitrous oxide oxygen sedation is a reliable, efficient and safe adjunct to local anesthesia in both healthy children and adults undergoing ambulatory oral surgery procedures."	( Acceptance and side effects of nitrous oxide oxygen sedation for oral surgical procedures. Berge, TI, 1999)	1.5
"Patient-administered N2O/O2 inhalation provides safe and effective analgesia, at a reasonable cost, for PLB."	( Patient-administered nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation provides safe and effective analgesia for percutaneous liver biopsy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Buffet, C; Castéra, L; Nègre, I; Samii, K, 2001)	0.63
" We have examined the frequency of adverse events in children sedated with 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen over a broad range of non-specialised facilities."	( Adverse events of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for procedural sedation in children. Annequin, D; Benoit, G; Gall, O; Glabeke, E; Murat, I; Vrancea, F, 2001)	0.84
" The procedure appears to be safe and reduces hospital admissions and frequency of premature labor."	( Safety and risks of laparoscopy in pregnancy. Al-Fozan, H; Tulandi, T, 2002)	0.31
" Two groups were compared with following indices: duration of the labor, delivery mode, meconium stained of amniotic fluid, postpartum bleeding volume, neonatal Apgar score, side effect of nitrous oxide, and blood gas analysis of samples from maternal radius artery and fetal umbilical blood."	( [Clinical study on efficacy and safety of labor analgesia with inhalation of nitrous oxide in oxygen]. Chen, X; Hu, Z; Su, F; Wei, X; Xu, H, 2002)	0.73
" There was side effect of dizziness in 39."	( [Clinical study on efficacy and safety of labor analgesia with inhalation of nitrous oxide in oxygen]. Chen, X; Hu, Z; Su, F; Wei, X; Xu, H, 2002)	0.54
"Inhalation of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen was safe and effective labor analgesia."	( [Clinical study on efficacy and safety of labor analgesia with inhalation of nitrous oxide in oxygen]. Chen, X; Hu, Z; Su, F; Wei, X; Xu, H, 2002)	0.88
" We characterize the fasting status of patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric ED and assess the relationship between fasting status and adverse events."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events were recorded."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" Seventy-seven adverse events occurred in 68 (6."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" There was no association between preprocedural fasting state and adverse events."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
"Continuous flow 50% nitrous oxide and oral midazolam are comparably safe and effective in reducing anxiety and distress during VCU in children older than 3 years."	( Sedation during voiding cystourethrography: comparison of the efficacy and safety of using oral midazolam and continuous flow nitrous oxide. Augarten, A; Ben-Shlush, A; Jacobson, JM; Keidan, I; Mor, Y; Weinberg, M; Zaslansky, R, 2005)	0.86
"The pretreatment with nitrous oxide is a time effective and safe method for use at paediatric outpatient departments to reduce pain, facilitate venous cannulation, and thereby reduce the number of costly cancellations of planned procedures."	( Nitrous oxide inhalation is a safe and effective way to facilitate procedures in paediatric outpatient departments. Ekbom, K; Jakobsson, J; Marcus, C, 2005)	2.09
"Established fasting guidelines for analgesia and sedation are difficult to follow in the emergency department (ED), and the association between preprocedural fasting and adverse events has been questioned."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children receiving nitrous oxide for procedural sedation and analgesia. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Puspitadewi, A; Spicer, M, 2005)	0.56
" Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events, as well as N2O concentration, adjunctive drugs, and deepest level of sedation, were recorded."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children receiving nitrous oxide for procedural sedation and analgesia. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Puspitadewi, A; Spicer, M, 2005)	0.56
"0%) did not meet fasting guidelines for solids There were no serious adverse events and no episodes of aspiration (1-sided 97."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children receiving nitrous oxide for procedural sedation and analgesia. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Puspitadewi, A; Spicer, M, 2005)	0.56
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children receiving nitrous oxide for procedural sedation and analgesia. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Puspitadewi, A; Spicer, M, 2005)	0.56
"A safe and effective form of pain relief would be an advantage in the prehospital treatment of patients experiencing extreme pain."	( A systematic review of the safety of analgesia with 50% nitrous oxide: can lay responders use analgesic gases in the prehospital setting? Faddy, SC; Garlick, SR, 2005)	0.57
" The number and the type of adverse events declared to the manufacturer were analysed."	( Safety of inhalation of a 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix: a prospective survey of 35 828 administrations. Gil, P; Hennequin, M; Onody, P, 2006)	0.62
"4%) adverse events were reported on 1384 data sheets, which were mostly gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders (86%)."	( Safety of inhalation of a 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix: a prospective survey of 35 828 administrations. Gil, P; Hennequin, M; Onody, P, 2006)	0.62
" No serious adverse events were reported during this trial."	( A randomized, dose-finding, phase II study of the selective relaxant binding drug, Sugammadex, capable of safely reversing profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Drover, D; Groudine, SB; Lien, C; Roberts, K; Soto, R, 2007)	0.34
" Of the 140 articles retained in this review, the incidence of adverse events (AEs) varied in the range of 0-68% according to the indications."	( A review of the safety of 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen in conscious sedation. Collado, V; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Nicolas, E, 2007)	0.63
" This identified 11 studies reporting 41 exposures to therapeutically inhaled nitrous oxide as maintenance for general anaesthesia with no reports of adverse effects or worsening of CMT neuropathy."	( Safety of nitrous oxide administration in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Burns, J; Isbister, GK; Ouvrier, RA; Prior, F, 2008)	0.98
" We set out to characterize the depth of sedation and incidence of adverse events associated with various concentrations of nitrous oxide used in a pediatric emergency department."	( High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Seaman, C; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	0.88
" Nitrous oxide concentration, adverse events, and sedation depth were recorded."	( High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Seaman, C; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	1.58
"3%) patients sustained 70 mild and self-resolving adverse events, most of which were vomiting (5."	( High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Seaman, C; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	0.67
"In this largest prospective emergency department series, high-concentration continuous-flow nitrous oxide (70%) was found to be a safe agent for procedural sedation and analgesia when embedded in a comprehensive sedation program."	( High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Barnett, P; Oakley, E; Seaman, C; Sharwood, LN, 2008)	0.89
" The aim of this prospective study was to describe a postgraduate training course in conscious sedation for dentists, with specific evaluation of the safe and effective administration of a 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen premix."	( Evaluation of safe and effective administration of nitrous oxide after a postgraduate training course. Collado, V; Droz, D; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Manière, MC; Nicolas, E; Onody, P; Tardieu, C, 2008)	0.79
" No major adverse effects were recorded."	( Evaluation of safe and effective administration of nitrous oxide after a postgraduate training course. Collado, V; Droz, D; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Manière, MC; Nicolas, E; Onody, P; Tardieu, C, 2008)	0.6
"The trainee practitioners provided effective and safe inhalation sedation."	( Evaluation of safe and effective administration of nitrous oxide after a postgraduate training course. Collado, V; Droz, D; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Manière, MC; Nicolas, E; Onody, P; Tardieu, C, 2008)	0.6
"to determine whether a combination of intranasal midazolam (IN) and inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen is a safe and practical alternative to DGA."	( The safety and efficacy of intranasal midazolam sedation combined with inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen in paediatric dental patients as an alternative to general anaesthesia. Wood, M, 2010)	0.8
"In selected cases this technique provides a safe and effective alternative to DGA and could reduce the number of patients referred to hospitals for DGA."	( The safety and efficacy of intranasal midazolam sedation combined with inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen in paediatric dental patients as an alternative to general anaesthesia. Wood, M, 2010)	0.58
" Adverse events occurred in 17 cases (7."	( [Safety and effectiveness of nitrous oxide for sedation-analgesia in emergency departments]. Aldecoa, V; Benito, FJ; Capapé, S; Fernández, Y; Freijó, MC; Gómez, B; Landa, J; Luaces, C; May, ME; Serrano, O, 2011)	0.66
" Adverse events reported were few, mild and expected."	( [Safety and effectiveness of nitrous oxide for sedation-analgesia in emergency departments]. Aldecoa, V; Benito, FJ; Capapé, S; Fernández, Y; Freijó, MC; Gómez, B; Landa, J; Luaces, C; May, ME; Serrano, O, 2011)	0.66
" The outcomes considered were alcohol withdrawal seizures, adverse events and dropouts."	( Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Amato, L; Davoli, M; Minozzi, S, 2011)	0.37
" This study investigates a range of alternative carbon sources and determines rates, mechanisms and factors controlling NO(3)(-) removal, denitrifying bacterial community, and the adverse effects of these substrates."	( Nitrate removal, communities of denitrifiers and adverse effects in different carbon substrates for use in denitrification beds. Bruesewitz, DA; Cameron, S; Matiasek, MG; McDonald, IR; Schipper, LA; Scow, KM; Warneke, S, 2011)	0.37
"Nitrous oxide analgesia is safe for mothers, neonates, and those who care for women during childbirth if the N(2) O is delivered as a 50% blend with O(2) , is self-administered, and good occupational hygiene is practiced."	( Safety and risks of nitrous oxide labor analgesia: a review. Rooks, JP, )	1.9
"Nitrous oxide labor analgesia is safe for the mother, fetus, and neonate and can be made safe for caregivers."	( Safety and risks of nitrous oxide labor analgesia: a review. Rooks, JP, )	1.9
" Patients' age, highest concentration and total duration of nitrous oxide administration, and adverse events were recorded."	( Safety of high-concentration nitrous oxide by nasal mask for pediatric procedural sedation: experience with 7802 cases. Liu, M; Zier, JL, 2011)	0.9
" No adverse events were recorded for 95."	( Safety of high-concentration nitrous oxide by nasal mask for pediatric procedural sedation: experience with 7802 cases. Liu, M; Zier, JL, 2011)	0.66
" Nitrous oxide seems safe for children of all ages."	( Safety of high-concentration nitrous oxide by nasal mask for pediatric procedural sedation: experience with 7802 cases. Liu, M; Zier, JL, 2011)	1.57
" Success (completion of planned treatment), cooperation (modified Venham scale), and adverse events were recorded."	( A clinical trial of efficacy and safety of inhalation sedation with a 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix (Kalinox™) in general practice. Collado, V; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Koscielny, S; Nicolas, E; Onody, P, 2012)	0.61
" The authors set out to prospectively assess the depth of sedation and incidence of adverse events when N(2)O and INF are used in combination in pediatric patients."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.63
" N(2)O concentration, dose, timing of INF, adverse events, and sedation depth were recorded."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.63
" No patients had serious adverse events; vomiting was recorded in 19."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.63
"There were no serious adverse events identified in this pilot study of combined N(2)O and INF."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.63
"Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective method to achieve analgesia and sedation during minor, but painful procedures."	( Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures--a systematic review. Bayat, A; Jacobsson, ML; Pedersen, RS; Steen, NP, 2013)	3.28
" Most treatment-induced adverse effects were reversible or showed a progressive recovery upon discontinuation of the treatment."	( Subchronic safety evaluation of CMS-1 (a botanical antihypertensive product derived from Semen Cnidium monnieri) in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. Gao, TT; Gong, XL; Lu, GC; Lu, W; Xia, ZN; Zhao, LJ; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.4
"6 mg/kg) plus nitrous oxide (30%-50%) sedation are both safe while providing dental treatment to children with behavior problems."	( Comparison of oral midazolam with combination of oral midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation in relation to safety of dental sedation in young children. Al-Zahrani, AM; Sheta, SA; Wyne, AH, 2011)	0.97
"The study investigated patient discharge parameters and postdischarge adverse events after discharge among children who received oral conscious sedation for dental treatment."	( Oral Sedation Postdischarge Adverse Events in Pediatric Dental Patients. Huang, A; Tanbonliong, T, 2015)	0.42
"To describe practice patterns and adverse events associated with nitrous oxide (N2O) administration as the primary sedative outside the operating room in varied settings by a diverse range of providers, and to identify patient and sedation characteristics associated with adverse events."	( Practice Patterns and Adverse Events of Nitrous Oxide Sedation and Analgesia: A Report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Cravero, JP; Mallory, MD; Tsze, DS, 2016)	0.94
" Descriptive measures of patient and sedation characteristics and adverse events were reported."	( Practice Patterns and Adverse Events of Nitrous Oxide Sedation and Analgesia: A Report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Cravero, JP; Mallory, MD; Tsze, DS, 2016)	0.7
" There was a low prevalence of adverse events (6."	( Practice Patterns and Adverse Events of Nitrous Oxide Sedation and Analgesia: A Report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Cravero, JP; Mallory, MD; Tsze, DS, 2016)	0.7
"There was a very low prevalence of serious adverse events during N2O administration in children outside of the operating room and by nonanesthesiologists."	( Practice Patterns and Adverse Events of Nitrous Oxide Sedation and Analgesia: A Report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Cravero, JP; Mallory, MD; Tsze, DS, 2016)	0.7
"Methotrexate administration is associated with frequent adverse neurological events during treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia."	( Drug interactions may be important risk factors for methotrexate neurotoxicity, particularly in pediatric leukemia patients. Baird, SF; Forster, VJ; Halsey, C; Mair, S; Skinner, R; van Delft, FW, 2016)	0.43
"Nitrous oxide-sedation is a safe and effective option for patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration."	( Randomized controlled study of the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide-sedated endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for digestive tract diseases. Chen, YY; Sun, SY; Wang, CX; Wang, J; Wang, JN; Yang, F; Yu, X, 2016)	2.12
" Parameters such as least oxygen saturation, sedation levels by Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, time taken to achieve ideal sedation, maximum N2O concentrations used, and adverse events were recorded and evaluated for each procedure."	( Assessment of hypoxia, sedation level, and adverse events occurring during inhalation sedation using preadjusted mix of 30% nitrous oxide + 70%oxygen. Namineni, S; Samir, PV; Sarada, P, )	0.34
"118), and occurrence of any adverse events."	( Assessment of hypoxia, sedation level, and adverse events occurring during inhalation sedation using preadjusted mix of 30% nitrous oxide + 70%oxygen. Namineni, S; Samir, PV; Sarada, P, )	0.34
"Women desire safe and effective choices for pain management during labor."	( Nitrous Oxide Use During Labor: Satisfaction, Adverse Effects, and Predictors of Conversion to Neuraxial Analgesia. Anderson, JL; Collins, MR; Mayer, DC; McNair, BK; Nodine, PM; Orlando, BS; Stein, DJ; Wood, CL, 2020)	2
"To determine if administering a higher dosage of nitrous oxide (>50%), with a nasal hood in pediatric dental restorative procedures, can allow for a safe and more cooperative experience for the pediatric patient as measured by observable adverse reactions and the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	1.23
" Adverse reactions and The Frankl Behavior Rating Scale during pediatric restorative procedures with N2O were compared between the two dosage groups."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	0.98
"There were few adverse reactions for both nitrous oxide groups (≤50% vs >50%) and there was no statistical difference in the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale for each group."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	1.24
"Patients given more than 50% of nitrous oxide were not found to have an increase in adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	1.26

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, disposition kinetics were studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous procaine infusion in humans. Chapman, J; Ferrari, AA; Seifen, AB; Seifen, EE; Thompson, DS, )	0.13
"Fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil have important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and rational opioid selection. Shafer, SL; Varvel, JR, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated by iterative linear least square regression analysis."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Org 9426, a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl. Agoston, S; Kleef, UW; Kloppenburg, WD; Lambalk, LM; Wierda, JM, 1991)	0.48
"0 min) infusion of atracurium was administered until twitch tension was suppressed by approximately 70%, and atracurium plasma concentration and twitch tension data were used to determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for each patient."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in the elderly. Caldwell, JE; Canfell, PC; Fahey, MR; Fisher, DM; Heier, T; Kitts, JB; Miller, RD; Spellman, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters derived by compartmental modelling were (normal vs."	( The influence of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics and duration of action of pipecuronium bromide in patients anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Caldwell, JE; Canfell, PC; Castagnoli, KP; Fahey, MR; Fisher, DM; Lynam, DP; Miller, RD, 1989)	0.48
" Inhalational agents currently in use have acceptable pharmacokinetic characteristics, and clinical acceptance depends on their potential for adverse effects."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the inhalational anaesthetics. Brown, BR; Dale, O, 1987)	0.27
"A new approach is described for the calculation of elimination half-life of inhaled N2O."	( The pharmacokinetics of inhaled N2O in children. Koren, G; Sloan, I, 1985)	0.27
" Anesthesia (combined with surgery) and increase in age did not separately affect the kinetics of the drug; however, the elimination half-life was longer in the elderly patients group than in the young non-anesthetized volunteers."	( The pharmacokinetics of methohexital in young and elderly subjects. Chiang, CK; Dhanaraj, J; Ghoneim, MM; Lilburn, JK; Schoenwald, RD, 1985)	0.27
" The elimination half-life (t beta 1/2) was 174 +/- 60 min in neonates, significantly longer than the values of 90 +/- 23 and 89 +/- 18 min in children and adults, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine in infants, children, and adults. Cronnelly, R; Fisher, DM; Gregory, GA; Miller, RD; O'Keeffe, C; Stanski, DR, 1982)	0.26
"min-1, was infused for 10 min, venous blood sampled for 60 min, and twitch tension and plasma concentration data were used to determine pharmacodynamic variables in each patient."	( Mild intraoperative hypothermia does not change the pharmacodynamics (concentration-effect relationship) of vecuronium in humans. Caldwell, JE; Gruenke, LD; Heier, T; Miller, RD; Sharma, ML, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no significant differences for rocuronium during the 3 anesthetic techniques."	( Clinical pharmacology of rocuronium (Org 9426): study of the time course of action, dose requirement, reversibility, and pharmacokinetics. Hennis, PJ; Leclercq, MG; Smeulers, NJ; van den Broek, L; van Santen, GJ; Wierda, JM, )	0.13
" The current study was undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the individual stereoisomers of mivacurium, to evaluate the dose-proportionality of the more potent trans-trans and cis-trans isomers, and to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in healthy adult patients receiving a consecutive two-step infusion of mivacurium."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the stereoisomers of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Belmont, MR; Embree, PB; Lien, CA; Savarese, JJ; Schmith, VD; Wargin, WA, 1994)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the stereoisomers of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Belmont, MR; Embree, PB; Lien, CA; Savarese, JJ; Schmith, VD; Wargin, WA, 1994)	0.51
"We have tested a published algorithm for pharmacokinetic model controlled infusion of propofol to supplement 67% nitrous oxide for general anaesthesia in Chinese children aged 4-10 yr."	( A prospective evaluation of pharmacokinetic model controlled infusion of propofol in paediatric patients. Aun, CS; Oh, TE; Short, TG; Tam, YH; Tan, P; Wong, J, 1994)	0.5
" The elimination half-life was long in both groups (90."	( The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. Grant, S; Nolan, AM; Reid, J, 1993)	0.58
"The effects of age on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to rocuronium (Org 9426) were studied in 20 elderly (> 70 yr) and 20 younger control patients (< 60 yr) during N2O/O2, fentanyl anesthesia."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium (Org 9426) in elderly surgical patients. Matteo, RS; Ornstein, E; Ostapkovich, N; Schwartz, AE; Stone, JG, 1993)	0.29
" A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model adequately characterized the plasma concentration profiles of alfentanil for 31 of 34 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil administered at a variable rate during three types of surgery. Ausems, ME; Burm, AG; Spierdijk, J; Stanski, DR, 1993)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of propofol indicate that this may be an appropriate agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in obese patients."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from iterative blood sampling during the propofol infusion and during 8 h after its completion."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by model-independent methods."	( The pharmacokinetics of droperidol in anesthetized children. Bartkowski, RR; Grunwald, Z; Schieren, H; Torjman, M, 1993)	0.29
"Although propofol and alfentanil are given in combination in clinical practice, the pharmacodynamic interaction between these drugs has not been described."	( Pharmacodynamics of alfentanil as a supplement to propofol or nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery in female patients. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Engbers, FH; Lim, T; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 1993)	0.53
" Here, they determined whether there are differences between children and adults in mivacurium's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( The pharmacokinetics and steady state pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in children. Brown, R; Fisher, DM; Lau, M; Luks, AM; Markakis, DA; Sharma, ML, 1998)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic differences may be related to the differences in the sensitivity to vecuronium between genders."	( The pharmacokinetics of vecuronium in male and female patients. An, G; Liao, X; Luo, LK; Xue, FS; Zou, Q, 1998)	0.3
" Other pharmacodynamic parameters did not differ significantly."	( [Cisatracurium in patients with compromised kidney function. Pharmacodynamic and intubation conditions under isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia]. Bunk, S; Clausen, T; Czeslick, E; Menzel, M; Radke, J; Soukup, J, 1998)	0.51
" The slowing of the EEG to a median power frequency of 2 Hz to 3 Hz was chosen as the measure of pharmacodynamic drug effect."	( Isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and fentanyl pharmacodynamic interactions in surgical patients as measured by effects on median power frequency. Hoeft, A; Lier, H; Röpcke, H; Schwilden, H, 1999)	0.68
"To determine pharmacodynamic effects and safety of mivacurium in paediatric patients."	( [Pharmacodynamics and safety of mivacurium in infants and children under halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia]. Ecoffey, C; Goujard, E; Meistelman, C; Orliaguet, G; Plaud, B, 1999)	0.53
" Rapacuronium's pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using mixed-effects modeling."	( Effect of renal failure and cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium administered by bolus followed by infusion. Abengochea, A; Atherton, DP; Brown, R; Dempsey, GA; Fisher, DM; Hunter, JM, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacodynamic results were comparable to those obtained in pediatric studies during halothane or opioid anesthesia with the exception of a longer recovery to 25% baseline."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of cisatracurium besylate in children during N2O/O2/propofol anesthesia. Imbeault, K; Varin, F; Withington, DE, 2006)	0.33

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the effects of adding nitrous oxide on sevoflurane requirement for blunting sympathetic responses after surgical incision. The results suggest that Nitrous oxide or its combination with fentanyl has a depressant action on the transmission of monosynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"5 minutes of anesthesia with halothane or enflurane combined with nitrous oxide and oxygen."	( Recovery, psychomotor skills, and simulated driving after brief inhalational anesthesia with halothane or enflurane combined with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Blomgren, E; Ertama, P; Häkkinen, S; Korttila, K; Pfäffli, P; Tammisto, T, 1977)	0.7
"The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine combination with and without meperidine in the sedation of pediatric dental patients."	( Comparison of a chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine combination with and without meperidine in the sedation of pediatric dental patients. Farrington, FH; Mourino, AP; Poorman, TL, )	0.13
"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) alone or TENS combined with nitrous oxide-oxygen (N2O) was administered for restorative dentistry without local anesthesia to 371 adult patients."	( Clinical experience with TENS and TENS combined with nitrous oxide-oxygen. Report of 371 patients. Milgrom, P; Quarnstrom, FC, )	0.61
"One-hundred and eighty patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy were anaesthetized in random order with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen."	( Nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Erkola, O; Hovorka, J; Korttila, K, 1988)	0.68
" These findings suggest that experimentally influencing thought processes, in combination with an analgesic, can have the effect of increasing analgesia."	( Cognitive modification of pain: information in combination with N2O. Chen, ACN; Clark, DW; Dworkin, SF; Schubert, MM, 1984)	0.27
" These results suggest that nitrous oxide or its combination with fentanyl has a depressant action on the transmission of monosynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord, but nitrous oxide might exert less effect on the spinal interneurones which mediate polysynaptic reflexes."	( Effect of nitrous oxide alone or its combination with fentanyl on spinal reflexes in cats. Goto, K; Maruyama, H; Sugai, N, 1982)	0.96
" Therefore the application of etomidate as a continuous infusion in combination with fentanyl and nitrous oxide 66% seems to be an effective technique of intravenous anaesthesia."	( [The influence on the cardiovascular system of etomidate infusion anaesthesia combined with fentanyl/nitrous oxide (author's transl)]. Hoffmann, P; Schockenhoff, B, 1981)	0.7
"Sevoflurane anesthesia was administered alone or in combination with N2O."	( Respiratory effects of sevoflurane used in combination with nitrous oxide and surgical stimulation. Doi, M; Ikeda, K; Takahashi, T, )	0.37
"Sevoflurane administered at an appropriate anesthetic depth maintained spontaneous respiration at acceptable levels during surgical stimulation, especially when combined with N2O."	( Respiratory effects of sevoflurane used in combination with nitrous oxide and surgical stimulation. Doi, M; Ikeda, K; Takahashi, T, )	0.37
"When establishing a rabbit model for cardiovascular research in our laboratory we have used midazolam in combination with fentanyl/fluanisone (MFF) and nitrous oxide as anaesthesia."	( Midazolam in combination with fentanyl/fluanisone and nitrous oxide as anaesthesia in rabbits--cardiovascular parameters. Fosse, RT; Hessevik, I; Hexeberg, E; Hexeberg, S, 1995)	0.74
"The purpose of this study was to compare the haemodynamic effects and emergence times of anaesthesia with sevoflurane with those of isoflurane when the agents were administered with nitrous oxide to adult patients (ASA I and II) undergoing surgery of at least an hour in duration."	( Clinical comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane when administered with nitrous oxide for surgical procedures of intermediate duration. Campbell, C; Miller, DD; Nahrwold, ML, 1995)	0.71
"2 mg/kg), or a placebo in combination with 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen, or room air."	( The effect of age on the behavioral responses of mice following diazepam and midazolam sedation in combination with nitrous oxide. Condouris, G; Houpt, M; Press, SH, 1995)	0.76
"The authors' previous study demonstrated that xenon (Xe) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in combination with sevoflurane can attenuate cardiovascular responses to skin incision."	( Anesthetic doses of sevoflurane to block cardiovascular responses to incision when administered with xenon or nitrous oxide. Goto, T; Ishiguro, Y; Morita, S; Nakata, Y; Niimi, Y; Terui, K, 1999)	0.76
"Remifentanil anesthesia, combined with small-dose propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane, enables predictably fast and smooth early recovery after ear, nose, and throat surgery."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.31
"5 in N (2)O combined with CPAP of 5 cm H (2)O to the non-ventilated lung (OLV-CPAP), whereby the sequence in 10 patients was OLV-CPAP followed by OLV-100; and the opposite in the remaining 10 patients."	( [A comparison of the effects of 50 % oxygen combined with CPAP to the non-ventilated lung vs. 100 % oxygen on oxygenation during one-lung ventilation]. Akpir, K; Layer, M; Pembeci, K; Sentürk, M; Toker, A; Wiedemann, K, 2004)	0.32
" The aim of this study was to establish whether the use of a combination of intravenous midazolam with inhalation agents (nitrous oxide alone or in combination with sevoflurane) was any more likely to result in successful completion of treatment than midazolam alone."	( A randomised controlled trial of paediatric conscious sedation for dental treatment using intravenous midazolam combined with inhaled nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide/sevoflurane. Averley, PA; Bond, S; Girdler, NM; Steele, J; Steen, N, 2004)	0.73
"To evaluate the effects of controlled hypotension combined with hemodilution on human middle cerebral artery flow velocity (Vmca) by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography."	( Human middle cerebral artery flow velocity during controlled hypotension combined with hemodilution-transcranial Doppler study. Fukusaki, M; Inadomi, C; Kanaide, M; Sumikawa, K; Takada, M; Terao, Y; Yamashita, K, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the effects of adding nitrous oxide on sevoflurane requirement for blunting sympathetic responses after surgical incision combined with two different target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil (1 and 3 ng mL(-1)) in female."	( The effect of adding nitrous oxide on MAC of sevoflurane combined with two target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil in women. Albertin, A; Bergonzi, PC; Casati, A; Lombardo, F; Moizo, E; Torri, G, 2005)	0.86
"By the method of static chamber, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of applying controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) and its combination with urea on the N2O emission during rice growth period."	( [Effects of applying controlled-release fertilizer and its combination with urea on nitrous oxide emission during rice growth period]. Cai, ZC; Ji, Y; Li, XP; Ma, J; Xu, H; Zhang, XY, 2011)	0.59
"The results of this study suggest that nitrous oxide inhalation combined with propofol sedation attenuates the hypotensive effect and pain associated with propofol injections, along with potentiating the amnesic effect."	( A prospective, randomized controlled trial of conscious sedation using propofol combined with inhaled nitrous oxide for dental treatment. Hanamoto, H; Kudo, C; Morimoto, Y; Niwa, H; Sugimura, M; Yokoe, C, 2015)	0.9
" Here an unusual suicide method in a 17-year old man by suffocation from covering the face with household plastic wrap, combined with nitrous oxide inhalation, is presented."	( Suffocation caused by plastic wrap covering the face combined with nitrous oxide inhalation. Astrup, BS; Leth, PM, 2017)	0.89
" Here we investigated effects of experimental low-intensity fire and shrub cutting, in combination with warming, on soil biogeochemical cycles and post-fire greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a dry heath tundra, West Greenland."	( Effects of experimental fire in combination with climate warming on greenhouse gas fluxes in Arctic tundra soils. Ambus, PL; Elberling, B; Furbo-Halken, A; Holm, SS; Lambæk, A; Xu, W, 2021)	0.62

Bioavailability

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is also neurotoxic by interfering with the bioavailability of vitamin B12 if abused. To study the effect of nitrous oxide on the rate of absorption of intraocular air one eye of each of 20 rabbits was injected with 4 ml of air.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The rate of absorption and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 15 supine patients under general anesthesia following either endotracheal spray of 200 mg."	( Plasma concentration of lidocaine after endotracheal spray. Brannan, MD; Chu, SS; Cohen, JL; Rah, KH, )	0.13
"To study the effect of nitrous oxide on the rate of absorption of intraocular air one eye of each of 20 rabbits was injected with 4 ml of air following lensectomy and total vitrectomy."	( Effects of nitrous oxide anesthesia on intraocular air volume. Boucher, MC; Meyers, E, 1983)	0.97
" At the end of exposures lasting 3 hr, distribution of halothane in tissues indicated that the bioavailability of halothane in liver was unaffected by exposure to isoflurane."	( Inhibitory effect of isoflurane upon oxidative metabolism of halothane. Fiserova-Bergerova, V, 1984)	0.27
" At flow rates of 10, 20, and 60 ml/min from one nostril to the other, with the soft palate closed, the N2O reached a steady-state rate of absorption in 5-15 min."	( Comparison between the uptake of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide in the human nose. DuBois, AB; Kelley, PM, 1998)	0.58
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid that is well absorbed via the oral mucosa."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo for painful dressing changes: a crossover trial. Barker, L; Larsen, D; MacIntyre, PA; Margetts, L, 2007)	0.34
"This report describes an investigation into the bioavailability and fate of trace metals and their subsequent impact on important soil microbiological functions such as nitrification, denitrification and methane oxidation in low and high Cu containing soils in the presence and absence of residual organic matter from sewage sludge additions made 10 years earlier."	( Impact of sewage sludge applications on the biogeochemistry of soils. Devaney, D; Godley, AR; Hodson, ME; Purdy, K; Yamulki, S, 2008)	0.35
" As a consequence, the development of NO donors or scavengers for regulation of its concentration and bioavailability in vivo is required."	( Tailoring NO donors metallopharmaceuticals: ruthenium nitrosyl ammines and aliphatic tetraazamacrocycles. Doro, FG; Figueiredo, LE; Franco, DW; Metzker, G; Pereira, JC; Tfouni, E, 2010)	0.36
" This can be explained by the higher bioavailability of the synthetic N fertilisers in non-organic farming systems while the necessary mineralisation of the N sources under organic management leads to lower and retarded availability."	( Greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural soils under organic and non-organic management--a global meta-analysis. Flieβbach, A; Gattinger, A; Mäder, P; Muller, A; Niggli, U; Ruser, R; Skinner, C; Stolze, M, 2014)	0.4
" Results indicate that RQ is a useful index, which not only reflects the bioavailability of organics but also predicts the occurrence of nitrification and N2O emission in forced aerated composting."	( Relationship between respiratory quotient, nitrification, and nitrous oxide emissions in a forced aerated composting process. Fujiwara, T; Funamizu, N; Inoue, D; Ito, R; Matsukawa, K; Tsutsui, H, 2015)	0.66
"Nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-standing anesthetic, is also neurotoxic by interfering with the bioavailability of vitamin B12 if abused."	( Nitrous oxide induced subacute combined degeneration with longitudinally extensive myelopathy with inverted V-sign on spinal MRI: a case report and literature review. Hu, WL; Jiang, T; Wang, SK; Yuan, JL, 2017)	3.34
" Our results contribute to developing quantitative models of microbially-mediated N-transforming processes in response to biochar addition, and stimulate research on how to use biochar amendment for reducing reactive N gas emissions and enhancing N bioavailability to crop plants in agro-ecosystems."	( The effect of biochar amendment on N-cycling genes in soils: A meta-analysis. Lian, F; Rasmann, S; Wang, Z; Xiao, Z; Yue, L; Zou, H, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

The study was designed to evaluate the neuromuscular effects of mivacuri. The antinociceptive effect of nitrous oxide was significantly antagonized by antisera to various dynorphins (DYNs) and methionine-enkephalin (ME), but not by antisersum to beta-endorphin (beta-EP)

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The two drugs caused comparable shifts of the isoproterenol dose-response curve during anesthesia."	( Interaction of anesthesia, beta-receptor blockade, and blood loss in dogs with induced myocardial infarction. Bennett, MJ; Clarke, TN; Foëx, P; Prys-Roberts, C; Roberts, JG; Ryder, WA, 1976)	0.26
"A cumulative dose-response curve for d-tubocurarine based on body weight was determined for 44 infants and children 1 day to 7 years of age during halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia."	( Re-evaluation of dosage and duration of action of d-tubocurarine in the pediatric age group. Donlon, JV; Goudsouzian, NG; Ryan, JF; Savarese, JJ, 1975)	0.45
" The incidence of tracheal soiling was lower than that with other intravenous techniques and could be attributed to the use of the semisupine position or the baseline concept of narcotic dosage in the Jorgensen technique."	( The efficacy of the laryngeal reflex in conscious sedation. Allen, GD; Jorgensen, NB; Ricks, CS, 1977)	0.26
" There was no significant difference between the mothers and babies in the three meperidine dosage groups for maternal parity, maternal age, birth weight, number of forceps deliveries or duration of labour."	( Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother. Bhatt, M; Hodgkinson, R; Wang, CN, 1978)	0.26
" From the dose-response curves, ED50S were derived for the gases."	( The anesthetic effect of oxygen. Paton, WD; Smith, RA, )	0.13
" Consistent results have been obtained with a dosage related to the metabolic rate of the child."	( Anaesthesia for electrocochleography. Hutton, JN, 1976)	0.26
" There was a significant difference in the slope of log dose-response curves; these curves were much steeper for pentobarbitone, droperidol and chlorpromazine than for nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, and diazepam."	( [Action of central depressants on the nitrous oxide anesthesia (author's transl)]. Andics, A; Gogolák, G; Huck, S; Stumpf, C, 1975)	0.53
"Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made in a series of 92 male surgical patients, to assess the effects of timing and dosage of succinylcholine given after a standardized sleep dose of thiopental (3 mg."	( Thiopental and succinylcholine: Action on intraocular pressure. Bruce, DL; Joshi, C, )	0.13
" Responses were defined in terms of percent depression in first-twitch height and train-of-four response, and the dose-response curves were constructed after probit transformation of the responses."	( Pipecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during nitrous oxide-fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in surgical patients. Abdulrazik, E; Naguib, M; Seraj, M, 1992)	0.54
" We determined the dose-response relationship of ORG-9426 in 62 children (aged 1-5 yr) during nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia by means of log-probit transformation and least-squares linear regression of the initial dose and response."	( Effects of bolus administration of ORG-9426 in children during nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Sarner, JB; Woelfel, SK, 1992)	0.74
" Maximum depression of the first response (T1) in the train-of-four was measured, and dose-response curves were constructed."	( Nitrous oxide potentiates vecuronium neuromuscular blockade in humans. Balendran, P; Bevan, DR; Donati, F; Fiset, P, 1991)	1.72
"The dose recommendations for atropine in anesthetized children vary, and the dose-response for heart rate has not been defined."	( Dose-response for atropine and heart rate in infants and children anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Brown, MP; Palmisano, BW; Setlock, MA; Siker, D; Tripuraneni, R, 1991)	0.5
" Guaifenesin amplifies the effect of several anaesthetics, which complement one another, allowing the dosage to be decreased and thereby reducing the cardiovascular stress."	( [Combination anesthesia in sheep with ketamine-(fentanyl)-guaifenesin (My 301)-laughing gas-halothane]. Blättchen, C; Blümel, G; Brosch, W; Erhardt, W; Roder, J; Schindele, M, 1990)	0.28
" These doses were based on the assumption that the slope of the dose-response curve during nitrous oxide-opioid anaesthesia would be approximately the same as the slope of the neuromuscular response from the first human studies with mivacurium."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopentone and nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; From, RP; Pearson, KS; Sokoll, MD, 1990)	0.72
" There was no significant difference between the slopes of the HAL and BAL inhalation anesthetic dose-response curves."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B109OU) during nitrous oxide-narcotic, nitrous oxide-halothane and nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in surgical patients. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; From, RP; Pearson, KS; Sokoll, MD, 1990)	0.5
" Methotrexate, a potent anti-leukemic agent by inhibiting tetrahydrofolate (THF) generation through inactivation of di-HF reductase, became highly anti-BNML, even in low dosage when combined with or preceded by N2O."	( Anti-leukemic potential of methyl-cobalamin inactivation by nitrous oxide. Abels, J; Ermens, AA; Kroes, AC; Lindemans, J; Schoester, M; Spijkers, LJ; van Kapel, J, 1990)	0.52
" After 13-week exposures the animals' splenic lymphocytes showed increased [3H]-TdR uptake following high N2O dosing in both the mitogen-induced blastogenesis and MLC assays."	( Short term toxicity of nitrous oxide on the immune, hemopoietic, and endocrine systems in CD-1 mice. Drown, DB; Healy, CE; Sharma, RP, 1990)	0.59
" The dose-response curve of the chronic ethanol-exposed group was shifted to the right of that of the control mice."	( Influence of chronic ethanol exposure on nitrous oxide analgesia in mice. Henry, RJ; Ishii, MM; Quock, RM, 1990)	0.54
" The average anaesthetic dosage and the neuromuscular recovery time have been valued, keeping constant the dose of analgesic."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol vs. propofol/N2O anesthesia]. Cervi, R; D'Angelo, C; Perin, S; Pincelli, D; Vacca, F, 1990)	0.28
"3 to 19 years old were studied to determine the individual dose-response curves and the maintenance requirements of alcuronium during N2O-O2-opioid anaesthesia."	( Maintenance requirement of alcuronium in paediatric patients. Brown, TC; Meretoja, OA, 1990)	0.28
" Interestingly, the rate of lipid peroxidation was found enhanced in all the investigated brain areas, and with increasing dosage the effect was correspondingly pronounced."	( Effect of NO2 on lipids and lipid peroxidation in the CNS of the guinea-pig. Farahani, H; Hasan, M, 1990)	0.28
" The N2O dose-response data for each animal were fit by a second-order polynomial equation to estimate the value of a second-order coefficient."	( The nonlinear potency of sub-MAC concentrations of nitrous oxide in decreasing the anesthetic requirement of enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane in rats. Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Kalichman, MW; Shapiro, HM, 1990)	0.53
" The dosage range for atracurium given by infusion (0."	( Atracurium infusion in total intravenous anesthesia. Nilsson, A; Persson, MP; Tamsen, A, 1987)	0.27
"The dose-response relationships of mivacurium chloride during N2O/fentanyl or N2O/enflurane anesthesia were compared in 70 patients intraoperatively."	( The dose-response relationship of mivacurium chloride in humans during nitrous oxide-fentanyl or nitrous oxide-enflurane anesthesia. Caldwell, JE; Fahey, MR; Heier, T; Kitts, JB; Lynam, DP; Miller, RD, 1989)	0.51
"We determined the dose-response relationships of mivacurium (BW B1090U) in children (2-10 years) during nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia (0."	( Clinical pharmacology of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) in children during nitrous oxide-halothane and nitrous oxide-narcotic anesthesia. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Dong, ML; Foster, VJ; Horn, MC; McNulty, BF; Sarner, JB; Woelfel, SK, 1989)	0.72
" It is concluded that when a healthy child receives a sedative agent for dental treatment, the type of drug and drug dosage depend more on the biases of the individual practitioner, than on the requirements of the patient."	( Report of project USAP: the use of sedative agents in pediatric dentistry. Houpt, M, )	0.13
"The dose-response of pipecuronium bromide, the time course of its neuromuscular blocking effects, and the reversibility of the residual block by neostigmine and edrophonium have been investigated in patients undergoing various types of anesthesia."	( Dose-response relation and time course of action of pipecuronium bromide in humans anesthetized with nitrous oxide and isoflurane, halothane, or droperidol and fentanyl. Agoston, S; Richardson, FJ; Wierda, JM, 1989)	0.49
"kg-1 to study the dose-response relationships, as well as the cardiovascular effects of mivacurium."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride in surgical patients receiving nitrous oxide-narcotic or nitrous oxide-isoflurane anaesthesia. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; Forbes, RB; Gergis, SD; Kirchner, J; Mehta, MP; Murray, DJ; Sokoll, MD, 1989)	0.5
" We conclude that there is no clinical indication that the dosage of atracurium and vecuronium during inhalation anesthesia should be reduced, but the doses of pipecuronium and pancuronium should be reduced when prolonged paralysis is not desired."	( Interaction between nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and inhalational anesthetics. Agoston, S; Hermans, J; Ket, JM; Koot, HW; Rashkovsky, OM; Swen, J, 1989)	0.28
"In a two-part study, the dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride (BW A938U) were evaluated during general anesthesia maintained with commonly used anesthetic techniques."	( Dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride in humans during anesthesia with nitrous oxide and fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane. Dunn, K; Fragen, RJ; Katz, JA; McNulty, B; Rudd, GD; Shanks, CA, 1989)	0.5
" The effects were analyzed using quantal dose-response data and comparisons were made using ED50 values for moist desquamation."	( Modification of the radiation response of pig skin by manipulation of tissue oxygen tension using anesthetics and administration of BW12C. Barnes, DW; Hopewell, JW; Nethersell, AB; Sansom, JM; van den Aardweg, GJ, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed evaluating the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation versus the percentage of animals with a sustained neurologic deficit."	( Halothane, fentanyl/nitrous oxide, and spinal lidocaine protect against spinal cord injury in the rat. Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Shapiro, HM; Zivin, JA, 1989)	0.6
"Single dose-response curves were determined for suxamethonium in neonates, infants and children during thiopentone-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia."	( Dose-response curves for suxamethonium in neonates, infants and children. Baker, RD; McKiernan, EP; Meakin, G; Morris, P, 1989)	0.48
" A dose-response relationship for the effect on the arterial capacitance could not be demonstrated."	( Effect of N2O on segmental left ventricular function and effective arterial elastance in pigs when added to a halothane-fentanyl-pancuronium anesthetic technique. Badenhorst, E; Bolliger, C; Coetzee, A; Fourie, P; Lombard, C; Rebel, A, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves describing the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation and the percentage of animals with a persistent neurologic deficit were constructed and compared for differences by use of a group t test."	( The effect of fentanyl anesthesia and intrathecal naloxone on neurologic outcome following spinal cord injury in the rat. Brauer, FS; Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Hertzog, RE; Shapiro, HM, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curve for vecuronium was determined after the injection of a single bolus (40, 55 or 70 micrograms kg-1) to 33 patients."	( Clinical pharmacology of vecuronium in children. Studies during nitrous oxide and halothane in oxygen anaesthesia. da Silva, GL; Delleur, MM; Loose, JP; Meistelman, C; Saint-Maurice, C, 1986)	0.51
"This study was performed to determine the potency of succinylcholine using the single-dose technique, and to test the ability of the cumulative dose technique for generating dose-response data."	( Dose-response curves for succinylcholine: single versus cumulative techniques. Bevan, DR; Donati, F; Smith, CE, 1988)	0.27
" A tentative dosage range has been established."	( Butorphanol improves CO2 response and ventilation after fentanyl anesthesia. Bjurstrom, RL; Bowdle, TA; Greichen, SL; Schoene, RB, 1987)	0.27
" The N2O dosage affected on the migration of PMNs to the cornea."	( Suppression of chemotaxis to corneal inflammation by nitrous oxide. Kripke, BJ; Kupferman, A; Luu, KC, 1987)	0.52
" We conclude that: (1) a more flexible dosage schedule is required in order to prevent disturbing movement of the patient during the procedure and (2) patients who received alfentanil were not street-worthy earlier than those who were given fentanyl."	( Double blind comparison of alfentanil N2O and fentanyl N2O for outpatient surgical procedures. Enright, AB; Parker, JB, 1988)	0.27
"We were interested in determining the dose-response relationship of atracurium in children (2-10 yr) during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia (1%) and the atracurium infusion rate required to maintain about 95% neuromuscular blockade during nitrous oxide-halothane (0."	( Atracurium infusion requirements in children during halothane, isoflurane, and narcotic anesthesia. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Fehr, B; Lineberry, CG; Rudd, GD; Woelfel, SK, 1985)	0.48
" Then dose-response curves for both muscles were constructed using incremental doses of succinylcholine with an infusion to replace metabolized or redistributing drug."	( Potency of succinylcholine at the diaphragm and at the adductor pollicis muscle. Bevan, DR; Donati, F; Smith, CE, 1988)	0.27
"The existence of a dose-response relation between nitrous oxide concentration and regional dysfunction in compromised myocardium, and whether or not halothane-induced myocardial depression alleviated this regional dysfunction was examined."	( Gradual or abrupt nitrous oxide administration in a canine model of critical coronary stenosis induces regional myocardial dysfunction that is worsened by halothane. Foëx, P; Lehot, JJ; Leone, BJ; Philbin, DM; Ryder, WA, 1988)	0.86
"5 degrees C were measured to determine a dose-response curve."	( The hypoxic mouse model for screening cerebral protective agents: a re-examination. Milde, LN, 1988)	0.27
" We argue for the continued use of trichloroethylene by this technique, because it costs one hundred times less than enflurane and because of the potential morbidity of the postoperative opiate dosage required after enflurane."	( Comparison of trichloroethylene and enflurane as adjuncts to nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia. Reynolds, F; Rice, AS, 1987)	0.51
" There appears to be no general agreement on dosage levels or methods for monitoring."	( Pharmacological methods and research issues in the management of child patients. Houpt, M, )	0.13
" Group B (n = 10), H24 (n = 5), and H72 (n = 5) were anesthetized with sodium thiamylal (B) or halothane and N2O (H24, H72) for 3 h, during which a dose-response curve to histamine was obtained."	( Prolonged hyporesponsiveness of airway smooth muscle to histamine following general anesthesia. Amyot, R; Chapleau, D; Couture, J; Michoud, MC; St-Jean, S, 1986)	0.27
"Alfentanil in combination with etomidate and N2O/O2 was given to 50 patients as single dosage (0."	( [Alfentanil in routine clinical use. A study of 50 patients]. Löffler, B, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage of etomidate and methohexitone was lowe than that reported in the literature."	( [Etomidate versus methohexital for intravenous anesthesia with alfentanyl and nitrous oxide-oxygen. A double-blind study of circulatory behavior and postoperative course]. Papst-Baierl, D; Sold, M; Weis, KH, 1985)	0.5
" They then compared these dose-response relationships with values obtained for adults (greater than 18 years old) under comparable anesthetic conditions."	( Neuromuscular effects of vecuronium (ORG NC45) in infants and children during N2O, halothane anesthesia. Fisher, DM; Miller, RD, 1983)	0.27
" Thus, inhibition of opiate receptors and endorphins by naloxone in an otherwise clinically effective dosage does not influence the adrenocortical, hyperglycemic, or hemodynamic responses to surgical stress."	( Cortisol, glucose, and hemodynamic responses to surgery after naloxone administration. Blichert-Toft, M; Engquist, A; Hicquet, J; Saurbrey, N, 1981)	0.26
"In this study we attempted to define the minimal dosage of alfentanil (AF) needed in combination with nitrous oxide to provide satisfactory anesthetic conditions for lower abdominal gynecologic surgery."	( Variable rate infusion of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide anesthesia for general surgery. Ausems, ME; de Lange, S; Hug, CC, 1983)	0.73
" Radiation-induced loss of copper and zinc initially exhibits a linear dose-response relationship and is less severe than the drop in enzyme activity."	( Concentration-dependent inactivation of superoxide dismutase. Chelack, WS; Petkau, A, 1981)	0.26
" However, the dose-response curve for 24 h was significantly different from the curve for pooled data from exposures lasting 2-28 days."	( Effects of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide on methionine synthase activity. Chanarin, I; Nunn, JF; Royston, JP; Sharer, NM, 1983)	0.55
"It has been reported that the inactivation yield of superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes irradiated in N2O-saturated solutions increases exponentially with the initial enzyme concentration and that dose-response curves are non-exponential."	( Radiation-induced inactivation of superoxide dismutase in nitrous oxide-saturated solutions. A kinetic model. Chuaqui, CA; Petkau, A, 1982)	0.51
" The authors report here the demonstration of a dose-response relationship between increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide in oxygen and measures of ERP amplitude and pain report."	( Effect of nitrous oxide concentration on event-related potentials during painful tooth stimulation. Benedetti, C; Chapman, CR; Chen, AC; Colpitts, YH, 1982)	0.88
"01) compared to vehicle level resulted in a shallow dose-response curve across the dose range tested (0."	( Nitrous oxide induces feeding in the nondeprived rat that is antagonized by naltrexone. Czech, DA, 1995)	1.73
" The effect of fentanyl dosage upon the percentage of arousal responses that were wakeful responses to command was determined by using a Mann-Whitney test to compare a group of patients receiving fentanyl 2 micrograms/kg or less, with a group receiving fentanyl 4 micrograms/kg."	( Brief wakeful response to command indicates wakefulness with suppression of memory formation during surgical anesthesia. Dutton, RC; Smith, NT; Smith, WD, 1995)	0.29
" The duration of action and recovery time from 75% to 25% block were longer than those produced by twice the dosage of vecuronium (62."	( [A comparison between neuromuscular blocking effects of pipecuronium and vecuronium; a double blind controlled study in collaboration with 5 departments of anesthesiology]. Amaki, Y; Hanaoka, K; Hashimoto, Y; Kobayashi, T; Suzuki, H; Yamamura, H, 1994)	0.29
" An individual dose-response curve of the atracurium-vecuronium combination was determined for every patient and its potency compared with that of the parent agents alone."	( Synergism between atracurium and vecuronium in infants and children during nitrous oxide-oxygen-alfentanil anaesthesia. Jalkanen, L; Meretoja, OA; Taivainen, T; Wirtavuori, K, 1994)	0.52
" It was the aim of our study to investigate the onset of action, the intubation conditions and the course of relaxation using two different dosage regimes."	( [Mechanomyographic and electromyographic studies of endotracheal intubation with 2 different rocuronium dosages]. Benad, G; Hofmockel, R; Kabott, A, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response profiles of the various tests showed substantial differences."	( A dose-response study of the effects of inhaled nitrous oxide on psychological performance and mood. Fagan, D; Paul, DL; Scott, DB; Tiplady, B, 1994)	0.54
" Dose-response curve (DRC) constructed from log-probit transformation for the group not receiving nitrous oxide was shifted to the right by 12."	( [Potentiation by nitrous oxide of vecuronium neuromuscular blockade measured by EMG]. Tsuchiya, A, 1994)	0.85
"86 micrograms ml-1) or induction of anaesthesia a cumulative dose-response curve of vecuronium was established to achieve a 95% depression of the twitch response."	( The effect of epidural bupivacaine on vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in children. Meretoja, OA; Rosenberg, PH; Taivainen, T, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response curve (DRC) constructed from log-probit transformation for the group not receiving nitrous oxide shifted to the right for 10."	( [Potentiation of pancuronium induced neuromuscular blockade by nitrous oxide]. Tsuchiya, A, 1994)	0.74
" The dosage requirement with PCS was higher than that found with INS or BIVS."	( Comparison between intranasal and intravenous midazolam sedation (with or without patient control) in a dental phobia clinic. Davidson, E; Kaufman, E; Magora, F; Sheinkman, Z, 1994)	0.29
"We determined the dose-response relationship of mivacurium in infants 2-6 and 7-11 mo of age during nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia."	( Clinical pharmacology of mivacurium in pediatric patients less than off years old during nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; McGowan, FX; Woelfel, SK, 1993)	0.72
" This study was designed to evaluate the neuromuscular effects of mivacurium by dose-response analysis, and its cardiovascular effects in 90 infants 2-11 months of age anesthetized with 1% halothane and nitrous oxide:oxygen."	( Pharmacodynamic and hemodynamic effects of mivacurium in infants anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Denman, W; Foster, V; Goudsouzian, NG; Samara, B; Schwartz, A; Shorten, G, 1993)	0.69
" The first four doses in each group were used to determine dose-response relationships."	( Pharmacodynamic and hemodynamic effects of mivacurium in infants anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Denman, W; Foster, V; Goudsouzian, NG; Samara, B; Schwartz, A; Shorten, G, 1993)	0.5
" Compared to behavior of vehicle-pretreated, room air-exposed rats, rat pairs exposed to nitrous oxide showed a generally inverted U-shaped dose-response curve with the maximum increase in social interaction encounters occurring at 25% and significant increase in time of active social interaction at 15-35%; higher concentrations produced a sedative effect that reduced social interaction."	( Benzodiazepine receptor-mediated behavioral effects of nitrous oxide in the rat social interaction test. Curtis, BA; Czech, DA; Hodges, BL; Maillefer, RH; Quock, RM; Wetzel, PJ, 1993)	0.76
" Anaesthetists were confident enough to follow the dosage advice given by RESAC in most of the patients."	( Pilot study of an expert system adviser for controlling general anaesthesia. Asbury, AJ; Greenhow, SG; Linkens, DA, 1993)	0.29
"Results from this study confirm the absence of propofol accumulation in morbidly obese patients when the current dosing scheme is used."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	0.51
" There were no clear dose-response effects on any of eight behavioural tests for any offspring."	( Behavioral teratology and dominant lethal evaluation of nitrous oxide exposure in rats. Bates, HK; Hansen, DK; Holson, RR; LaBorde, JB, )	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-response relationships for edrophonium antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block."	( Dose-response relationships for edrophonium antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block during N2O-enflurane-alfentanil anaesthesia. Drolet, P; Girard, M; Marcotte, J; Perreault, L, 1995)	0.29
"We studied the site of action of nitric oxide (NO) and the dose-response relationship between inhaled NO and PaO2."	( [Basic evaluation of nitric oxide inhalation therapy]. Hirose, M; Kobayashi, H; Mitsufuji, H; Sato, T; Soma, K; Takahashi, Y; Tanaka, N; Tomita, T, 1995)	0.29
" F95-response logistic regression curves, which are analogous to dose-response curves, were calculated for each of the 2 stimuli administered during each of the 5 anesthetic techniques."	( EEG Predicts movement response to surgical stimuli during general anesthesia with combinations of isoflurane, 70% N2O, and fentanyl. Dutton, RC; Smith, NT; Smith, WD, 1996)	0.29
" Neuromuscular function was recorded by adductor pollicis emg and a cumulative log-probit dose-response curve of rocuronium was established."	( Rocuronium in infants, children and adults during balanced anaesthesia. Erkola, O; Juvakoski, M; Meretoja, OA; Rautoma, P; Taivainen, T, 1996)	0.29
" Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated and net H2O2 productions for a minor subpopulation of peritoneal cells showed positive dose-response correlations by linear regression analysis."	( Differential modulation of natural and adaptive immunity in Fischer rats exposed for 6 weeks to 60 Hz linear sinusoidal continuous-wave magnetic fields. Gagnon, J; Houde, M; Mandeville, R; Mercier, G; Tremblay, L, 1996)	0.29
"The dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion was studied in 20 adult surgical patients during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane (1 MAC)-nitrous oxide anaesthesia."	( Dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Kansanaho, M; Olkkola, KT; Wierda, JM, 1997)	0.72
"To evaluate the influence of acute isovolemic hemodilution on the dose-response and time course of action of vecuronium, we studied 60 adult patients with and without hemodilution during surgery."	( The influence of acute normovolemic hemodilution on the dose-response and time course of action of vecuronium. An, G; Li, L; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ, 1998)	0.3
"(1) To compare the dose-response relations of rocuronium and vecuronium in healthy adult patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-fentanyl-thiopental; and (2) to evaluate the time-course of action of two drugs following equipotent doses."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.51
" The dose-response relations of rocuronium and vecuronium were determined by the cumulative dose-response technique."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" The cumulative dose-response curve of vecuronium was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion compared with that of rocuronium."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" Low-flow dosing schedules for 35% inspired oxygen and 1% inspired halothane were computed with the model and tested in vitro with a circle-absorber breathing circuit and an active gas-exchange lung at nine values of simulated patient gas exchanges."	( Model for the administration of low-flow anaesthesia. Beams, DM; Radwin, RG; Sasse, FJ; Webster, JG, 1998)	0.3
" A cumulative dose-response curve for vecuronium was constructed, and pupillary changes in response to various noxious stimuli were evaluated with concomitant recording of the Spectral-Edge-Frequency 90% (SEF90; the frequency below which 90 percent of the EEG power is located)."	( Vecuronium dose requirement and pupillary response in a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). Fukura, H; Goto, F; Kuroda, M; Morita, T; Saruki, N; Yoshikawa, D, 1998)	0.3
"After obtaining institutional approval, antinociceptive dose-response and time-course to N2O was measured in wild-type and transgenic mice (D79N), with a nonfunctional alpha2A adrenoceptor using tail-flick latency."	( Nitrous oxide produces antinociceptive response via alpha2B and/or alpha2C adrenoceptor subtypes in mice. Davies, MF; Guo, TZ; Kingery, WS; Limbird, LE; Maze, M; Patterson, AJ, 1999)	1.75
"kg-1 and construction of dose-response curves (n = 72)."	( Potency and time course of mivacurium block during sevoflurane, isoflurane and intravenous anesthesia. Carroll, MT; Hughes, DA; Lowry, DW; McCarthy, GJ; Mirakhur, RK; O'Hare, RA, 1999)	0.3
"4%, respectively for various doses of cadmium, in a dose-response pattern."	( [Effects of cadmium chloride on the function of peritoneal macrophage in mice]. Wei, X; Xue, B; Zhang, X, 1998)	0.3
" Early and late recovery variables were similar in the two treatment groups; however, 65% N2O produced a 19% decrease in the propofol maintenance dosage requirement."	( Use of propofol for office-based anesthesia: effect of nitrous oxide on recovery profile. Chen, L; Kariger, R; Naruse, R; Sloninsky, A; Tang, J; Wender, RH; White, PF, 1999)	0.55
" In the REM groups, the dosage of PRO (75 microg."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response curves constructed from the data indicated that the antinociceptive effect of nitrous oxide was significantly antagonized by antisera to various dynorphins (DYNs) and methionine-enkephalin (ME), but not by antiserum to beta-endorphin (beta-EP)."	( Antagonism of nitrous oxide antinociception in mice by intrathecally administered antisera to endogenous opioid peptides. Cahill, FJ; Ellenberger, EA; Mueller, JL; Quock, RM; Tseng, LF, )	0.71
" Ketamine and N(2)O were administered alone or in combination by various dosing regimens to adult female rats for a duration of 3 h and the severity of cerebrocortical neurotoxic changes was quantified histologically."	( Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats. Benshoff, N; Jevtovic-Todorovic, V; Olney, JW, 2000)	0.53
"Although no dose-response relationship for the health risks associated with the occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics exists, public health authorities recommend threshold values."	( Occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics: a follow-up study on anaesthetists of an eastern European university hospital. Harth, M; Hobbhahn, J; Hoerauf, K; Jurczyk, W; Sobczynski, P; Szulc, R; Taeger, K; Wiesner, G, 2000)	0.31
"A rigorous study of the dose-response relation of rapacuronium has, to our knowledge, yet to be performed."	( Dose-response and onset/offset characteristics of rapacuronium. Flores, F; Ghori, K; Klewicka, MM; Kopman, AF; Neuman, GG, 2000)	0.31
" Dilations to sodium nitroprusside and C-type natriuretic peptide were significantly reduced (by 10+/-2% and 35+/-6%), whereas dose-response curves for papaverine and ACh were shifted to the right, despite unchanged increases in endothelial Ca(2+) after ACh."	( Oxidized LDL increases the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in isolated resistance arteries for Ca(2+) via a rho- and rho kinase-dependent mechanism. Bolz, SS; de Wit, C; Derwand, R; Galle, J; Pohl, U, 2000)	0.31
" By dosing to maintain target twitch depression, recovery was not prolonged."	( Effect of renal failure and cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium administered by bolus followed by infusion. Abengochea, A; Atherton, DP; Brown, R; Dempsey, GA; Fisher, DM; Hunter, JM, 2000)	0.31
"Although no dose-response relationship exists for the health risks associated with the occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics, public health authorities recommend threshold values."	( A follow-up study on occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics in Eastern European surgeons and circulating nurses. Harth, M; Hobbhahn, J; Hoerauf, KH; Jurczyk, W; Sobczynski, P; Szulc, R; Taeger, K; Wiesner, G, 2001)	0.31
" If mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased >80 mm Hg during maximal dosage of isoflurane or remifentanil, labetalol was administered."	( Remifentanil provides hemodynamic stability and faster awakening time in transsphenoidal surgery. Cozzi, S; Gemma, M; Losa, M; Mortini, P; Narcisi, S; Soldarini, A; Tommasino, C, 2002)	0.31
"Dosage guidelines for muscle relaxants are based on dose-response studies, normally performed after several minutes of stable nitrous oxide (N O)-opioid anesthesia."	( Duration of anesthesia before muscle relaxant injection influences level of paralysis. Debaene, B; Donati, F; Plaud, B, 2002)	0.52
" The amount of propofol infused excluding the bolus dosage was divided by patient's body weight and total infusion time."	( Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia: part I: comparing propofol requirements according to hemodynamic responses: part II: comparing bispectral index in control a Choi, JC; Kim, C; Kim, JS; Lee, SG; Um, DJ; Yoon, KB, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response functions varied across subjects and included bitonic, monotonic increasing, monotonic decreasing, U-shaped, and flat dose-response functions for reinforcing and/or self-reported effects."	( Bitonic dose-response functions for reinforcing and self-reported effects of nitrous oxide in humans. Walker, DJ; Zacny, JP, 2003)	0.55
" The study verified the 2 previously published BIS/N2O investigations showing no correlation between N2O dosage up to 70% and BIS."	( Bispectral EEG index monitoring of high-dose nitrous oxide and low-dose sevoflurane sedation. Ganzberg, S; Hall, DL; Rashid, R; Weaver, J; Wilson, S, 2002)	0.57
" A supplemental dosage equal to half the initial dose was necessary for 10% of patients and was administered 30 minutes after the initial dose if there was no evidence of sedation."	( Triazolam use in the dental setting: a report of 270 uses over 15 years. Donaldson, M; Quarnstrom, FW, )	0.13
" TRIAZ lacked the inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship with NR usually seen with DIAZ."	( Anxiolytic-like action in mice treated with nitrous oxide and oral triazolam or diazepam. Condouris, GA; Gries, DA; Houpt, M; Shey, Z, 2005)	0.59
" Induction of autotetraploid lines from elite inbred lines is valuable for investigating gene dosage effects on the molecular level."	( Induction of tetraploid derivatives of maize inbred lines by nitrous oxide gas treatment. Birchler, JA; Kato, A, )	0.37
" N(2)O was dosed either directly as a gas to the headspace of the bottles or formed as intermediate during the denitrification of nitrite in Fe(II)EDTA(2-)-containing medium and nitrate in Fe(II)EDTA(2-)-free medium."	( Effect of copper dosing on sulfide inhibited reduction of nitric and nitrous oxide. Lens, P; Manconi, I; van der Maas, P, 2006)	0.57
"In this prospective, randomized clinical study, we compared the performance of six inexperienced anaesthesiologists with <1 yr of training when using target- or manually controlled infusion of propofol, combined with manual dosing of fentanyl."	( Use of a target-controlled infusion system for propofol does not improve subjective assessment of anaesthetic depth by inexperienced anaesthesiologists. Baars, J; Hadzidiakos, D; Rehberg, B; Ryll, C, 2007)	0.34
"Although BIS became considerably appreciated, growing experience and repeated education had no impact on drug dosing and BIS levels."	( Bispectral index monitoring: appreciated but does not affect drug dosing and hypnotic levels. Brudin, L; Lindholm, ML; Sandin, RH, 2008)	0.35
" Monitoring the AAI facilitates the titration of thiopental and propofol dosing during anesthetic induction."	( [Influence of inhaled nitrous oxide on the induction doses of propofol and thiopental assessed by auditory evoked potentials]. Bellolio, PC; Domínguez, VC, 2007)	0.65
" We investigated whether N(2)O results in a dose-response increase in PONV."	( The dose-response of nitrous oxide in postoperative nausea in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery: a preliminary study. Gan, TJ; Mraovic, B; Simurina, T; Skitarelic, N; Sonicki, Z, 2008)	0.66
" (15)Nitrate was added to dosing water at 50 mg L(-1) and effluent was collected and analyzed for NO(3)-N, NH(4)-N, and dissolved organic carbon."	( Denitrification in wood chip bioreactors at different water flows. Greenan, CM; Jaynes, DB; Kaspar, TC; Moorman, TB; Parkin, TB, )	0.13
"Self-administered nitrous oxide relieves labour pain in approximately two-thirds of women, and there is a dose-response with a maximum effect at a concentration of 70%."	( [Dinitrogen monoxide in the treatment of labor pains]. Ahonen, J; Sainio, S; Tarvonen, M, 2009)	0.69
" In a previously published study, we showed that the inhibitory effect of sulfide to N(2)O reduction in mixed microbial communities is reversible and can be counteracted by dosing trace amounts of copper."	( Divalent metal addition restores sulfide-inhibited N(2)O reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bartacek, J; Lens, PN; Manconi, I; Murgia, R; Sansone, G, 2010)	0.36
" In each case, the dose-response curve for N(2)O was progressively shifted to the right by increasing the dose of each pretreatment drug."	( Involvement of a NO-cyclic GMP-PKG signaling pathway in nitrous oxide-induced antinociception in mice. Chung, E; Ohgami, Y; Quock, LP; Quock, RM; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.62
" The relationship between NO(x)-cleaning and ammonia dosage was measured at the plant."	( Life cycle assessment of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitrous oxides in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator. Christensen, TH; Crillesen, K; Munk, B; Møller, J, 2011)	0.6
" Trials were grouped into placebo-controlled, dosage and head-to-head comparisons."	( Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Ashley, PF; Furness, S; Lourenço-Matharu, L, 2012)	0.38
"Nitrate dosing is widely used by water industry to control hydrogen sulfide production in sewers."	( Effects of nitrate dosing on methanogenic activity in a sulfide-producing sewer biofilm reactor. Jiang, G; Sharma, KR; Yuan, Z, 2013)	0.39
" The impact of oxygen dosing for sulfide control in sewers on CH4 and N2O production was assessed in this study in laboratory sewer reactors."	( Impact of oxygen injection on CH4 and N2O emissions from rising main sewers. Ganigué, R; Yuan, Z, 2014)	0.4
" A standard method to observe flow structures is dosing smoke into the flow."	( Large Eddy Simulation of Air Escape through a Hospital Isolation Room Single Hinged Doorway--Validation by Using Tracer Gases and Simulated Smoke Videos. Kalliomäki, P; Koskela, H; Saarinen, PE; Tang, JW, 2015)	0.42
" Accidental injury is associated with the highest number of 'hits' per session, suggesting a dose-response relationship."	( Up: The rise of nitrous oxide abuse. An international survey of contemporary nitrous oxide use. Devaney, M; Ferris, J; Kaar, SJ; Ramsey, J; Waldron, J; Winstock, AR, 2016)	0.78
" The control of exogenous carbon dosage is essential to minimize N2O production from denitrifying biofilters, in correlation to NO2-N concentrations in the filter."	( Full-scale post denitrifying biofilters: sinks of dissolved N2O? Bollon, J; Fayolle, Y; Filali, A; Gillot, S; Guerin, S; Rocher, V, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, the narrow dose-response curves for the three end points of general anaesthesia (loss of response to verbal command, immobility and autonomic reflex control) allow the clinical use of MACawake, MAC and MACBAR to determine depth of anaesthesia."	( Inhaled anaesthetics and nitrous oxide: Complexities overlooked: things may not be what they seem. Carette, R; De Wolf, A; Hendrickx, J; Peyton, P, 2016)	0.74
"This study aimed to evaluate the role of different amount of zeolite with low dosage of lime amendment on the greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission and maturity during the dewatered fresh sewage sludge (DFSS) composting."	( Influence of zeolite and lime as additives on greenhouse gas emissions and maturity evolution during sewage sludge composting. Ali, A; Awasthi, MK; Huang, H; Lahori, AH; Li, R; Mahar, A; Ren, X; Shen, F; Wang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" hydrocarbons dosing at 20mgL(-1) with a constant salt concentration of 20gNaClL(-1) (Phase II)."	( Nitrous oxide emissions in a membrane bioreactor treating saline wastewater contaminated by hydrocarbons. Cosenza, A; Di Trapani, D; Laudicina, VA; Mannina, G; Morici, C; Ødegaard, H, 2016)	1.88
" Six dosage of biochar [low dosage of biochar (LDB) - 2%, 4% and 6%; and higher dosage of biochar (HDB) - 8%, 12% and 18%] were amended to a mixture of SS and wheat straw (4:1 ratio on dry weight basis) and compared to control or without additive."	( Heterogeneity of biochar amendment to improve the carbon and nitrogen sequestration through reduce the greenhouse gases emissions during sewage sludge composting. Awasthi, MK; Awasthi, SK; Chen, H; Li, DS; Li, R; Ren, X; Shen, F; Wang, M; Wang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J, 2017)	0.46
" There are converging preclinical and clinical data that isoflurane (and perhaps propofol), dosed to burst suppression, has relatively rapid, robust and durable antidepressant effects and lacks the adverse effects associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)."	( Emerging evidence for antidepressant actions of anesthetic agents. Mickey, BJ; Tadler, SC, 2018)	0.48
" Studies were grouped into placebo-controlled, dosage and head-to-head comparisons."	( Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Ashley, PF; Chaudhary, M; Lourenço-Matharu, L, 2018)	0.48
" Simplifying local anesthesia mixtures and using dilute concentrations will minimize dosing errors and decrease risk of local anesthesia toxicity."	( Local Anesthetic Facelift. DeJoseph, LM; Pou, JD, 2020)	0.56
"To determine if administering a higher dosage of nitrous oxide (>50%), with a nasal hood in pediatric dental restorative procedures, can allow for a safe and more cooperative experience for the pediatric patient as measured by observable adverse reactions and the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	1.23
"A retrospective chart review was completed of 200 patients total, 100 for each nitrous oxide (N2O) dosage group (≤50% vs >50%)."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Elevated Dosages of Nitrous Oxide on Behavior Management in Pediatric Dentistry. Dennis, R; Elizabeth, B; Ian, AC; John H, U; Judy, R, 2022)	1.2

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Products

Product Category	Products
Other	10
Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner salés, en:Dried tomatoes spreads, en:Tomato spreads	1
Desserts, Frozen foods, Frozen desserts	1
en:Tests	1
chipsuri	1
Condiments, Sauces, Sauces au soja	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale	1
Condiments, Crèmes de vinaigre, Crèmes de vinaigre balsamique, en:groceries	1
Boissons, Boissons alcoolisées, Vins, Vins français, Vins rosés	1

Role	Description
inhalation anaesthetic	null
NMDA receptor antagonist	Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
bacterial metabolite	Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
general anaesthetic	Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
vasodilator agent	A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
analgesic	An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
greenhouse gas	A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
raising agent	A food additive which liberates gas so as to increase the volume of a dough or batter, resulting in a lighter and softer finished product.
food packaging gas	A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
food propellant	A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
refrigerant	A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
nitrogen oxide
gas molecular entity	Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
nitrate reduction VII (denitrification)	2	7
tetrachloroethene degradation	1	13
nitrogen fixation I (ferredoxin)	6	19
nitrifier denitrification	14	25
nitrate reduction I (denitrification)	7	19
Vitamin B12 metabolism	0	50

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	5802 (41.84)	18.7374
1990's	2115 (15.25)	18.2507
2000's	1965 (14.17)	29.6817
2010's	2559 (18.46)	24.3611
2020's	1425 (10.28)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,551 (10.13%)	5.53%
Reviews	839 (5.48%)	6.00%
Case Studies	878 (5.74%)	4.05%
Observational	28 (0.18%)	0.25%
Other	12,008 (78.46%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (154)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Pilot Study to Assess Effects of Self-Administered Nitrous Oxide (SANO) on Urodynamic Study (UDS) Parameters [NCT05883332]	Phase 4	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-01-10	Completed
Nitrous Oxide as Treatment for Fibromyalgia [NCT05357066]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-12	Recruiting
Impact of 50% Nitrous Oxide Inhalation on Pain Induced by Lumbar Puncture in Emergency: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT03941990]	Phase 4	88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-11-27	Recruiting
Nitrous Oxide for Analgesia During Office Urethral Bulking: a Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT03847922]	Phase 4	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-15	Terminated(stopped due to Due to staffing changes in the hospital, we will be unable to complete this study for the requested 84 subjects. As such, we have decided to close this study.)
Adjunctive Nitrous Oxide for Acute Suicidal Ideation in Unipolar Depressed Hospitalized Patients [NCT03736538]	Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-30	Enrolling by invitation
Inhaled Nitrous Oxide for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Optimizing Dosing Strategies [NCT03283670]	Phase 2	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-22	Completed
Laryngeal Mask Insertion Conditions And Hemodynamic Effects After Propofol And Ketamine-Propofol Co-induction [NCT03257800]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-01	Completed
Impact of 50% Nitrous Oxide Inhalation on Pain and Anxiety Induced by Lumbar Puncture: a Multicenter Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03228628]	Phase 4	162 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Nitrous Oxide as Treatment for Tinnitus: A Randomized Crossover Trial [NCT03365011]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Efficacy of Premixed Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen in Patient With Out-of-hospital Moderate Acute Pain: a Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT01356745]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
Use of Nitrous Oxide for Pain Alleviation in Women Undergoing Osmotic Dilator Insertion for Second Trimester Dilatation and Evacuation [NCT05579288]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Dose Response Effect of Nitrous Oxide on Amnesia in Healthy Children [NCT02050152]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Effects of Low Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide on Cognitive Functions and Reaction Time [NCT04050267]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-25	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Acute Pediatric Migraine Pain Management in the Emergency Room [NCT01287052]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Virtual Reality Games Versus Nitrous Oxide for Pain Reduction in Common Outpatient Procedures in Pediatric Surgery [NCT05510141]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-24	Recruiting
Comparative Evaluation of Three Anxiety Control Protocols in Third Molar Extraction With Midazolam, Diazepam and Nitrous Oxide - Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT03165500]	Early Phase 1	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-23	Completed
Adjunctive Nitrous Oxide to Lidocaine Anesthesia During ED Incision and Drainage of Abscess in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03127371]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment rate)
Analgesia by 50%/50% Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Mixture for Nasogastric Catheterization in Children Aged 3 Months to 3 Years [NCT04008628]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-10	Recruiting
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial of the Effectiveness of Disposable Nitrous Oxide Canisters in Providing Improved Pain Control During Burn Dressing Changes. [NCT03695887]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-01	Recruiting
Anxiolysis for Laceration Repair in Children: A Multicenter Adaptive Randomized Trial [NCT05383495]	Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-20	Recruiting
Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide Use in GI Endoscopy Procedures: Potential for Optimizing Sedation and Minimizing Side-Effects During Recovery [NCT05396144]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Pethidine Versus Nitrous Oxide for Pain Relief During Labor Among Multiparous. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02783508]		214 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Nitrous Oxide for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [NCT03879538]	Phase 3	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-02	Completed
Nitrous Oxide Versus Intravenous Sedation for Anesthesia [NCT02755090]		39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of an Equimolar Oxygen-nitrous Oxide Mixture During Physical Therapy for Adhesive Shoulder Capsulitis [NCT01087229]	Phase 4	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
A Clinical Trial of Nitrous Oxide for Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder [NCT03932825]	Phase 2	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Completed
Effects of Nitrous Oxide Added at the End of Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Recovery and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - a Randomized Clinical Trial (SEVONATE) [NCT03420586]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-07	Completed
Network-Level Effects of Nitrous Oxide in the Human Brain [NCT03435055]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-21	Completed
Virtual Reality: An Interventional Study Comparing the Use of Virtual Reality to Nitrous Oxide for Analgesia During Dental Procedures on Pediatric Patients [NCT05890898]		62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-19	Recruiting
Effect of N2O on Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00967694]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Phase IIa Trial [NCT04378426]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-07	Terminated(stopped due to Use of VA hospital research space is indefinitely delayed due to prioritization of clinical cases delayed by COVID)
Evaluation of the Analgesy Using a Local Anesthetic (Lidocaine and Prolocaine) Eutectic Mixture and/or Nitric Oxide at 50% in Oxygen (Livopan®) in Pediatric Patients That During Lumbar Puncture [NCT00808171]	Phase 4	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Influence of Preoperative Vitamin B12 and Folate Administration on Homocysteine Concentrations After Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia [NCT00901394]		63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
Nitrous Oxide - A Novel Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression [NCT02757521]	Early Phase 1	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-25	Terminated(stopped due to Study sponsor ended trial due to low recruitment)
Evaluating the Incidence and Association Between Nitrous Oxide and Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Anaesthesia [NCT02489097]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis results showed futility)
AssEssment and New Perspectives on Pathophysiogenesis, detectiOn and Use of NAsal Nitrous Oxide and the Electronic Nose (EPONA Project) [NCT02476929]		139 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Effectiveness of Nitrous Oxide 50% for Reducing Pain And Distress Associated With Needle-stick in Children: A Prospective Randomized Blinded Controlled Trial [NCT03342079]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Evaluation of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Following Nitrous Oxide and Neuraxial Labor Analgesia [NCT04813874]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-07-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty obtaining advanced notification of who was wanting to use nitrous)
MEOPA (Equimolar Mix of Oxygen and Nitrogen Monoxide) Versus Local Anesthesia for Analgesia During Chorionic Villus Sampling. [NCT02573987]	Phase 4	192 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-13	Completed
Virtual Reality Compared to Nitrous Oxide for Labor Analgesia [NCT04749043]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-18	Recruiting
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy: A Phase I Drug Pilot Research Plan [NCT05871606]	Phase 1	27 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Anesthetic Gas Leakage in Children During Tonsillectomy: a Comparison of Cuffed and Uncuffed Tracheal Tubes [NCT02725164]		31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-12	Completed
Nitrous Oxide (KALINOX®) Inhalation and Tolerance of Intravesical Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injection: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Study [NCT00948103]	Phase 3	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Role of Instructions in Nitrous Oxide Effects and Choice [NCT00000258]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-04-30	Completed
Assessment of the Intraoperative Analgesic Effect of 50%/50% N2O/O2 Inhalation by the Pain Index ANI Following a Standardized Electrical Stimulus in Patients Under Anesthesia. Comparison to the New NoL Analgesic Index. [NCT02701478]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Bispectral Index and Clinical Parameters Evaluation in Different Dental Procedures With Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Sedation [NCT02671578]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
Study Of the Nitrous Oxide Perception in Health Students [NCT04095494]		250 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2019-05-01	Completed
Oxidative Stress Status During Anesthesia in Pediatric Surgical Room Staff Versus Non-operating Room Personnel: Pilot Study [NCT02654834]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-05-31	Withdrawn
Large, Randomised, Parallel-group, Controlled Trial, With Patients Randomly Allocated to Either N2O-containing (70% N2O in Oxygen [FiO2 0.3]) or N2O-free (70% Nitrogen in Oxygen [FiO2 0.3]). [NCT00430989]	Phase 4	7,112 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Comparison in Anxiety and Pain Scores Between Distraction and Nitrous Oxide for Procedural Pain in Children Aged 3 to 9 Years : a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04185233]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Completed
Phase 2/3 Clinical Study With BLM-240 in Adult Surgery Patients That Need General Anesthesia [NCT00762372]	Phase 2/Phase 3	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced Anesthesia on Postoperative Lung Function [NCT00706277]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
Effectiveness of Nitrous Oxide Administration Prior to Intranasal Midazolam for Moderate Sedation in Pediatric Dental Patients [NCT04083105]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-12	Recruiting
Nitrous Oxide Frequency of Use and Causes in Hospital in Turkey [NCT04124562]		170 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-10-15	Completed
Study of the Efficacy and Safety of KALINOX® 170 Bar for the Performance of Care Procedures in Children With Burns [NCT00643357]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to No patient recruited due to current guidelines for the pain related to burn)
International, Randomized, Controled, Double-Blind Study Assessing Efficacy of Kalinox® 170 Bar During the Realization of Invasive Gestures in Adult Oncology [NCT00646945]	Phase 4	286 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Virtual Reality Hypnosis Versus Inhaled Nitrous Oxide to Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations: an Open Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05388942]		126 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-09	Recruiting
Evaluation of Impact of Nitrous Oxide on PONV in Breast Surgeries [NCT02736604]		250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
Self-Administered Nitrous Oxide (SANO) During Transrectal Prostate Biopsy to Reduce Patient Anxiety and Pain [NCT05803096]	Phase 4	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-12-12	Completed
Nitrous Oxyde Misuse Among Teenagers Consulting in an Addictology Center Dedicated to Young Drug Users: an Observational Study Led in Montpellier [NCT04301024]		60 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-03-30	Completed
Pharmacogenetics of Adverse Outcomes After Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia [NCT00655980]		687 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Sustained Mood Improvement With Laughing Gas Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial - Sub-Study Protocol to Include Neuroimaging [NCT05528718]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-03-07	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Antidepressant Effects of Nitrous Oxide in People With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT03869736]	Phase 2	172 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-22	Recruiting
Nitrous Oxide Does Not Increase the Risk of Cancer Recurrence After Colorectal Surgery: A Randomized, Blinded Study [NCT00781352]	Phase 3	408 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1998-11-30	Completed
Lack of Acute Tolerance Development to Effects of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000252]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1994-06-30	Completed
Differential Acute Tolerance Development to Effects of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000255]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1995-04-30	Completed
Evaluation of Antihyperalgesic and Analgesic Effects of 35% Nitrous Oxide in a Human Model of Electrically Evoked Hyperalgesia and Pain [NCT01581450]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Effects of Intraoperative Nitrous Oxide on Postoperative Pain for Patients With Current Opioid Treatment After Vertebroplasty. [NCT00210158]		36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of an Equimolar Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide in External Cephalic Version (ECV) in Singleton Pregnancy in Breech Presentation at Term [NCT01948115]	Phase 3	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double Blind Trial Comparing Pre-Mixed 50 Per Cent Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Mixture in Combination With Local Local 1% Xylocaine Anesthetic Versus Placebo in Order to Evaluate Pain Intensity During Bone Marrow Biopsy. [NCT00219713]	Phase 3	280 participants	Interventional	2000-03-31	Terminated
Efficacy of Premixed Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen in Elderly Patient With Out-of-hospital Severe Acute Pain: a Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT01990404]	Phase 2/Phase 3	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to inadequate recruitment)
High-Concentration Nitrous Oxide for Dental Procedural Sedation in Children [NCT02886351]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Not yet recruiting
[NCT02024594]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Cryoanalgesia and Post-thoracotomy Pain in Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery [NCT05255146]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Reinforcing Effects of Brief Exposures to Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000256]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1995-08-31	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Inhaled Nitrous Oxide for Pain Relief During ROP Screening Exam in the Pre-term Infant [NCT00623220]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Randomized Control Trial of Nitrous Oxide Use in the Emergency Department [NCT02703233]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Feasibility)
Evaluation of the Antidepressant Effects of Nitrous Oxide in People With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT05357040]	Phase 2	172 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-30	Recruiting
Mixture Nitrous Oxide - Oxygen 50-50% in Transrectal Prostate Biopsy Guided by Ultrasound [NCT02899182]	Phase 1/Phase 2	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Completed
Subjective/Psychomotor/ Effects of Combined Alcohol & Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000264]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-09-30	Completed
Impact of 50% Nitrous Oxide Inhalation on Pain and Anxiety Induced by Lumbar Puncture: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02243826]	Phase 4	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Recruiting
Nitrous Oxide for Analgesia in Sickle Cell Vaso-occlusive Crisis [NCT01891812]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-12	Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment issues.)
Colonoscopy Using Nitrous Oxide- A Pilot Study in the USA [NCT04305158]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-28	Recruiting
"Anesthésie Totale Intraveineuse en Boucle d'Asservissement guidée Par l'Index Bispectral : Effet de l'Adjonction de Protoxyde d'Azote (Effect of Nitrous Oxide on Intravenous Closed-loop Anesthesia)" [NCT00547209]	Phase 4	672 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
The Effect of Entonox on Stages of Labor in Nulliparous Women :a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04321642]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-01	Completed
Measurement of the Second Gas Effect on Sevoflurane in Anaesthetised Patients [NCT00321191]	Phase 4	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
Exploring Nitrous Oxide Effects for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [NCT03375294]	Phase 2	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-01	Completed
Suture Care in the Pediatric Emergency Department: a Randomized Trial Comparing the Analgesic Efficacy of Hypnosis Versus MEOPA [NCT02420002]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-25	Recruiting
Self-Adjusted Nitrous Oxide: A Feasibility Study in the Setting of Vasectomy [NCT05895383]	Phase 4	35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-24	Recruiting
Is There an Adverse Drug Reaction Between Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade and Inhaled Anesthetics? - A Pilot Study. Optional Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid Donation for the Study of Hypertension. [NCT01715584]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Recruiting
Relationship of Oxygenation During Anaesthesia in the Presence of N2O or N2 to Mode of Ventilation [NCT00146250]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-01	Completed
Effect OF Nitrous Oxide On Acute Pain and Opioid Consumption, and Chronic [NCT01622335]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Recruiting
Subtle Disturbances of Cobalamin Status [NCT00212147]		444 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
Influence of the MTHFR 677C>T Mutation on Homocysteine Levels After Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia. [NCT00482456]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT01512511]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Effects of Behavioral Contingencies on Effects of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000260]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-06-30	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Pain Management of First Trimester Surgical Abortion [NCT02096575]		140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Effects of Alcohol History on Effects of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000257]		19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1995-09-30	Completed
50% Nitrous Oxide and 50% Oxygen (MEOPA) Conscious Sedation Versus Placebo in Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy : Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT00392522]	Phase 3	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Equimolar Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide (EMONO) for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Randomises, International, Multicentre, Placebo-Controlled, Phenotype-stratified Phase IIa Study [NCT02957851]	Phase 2	287 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide In the Gas Mixture for Anaesthesia: a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT00164047]	Phase 4	2,070 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-04-30	Completed
Quantifying Nitrous Oxide Effect on Depth of Anaesthesia Using Theoretically Based Time Series Modelling [NCT00226837]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
NMDA Receptor Antagonist Nitrous Oxide Targets Affective Brain Circuits [NCT02994433]	Phase 1	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-27	Terminated(stopped due to remaining visits and enrollment terminated due to the pandemic)
High Concentration Continuous Flow Nitrous Oxide Use for Procedural-induced Pain or Anxiety During Pediatric Minor Procedures [NCT01911351]		82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Adjunctive Nitrous Oxide During Emergency Department Propofol Sedation in Adults, a Pilot Study [NCT02410707]		43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Pain Management During In-office Transcervical Sterilization [NCT02312739]		72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Completed
Nitrous Oxide as Treatment for Major Depression - a Pilot Study [NCT02139540]	Phase 2	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Pain Management of Intrauterine Device Insertion [NCT02391714]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Nitrous Oxide in Neonates Undergoing Heel Stick [NCT00250692]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn(stopped due to unknown - no record of study conduct in departmental archive)
Use of Nitrous Oxide for Analgesia During Colonoscopy - A Randomised Trial [NCT00318825]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Comparing Pain Relief in Early Labor: Nitrous Oxide Versus Butorphonol Study [NCT01636999]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Withdrawn
Nitrous Oxide as a Putative Novel Dual-Mechanism Treatment for Bipolar Disorder [NCT02351869]	Phase 2	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated due to COVID-19 pandemic-related halting of recruitment in the context of an upcoming replacement of the study MRI scanner.)
Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane With 60% Nitrous Oxide Inducing Isoelectric EEG in Mid-aged Adults [NCT01705743]	Phase 4	76 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Open Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil Versus Nitrous Oxide in External Cephalic Version at Term in Singleton Pregnancy in Breech Presentation [NCT01735669]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
Developing Anesthesia as PTSD Therapy [NCT01736020]	Phase 1	293 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Active, not recruiting
A Single-centre, Randomised Controlled Study of Entonox Versus Midazolam Sedation in Gastroscopy. [NCT01744184]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Recruiting
Peripheral Vasodilation in Healthy Adult Volunteers Receiving 50% Nitrous Oxide [NCT01785030]	Phase 1	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Study of Cryomaze Procedure Using Nitrous Oxide Versus Argon Gas [NCT01812356]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Effect of Nitrous Oxide in Treating Neuropathic Pain: A Pilot Study in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients [NCT01172600]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Single Dose Intravenous Acetaminophen in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Tonsillectomy [NCT01691690]	Phase 2	250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Effects of Subanesthetic Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000249]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1993-09-30	Completed
Effects of Alcohol History on Effects of Sevoflurane and Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000261]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-11-30	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Pain Management During Intrauterine Device Insertion in Nulliparous Adolescent Women [NCT04089852]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-06-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Not able to perform intervention in current physical clinic location)
Cold Water Immersion Modulates Reinforcing Effects of Nitrous Oxide [NCT00000250]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1993-12-31	Completed
Effects of Combined Sevoflurane and Nitrous Oxide Inhalation [NCT00000262]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-11-30	Completed
Nitrous Oxide and Cortico-Limbic Function in Aggression [NCT06118567]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-06	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial Examining Effect Of Endotracheal Tube Intubation On Dysphagia In Children Presenting For Upper GI Endoscopy [NCT02460055]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to no subject met enrollment criteria)
Effect of Acute Treatment With N2O on Inhibitory Pain Mechanisms in Healthy Subject [NCT01616004]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Not yet recruiting
A Comparison of Intranasal Midazolam and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Minimal Sedation for Minor Procedures in a Pediatric Emergency Department [NCT03085563]	Phase 4	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-24	Completed
Inhaled Nitrous Oxide for the Prevention of Emergence Reaction During Ketamine Administration in Adults, a Pilot Study [NCT02145169]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Effects of Nitrous Oxide: A Dose-Response Analysis [NCT00000253]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1994-11-30	Completed
Sevoflurane vs Nitrous Oxide Inhalation at Subanesthetic Concentrations [NCT00000259]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-08-31	Completed
Nitrous Oxide for Identifying the Intersegmental Plane in Segmentectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04302350]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-15	Completed
Effects of Combined Alcohol and Nitrous Oxide Intake [NCT00000263]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-01-31	Completed
Sustained Mood Improvement With Laughing Gas Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT04957368]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-03	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of Nitrous Oxide Analgesia in External Cephalic Version (ECV) [NCT03502915]	Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-30	Completed
An Observer-blinded Randomized Study of Propofol Infusion vs Bolus Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation for Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NCT03513757]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-04	Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as a Sedative in Pediatric Dentistry: a Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Study [NCT02985697]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Isoflurane at Subanesthetic Concentrations [NCT00000254]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1995-01-31	Completed
[NCT02326727]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Hypnosis Versus Nitrous Oxide Inhalation on Children's Anxiety During a Dental Treatment : a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05167331]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-28	Recruiting
Effect Nitrous Oxide On Acute Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption and Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair Surgery [NCT01622322]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to no enrollment)
Effectiveness of Children Experiencing Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Inhalation Sedation at an Assessment Visit Before Having Treatment. [NCT06056492]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-01	Completed
Efficacy of Nitrous Oxide in OCD: Pilot Study [NCT03826693]	Phase 2	45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-17	Recruiting
Addition of Nitrous Oxide to a Sevoflurane or Propofol Based Anesthetic and Its Effects on Depth of Anesthesia Indices (N20) [NCT00717574]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
The Effects of Nitrogen Protoxide + Sevoflurane and Oxygen + Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Corneal Endothelial in Pediatric Patients [NCT03006211]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Completed
Inhaled Nitrous Oxide and Labor Analgesia [NCT01738672]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Terminated
Does Trans-Cutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Alleviate The Pain Experienced During Bone Marrow Sampling in Addition to Standard Techniques?A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial [NCT02005354]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Completed
Global Warming Impact and Clinical Effects of a Novel 'streamed-in' Nitrous Oxide Administration as a Carrier Gas During Sevoflurane General Anaesthesia: a Randomized Pilot Study [NCT05430750]	Phase 4	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-06-29	Completed
The Effect of Nitrous Oxide on EEG, a Randomized, Double-blinded Study [NCT04884893]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-21	Completed
Cerebrovascular Reactivity to Nitrous Oxyde in Resistant Depression: the PROTOBRAIN Pilote Study [NCT04199143]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-20	Completed
Comparative Study Between TIVA Vs Inhalational Modes of Anaesthesia in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT03807297]	Phase 2	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-10	Completed
Inhaled Nitrous Oxide for Acute Suicidality and Depression in the Emergency Department [NCT05710887]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Role of Epidural Analgesia Versus Non-epidural Analgesia in Postnatal Depression and Persistent Pain Development: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03167905]	Phase 2/Phase 3	881 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-15	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Myocardial Infarction (MI)
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Stroke
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	The Primary Endpoint is a Composite of Death and Cardiovascular Events (Clinical and Silent MI, Cardiac Failure, Cardiac Arrest, Pulmonary Embolism, and Stroke) Measured at 30 Days After Surgery.
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Wound Infection
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Cardiac Arrest
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Hospital Stay (Days)
NCT00430989 (7) [back to overview]	Pulmonary Embolism
NCT00655980 (1) [back to overview]	Non-fatal MI
NCT00717574 (1) [back to overview]	The Effect of Nitrous Oxide on Bispectral Index (BIS) and State Entropy Index (SE)
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Time to Stating Birth Date
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Range of End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations During Anesthetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Not Receiving Rescue Treatment Whose Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Maintained Above/Below 70%
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Receiving Rescue Treatment Whose Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Maintained Above/Below 70%
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Treatment During Anesthetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Changes in Bispectral Index (BIS) Over Time During Anethetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Body Movement During Anesthetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Recall/Memory Issues During Anesthetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Overall Assessment of Efficacy
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Range of Inspired Anesthetic Concentrations Below End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations During Anesthetic Maintenance
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations Successfully Maintained Anesthesia
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Arrhythmia
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Drop in Blood Pressure or Heart Rate
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Rise in Blood Pressure or Heart Rate
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Time to Awakening
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Time to Clear Consciousness
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Time to Extubation
NCT00762372 (18) [back to overview]	Time to Reaching an Aldrete Score >=8 (Min)
NCT00901394 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration (tHcy)
NCT00967694 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Intraocular Pressure During Nitrous Oxide Sedation
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioids
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 2nd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3rd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3 Months Follow-up
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to 3 Month Follow-up
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 2nd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioid
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioid
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 3rd Block
NCT01691690 (3) [back to overview]	Analgesics Administered After Arrival to Inpatient Ward and Number of Participants Requiring Each
NCT01691690 (3) [back to overview]	Time of First Opioid Analgesia in PACU
NCT01691690 (3) [back to overview]	FLACC Pain Score Greater Than or Equal to 4
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Emesis
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Crossover To Epidural
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Nausea
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Participant Satisfaction
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Anxiety
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Labor Pain
NCT01911351 (5) [back to overview]	FLACC Pain Scale
NCT01911351 (5) [back to overview]	Length of the Procedure
NCT01911351 (5) [back to overview]	Percentage of Parents Who Reported That Their Child Was Comfortable During the Procedure
NCT01911351 (5) [back to overview]	Percentage of Providers Who Rated the Procedure as Being Successful
NCT01911351 (5) [back to overview]	M-YPAS Anxiety Scale
NCT02005354 (1) [back to overview]	Perception of Pain Will be Measured Using a Validated Numerical 0-10 Pain Scale Where 0 = no Pain and 10 = Worst Possible Pain
NCT02096575 (5) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Scale Score for Baseline Pain
NCT02096575 (5) [back to overview]	Pain Management Satisfaction
NCT02096575 (5) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Pain Score for Mean Maximum Procedural Pain
NCT02096575 (5) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Scale for Post-procedure Pain
NCT02096575 (5) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Scale to Measure Anticipated Pain.
NCT02139540 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale HDRS-21
NCT02139540 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self Report - QIDS -SR
NCT02312739 (5) [back to overview]	Patient Satisfaction (5-point Likert Scale)
NCT02312739 (5) [back to overview]	Pain Scale Measurement - Maximum Pain Experienced
NCT02312739 (5) [back to overview]	Provider Ease of Insertion (0-100mm VAS)
NCT02312739 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Pain Scale Measurement During and After the Procedure
NCT02312739 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Patient Anxiety Scale After the Procedure
NCT02391714 (3) [back to overview]	Baseline Mean Pain Scores
NCT02391714 (3) [back to overview]	Mean Maximum Procedural Pain Scores
NCT02391714 (3) [back to overview]	Patient Satisfaction With Over-all Pain Control With IUD Insertion - VAS
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Respiratory Depression Events
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Positive Pressure Ventilation Events
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Physical Stimulation Events
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Patient, Physician, and Nurse Satisfaction Surveys
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Events Requiring Additional Oxygen
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Endotracheal Intubation Events
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Airway Repositioning Events
NCT02410707 (8) [back to overview]	Post-Procedure VAS Pain Score
NCT02755090 (2) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score for Maximum Procedural Pain
NCT02755090 (2) [back to overview]	Satisfaction With Anesthesia (Iowa Satisfaction With Anesthesia Scale [ISAS])
NCT03085563 (3) [back to overview]	Adverse Events.
NCT03085563 (3) [back to overview]	Patient/Parent and Provider Satisfaction With Sedation and Anxiolytic/Sedative.
NCT03085563 (3) [back to overview]	ED Length of Stay After Intranasal Midazolam or Nitrous Oxide Administration
NCT03283670 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Depression Symptoms Measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale- 21 Items
NCT03365011 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Global Bothersome Scale (GBS) Score
NCT03365011 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) Score
NCT03375294 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Who Met and Exceeded Response Criteria of Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
NCT03435055 (4) [back to overview]	Spectral Power of Sub-anesthetic Dose of Nitrous Oxide
NCT03435055 (4) [back to overview]	Functional Connectivity During Nitrous Oxide
NCT03435055 (4) [back to overview]	Tonic Stimulus Intensity During Nitrous Oxide
NCT03435055 (4) [back to overview]	Functional Connectivity Associated With Tonic Stimulus
NCT03502915 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Pain Score Experienced During Version
NCT03502915 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Post-procedure Pain Score
NCT03502915 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Post-procedure Patient Satisfaction Score
NCT03502915 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Post-procedure Provider Assessed Level of Difficulty Score
NCT03502915 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Anxiety Score Experienced During Version
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Lidocaine Dose
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Oral/Enteral Intake
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Sevoflurane
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Sleep Pattern
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Total Propofol Administered
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Delirium
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Nitrous Oxide
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Dexmedetomidine Dose
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Discharge Ready
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Efficiency of Propofol Dexmedetomidine Sedation Compared With Propofol Infusion
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Eye Opening
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Glycopyrrolate Dose
NCT03513757 (13) [back to overview]	Irritability
NCT04302350 (1) [back to overview]	The Intersegmental Border Appearance Time During the Surgery
NCT04378426 (1) [back to overview]	Improvement in the Severity of PTSD as Measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale DSM5 (CAPS-5)

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

(NCT00430989)
Timeframe: 30 days post op

Intervention	participants (Number)
Nitrous Oxide: 70% N2O (FiO2 0.3)	215
N2O Free Group (FiO2 0.3)	219

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID603950	In-vitro air to lung partition coefficients of the compound, logK(lung) (human/rat)	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 43, Issue:3	Air to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and blood to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and drugs.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID603951	In-vitro air to blood partition coefficients of the compound, logK(blood) (human/rat)	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 43, Issue:3	Air to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and blood to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and drugs.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID603952	In-vitro blood to lung partition coefficients of the compound, logP(lung) (human/rat)	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 43, Issue:3	Air to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and blood to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and drugs.
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline BIS	60% Nitrous Oxide BIS	Baseline SE	60% Nitrous Oxide SE
Propofol Group	40	39	43	43
Sevoflurane Group	36	32	37	31

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
BLM-240 Group	11.4
BLM-240 N2O Group	11.8
BLM-240 O2 Group	10.6
Sevoflurane Group	16.2

Intervention	percentage (Number)
	Low Range	High Range
BLM-240 N2O Group	3	4
BLM-240 O2 Group	4	5
Sevoflurane Group	1.2	1.4

Intervention	participants (Number)
	>=70%	<70%
BLM-240 Group	111	9
BLM-240 N2O Group	68	7
BLM-240 O2 Group	43	2
Sevoflurane Group	31	3

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Prior to start of inhalation	End of inhalation	After Awakening	Before Extubation	5 minutes after extubation
BLM-240 N2O Group	50.7	46.3	84.8	90.1	93.5
BLM-240 O2 Group	48.6	57.3	88.2	90.8	95.2
Sevoflurane Group	49.8	48.8	87.4	90.9	93.4

Intervention	participants (Number)
	No	Yes	Unevaluable
BLM-240 Group	165	0	1
BLM-240 N2O Group	110	0	1
BLM-240 O2 Group	55	0	0
Sevoflurane Group	50	0	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Excellent Ability	Sufficient Ability	Some Ability	Insufficient Ability	Inadequate	Unevaluable
BLM-240 Group	111	9	44	1	0	1
BLM-240 N2O Group	68	7	35	0	0	1
BLM-240 O2 Group	43	2	9	1	0	0
Sevoflurane Group	31	3	16	0	0	0

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
BLM-240 Group	3.97
BLM-240 N2O Group	3.69
BLM-240 O2 Group	4.48
Sevoflurane Group	1.30

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
BLM-240 Group	9.8
BLM-240 N2O Group	10.1
BLM-240 O2 Group	9.3
Sevoflurane Group	14.8

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
BLM-240 Group	13.6
BLM-240 N2O Group	13.9
BLM-240 O2 Group	13.1
Sevoflurane Group	18.7

Intervention	pg/ml (Median)
	IL-1β	IL-6	IL-10	IL-17A	IFN-γ	TNF-α
Entonox	120	110	170	153	97	5
Oxygen	113	239	244	140	88	11

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	hydrocodone/acetaminophen	oxycodone	NSAIDS	acetaminophen	morphine
IV Acetaminophen	68	31	15	3	1
Saline Placebo Infused Intraoperatively	57	39	22	2	0

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
IV Acetaminophen	56.80
Saline Placebo Infused Intraoperatively	60.46

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	1 hour after initiation of nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide	0.25	0.46

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Preprocedural YPAS score	intraprocedural YPAS score
Nitrous Oxide	14	10
Standard Management	14	20

Intervention	Numerical Pain Severity Scale (0-10) (Mean)
	Mean Pain Score immediately post procedure	Mean pain score 24 hours post procedure
TENS Intervention	5.6	1.9
TENS Placebo Comparator	5.7	1.9

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide Administration	69.3382
Standard Care Group	61.5373

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide Administration	56.1544
Standard Care Group	50.3104

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Very satisfied/satisfied with pain management	Neutral, unsatisfied or very unsatisfied
Placebo Pills and Nitrous Oxide	85	15
Vicodin, Lorazepam and Oxygen	77	23

nitrous oxide

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (105)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (18 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (11)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (6)

Bioassays (22)

Research

Studies (13,866)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 94.34

Study Types

Clinical Trials (154)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Stroke

The Primary Endpoint is a Composite of Death and Cardiovascular Events (Clinical and Silent MI, Cardiac Failure, Cardiac Arrest, Pulmonary Embolism, and Stroke) Measured at 30 Days After Surgery.

Wound Infection

Cardiac Arrest

Hospital Stay (Days)

Pulmonary Embolism

Non-fatal MI

The Effect of Nitrous Oxide on Bispectral Index (BIS) and State Entropy Index (SE)

Time to Stating Birth Date

Range of End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations During Anesthetic Maintenance

Number of Participants Not Receiving Rescue Treatment Whose Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Maintained Above/Below 70%

Number of Participants Receiving Rescue Treatment Whose Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Maintained Above/Below 70%

Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Treatment During Anesthetic Maintenance

Changes in Bispectral Index (BIS) Over Time During Anethetic Maintenance

Number of Participants With Body Movement During Anesthetic Maintenance

Number of Participants With Recall/Memory Issues During Anesthetic Maintenance

Overall Assessment of Efficacy

Range of Inspired Anesthetic Concentrations Below End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations During Anesthetic Maintenance

End-Tidal Anesthetic Percent Concentrations Successfully Maintained Anesthesia

Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Arrhythmia

Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Drop in Blood Pressure or Heart Rate

Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Medication Due to Rise in Blood Pressure or Heart Rate

Time to Awakening

Time to Clear Consciousness

Time to Extubation

Time to Reaching an Aldrete Score >=8 (Min)

Change in Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration (tHcy)

Change in Intraocular Pressure During Nitrous Oxide Sedation

Biomarkers

Biomarkers

Biomarkers

Usage of Opioids

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 2nd Block

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3rd Block

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3 Months Follow-up

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to 3 Month Follow-up

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 2nd Block

Usage of Opioid

Usage of Opioid

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 3rd Block

Analgesics Administered After Arrival to Inpatient Ward and Number of Participants Requiring Each

Time of First Opioid Analgesia in PACU

FLACC Pain Score Greater Than or Equal to 4

Emesis

Crossover To Epidural

Nausea

Participant Satisfaction

Anxiety

Labor Pain

FLACC Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Vicodin, Lorazepam and Oxygen	54.5
Placebo Pills and Nitrous Oxide	22.8

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Vicodin, Lorazepam and Oxygen	22.7
Placebo Pills and Nitrous Oxide	19.8

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Pain	After Parcervical Block	At Second Coil Placement	Pain at Clinic Discharge
Placebo Pills and Nitrous Oxide	2.5	15.4	14.9	12.4
Vicodin, Lorazepam and Oxygen	1.1	15.6	40.7	20.4

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pre-procedure	Post-procedure
Placebo Pills and Nitrous Oxide	9.4	8.2
Vicodin, Lorazepam and Oxygen	8.4	8.5

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	The number of subjects satisfied with the level of	The number of subjects would use NO in the future	Providers satisfied with the analgesia of NO	Providers ease of using NO device	Physicians would recommend use of NO	Nurses would recommend using NO device	Nurses felt it improved care
Nitrous Oxide Arm	90	95	82	95	95	86	76

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide and IV Saline	54.1
Standard Care Group (IV Sedation and Oxygen)	34.0

Intervention	Adverse Events (Number)
	hypoxia	need for administration of reversal agent	nausea, vomiting	paradoxical reaction	airway obstruction	laryngospasm	inadequate sedation	allergic reaction	cardiac arrest
Intranasal Midazolam	3	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Nitrous Oxide	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Parent/Patient	Provider
Intranasal Midazolam	5	4.5
Nitrous Oxide	5	5

Intervention	minutes (Median)
	Time from intranasal midazolam or nitrous oxide administration to time of discharge readiness	Time from anxiolytic/sedative given to time of procedure completion	Total time for recovery
Intranasal Midazolam	18.5	10	8.5
Nitrous Oxide	24.5	9	15.5

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	2 Hours	24 Hours
25% Nitrous Oxide	-3.0	-4.0
50% Nitrous Oxide	-3.8	-5.5
Placebo Gas	-3.9	-6.0