Compounds > morphinans
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morphinans

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Description

Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
PapavergenusA genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family PAPAVERACEAE of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods.[MeSH]PapaveraceaeThe poppy plant family of the order Papaverales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. These have bisexual, regular, cup-shaped flowers with one superior pistil and many stamens; 2 or 3 conspicuous, separate sepals and a number of separate petals. The fruit is a capsule. Leaves are usually deeply cut or divided into leaflets.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6857497
CHEBI ID35649
SCHEMBL ID41785
MeSH IDM0014063

Synonyms (21)

Synonym
morphinan
CHEBI:35649
468-10-0
SCHEMBL41785
(9beta,13beta,14beta)-morphinan
(4ar-(4aalpha,10alpha,10aalpha))-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-10,4a-(iminoethano)phenanthrene
unii-o97t9o1050
morphinans
unii-oj66wl736g
OJ66WL736G ,
morphinan, (+/-)-
O97T9O1050 ,
(4ar-(4a.alpha.,10.alpha.,10a.alpha.))-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-10,4a-(iminoethano)phenanthrene
(4asr,10sr,10asr)-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-10,4a-(iminoethano)phenanthrene
(-)-morphinan
(4ar,10r,10ar)-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-10,4a-(iminoethano)phenanthrene
morphinan [mi]
(9.beta.,13.beta.,14.beta.)-morphinan
morphinan, (-)-
morphinane
1215192-09-8

Research Excerpts

Overview

Aminomorphinans are a relatively young class of opioid drugs among which substances of high in vitro efficacy and favorable in vivo action are found. Morphinans contain the basic structure of morphine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The morphinans are an important class of structurally fascinating and physiologically important natural products as exemplified by the famous opium alkaloids of the morphine family. "( Synthesis of Morphinans through Anodic Aryl-Aryl Coupling.
Geske, L; Opatz, T; Sato, E; Vierengel, N, 2021)		1.55
"Aminomorphinans are a relatively young class of opioid drugs among which substances of high in vitro efficacy and favorable in vivo action are found. "( Novel 6β-acylaminomorphinans with analgesic activity.
Grinnell, SG; Hosztafi, S; Le Rouzic, V; Majumdar, S; Noszál, B; Pasternak, GW; Tóth, G; Urai, Á; Váradi, A, 2013)		1.24
"Morphinans are a class of compounds containing the basic structure of morphine. "( Neuropsychopharmacological understanding for therapeutic application of morphinans.
Hong, JS; Kim, HC; Shin, EJ, 2010)		2.04
"Morphinans are a class of compounds containing the basic morphine structure."( Morphinan neuroprotection: new insight into the therapy of neurodegeneration.
Block, ML; Hong, JS; Kim, HC; Zhang, W, 2004)		1.04

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Using the systemically active, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dextrorphan, we explored the role of the NMDA receptor-calcium channel complex in the toxic mechanism of action of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)."( The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dextrorphan, prevents the neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats.
Finnegan, KT; Irwin, I; Langston, JW; Skratt, JJ, 1989)		0.28
" DX also antagonized morphological and chemical (lactate dehydrogenase efflux) evidence of cortical neuronal cell injury produced by toxic bath exposure to NMDA, quinolinate or glutamate, but did not affect toxic exposure to quisqualate or kainate."( Dextrorphan and levorphanol selectively block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons.
Choi, DW; Peters, S; Viseskul, V, 1987)		0.27
"05 mg/kg to provide a safe outpatient intravenous sedative technique."( Nalbuphine combined with midazolam for outpatient sedation. An assessment of safety in volunteers.
Cole, PV; Sury, MR, 1988)		0.27
" Adverse effects, such as dizziness, nausea, thirst, numbness of the hands etc, observed in 5 patients were transient and required no medication."( [Clinical trial of butorphanol tartrate in cancer patients: evaluation for analgesic effects and safety on the basis of long term administration].
Ebina, A; Hayashi, I; Ito, T; Konno, K; Nagai, K; Nakai, Y; Sato, M, 1983)		0.27
"The narcotic antagonist TR5379M had po LD50 values of 365 and 750 mg/kg and iv LD50 values of 35."( Preclinical toxicity and teratogenicity studies with the narcotic antagonist analgesic drug TR5379M.
Bare, JJ; Clemens, GR; Halliwell, WE; Hartnagel, RE; Kitchen, DN; Kowalski, RL; Porter, MC, )		0.13
"This open-label study examined the effects and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of 52-week oral administration of nalfurafine hydrochloride (5 µg/day) in 211 hemodialysis patients with a treatment-resistant itch."( Efficacy and safety of a novel ĸ-agonist for managing intractable pruritus in dialysis patients.
Ebata, T; Kumagai, H; Kurihara, M; Miyasato, K; Muramatsu, T; Nakamoto, H; Suzuki, H; Takamori, K; Yanagita, T, 2012)		0.38
" This is the first study to demonstrate that the novel δ opioid receptor agonist KNT-127 produces distinct anxiolytic-like effects in rats, without producing the adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines."( The novel δ opioid receptor agonist KNT-127 produces distinct anxiolytic-like effects in rats without producing the adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines.
Inagaki, M; Nagase, H; Oka, J; Saitoh, A; Sugiyama, A; Yamada, M, 2013)		0.39
"Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is a common adverse effect of opioid therapy."( Randomised clinical trial: the long-term safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with pain and opioid-induced constipation.
Chey, WD; Diva, U; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M; Tack, J; Webster, L, 2014)		0.4
" Frequency of adverse events (AEs) was 81."( Randomised clinical trial: the long-term safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with pain and opioid-induced constipation.
Chey, WD; Diva, U; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M; Tack, J; Webster, L, 2014)		0.4
"In patients with noncancer pain and opioid-induced constipation, naloxegol 25 mg/day up to 52 weeks was generally safe and well tolerated."( Randomised clinical trial: the long-term safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with pain and opioid-induced constipation.
Chey, WD; Diva, U; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M; Tack, J; Webster, L, 2014)		0.4
" The most common adverse events were somnolence, dizziness, headache, and nausea."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects of naloxegol at peripheral and central nervous system receptors in healthy male subjects: A single ascending-dose study.
Bui, K; Butler, K; Eldon, MA; Kugler, AR; Medve, RA; Sostek, M, 2015)		0.42
"Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is the most common and often a treatment-limiting adverse event (AE) of opioid therapy for chronic pain."( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of multiple ascending doses of naloxegol.
Bui, K; Butler, K; Eldon, MA; Kugler, AR; Medve, RA; Sostek, M, 2015)		0.42
"Naloxegol was generally safe and well tolerated in this 12-week extension study in patients with noncancer pain and OIC."( A 12-week extension study to assess the safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with noncancer pain and opioid-induced constipation.
Diva, U; Lappalainen, J; Tummala, R; Webster, L, )		0.13
" Often the only therapeutic option is to use class 2 or 3 analgesic opioids in the WHO classification, as class 1 analgesics may be toxic or of limited efficacy."( [Management of adverse effects of opioid therapy].
Wirz, S, 2017)		0.46
"Compared to MTX, SIN had better clinical efficacy and relatively fewer adverse events\ in treatment of RA, especially when it was used together with MTX."( Effects and safety of Sinomenine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis contrast to methotrexate: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.
Ji, W; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Qian, X; Wang, Y; Wei, G, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse event incidences were generally comparable across treatment groups, regardless of opioid dose or duration of therapy but were numerically higher with some specific baseline opioids."( Efficacy and safety of naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation assessed by specific opioid medication, opioid dose, and duration of opioid use.
Coyne, K; Datto, C; Gudin, J; Hu, Y; Nalamachu, S; Poon, JL, )		0.13
" Safety assessments included adverse event documentation, measurements of opioid withdrawal, and clinical laboratory tests."( Long-term Safety and Tolerability of NKTR-181 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Open-Label, 52-Week Study (SUMMIT-08 LTS).
Agaiby, E; Argoff, C; Doberstein, SK; Gimbel, J; Gudin, J; Hale, M; Katz, N; Lu, L; Markman, J; Potts, J; Rauck, R; Siddhanti, S; Tagliaferri, M; Wild, J, 2020)		0.56
" The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were constipation (26%) and nausea (12%)."( Long-term Safety and Tolerability of NKTR-181 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Open-Label, 52-Week Study (SUMMIT-08 LTS).
Agaiby, E; Argoff, C; Doberstein, SK; Gimbel, J; Gudin, J; Hale, M; Katz, N; Lu, L; Markman, J; Potts, J; Rauck, R; Siddhanti, S; Tagliaferri, M; Wild, J, 2020)		0.56
"The study results support the premise that NKTR-181 is a safe and effective option for patients with moderate to severe CLBP or CNP."( Long-term Safety and Tolerability of NKTR-181 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Open-Label, 52-Week Study (SUMMIT-08 LTS).
Agaiby, E; Argoff, C; Doberstein, SK; Gimbel, J; Gudin, J; Hale, M; Katz, N; Lu, L; Markman, J; Potts, J; Rauck, R; Siddhanti, S; Tagliaferri, M; Wild, J, 2020)		0.56
" Thus, sinomenine inhibits amyloid beta-induced production of toxic factors from astrocytes, and confers protection to hippocampal neuronal cells as well as human neurons against indirect toxicity."( Sinomenine inhibits amyloid beta-induced astrocyte activation and protects neurons against indirect toxicity.
Agrawal, A; Pandey, HS; Seth, P; Sharma, SK; Singal, CMS; Singh, D, 2020)		0.56
" The frequency of adverse reactions were reduced compared with that in the control group(P<0."( [Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of sinomenine combined with methotrexate in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].
Li, X; Shuai, YF; Zeng, C, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No differences were found between treatments in mean Cmax and AUC values of oxycodone which varied from 34 to 38 ng ml-1 and from 208 to 245 ng ml-1 h, respectively."( The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects.
Kalso, E; Olkkola, KT; Pöyhiä, R; Seppälä, T, 1992)		0.28
" injection of 20 mg/kg of sinomenine to rabbits, the pharmacokinetic characteristics were found to fit a two-compartment open model."( [Pharmacokinetics of sinomenine by HPLC].
Cai, H; Lou, S; Pan, X; Zhang, X, 1992)		0.28
" The half-life time in plasma was slightly shorter than in other studies, while the peak plasma concentrations were comparable with other results in the literature."( [Cumulative pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of nalbuphine in patients in the postoperative phase. An open multicenter study].
, 1989)		0.28
" Elimination half-life (t1/2) was significantly shorter in group I (0."( Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in infants, young healthy volunteers, and elderly patients.
Bergnieres, J; Blondel, Y; Gardin, ME; Grippat, JC; Jaillon, P; Lecocq, B; Meignan, S; Richard, MO; Vergnoux, O, 1989)		0.28
"40 liters/kg), distribution half-life (7."( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol.
Higbee, M; Maesner, J; Ramsey, R; Wood, J, 1988)		0.27
" After administration, serum concentrations of nalbuphine were measured for 12 h using a high pressure liquid chromatography assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using a three compartment model."( The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous nalbuphine in healthy volunteers.
Achola, KJ; Aitkenhead, AR; Lin, ES, 1988)		0.27
" No therapeutically significant differences were detected between the three preparations tested, and there were no great differences between the pharmacokinetic profiles of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan."( Pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan: a single dose comparison of three preparations in human volunteers.
Hänninen, U; Karttunen, P; Kokkonen, P; Nykänen, S; Silvasti, M; Tukiainen, H, 1987)		0.27
" Mean Cmax values after 20 mg doses were 60 and 56 ng/ml."( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous nalbuphine in healthy subjects.
Lee, FH; Lo, MW; Schary, WL; Whitney, CC, 1987)		0.27
" AUC values were also calculated for the pharmacodynamic variable "drug effect," scored on a 100 mm visual analog scale."( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of controlled-release oxycodone.
Benziger, DP; Burke, BE; Fitzmartin, RD; Goldenheim, PD; Kaiko, RF; Reder, RF, 1996)		0.29
" Mean elimination half-life was prolonged in uremic patients due to increased volume of distribution and reduced clearance."( The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation.
Kirvela, M; Lindgren, L; Olkkola, KT; Seppala, T, 1996)		0.29
" Studies on pharmacokinetic interaction between the active constituents of these two herbs (paeoniflorin and sinomenine, respectively) provide empirical evidence to support their clinical practice."( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats.
Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" The results demonstrated that oral administration with a single dosage at a rate of 90 mg sinomenine/kg in rats achieved about 80% bioavailability, while most of the other pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to the data from the animals treated intravenously."( The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of sinomenine in rats and its protein binding ability in vitro.
Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, the 24-h SM."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
"The in vitro release properties of the dosage forms strongly affect their pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
", paeoniflorin and sinomenine, in pharmacokinetic parameters, tissues distribution, and protein binding ability could provide empirical data to support their clinical application."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of paeoniflorin and sinomenine: pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution characteristics in rats and protein binding ability in vitro.
Bian, ZX; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" In this report a liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method with in vivo microdialysis for the pharmacokinetic study of free-form sinomenine in rat skin has been developed."( Pharmacokinetic study of free-form sinomenine in rat skin by microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.
Hu, JH; Shi, LF; Zheng, H, 2007)		0.34
" Oral administration of oxycodone to the SD rat is a poor model of the human for the study of the pharmacodynamic effects of oxycodone."( Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics, oxidative metabolism and oral bioavailability of oxycodone in the Sprague-Dawley rat.
Chan, S; Edwards, SR; Smith, MT; Wyse, BD, 2008)		0.35
"To study pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability for oral use of sinomenine tablet in beagle dogs."( [Study on pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sinomenine in beagle dogs].
Chen, W; Feng, X; Kang, J; Li, Q; Zhou, Y, 2009)		0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P97 pharmacokinetic program."( [Study on pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sinomenine in beagle dogs].
Chen, W; Feng, X; Kang, J; Li, Q; Zhou, Y, 2009)		0.35
" Plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its oxidative metabolites were measured for 48 h, and pharmacodynamic effects were evaluated."( Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone.
Grönlund, J; Hagelberg, NM; Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2010)		0.36
" Most of the pharmacokinetic changes in oral oxycodone were seen in the elimination phase, with modest effects by itraconazole on its peak concentration, which was increased by 45% (P=0."( Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone.
Grönlund, J; Hagelberg, NM; Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2010)		0.36
" We performed a three-way, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of drug interactions with oxycodone."( Effect of the inhibition of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone.
Drewe, J; Hammann, F; Krähenbühl, S; Kummer, O; Moser, C; Schaller, O, 2011)		0.37
"Inhibition of CYP3A4 by ketoconazole increases the exposure and some pharmacodynamic effects of oxycodone."( Effect of the inhibition of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone.
Drewe, J; Hammann, F; Krähenbühl, S; Kummer, O; Moser, C; Schaller, O, 2011)		0.37
"To explore the pharmacokinetic of Sinomenine transdermal patch."( [The pharmacokinetics study on Sinomenine transdermal patch on anaesthetized Beagle dogs].
Yu, Y; Zhang, YF; Zhou, LL, 2010)		0.36
" There were no significant sex-related differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Elimination of intravenous oxycodone in the elderly: a pharmacokinetic study in postoperative orthopaedic patients of different age groups.
Aantaa, R; Kuusniemi, K; Liukas, A; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Virolainen, P, 2011)		0.37
" We may conclude that pharmacokinetic studies of complex herbal products are not only necessary but also feasible by using representative bioactive chemicals as indicators of establishing quality control standards and of determining pharmacokinetic behavior of herbal medicines."( The pharmacokinetic study of sinomenine, paeoniflorin and paeonol in rats after oral administration of a herbal product Qingfu Guanjiesu capsule by HPLC.
Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Ma, WZ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of oxycodone and three of its metabolites, noroxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxymorphone after intravenous administration in Chinese patients with pain."( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone hydrochloride and three of its metabolites after intravenous administration in Chinese patients with pain.
Dong, RH; Gao, HZ; Hao, GT; Li, YY; Liang, YG; Liu, ZY; Qu, HY; Wang, XF; Zhang, LJ; Zhou, HY, 2014)		0.4
"Pharmacokinetic parameters showed that mean values of C(max), AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of oxycodone were dose dependent, whereas Tmax and t(1/2) were not."( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone hydrochloride and three of its metabolites after intravenous administration in Chinese patients with pain.
Dong, RH; Gao, HZ; Hao, GT; Li, YY; Liang, YG; Liu, ZY; Qu, HY; Wang, XF; Zhang, LJ; Zhou, HY, 2014)		0.4
" Time to Cmax was shorter in patients with moderate impairment (0."( The effects of mild or moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of naloxegol.
Bui, K; She, F; Sostek, M, 2014)		0.4
" Overall exposures in ESRD patients were similar and Cmax was 29% lower versus normal subjects."( The effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of naloxegol.
Bui, K; She, F; Sostek, M, 2014)		0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for sinomenine were processed by non-compartmental analysis."( Comparative pharmacokinetics study of sinomenine in rats after oral administration of sinomenine monomer and Sinomenium acutum extract.
Han, L; Jiang, KY; Lu, XY; Meng, SN; Wang, X; Zhang, MF; Zhao, Y; Zuo, L, 2014)		0.4
" Data were evaluated from 24 subjects in two pharmacokinetic studies who received an oral dose of 40 mg of dimemorfan syrup (n = 12) or dimemorfan tablet (n = 12) after providing written informed consent and being divided into three groups: subjects with CYP2D6*10 CC (n = 5), CYP2D6*10 CT (n = 11) and CYP2D6*10 TT (n = 8)."( Cytochrome P450 2D6*10 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of dimemorfan in healthy Chinese subjects.
Liu, L; Liu, S; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Tan, H; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, X; Yuan, H, 2015)		0.42
" Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of dimemorfan in a pharmacokinetic study using healthy Chinese subjects."( Simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS-based assay for the quantification of dimemorfan in human plasma for use in a pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, J; Guo, C; Hua, Y; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Tan, H; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yuan, H, 2015)		0.42
" However, the pharmacokinetic and penetration into synovial fluid (SF) of sinomenine have not been reported."( Pharmacokinetics and penetration into synovial fluid of systemical and electroporation administered sinomenine to rabbits.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Jiang, P; Li, HD; Yan, H; Yan, M, 2015)		0.42
" In both studies, samidorphan was rapidly absorbed, with a Tmax of 1 hour, and AUC increased with increasing dose."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of samidorphan, a novel opioid antagonist, in healthy volunteers.
DiPetrillo, L; Ehrich, E; Silverman, B; Turncliff, R, 2015)		0.42
"In these single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers, samidorphan exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of samidorphan, a novel opioid antagonist, in healthy volunteers.
DiPetrillo, L; Ehrich, E; Silverman, B; Turncliff, R, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of the study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the concentration vs."( Population pharmacokinetics of naloxegol in a population of 1247 healthy subjects and patients.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Chapel, S; Sostek, M; Xu, H, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic analysis used the non-linear mixed effects modelling program."( Population pharmacokinetics of naloxegol in a population of 1247 healthy subjects and patients.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Chapel, S; Sostek, M; Xu, H, 2016)		0.43
" Phase of study, gender, race, concomitant strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors, strong CYP3A4 inducers, P-glycoprotein inhibitors or inducers, naloxegol formulation, baseline creatinine clearance and baseline opioid dose had a significant effect on at least one pharmacokinetic parameter."( Population pharmacokinetics of naloxegol in a population of 1247 healthy subjects and patients.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Chapel, S; Sostek, M; Xu, H, 2016)		0.43
" Rapid absorption, linear pharmacokinetics up to 1000 mg, and low to moderate between-subject pharmacokinetic variability was observed."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects of naloxegol at peripheral and central nervous system receptors in healthy male subjects: A single ascending-dose study.
Bui, K; Butler, K; Eldon, MA; Kugler, AR; Medve, RA; Sostek, M, 2015)		0.42
" By integrating in silico, preclinical, and clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) findings, minimal and full physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed to predict the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for naloxegol."( Simulation and Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Naloxegol by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, K; Sostek, M; Zhou, D, 2016)		0.43
" Preterm neonates were found to have the highest pharmacokinetic variability out of the study population."( Maturation of oxycodone pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants: Oxycodone and its metabolites in plasma and urine.
Hautajärvi, H; Heikkinen, M; Hokkanen, J; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Pitkänen, H; Ranta, VP; Sankilampi, U; Välitalo, P, 2017)		0.46
"Oxycodone elimination is slower and pharmacokinetic variability more pronounced in neonates when compared to older infants."( Maturation of oxycodone pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants: Oxycodone and its metabolites in plasma and urine.
Hautajärvi, H; Heikkinen, M; Hokkanen, J; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Pitkänen, H; Ranta, VP; Sankilampi, U; Välitalo, P, 2017)		0.46
" single supratherapeutic doses up to 1000 mg in healthy volunteers), the pharmacokinetic properties of naloxegol appear to be time- and dose-independent."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Naloxegol, a Peripherally Acting µ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, K; Floettmann, E; Xu, H; Zhou, D, 2017)		0.46
"Investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of the antitussive dimemorfan phosphate tablets in healthy male and female Chinese volunteers after single and multiple-dose administration; and to evaluate the food-effect on pharmacokinetics of dimemorfan."( Pharmacokinetics of dimemorfan phosphate tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shen, Y; Wang, Y; Xiang, J; Yu, Q, 2017)		0.46
" The HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for determination of SND-117 in rat plasma, and the pharmacokinetic differences were investigated after different administration routes."( A selective HPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of SND-117 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Bao, BH; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Li, JX; Shen, Q; Zhao, Y, 2017)		0.46
" This study was to investigate whether and how CV drugs affect the pharmacokinetic profile of sinomenine."( Co-administration with simvastatin or lovastatin alters the pharmacokinetic profile of sinomenine in rats through cytochrome P450-mediated pathways.
Dai, Y; Jin, Y; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Xia, Y; Yun, X, 2018)		0.48
" The pharmacokinetics including the relatively short half-life of oxycodone in patients with ESRD with or without haemodialysis and the absence of unconjugated active metabolites indicate that oxycodone can be used at usual doses in patients requiring dialysis."( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone/naloxone and its metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease during and between haemodialysis sessions.
Amico, P; Dickenmann, M; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Haschke, M; Jehle, AW; Kalbermatter, S; Krähenbühl, S; Lenherr, C; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, A; Liechti, ME; Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, HE; Schmid, Y, 2019)		0.51
"The method was validated with respect to sensitivity, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and especially the stability of analytes under various conditions, and was successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetic profiles of SN in the joint cavity."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of sinomenine-hyaluronic acid conjugate after intra-articular administration for osteoarthritis treatment.
Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Fang, S; Ling, P; Liu, J; Shao, H, 2019)		0.51

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The sedative effects of the low dose of butorphanol combined with diazepam during spinal-epidural (H-type) anesthesia were studied in 20 urological or gynecological patients of ASA class I or II."( [The sedative effects of a low dose of butorphanol combined with diazepam during spinal-epidural anesthesia (H-type anesthesia)].
Abe, Y; Hanaoka, K; Hiraishi, T; Ide, Y; Sugiyama, A; Yajima, C, 1989)		0.28
"This study compared the analgesic efficacy, sedative, and amnesic properties, and side effects of nalbuphine versus meperidine as intravenous premedicants in combination with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of outpatients undergoing the removal of impacted third molars with alveolar nerve block anesthesia."( A double-blind comparison of nalbuphine and meperidine hydrochloride as intravenous analgesics in combination with diazepam for oral surgery outpatients.
Scott, RF, 1987)		0.27
" These results are similar to previous results obtained with tripelennamine and pentazocine suggesting that nalbuphine may have abuse potential if combined with tripelennamine."( Effects of nalbuphine alone and in combination with tripelennamine on rewarding brain stimulation thresholds in the rat.
Kornetsky, C; Unterwald, EM, 1986)		0.27
"A xylazine and butorphanol drug combination produced minimal and transient hemodynamic effects and no significant respiratory depression when administered to 6 healthy horses."( A new analgesic drug combination in the horse.
Muir, WW; Robertson, JT, 1983)		0.27
" Its antiproliferative effect on human mononuclear cells in combination with different immunosuppressive drugs was further analysed in vitro."( Synergistic effects of the alkaloid sinomenine in combination with the immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid.
Kaever, V; Resch, K; Vieregge, B, 1999)		0.3
"To investigate the inhibitory effects of sinomenine (SIN) combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on esophageal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo."( Cooperative inhibitory effect of sinomenine combined with 5-fluorouracil on esophageal carcinoma.
Dong, WG; Guo, XF; Qiu, S; Song, J; Wang, J; Yang, ZR; Zhang, JX, 2013)		0.39
"The combined effects of SIN and 5-FU on esophageal carcinoma were superior to those of the individual compounds, and the drug combination did not increase the side effects of chemotherapy."( Cooperative inhibitory effect of sinomenine combined with 5-fluorouracil on esophageal carcinoma.
Dong, WG; Guo, XF; Qiu, S; Song, J; Wang, J; Yang, ZR; Zhang, JX, 2013)		0.39
" The permeability of nalfurafine across human P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-expressing LLC-PK1 cells was investigated to evaluate drug-drug interactions (DDI) involving the P-gp efflux transporter of nalfurafine."( Drug-Drug Interactions of a Novel κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist, Nalfurafine Hydrochloride, Involving the P-Glycoprotein.
Ando, A; Miyamoto, Y; Ohzone, Y; Sasago, S, 2016)		0.43
" By integrating in silico, preclinical, and clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) findings, minimal and full physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed to predict the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for naloxegol."( Simulation and Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Naloxegol by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, K; Sostek, M; Zhou, D, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we further investigated whether NFF alone (1-10 μg/kg) or in combination with naltrexone (NTX, mu-opioid receptor [MOP-r] antagonist) altered alcohol relapse-like drinking using a mouse alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) paradigm to mimic the relapse episodes in human alcoholics."( Clinically utilized kappa-opioid receptor agonist nalfurafine combined with low-dose naltrexone prevents alcohol relapse-like drinking in male and female mice.
Kreek, MJ; Zhou, Y, 2019)		0.51
" In addition, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the SIN-TSL combined with microwave hyperthermia exhibited superior anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect."( Sinomenine hydrochloride loaded thermosensitive liposomes combined with microwave hyperthermia for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Du, Y; Qi, J; Shen, Q; Shu, G; Ying, X; Zhang, X, 2020)		0.56
"To systemically evaluate the efficacy and safety of sinomenine combined with methotrexate(SIN+MTX) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)."( [Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of sinomenine combined with methotrexate in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].
Li, X; Shuai, YF; Zeng, C, 2021)		0.62

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide after 30 mg po, as measured by the concentration of total (free and conjugated) dextrorphan in the plasma, was determined in six human volunteers with this procedure."( Determination of dextrorphan in plasma and evaluation of bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in humans.
Emele, JF; Ramachander, G; Williams, FD, 1977)		0.26
" Absolute bioavailability of nalbuphine increased from F = 12% in group II to 46."( Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in infants, young healthy volunteers, and elderly patients.
Bergnieres, J; Blondel, Y; Gardin, ME; Grippat, JC; Jaillon, P; Lecocq, B; Meignan, S; Richard, MO; Vergnoux, O, 1989)		0.28
" The disposition of (-)17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5 alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6 alpha, 14-triol (Nalbuphine, Nubain) and its 3-acetylsalicylate ester has been studied in rat and dog to determine whether this analogue can improve the oral bioavailability of nalbuphine."( Species variation in the disposition of nalbuphine and its acetylsalicylate ester analogue.
Harrelson, JC; Wong, YJ, 1988)		0.27
" Bioavailability of the oral preparation was 11."( The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous nalbuphine in healthy volunteers.
Achola, KJ; Aitkenhead, AR; Lin, ES, 1988)		0.27
" Absolute bioavailability of the orally administered forms of nalbuphine ranged from 16."( The disposition and bioavailability of intravenous and oral nalbuphine in healthy volunteers.
Lo, MW; Schary, WL; Whitney, CC, 1987)		0.27
" The mean absolute bioavailability was 81% and 83% for the 10 and 20 mg intramuscular doses, respectively, and 79% and 76% following 10 and 20 mg of subcutaneous nalbuphine."( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous nalbuphine in healthy subjects.
Lee, FH; Lo, MW; Schary, WL; Whitney, CC, 1987)		0.27
" Gastric emptying in the immediate postoperative period was also assessed in each patient by measuring the rate of absorption of orally administered paracetamol."( Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of nalbuphine--a comparison with pethidine.
Couch, RA; Mark, A; Slattery, PJ, 1986)		0.27
" In both species nalbuphine had high systemic clearance and low oral bioavailability as a result of extensive first-pass metabolism."( Oral and rectal nalbuphine bioavailability: first-pass metabolism in rats and dogs.
Aungst, BJ; Lam, G; Shefter, E, )		0.13
"The systemic bioavailability of buprenorphine has been studied in female rats following single doses (200 microgram kg-1) administered by one of six different routes."( The systemic bioavailability of buprenorphine by various routes of administration.
Brewster, D; Humphrey, MJ; Mcleavy, MA, 1981)		0.26
" Comparison of areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves to 24 hours after dosing showed the mean bioavailability of buprenorphine from the intramuscular doses was 70% of that from the reference intravenous doses."( Plasma concentration and disposition of buprenorphine after intravenous and intramuscular doses to baboons.
Biggs, SR; Henson, R; Lloyd-Jones, JG; Robinson, P; Taylor, T, 1980)		0.26
" The variation in plasma morphine concentrations was higher than that of oxycodone, consistent with the lower bioavailability of morphine."( Morphine or oxycodone in cancer pain?
Heiskanen, TE; Kalso, EA; Ruismäki, PM; Seppälä, TA, 2000)		0.31
"Due to low central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability of delta-opioid peptides, little is known about the effect of systemic administration of delta-opioid receptor ligands."( Spinal delta-opioid receptors mediate suppression of systemic SNC80 on excitability of the flexor reflex in normal and inflamed rat.
Cao, CQ; Dray, A; Hong, Y; Perkins, M, 2001)		0.31
" morphine-induced systemic skin scratching and is more readily absorbed intragastrically than is U-50488H, resulting in high bioavailability in the intragastric route."( Inhibitory effects of TRK-820 on systemic skin scratching induced by morphine in rhesus monkeys.
Endoh, T; Fujiwara, A; Nagase, H; Okano, K; Tanaka, T; Umeuchi, H; Wakasa, Y, 2004)		0.32
" These results indicate that sinomenine hydrochloride at 90 mg/kg significantly improved the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats."( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats.
Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" Our previous studies demonstrated that sinomenine could significantly improve the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."( The effects of sinomenine on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin by the everted rat gut sac model.
Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2006)		0.33
"Poor permeation, p-gp-mediated efflux, and hydrolysis via a glucosidase contributed to the poor bioavailability of paeoniflorin."( Mechanisms responsible for poor oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin: Role of intestinal disposition and interactions with sinomenine.
Hu, M; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ, 2006)		0.33
" Microdialysis can be used to study bioavailability and bioequivalence of different preparation."( [Bioequivalence study of sinomenine patch by microdialysis].
Ling, JJ; Wang, Y; Xie, B; Zhou, LL, 2008)		0.35
"To study pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability for oral use of sinomenine tablet in beagle dogs."( [Study on pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sinomenine in beagle dogs].
Chen, W; Feng, X; Kang, J; Li, Q; Zhou, Y, 2009)		0.35
" The absolute bioavailability for oral use was (30."( [Study on pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sinomenine in beagle dogs].
Chen, W; Feng, X; Kang, J; Li, Q; Zhou, Y, 2009)		0.35
"The absolute bioavailability of sinomenine is low, and the elimination of sinomenine tablet is fast."( [Study on pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sinomenine in beagle dogs].
Chen, W; Feng, X; Kang, J; Li, Q; Zhou, Y, 2009)		0.35
" Finally, SN significantly improved the absolute OCT bioavailability in rats and the transport rate in Caco-2 cell monolayers."( A novel perspective and approach to intestinal octreotide absorption: sinomenine-mediated reversible tight junction opening and its molecular mechanism.
Duan, Z; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Tian, Y; Wang, Q, 2013)		0.39
"The current review emphasizes on the herbal bioenhancers which themselves do not possess inherent pharmacological activity of their own but when co-administered with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), enhances their bioavailability and efficacy."( Role of herbal bioactives as a potential bioavailability enhancer for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.
Alexander, A; Kumari, L; Qureshi, A; Saraf, S; Sharma, M; Vaishnav, P, 2014)		0.4
" However, the discrepancy between low oral bioavailability and higher minimal effective concentration made its action mode mysterious."( Sinomenine suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by reciprocal modulation of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
Dai, Y; Dou, Y; Kong, L; Tong, B; Wang, T; Wu, X; Xia, Y; Yu, J, 2015)		0.42
"99 times higher than that of SH-G, and the relative bioavailability value was 199."( Sinomenine hydrochloride-loaded dissolving microneedles enhanced its absorption in rabbits.
Cao, Y; Chen, L; Chen, Y; Gui, S; Ma, P; Wu, X; Yin, D, 2016)		0.43
" Food increases the bioavailability of naloxegol, and the relative bioavailability of the tablet formulation was not limited by dissolution."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Naloxegol, a Peripherally Acting µ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, K; Floettmann, E; Xu, H; Zhou, D, 2017)		0.46
" Compared with naloxegol commercial tablets, the relative bioavailability of naloxegol using 3 alternative methods of administration was approximately 100%."( An Open-Label, Randomized Bioavailability Study of Alternative Methods of Oral Administration of Naloxegol in Healthy Subjects.
Berger, B; Birmingham, B; Bui, K; Diva, U, 2017)		0.46
"The use of plant‑based compounds derived from traditional medicine to improve human diseases has been gaining momentum, due to their high bioavailability and moderate adverse effects."( Sinomenine hydrochloride sensitizes cervical cancer cells to ionizing radiation by impairing DNA damage response.
Dong, Y; Han, S; Hegde, ML; Qian, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, D; Zhao, Y; Zhou, C, 2018)		0.48
"The local bioavailability of SN in joint cavity was improved significantly after conjugated with HA."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of sinomenine-hyaluronic acid conjugate after intra-articular administration for osteoarthritis treatment.
Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Fang, S; Ling, P; Liu, J; Shao, H, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of this study was to investigate the release behaviors of sinomenine hydrochloride loaded via in situ hexagonal liquid crystal (ISH), and its potential to improve the local bioavailability in knee joints of sinomenine hydrochloride (SMH) after intra-articular administration."( In situ hexagonal liquid crystal for intra-articular delivery of sinomenine hydrochloride.
Chen, Y; Gui, S; Liang, X; Maharjan, A; Regmi, B; Wu, L; Zhang, J, 2019)		0.51
" To do so, we prepared a mixture of SIN and exosomes (Exo-SIN) to improve the bioavailability of SIN to treat liver cancer."( A Natural Membrane Vesicle Exosome-based Sinomenine Delivery Platform for Hepatic Carcinoma Therapy.
Li, M; Liang, L; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, W; Zhao, L, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The chemistry, pharmacology, uses, side effects, pharmacokinetics and dosage of butorphanol tartrate, a narcotic analgesic with antagonist properties, are reviewed."( Drug therapy reviews: evaluation of butorphanol tartrate.
Ameer, B; Salter, FJ, 1979)		0.26
" The log dose-response relationship for buprenorphine was curvilinear in mouse and rat tail flick tests with the antinociceptive effect decreasing at higher, non-toxic doses."( Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent.
Cowan, A; Lewis, JW; Macfarlane, IR, 1977)		0.26
" In contrast, the morphine dose-response relationship was linear."( The animal pharmacology of buprenorphine, an oripavine analgesic agent.
Cowan, A; Doxey, JC; Harry, EJ, 1977)		0.26
" The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels."( Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug.
De Vos, V, 1978)		0.26
" The study was double-blind, and the drugs were given IM at several dosage levels."( Butorphanol and morphine: a double-blind comparison of their parenteral analgesic activity.
Caruso, FS; Corssen, G; Tavakoli, M, )		0.13
" There were at least 50 patients in each of the five dosage groups."( Butorphanol and pentazocine in patients with severe postoperative pain.
Caruso, FS; Dobkin, AB; Eamkaow, S, 1975)		0.25
" In addition, dose-response curves were determined for (+)- and (-)-phenylmorphan using the mouse tail-flick assay with the (+)-enantiomer found to be about 7 times more potent."( Phenylmorphans and analogues: opioid receptor subtype selectivity and effect of conformation on activity.
Froimowitz, M; Pasternak, GW; Pick, CG, 1992)		0.28
" A dose-response curve was also made for the mu-opioid receptor agonist, morphine."( Spinal antinociception by Tyr-D-Ser(otbu)-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr, a selective delta-opioid receptor agonist.
Dickenson, AH; Kalso, EA; McQuay, HJ; Sullivan, AF, 1992)		0.28
" 1) In the presence of a fixed dose of DPDPE (150 nmol), there was a left shift in the dose-response curve of the mu agonist, with the magnitude of the shifts being greater than those anticipated from a simple additive interaction: PL017 (31-fold) > or = DAMGO (20-fold) > morphine (6."( Isobolographic and dose-response analyses of the interaction between intrathecal mu and delta agonists: effects of naltrindole and its benzofuran analog (NTB).
Malmberg, AB; Yaksh, TL, 1992)		0.28
" The dextrorphan-trained birds generalized to l-cyclorphan at 10 mg/kg; naltrexone did not alter the l-cyclorphan dose-response curve for this effect."( Discriminative stimulus effects of cyclorphan: selective antagonism with naltrexone.
Bertalmio, AJ; Woods, JH, 1992)		0.28
"3 nmol/rat of DADELT II and shifted the dose-response curve to the right, without decreasing the maximum effect."( Behavioural effects of deltorphins in rats.
Angelucci, F; Negri, L; Noviello, V, 1991)		0.28
" morphine dose-response line was shown to be displaced progressively to the right with decreasing maximal effect (i."( Modulation of the potency and efficacy of mu-mediated antinociception by delta agonists in the mouse.
Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Qi, JN, 1990)		0.28
" injection of the drug at a dosage rate of 20 micrograms/kg."( Neurochemical changes in the brain and spinal cord of sheep: a basis for the immobilizing action of etorphine.
Kania, BF, 1985)		0.27
" Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 2 hr after drug administration."( Butorphanol-precipitated withdrawal in opioid-dependent human volunteers.
Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1988)		0.27
"Pharmacokinetic data and analgetic potency of nalbuphine hydrochloride (Nubain) under conditions of postoperative respiratory treatment and repeated dosage was investigated in a multicenter study."( [Cumulative pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of nalbuphine in patients in the postoperative phase. An open multicenter study].
, 1989)		0.28
" In order to investigate the possible actions of peripheral, endogenous kappa agonists, a dose-response curve was generated in the place conditioning paradigm from separate groups of naive rats injected with various intraperitoneal doses of the specific kappa antagonist Mr2266 (0."( Kappa receptors mediate the peripheral aversive effects of opiates.
Bechara, A; van der Kooy, D, 1987)		0.27
" Dextrorphan displayed high affinity to PCP receptors and it had weak PCP-like bioactivity, but could antagonize PCP's action dose-dependently in vitro and shift the dose-response curve to the right."( Dextrorphan: an antagonist for phencyclidine receptor.
Sun, FY; Xu, XR; Zhang, AZ; Zhang, LM; Zhu, H, 1986)		0.27
" Dosage titration increased efficacy to 85."( Butorphanol as a dental premedication in the mentally retarded.
Fidone, G; Gorday, M; Jann, MW; Rostedt, RR, 1987)		0.27
" The low- and high-dose nalbuphine groups clinically resembled the fentanyl group in terms of dosing frequency and patients' self-ratings of postoperative analgesia."( A comparison of clinical and psychological effects of fentanyl and nalbuphine in ambulatory gynecologic patients.
Earls, F; Garfield, FB; Garfield, JM; Philip, BK; Roaf, E, 1987)		0.27
" In long-term dosing studies in rodents and primates buprenorphine did not produce the manifestations of physical dependence when treatment was stopped."( Buprenorphine.
Lewis, JW, 1985)		0.27
" The agonist, bremazocine, bound (in order of decreasing affinity) to the kappa approximately equal to mu greater than delta binding sites, and it's pharmacological effects appeared in the dosage range of kappa and mu binding."( In vivo binding of benzomorphans to mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors: comparison with urine output in the rat.
Richards, ML; Sadée, W, 1985)		0.27
" Antagonism by competition at the same site(s) is suggested from parallel shifts of the dose-response curves of etorphine or beta-endorphin in the presence of beta-endorphin-(1-27)."( Beta-endorphin-(1-27) is a naturally occurring antagonist to etorphine-induced analgesia.
Li, CH; Nicolas, P, 1985)		0.27
" Despite high dosage in some cases (up to 200 mg in an hour) no clinically important cardiovascular or respiratory effects were observed."( On-demand nalbuphine for post-operative pain relief.
Kay, B; Krishnan, A, 1986)		0.27
" It may be assumed, that with partial agonists the relation of agonistic and antagonistic activity may be different, depending on the dosage used and on the respective pharmacologic effect observed during investigation."( [Intra- and postoperative interactions between the 2 opioids fentanyl and buprenorphine].
Börner, U; Gerlach, H; Gips, H; Hempelmann, G; Müller, H; Richter, M, 1986)		0.27
" The output of urine for a 2 h period after M320, administered subcutaneously to normally hydrated Long Evans rats, showed a bell-shaped dose-response relationship, the maximum effect occurring after 10 micrograms kg-1."( The effects of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-19-isopentylnororvinol (M320), a potent agonist at kappa- and mu-opiate receptors, on urine excretion of rats.
Abrahams, JM; Boura, AL; Evans, RG; Johnston, CI; Olley, JE, 1986)		0.27
" It had weak PCP-like bioactivity, but could antagonize PCP's action dose-dependently in vitro study with the rabbit ear artery preparation and shifted the dose-response curve of PCP to the right."( Dextrorphan: an antagonist for phencyclidine receptors.
Sun, FY; Xu, XR; Zhang, AZ; Zhang, LM; Zhu, H, 1987)		0.27
" A tentative dosage range has been established."( Butorphanol improves CO2 response and ventilation after fentanyl anesthesia.
Bjurstrom, RL; Bowdle, TA; Greichen, SL; Schoene, RB, 1987)		0.27
" Dose-response curves for diprenorphine and naloxone were determined prior to and following chronic administration of 10."( Diprenorphine and naloxone in squirrel monkeys with enhanced sensitivity to opioid antagonists.
Dykstra, LA; Oliveto, AH, 1988)		0.27
"5 mg/kg) allowed for a significant reduction in the mean dosage of midazolam required to produce satisfactory sedation when compared with trials where midazolam was used alone."( New intravenous sedative combinations in oral surgery: a comparative study of nalbuphine or pentazocine with midazolam.
Hook, PC; Lavery, KM, 1988)		0.27
" Both antagonists produced large shifts in the dose-response curves to the mu-agonists, morphine and fentanyl, confirming their mu-antagonist activity."( Reversal by beta-funaltrexamine and 16-methyl cyprenorphine of the antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists in the mouse and guinea-pig.
Birch, PJ; Hayes, AG, 1988)		0.27
" Our data suggest that young and old subjects attain similar plasma concentrations after single doses; however, longer dosing intervals may be necessary for multiple dosing in the elderly."( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol.
Higbee, M; Maesner, J; Ramsey, R; Wood, J, 1988)		0.27
" While butorphanol had a bell-shaped dose-response relationship for elevation of DA metabolites in the striatum, it had no action on DA metabolites in the entorhinal, prefrontal, pyriform and cingulate cortices and in the olfactory tubercle."( Agonist action of the agonist/antagonist analgesic butorphanol on dopamine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens of the rat.
Iyengar, S; Kim, HS; Wood, PL, 1987)		0.27
" Blood specimens were obtained up to 15 h after dosing for determination of nalbuphine."( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous nalbuphine in healthy subjects.
Lee, FH; Lo, MW; Schary, WL; Whitney, CC, 1987)		0.27
" With increasing dosage of nalbuphine there appeared to be a limit to the extent of respiratory depression."( Respiratory function following nalbuphine and morphine in anaesthetized man.
Klepper, ID; Mapleson, WW; Rosen, M; Vickers, MD, 1986)		0.27
" The urinary and fecal excretion pattern observed for a human subject following oral dosing of buprenorphine suggests enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine."( 63Ni electron-capture gas chromatographic assay for buprenorphine and metabolites in human urine and feces.
Cone, EJ; Darwin, WD; Gorodetzky, CW; Yousefnejad, D, 1985)		0.27
" When the scores derived from the categorized ratings 1 hour after drug dosing (generally the time of peak effect) were analyzed, there was little difference whether a parametric or nonparametric approach was taken."( Reassessment of verbal and visual analog ratings in analgesic studies.
Littman, GS; Schneider, BE; Walker, BR, 1985)		0.27
" This increase was reversed after the test dosage was doubled from 20 mg to 40 mg nalbuphine."( [Hemodynamic effects of nalbuphine in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency].
Knoch, M; Konder, H; Lennartz, H; von Rechenberg, H, 1986)		0.27
", oral, and rectal dosing was evaluated in rats and dogs."( Oral and rectal nalbuphine bioavailability: first-pass metabolism in rats and dogs.
Aungst, BJ; Lam, G; Shefter, E, )		0.13
" Dose-response curves were constructed using the rat tail pressure test for analgesia which indicated a rank order of potency of buprenorphine much greater than morphine greater than butorphanol greater than xorphanol = nalbuphine."( Physical dependence induced by opiate partial agonists in the rat.
Howlett, GJ; McCarthy, PS, 1984)		0.27
" 2 Buprenorphine revealed a bell-shaped dose-response curve for antinociception peaking at approx."( In vivo receptor binding of the opiate partial agonist, buprenorphine, correlated with its agonistic and antagonistic actions.
Dum, JE; Herz, A, 1981)		0.26
"Agonist/antagonist (Ag/Ant) analgesics possess bell-shaped dose-response curves with regard to nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) metabolism in the rat."( Agonist/antagonist analgesics and nigrostriatal dopamine metabolism in the rat: evidence for receptor dualism.
McQuade, P; Richard, JW; Thakur, M; Wood, PL, 1983)		0.27
" At the dosage applied no major respiratory or circulatory effects were observed in the patients."( [Mr 1268--a new furylmethyl-substituted benzomorphan. Comparison of its effects with pentazocine and placebo in a double-blind study].
Behrendt, W; Conrad, H; Richter, M; Veit, G, 1983)		0.27
", delayed nociceptive reaction on a 55 degrees C hot-plate with a dose-response curve not readily fitting a single straight line; this effect was antagonized by high doses of naloxone."( Bremazocine induces antinociception, but prevents opioid-induced constipation and catatonia in rats and precipitates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.
Gambino, MC; Petrillo, P; Tavani, A, 1984)		0.27
", dose-response curves were shifted to the right) but failed to block the effects of diprenorphine."( Effects of naloxone, diprenorphine, buprenorphine and etorphine on unpunished and punished food-reinforced responding in the squirrel monkey.
DeRossett, SE; Holtzman, SG, 1984)		0.27
" The increasing morphine dosage was associated with progressive rightward displacements and ultimately decreases in the slope of the CO2 response curves."( Analgesic and respiratory depressant activity of nalbuphine: a comparison with morphine.
DiFazio, CA; Gal, TJ; Moscicki, J, 1982)		0.26
" Buprenorphine showed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the mouse D'Amour-Smith's test at high stimulus intensity."( [Analgesic and narcotic antagonist effects of buprenorphine (author's transl)].
Hiyama, T; Shintani, S; Tsutsui, M; Yasuda, Y, 1982)		0.26
" after 30 min pretreatment produced a significant and parallel shift in OTMN's analgesic dose-response line, assessed by the hot plate test (55 degrees C)."( Some observations on the effects of enantiomers of two benzomorphan narcotic antagonists and atropine on analgesia, tremor and hypothermia produced by oxotremorine.
Ben-Sreti, MM; Sewell, RD; Upton, N, 1982)		0.26
" The dose-response curves for both were shifted to the right in non-parallel fashion with decreased slopes and antidiuretic efficacies."( Cross tolerance to etorphine in rats tolerant to morphine-induced antidiuresis.
Fuhrman-Lane, C; Fujimoto, JM; Tseng, LF, 1982)		0.26
" Buprenorphine showed naloxone-sensitive effects with a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the thermal test but dose-dependent activity in the pressure test."( Involvement of the median raphe nucleus in antinociception induced by morphine, buprenorphine and tilidine in the rat.
Bryant, RM; Olley, JE; Tyers, MB, 1982)		0.26
" The patterns of analgesia were similar and without indication of increasing dosage requirements with time."( The study of analgesics following single and repeated doses.
Johnson, RP; Robinson, N; Waite, E; Wang, RI, )		0.13
" Comparison of areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves to 24 hours after dosing showed the mean bioavailability of buprenorphine from the intramuscular doses was 70% of that from the reference intravenous doses."( Plasma concentration and disposition of buprenorphine after intravenous and intramuscular doses to baboons.
Biggs, SR; Henson, R; Lloyd-Jones, JG; Robinson, P; Taylor, T, 1980)		0.26
" After intramuscular administration of [3H]buprenorphine to rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys and one human volunteer, most of the dosed radioactivity was excreted in the faeces, indicating biliary excretion and a possible enterohepatic circulation of the drug in these species."( Biliary excretion, metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine.
Brewster, D; Humphrey, MJ; McLeavy, MA, 1981)		0.26
" Reports of high intrabiliary pressures and bizarre cholangiograms for patients under such anesthesia led us to investigate the specific effects on intrabiliary pressure of morphine sulfate, fentanyl and butorphanol tartrate, each at two different dosage levels."( Effects of butorphanol, fentanyl and morphine on the intrabiliary pressure of guinea pigs.
Aldrete, JA; Franatovic, Y; Romo-Salas, F, 1980)		0.26
" At higher dosage levels respiratory rate was reduced to 2/minute."( Immobilization of coastal grizzly bears with etorphine hydrochloride.
Herbert, DM; Lay, DW; Turnbull, WG, 1980)		0.26
" Once rats had acquired the discrimination an ethanol dose-response test was conducted."( The influence of opioid antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Spanagel, R, 1996)		0.29
"1 after titration with IR oxycodone dosed qid."( Double-blind, randomized comparison of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic profiles of controlled- and immediate-release oral oxycodone in cancer pain patients.
Davis, M; Reder, RF; Stambaugh, H; Stambaugh, JE; Stambaugh, MD, 2001)		0.31
"Morphine-dependent rats were induced by injecting morphine on dosage increasing by degrees, then treated with medication."( [Effect of sinamine on withdrawal symptom and neurotransmitter of morphine-dependent rats].
Mo, Z; Wang, C; Wen, L; Zhu, Q, 2002)		0.31
"For exploring the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effect of sinomenine (SN), the actions of different dosage of SN were observed in vitro on the expression of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), as well as the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) protein level of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and synoviocytes in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats."( Effect of sinomenine on cytokine expression of macrophages and synoviocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats.
Fang, Y; Huang, W; Peng, D; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Zhong, B; Zhou, X, 2005)		0.33
" The results demonstrated that oral administration with a single dosage at a rate of 90 mg sinomenine/kg in rats achieved about 80% bioavailability, while most of the other pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to the data from the animals treated intravenously."( The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of sinomenine in rats and its protein binding ability in vitro.
Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
"To investigate the effect of release behavior of sustained-release dosage forms of sinomenine hydrochloride (SM."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
"HCl dosage forms, including commercial 12-h sustained-release tablets and 24-h sustained-release pellets prepared in our laboratory, was examined."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
"HCl dosage forms was comparable and both preparations were statistically bioequivalent."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
"The in vitro release properties of the dosage forms strongly affect their pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo."( Impact of release characteristics of sinomenine hydrochloride dosage forms on its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Gao, K; He, ZG; Li, B; Mao, JJ; Shi, JM; Sun, J; Sun, YH; Zhang, TH, 2005)		0.33
" In vivo MCL-145 produced a full dose-response curve in the 55 degrees C warm water tail-flick test and was equipotent to morphine."( Characterization of a novel bivalent morphinan possessing kappa agonist and micro agonist/antagonist properties.
Bidlack, JM; Mathews, JL; Negus, SS; Neumeyer, JL; Peng, X; Xiong, W; Zhang, A, 2005)		0.33
" The morphine-dependent model mice were established by injection on dosage increasing by degrees."( [Study on the detoxification of alcohol extracts from orientvine and its effective component on withdrawal syndromes of morphine].
Mo, ZX; Wang, CY; Zhang, GM, 2009)		0.35
" There was a poor correlation between concentrations of both oxycodone and noroxycodone in plasma and saliva over a range of times following dosing (r (2) = 0."( Is saliva a valid substitute for plasma in pharmacokinetic studies of oxycodone and its metabolites in patients with cancer?
Anderson, H; Charles, B; Hardy, J; Norris, R; O'Shea, A, 2012)		0.38
" The expression of COX-2 and VEGF protein in HepG2 cells treated with anti-TfR mAb alone was increased in line with increasing dosage of the agent."( Sinomenine hydrochloride enhancement of the inhibitory effects of anti-transferrin receptor antibody-dependent on the COX-2 pathway in human hepatoma cells.
Bian, J; Hong, Y; Hu, H; Lei, P; Shen, G; Shen, X; Sun, X; Tao, J; Wen, X; Yang, J; Yuan, L; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.39
" Digital 12-lead ECGs were recorded at baseline and at 10 time points over 24 hours after dosing in each treatment period."( Evaluation of the effect of Naloxegol on cardiac repolarization: a randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled crossover thorough QT/QTc study in healthy volunteers.
Carlson, G; Gottfridsson, C; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M, 2013)		0.39
" Similar findings were observed using QTcB; the upper limits of the 2-sided 90% CI were <10 msec at all time points after dosing with naloxegol 25 or 150 mg."( Evaluation of the effect of Naloxegol on cardiac repolarization: a randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled crossover thorough QT/QTc study in healthy volunteers.
Carlson, G; Gottfridsson, C; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M, 2013)		0.39
" Plasma concentration of oxycodone and its metabolites were measured up to 8 hours after administration as follows: on day 1, CR oxycodone was administered alone; on day 2, CR oxycodone was administered with aprepitant (125 mg, at the same time of oxycodone dosing in the morning)."( Effects of aprepitant on the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release oral oxycodone in cancer patients.
Chayahara, N; Fujiwara, Y; Imamura, Y; Kiyota, N; Minami, H; Mukohara, T; Shimada, T; Toyoda, M, 2014)		0.4
" We demonstrated that cytochrome P450 2D6*10 (100C > T, rs1065852) polymorphism can affect the pharmacokinetics of dimemorfan in humans, not dosage forms."( Cytochrome P450 2D6*10 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of dimemorfan in healthy Chinese subjects.
Liu, L; Liu, S; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Tan, H; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, X; Yuan, H, 2015)		0.42
" In summary, the PBPK models reasonably estimated interactions with various CYP3A modulators and can be used to guide dosing in clinical practice when naloxegol is coadministered with such agents."( Simulation and Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Naloxegol by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Al-Huniti, N; Bui, K; Sostek, M; Zhou, D, 2016)		0.43
" In order to characterize the protocol-defined naloxegol responder rate, the number of daily spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) was characterized by a longitudinal ordinal nonlinear mixed-effects logistic regression dose-response model, and the incidence of diary entry discontinuation was described by a time-to-event model."( Population Exposure-Response Modeling of Naloxegol in Patients With Noncancer-Related Pain and Opioid-Induced Constipation.
Al-Huniti, N; Cantagallo, K; Hutmacher, MM; Lappalainen, J; Nielsen, JC; Sostek, M, 2016)		0.43
" However, there are some disadvantages, including low activity in transdermal permeation and a high dosage being clinically required."( Transdermal Permeation and Anti-Inflammation Activities of Novel Sinomenine Derivatives.
Wang, JC; Xiao, J; Zhao, C; Zhao, ZJ, 2016)		0.43
" Modeling and simulation of naloxegol efficacy and tolerability informed selection of doses for phase III studies and provided comprehensive dosage recommendations for the naloxegol US package insert."( Pharmacometric Modeling of Naloxegol Efficacy and Safety: Impact on Dose and Label.
Aksenov, S; Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Fox, R; Helmlinger, G; Stanski, D; Xu, H; Zhou, D, 2017)		0.46
" In the rat, but not the mouse, 2-year carcinogenicity study a change in tumour pattern with an increase in testicular Leydig cell tumours (LCT) was observed after dosing at high (supra-pharmacological) concentrations."( Naloxegol, an opioid antagonist with reduced CNS penetration: Mode-of-action and human relevance for rat testicular tumours.
Andersson, H; Floettmann, E; Johnson, N; Mitchard, T, 2017)		0.46
" In a drug control group, piglets were dosed IP with vehicle and 3 h late IM with 10 mg/kg sinomenine while those in an LPS control group were challenged with 1 mg LPS/kg (IP) and then vehicle 3 h later; naïve control piglets were administered normal saline IP and then IM only."( Protective effects of sinomenine against LPS-induced inflammation in piglets.
Chen, X; He, K; Hu, Y; Jiang, C; Yang, H, 2017)		0.46
" The weekly probability of response defined as having ≥3/week spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) and ≥1 SBM/week increase over baseline was characterized by a longitudinal mixed-effects logistic regression dose-response model, and the probability of time to discontinuation was modeled with a Weibull distribution function."( Population Exposure-Response Modeling Supported Selection of Naloxegol Doses in Phase III Studies in Patients With Opioid-Induced Constipation.
Aksenov, S; Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Fox, R; Xu, H; Zhou, D, 2017)		0.46
" Here, we consider the integration of both efficacy and dose-response estimation accuracy into the go/no-go decision process, using a model-based approach."( Integrating dose estimation into a decision-making framework for model-based drug development.
Al-Huniti, N; Dunyak, J; Hamrén, B; Helmlinger, G; Matcham, J; Mitchell, P; Stanski, D, 2018)		0.48
"Haemodialysis performed 6-10 h after dosing removed ∼10% of the administered dose of oxycodone predominantly as unconjugated oxycodone and noroxycodone or conjugated oxymorphone and noroxymorphone."( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone/naloxone and its metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease during and between haemodialysis sessions.
Amico, P; Dickenmann, M; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Haschke, M; Jehle, AW; Kalbermatter, S; Krähenbühl, S; Lenherr, C; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, A; Liechti, ME; Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, HE; Schmid, Y, 2019)		0.51
" Adults with moderate-to-severe CLBP refractory to nonopioid analgesics achieving an analgesic NKTR-181 dosage (100-400 mg twice daily) during the open-label titration period were randomized to continued NKTR-181 treatment, double-blind, or switched to placebo."( SUMMIT-07: a randomized trial of NKTR-181, a new molecular entity, full mu-opioid receptor agonist for chronic low-back pain.
Agaiby, E; Argoff, C; Doberstein, SK; Gimbel, J; Gudin, J; Hale, M; Katz, N; Lu, L; Markman, J; Rauck, R; Rowbotham, M; Siddhanti, S; Tagliaferri, M, 2019)		0.51
"3 and 1 mg/kg) reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior and caused significant downward shift of the dose-response curve in cocaine self-administration tests (0."( MP1104, a mixed kappa-delta opioid receptor agonist has anti-cocaine properties with reduced side-effects in rats.
Atigari, DV; Kivell, BM; Majumdar, S; Pasternak, GW; Uprety, R, 2019)		0.51
" Current treatment involves intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory drugs which have limited clinical outcomes only when dosed within the early time window after injury."( Dendrimer mediated targeted delivery of sinomenine for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury.
Chen, S; Duh, EI; Kambhampati, SP; Kannan, RM; Kannan, S; Sharma, A; Sharma, R; Tso, MOM; Zhang, Z, 2020)		0.56
" The two compounds were characterised by an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve, and their effects were blocked by the co-administration of the antagonist MCL-117, which alone had no effect."( Behavioural and pharmacological profiles of zebrafish administrated pyrrolidinyl benzodioxanes and prolinol aryl ethers with high affinity for heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Appiani, R; Bavo, F; Bolchi, C; Braida, D; Gotti, C; Moretti, M; Pallavicini, M; Ponzoni, L; Sala, M; Viani, P, 2020)		0.56
" At inclusion, the median opioid dosage was 60 mg of oral morphine or equivalent."( Effectiveness of naloxegol in patients with cancer pain suffering from opioid-induced constipation.
Braniste, V; Lemaire, A; Narciso, B; Piloquet, FX; Pointreau, Y; Sabaté, JM, 2021)		0.62
"Sinomenine (SIN) is an effective anti-inflammatory agent, but its therapeutic efficacy is limited by its short half-life and the high dosage required."( Novel synovial targeting peptide-sinomenine conjugates as a potential strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Chang, L; Gou, S; Li, B; Liu, H; Ni, J; Ouyang, X; Yan, N; Zhang, F; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)		0.72
"The work aims to explore the feasibility of Raman mapping in predicting the dissolution profiles of solid oral dosage form."( Dissolution profiles prediction of sinomenine hydrochloride sustained-release tablets using Raman mapping technique.
Fang, G; Hu, Y; Li, W; Li, Z; Liu, H; Wang, L; Wu, S; Zeng, Q, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
morphinane alkaloidAn isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (3,099)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901868 (60.28)18.7374
1990's237 (7.65)18.2507
2000's310 (10.00)29.6817
2010's513 (16.55)24.3611
2020's171 (5.52)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.69

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index34.69 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.18 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.64 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index56.46 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.69)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials307 (9.44%)5.53%
Reviews138 (4.24%)6.00%
Case Studies61 (1.88%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other2,745 (84.44%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.5480amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9510hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.4370monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.6430aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.6430ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.69306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9410azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0310acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.0550halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.6630alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		2.8740amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		5.63150carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0210monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.0310alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		1.9510cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		1.9710tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		4.2570halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9510chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.0710alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		1.9510trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2110aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.3820guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.6630catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		1.9510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.07102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		4.21180aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		1.9510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.7430alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.9952carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		5.13150aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.7930elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
indole
[no description available]		2.3110indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.6930diatomic iodinenutrient
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.5790alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.110acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		1.9610metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		3.4580pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		6.34153gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.0110oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		1.9410pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.8640C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		2.0710ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.0310phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.4820glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.3520propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pteridines
[no description available]		3.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		2.110purine
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.7430azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		1.9710pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9810N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.3520primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.0240isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
normetazocine
normetazocine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.6530
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.8940non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		3.8140
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.110amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		1.9610benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.420benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.2510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.1110aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist		2.0610biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.110monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9410aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		210methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		1.9710benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		1.9710amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-methoxymorphinan
3-methoxymorphinan: dextromethorphan metabolite; RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.0110
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.96140ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.3470guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.2160imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		3.2160indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		6.93146acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.0510adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
theophylline
[no description available]		2.0510dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.2741carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.6430barbiturates
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		4.9491pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.1710aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		6.94132benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
baclofen
[no description available]		3.6320amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bemegride
Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.		1.9610piperidones
berberine
[no description available]		2.4220alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.3311piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		4.8442aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
caffeine
[no description available]		4.8481purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.7130aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.4520carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9610N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.1510ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		4.2530aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.3820benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.8130aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.0650monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5.57140organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		1.9510monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		1.94101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.0510aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.06102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9710amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.3520aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		1.9610dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.6630clonidine;
imidazoline
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		3.2560
cyclo(leucylglycine)
cyclo(leucylglycine): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.1510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		1.9410organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		3.3911carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.6430dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		5.35190primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		8.3732121,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		1.9510chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.8640benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0310ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
disulfiram
[no description available]		1.9410organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton
Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.		1.9510organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		1.9710
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		1.9810N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.821benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		4.2541morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.0431aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		5.5163ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.4920
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		13.19128anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		1.9410aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.3611ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		4.32221,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.9440nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.4110chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		6.2450gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0510ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.3520piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.9740monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gr 89696
GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer		2.4320acetamides
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.9640methoxybenzenes
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		1.9610acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.0310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.06111aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		7.64144haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.3820quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		5.08450barbiturates
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4110benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		5.6254hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		1.9510primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.4551benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ici 204448
ICI 204448: kappa opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.420monocarboxylic acid
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.4580dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.3520aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		5.1762organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.4520catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.3620cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.531dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.4220cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.0310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.5911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9540monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.7521benzodiazepine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.6430diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		2.730primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		1.9510nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9410aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		13.188439ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		1.9510aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.3511piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		1.9410methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		11.09775benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		3.0410ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.1510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.0431benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.9640aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		5.9274imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		2.1710alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.6430maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		1.9710beta-carbolines
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.3420purine nucleoside
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		3.3611benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.3620quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		1.9510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.01102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.3110nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.6430organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0210ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0510benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		1.9610N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.4920acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		3.3311phenylalanine derivative
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.3370benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		4.0231aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0710aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		7.55261barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.2110oxopurine
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.4580acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenmetrazine
Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		1.9410morpholinesmetabolite;
sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		6.48610barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.260pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.0610pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		4.1360inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9710acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		3.3311benzodiazepine
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		1.9710aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		5.24170diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		1.9510benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.6430benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		5.1231phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.5961phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		1.9810phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.2570naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		3.4520aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		1.9510piperazines;
pyridines
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.42201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.2510alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		2.3520barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9610fluoride saltmutagen
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		4.1550quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		1.95102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		1.9810benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		1.9510naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0610benzodiazepine
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.9920phthalimides;
piperidones
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		1.9510imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.6430N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tremorine
[no description available]		2.3520N-alkylpyrrolidine
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9410N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.6430organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0710phenothiazines
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.6630aromatic amine
tyramine
[no description available]		1.9510monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		2.1710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		4.211801,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		1.9810inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.226011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		5.35110ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.0450alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		1.9910imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.1110nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.3520benzodioxolespesticide synergist
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		5.69611-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0210ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.2603-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		1.9610pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		1.9610N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.4680organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.95102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0610
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9510dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.0610guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.9640chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.4110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.3620L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9410C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.68100aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.6930aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		4.6590pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.4351carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.9140glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.031017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.360aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		4.72310pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.643017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.3520benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
uridine
[no description available]		1.9910uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		1.9510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.3920phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4320amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.8740ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		1.9510azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0410benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		6.96590aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.5320adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		3.0450benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.2160amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.3520carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.2510
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		5.5451amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		1.951020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.0810alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.0450antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		1.9610diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.4520chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		1.9510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.21104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
mannitol
[no description available]		3.0410mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9610nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		1.9510non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		6.92231pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		1.971020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		1.9710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		1.951017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		1.9510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.7130arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetylene
[no description available]		2.4820alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		1.9310methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		1.9410boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		3.0450cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		2.0310gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		5.87190benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3520primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		1.9410chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.3620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.0410glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.2510pyrrolidin-2-ones
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified		2.0510isoquinolines
quinoline
[no description available]		2.520azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9510
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		1.9610toluenes
benzyl bromide
benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.		2.0210benzyl bromideslachrymator
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.110styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		3.3650enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0610alkane
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		5.1843cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		5.09130pyrrole;
secondary amine
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.0610alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.0710cycloalkene
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.6430hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
isoquinoline
[no description available]		2.8540azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.4620acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone
[no description available]		1.941020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		3.0650methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		9.19432hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		1.9810cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		4.0431acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0810ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.3820azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.6330acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.3110isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.47201,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.59801,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.2450diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.260phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		2.3920monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		1.9410azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		5.4544nitrile
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.6430aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		1.9510
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.1110organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
methyl triflate
[no description available]		2.1110
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		1.9610ether
phenylbenzoquinone
phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		2.0510organosilicon compound
isomethadone
isomethadone: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9310diarylmethane
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		6.811211-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		4.3122piperidines
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		1.9410calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
isocorydine
isocorydine: from root tubers of Stephania Kwangsiensis H.S. Lo; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5017		1.9910aporphine alkaloid
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		1.9410isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
reticulin
Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.		1.9510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.6930benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9440dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.6430amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.0510
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.3620
methadyl acetate
Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.		1.9610diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.3611ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		1.971017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		1.941017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.1110
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.3620methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		1.9410amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
maleimide
[no description available]		2.110dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.0540dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.4620arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.4720methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
phenoperidine
Phenoperidine: A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.		3.7330piperidines
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		1.9610organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		1.9410ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		3.8530alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
phenazocine
Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)		6.34220
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.0510
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.1110cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9610alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.0110manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		3.1910enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.1310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
lysergol
lysergol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer. lysergol : An alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8.		3.1910ergoline alkaloid
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.6430aliphatic nitrile
fluanisone
fluanisone: former provisional as haloanisone; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610aromatic ketone
azaperone
Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.		2.6430aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.72100tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		1.9510benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
mirex
Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.		1.9510chlorocarbon;
organochlorine insecticide		persistent organic pollutant
tetrahydropapaveroline
Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems.		2.0510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		human metabolite
cyclazocine
Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.		10.55823
streptomycin
[no description available]		1.9410antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.68100amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
discretamine
discretamine: structure		2.0510alkaloid
lanthanum
[no description available]		1.9510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.8740elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		3.9740elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.7730metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.7730elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.0310cobalt group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		1.9510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.4520copper group element atom;
elemental gold
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		1.9810D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310sodium phosphate
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9410diatomic bromine
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.6530barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.8640dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.4320diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.3520diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
sodium hydride
[no description available]		2.0410
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		1.9810benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.8630
cysteic acid
Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.		2.0310alanine derivative;
amino sulfonic acid;
carboxyalkanesulfonic acid;
cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		animal metabolite
propiram
propiram: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym Bay 4503 refers to fumarate[1:1]; practically always used as fumarate in medicine; structure		1.9610pyridines
etorphine
Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.		8.991871
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.05106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.1510organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.7130acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		3.9640halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		1.9610aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
iodine
[no description available]		2.3920halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.5890benzenes;
phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610aralkylamine
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.610beta-diketone
methanesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
picrotoxin
Cocculus: A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain sinococuline, coccuvine and other ALKALOIDS.		2.610
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.352011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.0310
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.2160glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9610
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		3.3470pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		6.06842-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.0810azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		1.9610
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.1310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		1.9610formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
substance p
[no description available]		3.3970peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		1.9610organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.4820alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		1.9710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		1.9610azepanes
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.0850anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		1.9710aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		4.11160
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.3711aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.3720acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.6730monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		8.44251aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
picenadol
picenadol: racemic mixture of D-optical isomer (LY 97435) exhibiting potent morphine-like agonist activity & L-optical isomer (LY 97436) exhibiting nalorphine-like activity; RN given refers to parent cpd(trans)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9610
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.1710delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.1710delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		1.9810benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
spiradoline
spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4120
detomidine
detomidine: structure given in first source		3.3511
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.0310
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.0810monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.2310biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.3620adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
carfentanil
carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		4.4651methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
tranquilizing drug
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		1.9710hydracid;
one-carbon compound
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.2960D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.1110
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
dioxadrol
dioxadrol: See also records for d- and l-forms which are referred to as dexoxadrol and levoxadrol, respectfully		1.9610diarylmethane
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.3420phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.05401,2,3-triazole
4-chromanone
[no description available]		2.3110chromones
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.1510dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.1510organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		1.9810
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		5.69270phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0210bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
magnoflorine
magnoflorine: opium alkaloid having the aporphine configuration; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer; structure. (S)-magnoflorine : An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group.		3.1450aporphine alkaloid;
quaternary ammonium ion		plant metabolite
2,3-bis(benzoyloxy)tartaric acid
2,3-bis(benzoyloxy)tartaric acid: SNC-86 refers to (-)dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid salt		210
enpiperate
enpiperate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
fentanyl isothiocyanate
fentanyl isothiocyanate: specific reagent for irreversible inactivation of delta opiate receptors in rat brain membranes; structure given in first source		1.9910piperidines
coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9510adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.09503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.1110
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dextromoramide
Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.		3.9640morpholines;
N-acylpyrrolidine		opioid analgesic
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		3.3570
fangchinoline
fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.		2.4320
dicentrine
dicentrine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (S)-isomer		2.1710aporphine alkaloid
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.3820cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		4.5980aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		4.72300heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		1.9710beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor		1.9710
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		3.93130monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		3.4980
bremazocine
bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.3550
18,19-dihydroetorphine
18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source		4.5780
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.0810
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)-
enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes		3.0750oligopeptide
perhydrohistrionicotoxin
perhydrohistrionicotoxin: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha(R*),7 beta,8 alpha))-isomer; structure		1.9610
triptolide
[no description available]		3.1510diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
cobaltiprotoporphyrin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX		1.9710
dynorphin (1-8)
dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin		2.3820
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.6630
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		2.3520short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
higenamine
higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		2.5420norcoclaurine
protoberberine
protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4820
norbuprenorphine
norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.6830phenanthrenes
quadazocine
quadazocine: RN given refers to (2 alpha,6 alpha,11S*)-(+-)-isomer		2.6530
tifluadom
tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source		2.8840benzodiazepine
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0710alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
morphiceptin, n-me-phe(3)-
morphiceptin, N-Me-Phe(3)-: RN given refers to D-prolinamide, all L-isomer		3.0750
morphiceptin
morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer		2.6730oligopeptide
rb 101
RB 101: structure given in first source; inhibits enkephalinase and aminopeptidases; biologically cleaved at disulfide to produce inhibitors of both aminopeptidase N and neutral endopeptidase		1.9810
alphaprodine
Alphaprodine: An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)		3.4520piperidines
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.0610
lofentanil
lofentanil: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. lofentanyl : The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		3.3511methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		3.3670
kyotorphin
kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.		1.9810dipeptide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		3.77100diarylmethane
mr 2034
MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer		4.1160
4-methoxymethylfentanyl
4-methoxymethylfentanyl: structure given in first source		1.9810
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0410morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		6.2351dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		3.3460organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole
2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole: site directed alkylating agent; selective agonist for mu receptors		1.9910
tyrosyl-seryl(o-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine
tyrosyl-seryl(O-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine: has good selectivity & high affinity for delta opioid receptors		2.3820
tyrosyl-seryl(o-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(o-t-butyl)
tyrosyl-seryl(O-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(O-t-butyl): RN given refers to L-Thr-L-Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-L-Phe-L-Leu cpd; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/90		2.6730
o-demethyltramadol
O-demethyltramadol: one of the major metabolites of tramadol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound		2.6620
cholecystokinin (26-33), n-methyl-nle(28,31)-
[no description available]		1.9710
bd 737
BD 737: structure given in first source; BD737 and 738 are enantiomers; have high affinity for sigma receptors		2.0110
abiraterone
[no description available]		5.33503beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
ethylketocyclazocine
Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.		5.01410
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.3110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.4820amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylmorphan
phenylmorphan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; see also (-)-5-m-hydroxyphenyl-2-methylmorphan (sometimes referred to as phenylmorphan)		4.19160
evodiamine
[no description available]		2.0710beta-carbolines
leucylarginine
leucylarginine: blocks antinociception induced by L-arginine. Leu-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-arginine joined by peptide linkages.		1.9810dipeptidemetabolite
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.3911aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.0710oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		4.7830
enkephalin, pen(2,5)-4-chloro-phe(4)-
enkephalin, Pen(2,5)-4-chloro-Phe(4)-: delta opioid receptor		1.9710
coclaurine
coclaurine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-coclaurine : The (S)-enantiomer of coclaurine.		2.2510coclaurine
stephanine
stephanine: has high affinity for serotonin receptors; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; a precursor to Aristolochic Acids		2.0610
2-methylflavinantine
2-methylflavinantine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		3.2560
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.4420C-nitro compound
16-methylcyprenorphine
16-methylcyprenorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,16S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.84120
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.4120amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		6.7223
cortisone
[no description available]		2.864011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.3820
norfentanyl
norfentanyl: metabolite of fentanyl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. norfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(N'-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. A major metabolite of fentanyl.		2.3110anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		drug metabolite;
opioid analgesic
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		3.3770aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		2.1110
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.41101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
mr 1452
Mr 1452: antagonist of morphine and endorphin; kappa opiate receptor antagonist		3.4780
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.3520
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.8840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.11102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		1.951011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
reticuline
reticuline: opium alkaloid; dopamine receptor blocker; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-reticuline : The (S)-enantiomer of reticuline.		3.4770reticulineEC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		1.9210tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		5.5561cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.31101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		12.9610130benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		2.3620acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
ruscogenin
ruscogenin: basic sapogenin of Ruscus sp.; RN given refers to (1 beta,3 beta,25R)-isomer		3.2710triterpenoid
amantadine hydrochloride
hasubanonine: from Stephania japonica; structure in first source		2.0510isoquinoline alkaloid
naringin
[no description available]		3.1910(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.1710piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.0410tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
metazocine
metazocine: more than 13 isomers available; structure given in first source		3.77110benzazocine
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		5.72850morphinane alkaloid
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.1710cyclodextrin
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.2710resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		1.9210retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4320octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.3630macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		5.55230benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		3.5520prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.6530actinomycinmutagen
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		5.8910pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		1.9510flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
norlevorphanol
[no description available]		2.6930
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		2.1310oxazolidine
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		3.36503-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
glycosides
[no description available]		2.0510
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		6.17170isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		3.1910benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
prolinol
prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.		2.2510
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		1.9510flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		16.7129480morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.3720vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0610indolyl carboxylic acid
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		3.0410chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		1.9610ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9410aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobenzamide
thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats		2.110benzenes
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.3820
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.1910aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		1.9510diarylmethane
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		1.9710capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0210cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.0310
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.7430cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
nadp
[no description available]		6.36540
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0610
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.7271barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol: structure in first source. phytantriol : A triol that consists of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		3.1140triol
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		8.5730alkali metal atom
thiamylal
Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.		1.9410barbiturates;
organosulfur compound		sedative
thiobutabarbital
thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
burimamide
Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.		3.4520imidazoles
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		5.7864phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
quinine
[no description available]		3.2160cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
mr 2266
MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist		4.53250
deltorphin
deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2		2.6730peptide
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		5.36570dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
dimemorfan
dimemorfan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; synonym At 17 refers to phosphate[1:1] salt; structure		6.35212morphinane alkaloid
ketazocine
ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer		3.2260
ici 197067
ICI 197067: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; RN for parent cpd not available 3/89		1.9710
immobilon
Immobilon: etorphine-methotrimeprazine combination used as tranquilizer for small animals; methotrimeprazine replaced by acepromazine for use in cattle & horses; do not confuse with Immobilon P (a component of artificial membranes)		3.67100
ici 199441
ICI 199441: structure given in first source; RN refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; a potent & selective kappa agonist		2.6830
noribogaine
noribogaine: structure given in first source. noribogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the primary (and long-lived) metabolite of ibogaine, the psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the African rainforest shrub Tabernanthe iboga.		2.1110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.4920
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0510organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0510
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.0510
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.3520
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		1.9410
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.4420
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.110organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ro 60-0175
Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.		2.0510indoles;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound
quercetin
[no description available]		3.58207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.6390prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
luteolin
[no description available]		2.05103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.0610alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9510
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.4120retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		2.1510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.4220leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		3.0650prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.3110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.3820disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		4.1320linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.19107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.82120alpha-humulene
tricin
tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure		2.06103'-methoxyflavones;
dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.1510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.0710thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		16.9410710morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		4.8442morphinane alkaloid
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		3.150morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		13.04242morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.940morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		10.68723morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		20.932118morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		11.497021organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		17.776612morphinane alkaloid
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		18.3151066morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
7-benzylidenenaltrexone
7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist		2.7430phenanthrenes
alpha-neoendorphin
alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family		1.9810
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.65100amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
beta-funaltrexamine
beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.34200morphinane alkaloid
bibp 3226
BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer		2.0710
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		1.9910oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		1.9910
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		2.6630
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		1.9710benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.11101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		15.8920980organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
thebaine
Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.55480morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
ag-490
[no description available]		2.2510catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		1.9410alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		1.9710alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.0310alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.4110
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.3520boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
ethylmorphine
Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		10.93802morphinane alkaloid
metopon
[no description available]		5.76221morphinane alkaloid
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		6.57280morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		3.5690morphinane alkaloid
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		3.0410boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9510metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
cyclorphan
cyclorphan: was heading 1965-94 (see under MORPHINANS 1965-90); use MORPHINANS to search CYCLORPHAN 1966-94		2.520
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.0410boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		18.172381cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		4.3722morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		8.313716-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		7.91471morphinane alkaloid
oxilorphan
oxilorphan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.9591
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		14.117242morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		7.33100phenanthrenes
n-methylnaltrindole
N-methylnaltrindole: structure given in first source		4.4951
desomorphine
desomorphine: an informal term for a cheap injectable illicit drug domestically prepared from codeine-containing medication in Russia		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
nicomorphine
nicomorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.7521morphinane alkaloid
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9610chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		2.1710alkaloid
menisdaurin
menisdaurin: structure in first source		2.0510
salutaridine
[no description available]		4.32190morphinane alkaloidanti-HBV agent;
metabolite
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		14.573874morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.08101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.4420butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.6930cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
oripavine
oripavine: from, Papaver orientale L. & P. bacterium Lindl; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6707; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. oripavine : A morphinane alkaloid with formula C18H19NO3. It is the major metabolite of thebaine.		2.8740ether;
morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic hydroxy compound;
tertiary amino compound		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
opioid analgesic
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9510monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.2510boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		10.39467morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		6.36500isoquinolines
binaltorphimine
binaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.4980
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0210morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		210oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		5.25510
chlornaltrexamine
chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer		2.8840
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-cys(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Cys(6)-: affinity label for delta-opiate receptors		2.8940
neuromedin c
neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.0610
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9710
enkephalin-met, ala(2)-
enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin		1.9610
naltrindole benzofuran
naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source		3.3870morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		4.1320gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		5.0740peptide
n-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8 beta-methyl-6-methylenemorphinan-3-ol
N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8 beta-methyl-6-methylenemorphinan-3-ol: has potent mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic properties; structure in first source		2.8840
azidomorphine
azidomorphine: narcotic agonist, semisynthetic deriv of morphine; RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6beta)-isomer		2.3620
noroxycodone
noroxycodone: RN given for (5alpha)-isomer; metabolite of oxycodone		10.354614phenanthrenes
n-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine
[no description available]		3.67100
sinococuline
sinococuline: isolated from Stephania sutchuenensis; RN given for (6beta,7beta,9alpha,13alpha)-isomer; structure in first source		3.1650
oxymorphazone
oxymorphazone: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		2.3720
oxymorphindole
oxymorphindole: no other info avail 9/91		2.3820
mr 1257 ms
Mr 1257 MS: structure; morphine antagonist		6.15110
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		1.9410triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		6.011110isoquinolines
noroxymorphone
noroxymorphone: an opioid for spinal analgesia; structure in first source		8.17223phenanthrenes
bombesin (6-13), phe(6) methyl ester-
bombesin (6-13), Phe(6) methyl ester-: bombesin antagonist		2.0610
cyprodime
cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.99380
6alpha-iodo-3,14-dihydroxy-17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan
6-iodo-3,14-dihydroxy-17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5-epoxymorphinan: RN and structure given in first source; RN given refers to epiioxy epimer, 6 alpha, 5 alpha; 6 beta, 5 alpha is ioxy epimer		2.9140
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9510ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source		2.4620
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		1.9710azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.1110chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.3720
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.0850maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
cedrene
cedrene: major constituent of cedarwood oil. cedr-8-ene : A sesquiterpene that is cedrane which has a double bond between positions 8 and 9.		1.9410bridged compound;
carbotricyclic compound;
polycyclic olefin;
sesquiterpene		human urinary metabolite;
volatile oil component
cilastatin
[no description available]		1.9710carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.3110
trk 820
TRK 820: structure in first source		12.931033phenanthrenes
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.3520galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		3.1910diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.4320cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		4.61270
stepholidine
stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist		1.9910
naloxonazine
naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		3.6190
sodium selenate
[no description available]		3.360
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.8940oligopeptide
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.4420aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
shu 9119
SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source		2.0110
6'-guanidinonaltrindole
6'-guanidinonaltrindole: a tissue-selective analgesic; structure in first source		2.4920
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
crebanine
crebanine: RN refers to R-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4220
deltorphin i, ala(2)-
deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		2.3820peptide
acutumine
acutumine: dechloroacutumine is the dechloro derivative of acutumine		2.5220alkaloid
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		3.2310chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		1.9810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		1.9710
eluxadoline
[no description available]		3.2710amino acid amide;
benzamides;
imidazoles;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
methoxybenzoic acid		delta-opioid receptor antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		3.2110
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		1.9710
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0710benzoxazole
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.41101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.8581
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		5.5292
ent-dextilidine
Tilidine: An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097). ent-dextilidine : An ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that has R configuration at the carbon bearing the phenyl group and S configuration at the carbon bearing the dimethylamino group. It is the enantiomer of dextilidine; the opioid analgesic tilidine is the racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextilidine and ent-dextilidine.. tilidine : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of the two trans diastereoisomers of ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate, namely dextilidine and ent-dextilidine. It is used (commonly as the hydrochloride hemihydrate) as an opioid analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. A prodrug, it is metabolised in the body to nortilidine, which is responsible for the analgesic activity; virtually all of the opioid activity resides in the (1S,2R) isomer.		2.3620ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.3520
norhydrocodone
norhydrocodone: metabolite of hydrocodone; structure in first source		2.2110
levoxadrol
[no description available]		1.9610
n-(3-fluoropropyl)-n-nordiprenorphine
N-(3-fluoropropyl)-N-nordiprenorphine: positron-emitting opioid receptor ligand; has major sex-dependent differences in its biodistribution & metabolism in the rat; structure given in first source		2.6730
hmr 1098
HMR 1098: KATP channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.83110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100
[no description available]		5.3350(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.5220
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		1.9710
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		6.14160
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.2510polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		1.9610peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		3.69100
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.4320
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		1.9510
beta-endorphin (1-27)
[no description available]		1.9610
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.0710
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.06501,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.		1.9710
chitosan
[no description available]		2.5220
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2
15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2		3.1310
liriodendrin
liriodendrin: 573-33-4 is liriodendrin; from bark of Plumeria rubra; structure given in first source		2.0510
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.3520
oxymatrine
oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects		2.0710
suvorexant
suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
aromatic amide;
diazepine;
organochlorine compound;
triazoles		central nervous system depressant;
orexin receptor antagonist
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.110
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.1710
rimorphin
rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin		2.0110
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		2.8940
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.0110
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		9.49391
7-hydroxymitragynine
7-hydroxymitragynine: an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa; structure in first source		2.0210alkaloid
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.1950
7-spiroindanyloxymorphone
7-spiroindanyloxymorphone: a delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
bi 653048 bs h3po4
BI 653048 BS H3PO4: structure in first source		2.1510
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		3.260
4,5-epoxymorphinan
4,5-epoxymorphinan: structure in first source		5.1780
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.3570ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		1.9410
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		1.9410
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		1.9410monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.3520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.8640benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		1.9510
almagate
pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration		12.79290
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan
SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.5890
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		2.420
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.0610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.2510
naloxegol
naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.		19.2610525aromatic ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
phenols;
polyether;
tertiary alcohol		cathartic;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
naloxazone
naloxazone: has high affinity for opiate receptor binding sites; structure given in first source		2.6830
tan 67
TAN 67: a non-peptidic selective delta-opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510
hectorite
hectorite: clay constituent of bentonite; approx. formula: Na0.67(Mg,Li)6Si8020(OH,F)4		2.1310
22-thiocyanatosalvinorin a
22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A: structure in first source		2.0710
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.6530
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		3.0450
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9410
deltakephalin
deltakephalin: synthetic, potent specific agonist for opiate delta receptors		3.0750
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.0710
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		2.8840
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.0810
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		3.1350
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.5280
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		1.9510
naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate
naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate: delta-opioid receptor antagonist & affinity label; structure given in first source		3.3670
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.3110
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9610
morphinandienone
morphinandienone: from Dehaasia longipedicellata; structure in first source		3.3160
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.7630
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.2510
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.39203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3820guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.5790guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.03102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.1110
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		4.59250nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		1.9510cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.1510benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.6430nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		3.2160nucleoside triphosphate analogue
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0410citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.9121(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
gtp gamma-4-azidoanilide
[no description available]		1.9810
eye
[no description available]		2.3920
norreticuline
norreticuline: opium alkaloid; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		2.4420secondary ammonium ion
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.6730
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9510
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		2.7430
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.6830
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		4.6950
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.44750
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.2150
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		06.19440
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.3110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		06.19440
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		011.41659
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.3110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.4460
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.4460
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.3110
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.5920
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.5920
Itching
[description not available]		012.33484
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		012.33484
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.3110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.8881
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.8881
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.9130
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.3110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.9130
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.3110
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.9540
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.9540
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		08.97411
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.97411
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.6620
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.6620
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		09.41294
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		09.41294
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.3160
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.4670
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.3160
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.4670
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.4551
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.4551
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.4110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.4110
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.1521
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.1521
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		06.67164
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		06.67164
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.920
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.4110
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.4110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3660
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.3660
Narcotic Bowel Syndrome
[description not available]		06.4111
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		017.988641
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.444120
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		017.988641
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		011.444120
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.1850
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.1850
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.6290
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.6290
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.610
Ache
[description not available]		017.9215952
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		022.9215952
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.6620
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.6620
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.3920
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.5190
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.2860
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.5190
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.03185
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.3131
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.2750
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.3131
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.6120
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.6120
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.730
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.730
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.2510
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Achalasia
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.4360
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.2510
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.2510
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		02.2510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.4360
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.8330
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.2510
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.2150
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.2510
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.0340
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.0340
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		07.0944
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		07.0944
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.6120
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.6120
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		06.0281
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		06.0281
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.4920
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.4920
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		010.33173
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		010.33173
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8940
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		02.2510
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		02.2510
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		011.6756
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		011.6756
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		014.441275
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		014.441275
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.03460
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.7730
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.8630
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.8630
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.5420
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.2510
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.2510
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.2510
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.2510
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.7830
Allodynia
[description not available]		04.07140
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6120
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.7830
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1250
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.3110
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.3110
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.3110
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.3110
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		04.22160
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.3110
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.3110
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		02.3110
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.3110
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5820
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5820
Emesis
[description not available]		09.631911
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		08.88179
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		09.631911
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.1510
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.1510
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.1510
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.1510
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.2640
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.2640
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.1510
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.1510
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		09.52203
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		09.52203
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1510
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.3820
Hiccough
[description not available]		02.1510
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1510
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.3820
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.4820
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.4820
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.4770
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.4770
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.1510
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.2350
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.2350
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.1510
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.1510
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		02.6630
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.9540
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.5720
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.9540
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.5720
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		09.84132
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		05.0140
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.0231
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		05.65102
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.0231
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		010.09673
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		010.09673
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.5720
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.5720
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.5720
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.5720
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.6840
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		04.6840
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		02.1510
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		02.1510
Metastase
[description not available]		02.9640
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.9640
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.7330
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.730
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.7330
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.8330
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.5220
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8330
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.5220
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		013.07168105
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		013.07168105
Sneezing
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.1710
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		02.1710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.41220
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.41220
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.1710
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.4880
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.4880
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.1710
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.4720
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		04.04150
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		04.04150
Aura
[description not available]		02.4220
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.4220
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.5220
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.5220
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.1110
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.1531
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.1710
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.1710
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		06.88204
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.88204
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.4420
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.4282
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.4282
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.320
Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures
[description not available]		02.1710
Ankle Fractures
Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.		02.1710
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3320
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.7221
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.3320
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.1710
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.1710
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		03.0910
Rheumatism
[description not available]		05.4331
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		03.0910
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		05.4331
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.1750
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.1750
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.4280
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.4280
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.5720
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.5820
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		010.55508
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.2110
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.2110
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.2110
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.2110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.2110
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.2110
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.2110
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.2110
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.9452
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.		02.2110
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.74110
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		02.2110
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.74110
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		02.2110
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.2110
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.2110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.0531
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0810
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		04.0531
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0810
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.0810
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.0810
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0810
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.0810
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		03.4711
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0810
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.4920
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.7821
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		04.7821
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.83120
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		06.41151
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.5220
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.5220
Xeroderma
[description not available]		02.1110
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		02.1110
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.520
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.520
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		03.0340
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		03.0340
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.411
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		04.411
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		07.02172
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		07.02172
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		06.87161
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		04.4111
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.0310
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.7221
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		03.0310
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		05.7221
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.1110
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		04.480
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		04.480
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4420
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.4420
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.1310
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.5320
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.8940
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.8940
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.5320
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.4620
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4620
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		05.3522
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		05.3522
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.6332
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.8940
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.1310
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.1310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.8940
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.1310
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		03.2560
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.2560
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.1310
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		02.1510
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		02.1510
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.1510
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1510
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.1510
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.1510
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms
Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.		02.1510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		05.23510
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.4951
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.4951
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.0410
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.0410
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.0410
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.0410
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.4120
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.0510
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.0510
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.3920
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.3951
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		05.3951
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		03.6430
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		02.0510
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.0510
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0510
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0510
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.2260
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.260
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.2260
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.260
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.0610
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.0610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.0610
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.0610
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.730
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.730
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.0710
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.0710
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.4520
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		02.4520
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.0810
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		04.0531
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		04.0531
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.0810
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.0810
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.0110
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.0110
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.3820
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.3820
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0110
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0110
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0110
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.9310
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.9310
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9310
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.0331
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.3420
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.0331
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		01.9410
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.6330
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.3620
Uterine Rupture
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.		01.9410
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		01.9410
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.16170
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.9310
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.2741
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.2741
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.0310
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0310
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.0310
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.0310
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.3720
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.3720
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.0310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.3820
Vasomotor Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.3820
Rhinitis, Vasomotor
A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.		02.0310
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.5163
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0410
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0410
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		02.0410
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		03.3570
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.6430
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.6430
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		05.1741
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		05.1741
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		07.05166
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.6630
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.6630
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		03.0650
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.0550
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		01.9610
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9610
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.8740
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.6125
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.8740
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		06.6125
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9610
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		01.9610
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9610
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.28131
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.9633
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.9633
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		01.9610
Icterus
[description not available]		03.3511
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.3511
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		01.9610
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		01.9610
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.6530
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.6530
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		05.9174
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		04.632
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		04.9633
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		04.9633
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9610
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9610
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9610
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		04.0431
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.8640
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6430
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		03.9750
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		03.5730
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		03.9750
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		01.9610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.260
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		03.260
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.8640
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.8640
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.3411
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		01.9810
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		01.9810
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		01.9810
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		01.9810
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		01.9810
Infection
[description not available]		02.6530
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.6530
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.420
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		0552
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.420
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		0552
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9910
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		01.9910
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		01.9910
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		01.9910
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		0210
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		0210
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		0210
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.3620
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.3620
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.3620
Anochlesia
[description not available]		03.0650
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.3411
Dizzyness
[description not available]		04.9633
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		04.9633
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		01.9510
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.8840
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.8840
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9510
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		01.9510
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		01.9510
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9510
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.3411
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.3411
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.3411
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9510
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		01.9510
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		01.9510
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9510
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9510
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.3520
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.4580
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		04.0331
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		02.3520
Drop Attack
[description not available]		01.9510
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		01.9510
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		01.9510
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		01.9510
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8910
Palsy
[description not available]		03.2820
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		03.2820
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		01.9710
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		01.9710
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		01.9710
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		01.9710
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		01.9710
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		01.9710
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		01.9710
Back Ache
[description not available]		01.9710
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		01.9710
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		03.3611
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		04.3222
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		03.3611
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		03.3611
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9710
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9710
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		01.9710
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		01.9710
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		01.9610
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		01.9610
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		01.9610
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		03.3511
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.3511
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.3511
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		01.9710
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		03.3511
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		04.632
Flatus
[description not available]		03.3511
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.3511
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		01.9710
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		03.3511
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		03.3511
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.3511
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.3511
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9710
Shock, Surgical
A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.		01.9610
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		01.9710
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		01.9610
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.3620
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.3620
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.3720
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		01.9610
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		01.9610
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		01.9610
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.6530
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.6530
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.3511
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.3511
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9610
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9610
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		01.9610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9610
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9610
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9610
Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9410
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9410
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		01.9510
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Marasmus
[description not available]		01.9510
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9510
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		01.9510
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		02.8640
Acne
[description not available]		01.9410
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9410
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9410
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9410
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9410
Day Blindness
[description not available]		01.9410
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		01.9410
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9410
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.3520
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		01.9410
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.8640
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.8610
Indigestion
[description not available]		01.9510
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.3520
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		01.9510
Blood Clot
[description not available]		01.9510
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		01.9510
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		01.9510
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9510
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		01.9510
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9410
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Hives
[description not available]		01.9510
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9510
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		01.9410
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9410
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		01.9410
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9410
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9410
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.3311
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		03.3311
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		03.3311
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3311
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.3520
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		01.9410
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		01.9410
Pus
[description not available]		01.9410
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		01.9410
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9410
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		01.9410
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9410
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		01.9410
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		01.9410
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		01.9410
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		01.9410
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		01.9410
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.3520
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.3520
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9510
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		01.9510
Aprosodia
[description not available]		01.9510
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		01.9510
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9510
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		01.9510
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		01.9510
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9510
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		01.9510
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		01.9410
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9410
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		01.9410
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		02.8610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.2620
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.3520
Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		01.9410
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9410
As If Personality
[description not available]		01.9410
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		01.9410
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		01.9410
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9410
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9410
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9410
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		01.9410
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9410
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		01.9410
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		01.9410
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9410
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		01.9410
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		01.9410
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		01.9410
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		01.9410
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9410
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		01.9410
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9410
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		01.9410
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9410
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9410
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9410
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9410
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.3520
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		01.9410
Neuroses
[description not available]		02.3520
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		02.3520
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		01.9410
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		01.9410
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		01.9410
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		01.9410
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9410
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		01.9410
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9410
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9410