deoxynivalenol profile

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum. It is a secondary metabolite that is commonly found in cereal grains, such as wheat, barley, oats, and corn. DON is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, which can lead to a variety of toxic effects in humans and animals. The toxin is synthesized through a complex pathway involving several enzymatic steps. DON contamination in food can lead to various health issues, including gastrointestinal disturbances, immune suppression, and neurological damage. The importance of studying DON lies in its widespread occurrence in food and its potential health risks. Research focuses on understanding its biosynthesis, toxicity mechanisms, and the development of strategies to reduce its contamination in food crops. '

deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	40024
CHEMBL ID	513300
CHEBI ID	10022
SCHEMBL ID	2694361
MeSH ID	M0050341

Synonym
nsc-269144
deoxynivalenol
vomitoxin
51481-10-8
desoxynivalenol
hsdb 7245
dehydronivalenol
3alpha,7alpha,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
trichothec-9-en-8-one, 12,13-epoxy-3,7,15-trihydroxy-, (3-alpha,7-alpha)-
12,13-epoxy-3-alpha,7-alpha,15-trihydroxy-9-trichothecen-8-one
ccris 7801
nsc 269144
rd toxin
4-desoxynivalenol
4-deoxynivalenol
CHEMBL513300
unii-jt37hyp23v
jt37hyp23v ,
12,13-epoxy-3-.alpha.,7-.alpha.,15-trihydroxy-9-trichothecen-8- one
deoxynivalenol [hsdb]
vomitoxin [mi]
trichothec-9-en-8-one, 12,13-epoxy-3,7,15-trihydroxy-, (3- .alpha.,7-.alpha.)-
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
SCHEMBL2694361
mfcd09039270
CHEBI:10022
trichothec-9-en-8-one,12,13-epoxy-3,7,15-trihydroxy-, (3a,7a)-
3?,7?,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
AC-35348
AKOS024457908
DTXSID3020382
deoxynivalenol, reference material
4-deoxynivalenol in acetonitrile, irmm(r) certified reference material
(3beta,7alpha)-3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
3J6 ,
Q420518
EX-A5479
trichothec-9-en-8-one, 12,13-epoxy-3,7,15-trihydroxy-, (3a,7a)-
HY-N6684
CS-W012154
(1r,2r,3s,7r,9r,10r,12s)-3,10-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dimethylspiro[8-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.02,7]dodec-5-ene-12,2'-oxirane]-4-one
A927926
deoxynivalenol 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
AS-75858
(1'r,2s,2'r,3's,7'r,9'r,10'r)-3',10'-dihydroxy-2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0?,?]dodecan]-5'-en-4'-one
trichothec-9-en-8-one, 12,13-epoxy-3,7,15-trihydroxy-, (2?,3?,6?,7?,11?,12?)-
20 - fusarium mycotoxins in maize oil

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type-B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by "	( In Vitro Analysis of Deoxynivalenol Influence on Steroidogenesis in Prostate. Domińska, K; Habrowska-Górczyńska, DE; Kowalska, K; Piastowska-Ciesielska, AW; Sakowicz, A; Urbanek, KA, 2021)	2.38
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of Fusarium toxin that can cause a variety of toxic effects. "	( The Protective Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 on Liver Injury Caused by DON-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity. Hao, L; Li, D; Li, Y; Liao, Y; Liu, L; Liu, S; Meng, Z; Nüssler, AK; Peng, Z; Wang, L; Yang, W; Zhou, X, 2021)	2.06
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common environmental toxin that is secreted by fusarium fungi that frequently contaminates feedstuff and food. "	( Chromatin Accessibility and Transcriptomic Alterations in Murine Ovarian Granulosa Cells upon Deoxynivalenol Exposure. Bao, W; Fan, H; Rehman, ZU; Ren, Z; Sun, MA; Wang, H; Wu, S; Wu, Z; Xu, C, 2021)	2.28
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of "	( [Pathomorphology und microbiology of the urogenital tract of reproductively failed sows with positive deoxynivalenol result]. Baumann, C; Kauffold, J; Schikore, N; Sigmarsson, HL; Sperling, D, 2021)	2.28
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates many crops, mainly wheat, maize, and barley. "	( Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology, Degradation by Bacteria, and Phylogenetic Analysis. De Pierri, CR; Evangelista, AG; Gomes, ASLPB; Luciano, FB; Pinto, ACSM, 2022)	3.61
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin that pollutes food crops and adversely affects the health of animals, even humans. "	( Bai, Y; Li, J; Ma, K; Ren, Z; Shan, A; Zhang, J, 2022)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an inevitable contaminant in cereals for infants. "	( Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase protects against deoxynivalenol-induced growth inhibition by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Anadón, A; Ares, I; Guo, M; He, L; Liu, A; Lopez-Torres, B; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Wang, X, 2022)	2.42
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous trichothecene mycotoxin in food. "	( Exposure assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol in pregnant women in Wuhan, China. Chen, T; Gong, L; Hao, L; Li, Q; Li, Y; Tan, T; Wang, H; Wei, S; Xiao, D; Yan, Y; Yang, N; Yang, X; Zhu, W, 2022)	2.45
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin, produced by filamentous fungi such as Fusarium graminearum, that causes significant yield losses of cereal grain crops worldwide. "	( Structure-function characterization of an aldo-keto reductase involved in detoxification of the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol. Abraham, N; Carere, J; Chan, J; Evans, N; Kimber, MS; Schroeter, KL; Seah, SYK; Zhou, T; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.38
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that has contaminated approximately 60% of the grains worldwide."	( Lactobacillus plantarum and Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: A Concise Review. Bracarense, APFRL; de Souza, M; Maidana, L, 2022)	1.74
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that has contaminated approximately 60% of the grains worldwide."	( Lactobacillus plantarum and Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: A Concise Review. Bracarense, APFRL; de Souza, M; Maidana, L, 2022)	1.74
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecenes produced by fungi that is widespread and poses a threat to human and animal health. "	( Analysis of the roles of the Notch1 signalling pathway in modulating deoxynivalenol cytotoxicity. Bao, W; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, S; Xiao, Y, 2022)	2.4
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type of mycotoxin that threatens human and livestock health. "	( Analysis of Bao, W; Fan, H; Gao, Z; Wang, H; Wu, S; Wu, Z; Xu, C, 2022)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread mycotoxin that affects the intestinal health of animals and humans. "	( Glycyrrhizic Acid and Compound Probiotics Supplementation Alters the Intestinal Transcriptome and Microbiome of Weaned Piglets Exposed to Deoxynivalenol. Chang, J; Liu, C; Liu, M; Wang, P; Xu, X; Yan, G; Yin, Q; Zhou, T, 2022)	2.37
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin present in staple foods (particularly in cereal products) that induces intestinal inflammation and disrupts intestinal integrity. "	( Lactoferrin Attenuates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation by Modulating the MAPK Pathway and Gut Microbes in Mice. Ahmed, AA; Bao, W; Cai, D; Gu, F; Gu, H; Hu, P; Liu, HY; Liu, Y; Zhao, Y; Zong, Q, 2022)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common environmental contaminant that causes food refusal and growth retardation in animals. "	( Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal flora disorders, dysfunction and organ damage in broilers and pigs. Jia, B; Lin, H; Liu, N; Wu, A; Yu, D; Yu, S, 2023)	2.76
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide, which is a serious threat to human and animal health."	( Selenium nanoparticles alleviate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in IPEC-J2 cells. Chang, J; Dou, X; Qiao, L; Song, X; Xu, C; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.91
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common toxin in grains and feeds, and DON exposure triggers severe small intestinal injury and inflammation, which harms the health of humans and livestock. "	( Paneth cells protect intestinal stem cell niche to alleviate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal injury. Cui, C; Li, L; Peng, J; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wei, H; Zheng, Y, 2023)	2.59
"Deoxynivalenol is a mycotoxin, produced by Fusarium from contaminated corn, wheat, and other grains, that induces multiple effects in humans and animals, including cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. "	( Toxicity of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol on Early Cleavage of Mouse Embryos by Fluorescence Intensity Analysis. Hu, LL; Li, HG; Liao, BY; Sun, SC; Wang, JL; Xu, Y, 2023)	2.65
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potential pathogenic factor to humans and animals, and intestinal tract is the primary target organ of DON. "	( The Effect of Low and High Dose Deoxynivalenol on Intestinal Morphology, Distribution, and Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines of Weaning Rabbits. Huang, L; Li, F; Wang, C; Wang, P; Wu, Z; Yang, W, 2019)	2.24
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum. "	( Deoxynivalenol induces oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Chen, B; Fan, Q; Fang, H; Fu, Y; Jin, Y; Li, R; Shen, J; Wang, J; Wang, R; Wu, S; Yu, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y; Zheng, K; Zhou, C, 2019)	3.4
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin, which is known to be extremely harmful to human and livestock health. "	( The Degradation of Deoxynivalenol by Using Electrochemical Oxidation with Graphite Electrodes and the Toxicity Assessment of Degradation Products. Gao, J; Li, X; Xiong, S; Yuan, W; Zhang, J; Zhao, C, 2019)	2.29
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by phytopathogenic Fusarium fungi in cereal grain and plays a role as a disease virulence factor. "	( The wheat SnRK1α family and its contribution to Fusarium toxin tolerance. Doohan, FM; Halford, NG; Malla, KB; Paul, MJ; Perochon, A; Váry, Z, 2019)	1.96
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. "	( Capping proteins regulate fungal development, DON-toxisome formation and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Chen, A; Chen, Y; Dawood, DH; Liang, J; Ma, Z; Tang, G, 2020)	2
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin virulence factor that promotes growth of the "	( Genome Editing of a Deoxynivalenol-Induced Transcription Factor Confers Resistance to Balcerzak, M; Brauer, EK; Leung, W; Ouellet, T; Rocheleau, H; Schernthaner, J; Subramaniam, R, 2020)	2.32
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by several species of "	( Oxidative Release of Thiol-Conjugated Forms of the Mycotoxin 4-Deoxynivalenol. Ivanova, L; Miles, CO; Uhlig, S, 2020)	2.24
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin existed in animal feed, and lead to significant economic loss due to its negative impacts on animal growth performance and animal health. "	( The toxic effects and potential mechanisms of deoxynivalenol on the structural integrity of fish gill: Oxidative damage, apoptosis and tight junctions disruption. Feng, L; Huang, C; Jiang, J; Jiang, WD; Kuang, SY; Liu, XA; Liu, Y; Tang, L; Wu, P; Zhou, XQ, 2020)	2.26
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin from the trichothecene family of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. "	( Autophagy protects PC12 cells against deoxynivalenol toxicity via the Class III PI3K/beclin 1/Bcl-2 pathway. Cao, L; Feng, S; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xu, W; Zhu, L, 2020)	2.27
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a highly abundant mycotoxin that exerts many adverse effects on humans and animals. "	( Dual Function of a Novel Bacterium, Chen, X; Deng, Y; Gao, X; Miao, X; Mu, P; Tang, S; Wang, X; Wen, J; Wu, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	2
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecenes that is widely contaminating human and animal foods, leading to several toxicological implications if ingested. "	( Deoxynivalenol-induced alterations in the redox status of HepG2 cells: identification of lipid hydroperoxides, the role of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling, and protective effects of zinc. Chen, Z; Chiba, H; Darwish, WS; Hui, SP; Li, Y; Tan, H, 2020)	3.44
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by multipleFusariumspecies that often contaminates cereals and threatens human and animal health. "	( Low doses of deoxynivalenol inhibit the cell migration mediated by H3K27me3-targeted downregulation of TEM8 expression. Deng, Y; Huang, B; Li, H; Mu, H; Mu, P; Yuan, L; Zhu, W, 2020)	2.37
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin which causes serious damage to the animal intestinal mucosa."	( Porcine milk exosome miRNAs protect intestinal epithelial cells against deoxynivalenol-induced damage. Chen, T; Hou, LJ; Li, M; Luo, JY; Sun, JJ; Xi, QY; Xie, MY; Zeng, B; Zhang, YL, 2020)	1.51
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereals, and pigs are one of the most sensitive farm species to DON. "	( Minimal Concentrations of Deoxynivalenol Reduce Cytokine Production in Individual Lymphocyte Populations in Pigs. Faldyna, M; Hlavová, K; Hodkovicová, N; Levá, L; Matiašovic, J; Šťastný, K; Štěpánová, H; Vícenová, M, 2020)	2.3
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type of cytotoxic mycotoxin that targets the mitochondria in cells. "	( Effects of deoxynivalenol on mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in pig spleen lymphocytes. Deng, J; Deng, Y; Guo, C; He, H; Hu, H; Hu, Y; Liu, H; Ren, Z; Xu, S; Yu, S; Zhong, Z; Zhu, L; Zuo, Z, 2020)	2.39
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an unavoidable cereal crops contaminants and environmental pollutants, which seriously threated the health of human and animal. "	( Deoxynivalenol induced spermatogenesis disorder by blood-testis barrier disruption associated with testosterone deficiency and inflammation in mice. Cao, Z; Huang, W; Li, Y; Sun, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Deoxynivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin which naturally contaminates small grain, cereals intended for human and animal consumption. "	( N-acetyl-cysteine in combination with celecoxib inhibits Deoxynivalenol induced skin tumor initiation via induction of autophagic pathways in swiss mice. Asthana, S; Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Sharma, D; Srivastava, S; Wahajuddin, M, 2020)	2.25
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an unavoidable contaminant in human food, animal feeds, and agricultural products. "	( Epigenetic upregulation of galanin-like peptide mediates deoxynivalenol induced-growth inhibition in pituitary cells. Anadón, A; Ares, I; Hu, S; Liu, A; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Wang, X; Wu, Q, 2020)	2.25
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin found in grains that poses a potential threat to human and animal health, and the gastrointestinal tract is the primary target organ. "	( The Effects of Deoxynivalenol on the Ultrastructure of the Huang, L; Liu, Q; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wang, P, 2020)	2.35
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species in cereals that can be harmful to the health of humans and animals. "	( Fate of deoxynivalenol and degradation products degraded by aqueous ozone in contaminated wheat. Gao, Y; Ji, J; Sun, C; Sun, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, G, 2020)	2.44
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common trichothecene mycotoxin found worldwide. "	( Deoxynivalenol Induces Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial Pathway in Hippocampal Nerve Cells of Piglet. Cao, L; Chu, X; Feng, S; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xu, W; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L, 2021)	3.51
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin predominantly produced by Fusarium genus, and widely contaminates cereals and associated products all over the world. "	( Mechanism of deoxynivalenol mediated gastrointestinal toxicity: Insights from mitochondrial dysfunction. Qi, D; Rajput, SA; Wang, S; Wu, K; Xue, D; Zhang, C, 2021)	2.43
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a vital virulence factor of Fusarium graminearum, which causes Fusarium head blight (FHB). "	( Mechanism of validamycin A inhibiting DON biosynthesis and synergizing with DMI fungicides against Fusarium graminearum. Bian, C; Duan, Y; Tao, X; Wang, J; Xiu, Q; Zhou, M, 2021)	2.06
"Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is a Type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, frequently contaminates cereal staples, such as wheat, barley and corn. "	( Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide in Anorexia Induction Following Oral Exposure to the Trichothecene Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin). He, CH; Jia, H; Lu, X; Wu, WD; Zhang, HB; Zhang, J, 2017)	2.1
"4-Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by plant pathogenic field fungi and is regulated in many countries worldwide."	( Selectivity of commercial immunoaffinity columns for modified forms of the mycotoxin 4-deoxynivalenol (DON). Hussain, F; Miles, CO; Stanic, A; Uhlig, S, 2017)	1.24
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that frequently contaminates cereal and cereal-based food and induces liver injury. "	( Protective capabilities of silymarin and inulin nanoparticles against hepatic oxidative stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Deoxynivalenol in rats. Abdel-Aziem, SH; Abdel-Wahhab, MA; El-Nekeety, AA; Hassan, NS; Mehaya, FM; Salman, AS, 2018)	2.13
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin from the trichothecene family of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi that cause disease in grains. "	( An impact of Deoxynivalenol produced by Fusarium graminearum on broiler chickens. Cheng, YH; Dybus, A; Hsiao, FS; Proskura, WS; Siao, YH; Yu, YH, 2018)	2.29
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin, mainly produced by Fusarium sp., most frequently occurring in cereals and cereal-based products. "	( Rapid prediction of deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat bran by MOS-based electronic nose and characterization of the relevant pattern of volatile compounds. Cervellieri, S; Damascelli, A; De Girolamo, A; Di Gioia, A; Lippolis, V; Longobardi, F; Pascale, M, 2018)	2.25
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene, produced by the Fusarium species. "	( Deoxynivalenol as potential modulator of human steroidogenesis. Domińska, K; Habrowska-Górczyńska, DE; Kowalska, K; Piastowska-Ciesielska, AW; Stańczyk, A; Urbanek, KA, 2018)	3.37
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by "	( Transcriptome Analysis of Di, R; Lawton, MA; Zhang, H, 2018)	1.92
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that affects the intestinal morphology of animals, impairing nutrient intake and growth. "	( Low Levels of Chito-Oligosaccharides Are Not Effective in Reducing Deoxynivalenol Toxicity in Swine Jejunal Explants. Bracarense, AP; Buck, L; Calliari, CM; Gerez, J; Marutani, VH, 2018)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium toxin, to which humans are frequently exposed via diet. "	( Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in an elderly cohort in the UK: a biomonitoring approach. Atkin, SL; Brera, C; De Santis, B; Debegnach, F; Greetham, S; Hardie, LJ; Liu, Y; Miano, B; Moretti, G; Papageorgiou, M; Sathyapalan, T; Wells, L; White, KLM; Williams, C, 2018)	2.28
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of natural pollutant belonging to the trichothecenes family. "	( Oxidative Damage and Nrf2 Translocation Induced by Toxicities of Deoxynivalenol on the Placental and Embryo on Gestation Day 12.5 d and 18.5 d. Chen, JH; Pan, JQ; Wei, ZY; Xu, ZH; Yu, M, 2018)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that exerts multiple toxic effects on plants, animals and humans. "	( EGR1 is essential for deoxynivalenol-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells via the ATF3ΔZip2a/2b-EGR1-p21 pathway. Deng, Y; Huang, B; Li, H; Mu, H; Mu, P; Yuan, L, 2018)	2.24
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin capable of producing a variety of toxic effects in human and animals. "	( Deoxynivalenol induces toxicity and apoptosis in piglet hippocampal nerve cells via the MAPK signaling pathway. Chen, X; Chu, X; Fan, M; Feng, S; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, D, 2018)	3.37
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin found in cereals as well as in processed products such as pasta, and causes substantial economic losses for stock breeding as it induces vomiting, reduced feeding, and reduced growth rates in piglets. "	( Deoxynivalenol Affects Cell Metabolism and Increases Protein Biosynthesis in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2): DON Increases Protein Biosynthesis. Dänicke, S; Dieterich, DC; Isermann, B; Kahlert, S; Landgraf, P; Nossol, C; Oster, M; Rothkötter, HJ; Wimmers, K, 2018)	3.37
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a cytotoxic mycotoxin that can cause cell damages. "	( Sodium selenite inhibits deoxynivalenol-induced injury in GPX1-knockdown porcine splenic lymphocytes in culture. Cao, S; Chen, C; Deng, J; Fan, Y; Hu, Y; Ma, X; Peng, G; Ren, Z; Shen, L; Wang, X; Xu, Z; Yu, S; Zhang, Z; Zhong, Z; Zhou, Z; Zuo, Z, 2018)	2.23
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, which can be predominantly found in agricultural crops such as wheat. "	( Electrochemical nanoprobe-based immunosensor for deoxynivalenol mycotoxin residues analysis in wheat samples. Elliott, CT; García-Febrero, R; Marco, MP; Sánchez-Baeza, F; Valera, E, 2019)	2.21
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type of mycotoxin that is disruptive to intestinal and immune systems. "	( Genome-Wide DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Analysis of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells upon Deoxynivalenol Exposure. Bao, W; Wang, H; Wang, S; Wu, S; Zhao, C; Zong, Q, 2019)	2.17
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates grains and feed. "	( Conversion of DON to 3-epi-DON in vitro and toxicity reduction of DON in vivo by Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Jiang, C; Jin, M; Lei, S; Lian, Z; Pang, B; Qu, R; Shao, D; Shi, J; Wu, W, 2019)	1.96
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a class of mycotoxin produced in cereal crops infected with "	( Impact of Five Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors on DON Biosynthesis of Chen, D; Duan, Y; Li, J; Li, M; Xu, C; Zhou, M; Zhou, Z, 2019)	1.96
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp., and is known to elicit pro-inflammatory responses in the cell. "	( Cytoprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against deoxynivalenol-induced toxicity through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in HT-29 cells. Bharathi Priya, L; Kalaiselvi, P; Padma, VV; Rajashree, K, 2013)	2.07
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major B-trichothecene that draws importance from its natural occurrence in cereals worldwide. "	( Effects of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide on electrophysiological parameters in growing pigs. Breves, G; Dänicke, S; Halawa, A; Kersten, S, 2012)	2.21
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common Fusarium toxin in poultry feed. "	( The toxicological impacts of the Fusarium mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, in poultry flocks with special reference to immunotoxicity. Awad, W; Böhm, J; Ghareeb, K; Zentek, J, 2013)	2.08
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite by fungal species. "	( Gene expression profiling analysis of deoxynivalenol-induced inhibition of mouse thymic epithelial cell proliferation. Deng, L; Deng, X; Fan, X; Li, D; Li, Y; Ma, H; Ma, Y; Yan, H; Ye, Y; Zhang, Y, 2013)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that reduces feed intake and animal performance, especially in swine. "	( Effects of dietary arginine and glutamine on alleviating the impairment induced by deoxynivalenol stress and immune relevant cytokines in growing pigs. He, L; Huang, R; Li, T; Wang, Q; Wang, W; Wu, L; Yang, L; Yang, X; Yao, K; Yin, J; Yin, Y; Zhang, H; Zhou, T, 2013)	2.06
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin affecting wheat quality. "	( Analysis of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in hard red spring wheat inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Anderson, J; Ohm, JB; Ovando-Martínez, M; Ozsisli, B; Simsek, S; Whitney, K, 2013)	2.21
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin found in wheat that is infected with Fusarium fungus. "	( Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in hard red spring wheat grown in the USA. Ohm, JB; Ovando-Martínez, M; Ozsisli, B; Simsek, S; Whitney, K, 2013)	2.19
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. "	( In vitro effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Chorfi, Y; Gagnon, CA; Pinilla, V; Provost, C; Savard, C; Segura, M, 2014)	2.17
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite by fungal species. "	( Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in mouse thymic epithelial cells through mitochondria-mediated pathway. Chen, J; Ji, C; Li, D; Li, Y; Ma, H; Ma, Y; Ouyang, D; Tang, X; Ye, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium toxin that causes a variety of toxic effects with symptoms such as diarrhoea and low weight gain. "	( Role of oxidative stress in Deoxynivalenol induced toxicity. Das, M; Dwivedi, PD; Mishra, S; Pandey, HP, 2014)	2.14
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp. "	( Inhibitory effects of deoxynivalenol on gastric secretion in rats. He, C; Ren, Z; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, W; Yue, H; Zhang, H, 2014)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a group B trichothecene and a common contaminant of crops worldwide. "	( Deoxynivalenol: signaling pathways and human exposure risk assessment--an update. Dohnal, V; Kuča, K; Tian, Z; Wang, Z; Wu, Q, 2014)	3.29
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin regularly occurring in cereals. "	( Deoxynivalenol (DON) sulfonates as major DON metabolites in rats: from identification to biomarker method development, validation and application. Berthiller, F; Hametner, C; Moll, WD; Nagl, V; Schwartz-Zimmermann, HE; Slavik, V, 2014)	3.29
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp and is a common contaminant of grains in North America. "	( Effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on in vivo and in vitro porcine circovirus type 2 infections. Alvarez, F; Chorfi, Y; Gagnon, CA; Jacques, M; Music, N; Pinilla, V; Provost, C; Savard, C, 2015)	2.26
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly detected in cereals and grains world-wide. "	( A novel Peptide-binding motifs inference approach to understand deoxynivalenol molecular toxicity. Hassan, YI; Li, XZ; Watts, C; Zhou, T, 2015)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin affecting animals and plants. "	( Early events induced by the toxin deoxynivalenol lead to programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum cells. Arbelet-Bonnin, D; Bouteau, F; Briand, J; Errakhi, R; Lebrihi, A; Mathieu, F; Sabaou, N; Tran, D; Yekkour, A, 2015)	2.14
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a protein synthesis inhibitor produced by the Fusarium species, which frequently contaminates grains used for human or animal consumption. "	( The Metabolic Fate of Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated Derivatives in a Wheat Suspension Culture: Identification and Detection of DON-15-O-Glucoside, 15-Acetyl-DON-3-O-Glucoside and 15-Acetyl-DON-3-Sulfate. Adam, G; Berthiller, F; Fruhmann, P; Krska, R; Malachová, A; Michlmayr, H; Schmeitzl, C; Schuhmacher, R; Warth, B, 2015)	2.17
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important Fusarium toxin of concern for food safety. "	( MEIS3 is repressed in A549 lung epithelial cells by deoxynivalenol and the repression contributes to the deleterious effect. Kamei, K; Takahashi, H; Toyotome, T, 2016)	2.13
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium fungi, which is found in a wide range of agricultural products, especially in wheat, barley, oat and corn. "	( Effect of Ozone Treatment on Deoxynivalenol and Wheat Quality. Chen, Z; Li, Y; Luo, X; Luo, Y; Shao, H; Wang, L; Wang, R, 2016)	2.17
"Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is a toxic secondary metabolite generated by Fusarium species, is synthesized through two separate acetylation pathways. "	( Acetylated Deoxynivalenol Generates Differences of Gene Expression that Discriminate Trichothecene Toxicity. Iwahashi, Y; Suzuki, T, 2016)	2.27
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin which contaminates agricultural staples and elicits a complex spectrum of toxic effects on humans and animals. "	( Deoxynivalenol exposure induces autophagy/apoptosis and epigenetic modification changes during porcine oocyte maturation. Cui, XS; Han, J; Kim, NH; Liu, J; Sun, SC; Wang, QC; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CC, 2016)	3.32
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a stable mycotoxins found in cereals infected by certain fungal species and causes adverse health effects in animals and human such as vomiting, diarrhea and reproductive toxicity. "	( Deoxynivalenol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cao, X; Deng, C; Deng, X; Feng, Y; Ji, C; Li, Y; Qin, W; Srinivas, S; Zhong, J, 2016)	3.32
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin contaminant and is known to impair intestinal barrier function."	( Protective Capacity of Resveratrol, a Natural Polyphenolic Compound, against Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Bacterial Translocation. El-Nezami, H; Ling, KH; Wan, ML; Wang, M, 2016)	1.38
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequent mycotoxin contaminant in cereal crops worldwide and can cause adverse health effects in exposed animals and humans. "	( Assessment of deoxynivalenol exposure among Bangladeshi and German adults by a biomarker-based approach. Ali, N; Blaszkewicz, M; Degen, GH, 2016)	2.24
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite associated with Fusarium species pathogenic to important food crops. "	( Effects of chronic deoxynivalenol exposure on p53 heterozygous and p53 homozygous mice. Armstrong, C; Aziz, SA; Bondy, GS; Caldwell, D; Coady, L; Curran, I; Gannon, AM; Liston, V; Mehta, R; Nunnikhoven, A; Shenton, J, 2016)	2.21
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite and contaminant mycotoxin that is widely detected in wheat and corn products cultivated around the world. "	( Beyond Ribosomal Binding: The Increased Polarity and Aberrant Molecular Interactions of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Hassan, YI; Zhou, T; Zhu, H; Zhu, Y, 2016)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal crops and has various toxic effects in animals and humans. "	( Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in IPEC-J2 Cells. Su, XO; Wang, PL; Wang, RG; Wang, SB; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZQ, 2016)	2.11
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by the "	( Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol via Glycosylation Represents Novel Insights on Antagonistic Activities of Trichoderma when Confronted with Fusarium graminearum. Chen, J; de Saeger, S; Liao, Y; Liu, N; Tan, Y; Tian, Y; Wu, A; Yan, Z; Yang, H; Zhang, Q, 2016)	2.21
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin which has toxic effects on humans and animals. "	( Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on mouse endometrial stromal cells: Cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Dai, Y; Xie, H; Xu, Y, 2017)	2.26
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found trichothecene mycotoxin that elicits toxic effects on humans and animals. "	( Deoxynivalenol induces toxic effects in the ovaries of pigs: An ex vivo approach. Bracarense, APFRL; Desto, SS; Gerez, JR, 2017)	3.34
"Deoxynivalenol is a food borne mycotoxin belonging to the trichothecenes family that may cause severe injuries in human and animals. "	( In silico analysis sheds light on the structural basis underlying the ribotoxicity of trichothecenes-A tool for supporting the hazard identification process. Dall'Asta, C; Dellafiora, L; Galaverna, G, 2017)	1.9
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by molds of the Fusarium genus, and it is known to cause a spectrum of diseases both in humans and animals, such as emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, immunotoxicity, hematological disorders, impairment of maternal reproduction, and fetal development. "	( Mechanism of deoxynivalenol effects on the reproductive system and fetus malformation: Current status and future challenges. Chen, L; Liu, L; Nüssler, AK; Peng, Z; Wu, Q; Yang, W; Yu, M, 2017)	2.27
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that frequently contaminates wheat, corn and barley in temperate regions."	( Deoxynivalenol: rationale for development and application of a urinary biomarker. Burley, VJ; Cade, JE; Rothwell, JA; Turner, PC; White, KL; Wild, CP, 2008)	2.51
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, a pathogen causing Fusarium Head Blight of wheat. "	( [Development of the monoclonal antibody to deoxynivalenol]. Chen, Z; Ji, F; Lu, Q; Shi, J; Xu, J, 2008)	2.05
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereals and causes various toxicological effects."	( The food contaminant deoxynivalenol, decreases intestinal barrier permeability and reduces claudin expression. Bracarense, AP; Del Rio, JC; Ferrier, L; Kolf-Clauw, M; Marin, DE; Moreno, C; Nougayrède, JP; Oswald, IP; Pinton, P, 2009)	1.39
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin and a cereals contamination, whose cytotoxicity has been shown in animals and various cells. "	( The role of oxidative stress in deoxynivalenol-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Cao, J; Geng, C; Jiang, L; Zhang, X; Zhong, L, 2009)	2.08
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite found on wheat, maize and barley. "	( A comparison of 24 h urinary deoxynivalenol with recent v. average cereal consumption for UK adults. Cade, JE; Taylor, EF; Turner, PC; White, KL; Wild, CP, 2009)	2.09
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prevalent and resistant mycotoxin found in cereals and related products. "	( Assessment of deoxynivalenol (DON) adsorbents and characterisation of their efficacy using complementary in vitro tests. Cavret, S; Laurent, N; Lecoeur, S; Mazallon, M; Videmann, B, 2010)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite that frequently contaminates cereal crops including wheat, maize and barley. "	( Urine metabolite analysis as a function of deoxynivalenol exposure: an NMR-based metabolomics investigation. Burley, VJ; Fisher, J; Hopton, RP; Turner, E; Turner, PC, 2010)	2.07
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin. "	( Determination of deoxynivalenol in cereal-based foods and estimation of dietary exposure. Cho, TY; Chun, HS; Kim, HJ; Oh, KS; Ok, HE, 2009)	2.14
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin that contaminates cereals and their by-products. "	( Deoxynivalenol impairs porcine intestinal barrier function and decreases the protein expression of claudin-4 through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Braicu, C; Laffitte, J; Nougayrede, JP; Oswald, IP; Pinton, P; Taranu, I, 2010)	3.25
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin found in cereal grains and cereal-based foods. "	( Stability of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) during the production of flour-based foods and wheat flake cereal. Snook, ME; Voss, KA, 2010)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species and is often detected in grains. "	( The effects of deoxynivalenol on gene expression in the murine thymus. Hendriksen, PJ; Peijnenburg, A; van Kol, SW; van Loveren, H, 2011)	2.16
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium derived mycotoxin, often occurring on cereals used for human and animal nutrition. "	( Vulnerability of polarised intestinal porcine epithelial cells to mycotoxin deoxynivalenol depends on the route of application. Dänicke, S; Diesing, AK; Kahlert, S; Kluess, J; Nossol, C; Post, A; Rothkötter, HJ; Walk, N, 2011)	2.04
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous contaminant of cereal crops in temperate regions of the world. "	( Deoxynivalenol exposure assessment in a cohort of pregnant women from Bradford, UK. Azad, R; Burley, VJ; Fraser, LK; Hardie, LJ; Hepworth, SJ; McKinney, PA; Mijal, RS; Turner, PC; Wild, CP, 2012)	3.26
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin and virulence factor produced by Fusarium graminearum. "	( Deoxynivalenol biosynthesis-related gene expression during wheat kernel colonization by Fusarium graminearum. Hallen-Adams, HE; Kuldau, GA; Trail, F; Wenner, N, 2011)	3.25
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin found on wheat, maize and barley. "	( A biomarker survey of urinary deoxynivalenol in China: the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Chow, WH; Gao, YT; Hardie, LJ; Ji, BT; Shu, XO; Turner, PC; Zheng, W, 2011)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by molds of the Fusarium genus and is known to cause a spectrum of diseases in animals such as vomiting and gastroenteritis. "	( Impact of physicochemical parameters on the decomposition of deoxynivalenol during extrusion cooking of wheat grits. Cramer, B; Humpf, HU; Lohrey, L; Wu, Q; Yuan, Z, 2011)	2.05
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that is associated with Fusarium spp."	( Effect of ozone treatment on the safety and quality of malting barley. Dodd, JG; Schwarz, P; Tobias, D; Vashisht, A; Vegi, A; Wolf-Hall, CE, 2011)	1.09
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin which contaminates cereal crops and harmfully affects the gastrointestinal tract. "	( Involvement of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in deoxynivalenol cytotoxicity. Bacha, H; Bensassi, F; Gallerne, C; Hajlaoui, MR; Lemaire, C; Sharaf El Dein, O, 2012)	2.07
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a hazardous and globally prevalent mycotoxin in cereals. "	( A novel actinomycete derived from wheat heads degrades deoxynivalenol in the grain of wheat and barley affected by Fusarium head blight. Imai, M; Ito, M; Koitabashi, M; Sato, I; Tsushima, S; Yoshida, S, 2012)	2.07
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin produced by certain species of Fusarium fungi that can infest wheat, barley and corn. "	( Signal amplification using colloidal gold in a biolayer interferometry-based immunosensor for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Maragos, CM, 2012)	2.03
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. "	( Factors influencing deoxynivalenol accumulation in small grain cereals. Wegulo, SN, 2012)	2.15
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a natural toxin of fungi that cause Fusarium head blight disease of wheat and other small-grain cereals. "	( Bacterial cytochrome P450 system catabolizing the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol. Ishizaka, M; Ito, M; Koitabashi, M; Sato, I; Tsushima, S; Yoshida, S, 2013)	2.07
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds and affects intestinal nutrient absorption and barrier function in experimental and farm animals. "	( The human fecal microbiota metabolizes deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and may be responsible for urinary deepoxy-deoxynivalenol. Duncan, G; Gratz, SW; Richardson, AJ, 2013)	2.1
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species which is commonly found in temperate regions worldwide as a natural contaminant of cereals. "	( Deoxynivalenol as a new factor in the persistence of intestinal inflammatory diseases: an emerging hypothesis through possible modulation of Th17-mediated response. Abrami, R; Cano, PM; Cognie, J; Guzylack-Piriou, L; Meurens, F; Oswald, IP; Seeboth, J, 2013)	3.28
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin belonging to the tricothecene family that has many toxic effects in animals, including diarrhea and weight loss. "	( The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affects nutrient absorption in human intestinal epithelial cells. Fantini, J; Garmy, N; Mahfoud, R; Maresca, M, 2002)	2.12
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently found as a contaminant of cereal crops and may be etiologically associated with adverse health effects in developing countries where considerable quantities of contaminated crops are consumed. "	( Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Ashcroft, AE; Meky, FA; Miller, JD; Qiao, YL; Roth, MJ; Turner, PC; Wild, CP, 2003)	2.01
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species infecting cereal crops. "	( Microbial detoxification of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Karlovsky, P; Schollenberger, M; Vogler, B; Völkl, A, 2004)	2.04
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide. "	( Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans. Pestka, JJ; Smolinski, AT, )	3.02
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin of the trichothecenes family to which human exposure levels can be high. "	( Deoxynivalenol transport across human intestinal Caco-2 cells and its effects on cellular metabolism at realistic intestinal concentrations. Garsou, S; Larondelle, Y; Parys, M; Pussemier, L; Schneider, YJ; Sergent, T, 2006)	3.22
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by molds of the Fusarium genus, which are able to infect cereal crops in the field. "	( Thermal degradation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Beyer, M; Bretz, M; Cramer, B; Humpf, HU; Knecht, A, 2006)	2.03
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in feedstuffs. "	( In vitro effects of deoxynivalenol on small intestinal D-glucose uptake and absorption of deoxynivalenol across the isolated jejunal epithelium of laying hens. Aschenbach, JR; Awad, WA; Böhm, J; Razzazi-Fazeli, E; Setyabudi, FM; Zentek, J, 2007)	2.11
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species and is toxic to a wide range of organisms, including human beings and livestock. "	( Purification of deoxynivalenol from Fusarium graminearum rice culture and mouldy corn by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Boland, GJ; He, J; Li, XZ; Tsao, R; Yang, R; Young, JC; Zhou, T; Zhu, H, 2007)	2.13
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by what are thought to be the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi of the Fusarium genus. "	( Induction of apoptosis and activation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in deoxynivalenol-treated cell lines. Baltriukiene, D; Bukelskiene, V; Kalvelyte, A, 2007)	2.02
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin commonly contaminating wheat, barley and corn. "	( Synthesis and characterization of deoxynivalenol glucuronide: its comparative immunotoxicity with deoxynivalenol. Cunnick, J; Hendrich, S; Murphy, P; Wu, X, 2007)	2.06
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxic contaminant of cereal grains in Europe and North America. "	( Epithelial transport of deoxynivalenol: involvement of human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2). Cavret, S; Lecoeur, S; Tep, J; Videmann, B, 2007)	2.09
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite that frequently contaminates cereal crops. "	( Urinary deoxynivalenol is correlated with cereal intake in individuals from the United kingdom. Cade, JE; Gong, Y; Rothwell, JA; Turner, PC; White, KL; Wild, CP, 2008)	2.22
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin food contaminant found in several cereal grains. "	( Rat liver clone-9 cells in culture as a model for screening hepatotoxic potential of food-related products: hepatotoxicity of deoxynivalenol. Chirtel, SJ; Flynn, TJ; Garthoff, LH; Robl, MG; Ruggles, DI; Sahu, SC; Sobotka, TJ, 2008)	1.99
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various species of fungi. "	( In vitro toxicity induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) on human and rat granulomonocytic progenitors. Hoellinger, H; Lautraite, S; Parent-Massin, D; Rio, B, 1997)	2.03
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic natural metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum. "	( Utilization of highly deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat via extrusion processing. Accerbi, M; Ng, PK; Rinaldi, VE, 1999)	2.06
"Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) is an important economic factor in pig production due to growth depression and suppression of the immune system."	( [The significance of the mycotoxins desoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A for agricultural domestic animals]. Böhm, J, 1992)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Deoxynivalenol has a low absolute oral bioavailability (19.3%)."	( Toxicokinetic study and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in broiler chickens. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Goossens, J; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V, 2013)	1.36
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) has drawn global attention because of its prevalence and significant effects on human or animal health. "	( Deoxynivalenol: Masked forms, fate during food processing, and potential biological remedies. Guo, H; Ji, J; Sun, X; Wang, JS, 2020)	3.44
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) has critical health effects if the contaminated grains consumed by humans or animals. "	( The feed contaminant deoxynivalenol affects the intestinal barrier permeability through inhibition of protein synthesis. Awad, WA; Zentek, J, 2015)	2.18
"The deoxynivalenol detection has been conducted according to an optimised REP assay protocol using deoxynivalenol standards at varying concentrations and a standard curve was obtained (y=-20.33ln(x)+124.06; R(2)=0.97) with a limit of detection of 6.25 ng/ml."	( Fast and sensitive detection of mycotoxins in wheat using microfluidics based Real-time Electrochemical Profiling. Budak, S; Ersoy, A; Esen, E; Muhammad, T; Olcer, Z; Uludag, Y, 2014)	0.88
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) has various toxicological effects in humans and pigs that result from the ingestion of contaminated cereal products. "	( An NMR-based metabolomic approach to investigate the effects of supplementation with glutamic acid in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol. Adeola, O; Duan, J; Hu, J; Li, T; Liu, G; Oso, AO; Ren, W; Tan, B; Wu, M; Xiao, H; Xiong, X; Yao, K; Yin, J; Yin, Y, 2014)	2.05
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) has broad toxicity in animals and humans. "	( Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in PC12 cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Chen, X; Fan, M; Feng, S; Gong, J; Hu, W; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Meng, T; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xu, W; Zhu, D, 2016)	3.32
"Deoxynivalenol has negative influences on the health and performance of chicks."	( Genotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens fed low-protein feeds. Awad, WA; Böhm, J; Dadak, A; Ghareeb, K; Gille, L; Hess, M; Staniek, K, 2012)	1.42
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) has been recently documented to deteriorate intestinal morphology in chickens at dietary doses that are regarded as safe for this species. "	( Deoxynivalenol as a contaminant of broiler feed: intestinal development, absorptive functionality, and metabolism of the mycotoxin. Blajet-Kosicka, A; Böhm, J; Khan, MZ; Kosicki, R; Rehman, H; Yunus, AW, 2012)	3.26
"Deoxynivalenol has a low absolute oral bioavailability (19.3%)."	( Toxicokinetic study and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in broiler chickens. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Goossens, J; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V, 2013)	1.36

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment of deoxynivalenol [3] in MeOH with hypochlorite bleach containing added NaOH gave rise to a single major product, the 9 alpha, 10 alpha, 12 beta, 13 beta-diepoxy-8,15-hemiketal 4. "	( Hypochlorite-promoted transformations of trichothecenes, 3. Deoxynivalenol. Burrows, EP; Szafraniec, LL, )	0.74

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"2 mg/kg determined as a maximal acceptable dose without toxic effects."	( [Embryotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin (vomitoxin) in rats]. Avren'eva, LI; Kravchenko, LV; Krinitskaia, NA; Kuz'mina, EE; Levitskaia, AB; Tutel'ian, VA, 1991)	0.59
"Two studies were conducted with weanling male rodents in an attempt to ascertain more precisely the toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON)."	( The toxicity of orally administered deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in rats and mice. Arnold, DL; Bickis, MG; Fernie, S; Karpinski, KF; McGuire, PF; Nera, EA; Vesonder, RF; Zawidzka, ZZ, 1986)	0.76
" This leukopenic change of animals is reported as a characteristic feature in the best known human disorder: Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA)."	( In vitro toxicity of trichothecenes on rat haematopoietic progenitors. Parent-Massin, D; Thouvenot, D, )	0.13
" Toxic effects of both mycotoxins on experimental organisms and farm animals are well known, but we have not found any literary reference to toxic effects of the combination zearalenone and vomitoxin."	( [Embryotoxic effects of a combination of zearalenone and vomitoxin (4-dioxynivalenole) on the chick embryo]. Veselá, D; Veselý, D, 1995)	0.29
"The toxic effects of the Fusarium graminearum trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol were determined on ribosomes and leaf tissues of the fusarium head blight-resistant spring wheat cultivar Frontana and the susceptible spring wheat cultivar Casavant."	( Toxic effects of deoxynivalenol on ribosomes and tissues of the spring wheat cultivars Frontana and Casavant. Ewen, MA; Miller, JD, 1997)	0.87
" At the same toxin concentrations used in the BrdU bioassay, only T-2 and HT-2 were toxic enough to obtain IC50 values using the MTT bioassay."	( Cytotoxicity of four trichothecenes evaluated by three colorimetric bioassays. Lindberg, JE; Lundh, T; Pettersson, H; Widestrand, J, 1999)	0.3
" 3-AcDON was less toxic than DON and 15-AcDON."	( Comparative cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, their acetylated derivatives and de-epoxy metabolites. Lundh, T; Pettersson, H; Sundstøl Eriksen, G, 2004)	0.62
" After 48 h of exposure, the MTT and trypan blue dye-exclusion tests indicated that NIV was significantly more toxic than DON, and both were significantly more toxic than FB1."	( Cytotoxicity induced by nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 in the SF-9 insect cell line. Fornelli, F; Minervini, F; Mulè, G, )	0.41
" Fusarium toxins such as, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) have been shown to cause diverse toxic effects in animals and also suspected of disease causation in humans."	( Comparative study of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or fumonisin B1 in human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Baudrimont, I; Creppy, EE; Dano, SD; Kouadio, JH; Mobio, TA; Moukha, S, 2005)	0.87
" This study indicates that enniatins, fungal metabolites that are commonly found in grain in Northern Europe, may have an underestimated toxic potential."	( Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Eriksen, GS; Ivanova, L; Skjerve, E; Uhlig, S, 2006)	0.33
" We synthesized and purified DONGLU and tested its immunotoxicity, hypothesizing that DONGLU would be much less toxic to K562 cells compared with DON."	( Synthesis and characterization of deoxynivalenol glucuronide: its comparative immunotoxicity with deoxynivalenol. Cunnick, J; Hendrich, S; Murphy, P; Wu, X, 2007)	0.62
"At the level of the whole animal, the toxic effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) range from causing diarrhoea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal inflammation to necrosis of several tissues."	( Cytotoxicity, metabolism and cellular uptake of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in human proximal tubule cells and lung fibroblasts in primary culture. Gekle, M; Holzinger, H; Humpf, HU; Königs, M; Lenczyk, M; Schwerdt, G, 2007)	0.81
"Trichothecene mycotoxins, toxic natural products of fungi from the family Hypocreaceae, are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis."	( 3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins. Lin, A; Rodarte, CB; Steinmetz, WE, 2009)	0.35
" LS100, which transforms deoxynivalenol (DON) to a less toxic chemical de-epoxy DON (DOM-1), was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the adverse effects of DON on swine growth performance."	( Efficacy of detoxification of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn by Bacillus sp. LS100 in reducing the adverse effects of the mycotoxin on swine growth performance. de Lange, CF; Gong, J; He, J; Li, XZ; Young, JC; Yu, H; Zhou, T; Zhu, C, 2011)	0.96
" Toxic effects of DON range from diarrhoea, vomiting and gastrointestinal inflammation to necrosis of several tissues."	( Cytotoxicity and metabolic stress induced by deoxynivalenol in the porcine intestinal IPEC-J2 cell line. Aschenbach, JR; Awad, WA; Zentek, J, 2012)	0.64
" Once the potential interaction has been detected, a quantitative assessment is necessary to ensure and characterize these interactions, that is, each mycotoxin contributes to the toxic effect in accord with its own potency."	( Cytotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mammalian kidney cells. Font, G; Juan-García, A; Macáková, P; Ruiz, MJ, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the release of progesterone by porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) after exposure to toxic concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), resveratrol (RSV), and their combination (DON with RSV)."	( Resveratrol inhibits reproductive toxicity induced by deoxynivalenol. Capcarova, M; Ciereszko, RE; Kolesarova, A; Lukac, N; Maruniakova, N; Sirotkin, AV, 2012)	0.82
" Results indicate that the levels of Fusarium toxins and bacterial endotoxin reported in this study did not pose adverse human health effects as a result of drinking/consuming banana beer."	( Toxicity profile of commercially produced indigenous banana beer. Lues, RJ; Mukamugema, J; Shale, K; Venter, P, 2012)	0.38
" Mycotoxin-detoxifying agents can thus interact with the oral bioavailability of antibiotics depending on the antibiotic and detoxifying agent, with possible adverse effects on the health of animals and humans."	( Efficacy and safety testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in broilers following the European Food Safety Authority guidelines. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Eeckhout, M; Goossens, J; Hautekiet, V; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V; Watteyn, A, 2012)	0.38
" On proliferating cells, 3-ADON was less toxic than DON, which was less toxic than 15-ADON."	( Toxicity of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives on the intestine: differential effects on morphology, barrier function, tight junction proteins, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Bracarense, AP; Callu, P; Grosjean, F; Kolf-Clauw, M; Laffitte, J; Lucioli, J; Lyazhri, F; Oswald, IP; Pinton, P; Tsybulskyy, D, 2012)	0.76
" These results indicate that the simultaneous presence of low doses of mycotoxins in food commodities and diet may be more toxic than predicted from the mycotoxins alone."	( New insights into mycotoxin mixtures: the toxicity of low doses of Type B trichothecenes on intestinal epithelial cells is synergistic. Abiola, FA; Abrami, R; Alassane-Kpembi, I; Gauthier, T; Kolf-Clauw, M; Oswald, IP; Puel, O, 2013)	0.39
"Trichothecenes, a major class of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, are toxic to both plants and mammals."	( Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Abbas, HK; Shier, WT; Yoshizawa, T, 2013)	0.39
"Deoxynivalenol (DON), a toxic fungal metabolite, is stable under different processing conditions; however, its stability in aqueous medium at different temperatures and low pH (1-2) (present in the gastrointestinal tract) has not been investigated."	( Influence of temperature and pH on the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in aqueous medium: comparative cytotoxicity of DON and degraded product. Das, M; Dixit, S; Dwivedi, PD; Mishra, S; Pandey, HP, 2014)	2.09
" In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of DON in chicken embryo fibroblast DF-1 cells."	( Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on DF-1 cells in vitro: cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Deng, L; Deng, X; Fan, X; Li, D; Li, Y; Lin, S; Ma, Y; Yan, H; Ye, Y; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.76
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium toxin that causes a variety of toxic effects with symptoms such as diarrhoea and low weight gain."	( Role of oxidative stress in Deoxynivalenol induced toxicity. Das, M; Dwivedi, PD; Mishra, S; Pandey, HP, 2014)	2.14
"This study was performed to assess the individual and combined toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) within the liver of mice."	( Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Krumm, CS; Lei, MY; Qi, DS; Sun, LH; Zhang, NY; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.61
" The adverse effect of chronically consumed low DON doses can not be totally excluded."	( The food born mycotoxin deoxynivalenol induces low-grade inflammation in mice in the absence of observed-adverse effects. Airault, C; Barbouche, R; Dallaporta, M; Djelloul, M; Gaigé, S; Guillebaud, F; Tardivel, C; Troadec, JD, 2015)	0.72
" The mixtures of AFB1+ZEA and AFB1+DON showed the synergetic toxic effects on BRL 3A cells."	( Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 on BRL 3A rat liver cells. Gao, X; Krumm, CS; Lei, MY; Li, C; Qi, DS; Sun, LH; Zhang, NY, 2015)	0.65
" DON is responsible for a wide range of toxic activities, including gastro-intestinal, lymphoid, bone-marrow and cardiotoxicity."	( Deoxynivalenol induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal primary cell culture. Banerjee, S; Borthakur, SK; Chattopadhyay, P; Singh, S; Veer, V, 2015)	1.86
" Results indicate a higher toxic effect of the mycotoxins when they are co-exposed."	( Cytotoxicity of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A on Caco-2 cell line in presence of resveratrol. Cano-Sancho, G; Fernández-Cruz, ML; González-Arias, CA; Ramos, AJ; Sanchis, V, 2015)	0.7
"Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is a toxic secondary metabolite generated by Fusarium species, is synthesized through two separate acetylation pathways."	( Acetylated Deoxynivalenol Generates Differences of Gene Expression that Discriminate Trichothecene Toxicity. Iwahashi, Y; Suzuki, T, 2016)	2.27
"0 kg BW) were randomly distributed within six different dietary treatments to evaluate the effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) and the potential of four antioxidant feed additives in mitigating the adverse effects of DON on growth performances and oxidative status."	( The potential effects of antioxidant feed additives in mitigating the adverse effects of corn naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on antioxidant systems in the intestinal mucosa, plasma, and liver in weaned pigs. Bastien, A; Chorfi, Y; Guay, F; Lapointe, J; Lemay, M; Lessard, M; Van Le Thanh, B, 2016)	0.65
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal crops and has various toxic effects in animals and humans."	( Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in IPEC-J2 Cells. Su, XO; Wang, PL; Wang, RG; Wang, SB; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZQ, 2016)	2.11
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin which has toxic effects on humans and animals."	( Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on mouse endometrial stromal cells: Cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Dai, Y; Xie, H; Xu, Y, 2017)	2.26
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found trichothecene mycotoxin that elicits toxic effects on humans and animals."	( Deoxynivalenol induces toxic effects in the ovaries of pigs: An ex vivo approach. Bracarense, APFRL; Desto, SS; Gerez, JR, 2017)	3.34
" In the present short review, we not only provide the available information about the toxic consequences of DON-induced immunotoxicity on different animals and cell lines and discuss its main possible molecule mechanisms, but also summarize research results concerning the role of gut microbiota in DON-induced immunotoxicity and gender differences, with the aim to find some potential therapeutic strategies to tackle DON-induced immunotoxicity."	( Deoxynivalenol, gut microbiota and immunotoxicity: A potential approach? Chen, L; Liao, Y; Liu, L; Nüssler, AK; Peng, Z; Yang, W, 2018)	1.92
" In summary, for the first time, we report that the stepwise JNK-AKT-NF-κB pathway is related to P-gp induction and DON elicited P-gp induction induces cells to resist exogenous toxic compounds, such as DON, Digoxin, Etoposide, etc."	( JNK-AKT-NF-κB controls P-glycoprotein expression to attenuate the cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol in mammalian cells. Deng, Y; Li, X; Mu, P; Qiao, H; Wen, J, 2018)	0.71
" In the present study, we addressed whether these structural differences affect levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells, and if intracellular GSH levels influence toxic effects induced by DON, NX-3 and BUT."	( Impact of glutathione modulation on the toxicity of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), NX-3 and butenolide in human liver cells. Adam, G; Blažević, T; Del Favero, G; Haider, M; Heiss, EH; Marko, D; Warth, B; Woelflingseder, L, 2018)	0.71
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin capable of producing a variety of toxic effects in human and animals."	( Deoxynivalenol induces toxicity and apoptosis in piglet hippocampal nerve cells via the MAPK signaling pathway. Chen, X; Chu, X; Fan, M; Feng, S; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, D, 2018)	3.37
" OTA was the least toxic mycotoxin and DON and BEA showed similar acute toxicity."	( Cytotoxicity against fish and mammalian cell lines and endocrine activity of the mycotoxins beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin-A. Fernández-Cruz, ML; García-Herranz, V; Navas, JM; Valdehita, A, 2019)	0.73
" Intriguingly, blocking this pathway reversed the adverse effects of DON on cytotoxic damage and metabolism disruption to catabolism."	( Inhibiting the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by selenium supplementation ameliorates deoxynivalenol-induced toxicity and catabolism in chondrocytes. Chang, Y; Chen, M; Duan, D; Guo, X; Jin, Z; Lammi, MJ; Wang, X, 2020)	0.77
" It can cause a variety of adverse effects on human and farm animal health."	( Autophagy protects PC12 cells against deoxynivalenol toxicity via the Class III PI3K/beclin 1/Bcl-2 pathway. Cao, L; Feng, S; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xu, W; Zhu, L, 2020)	0.83
"Ingestion of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of cereals, leads to adverse effects for animal and human health."	( Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation: In vivo analysis in piglets. Bracarense, APFL; Gerez, JR; Moll, WD; Oswald, IP; Pierron, A; Pinton, P; Schatzmayr, G; Zhou, T, 2020)	1.23
" The data reported here support the hypothesis that QUE rescues the toxic effects of DON or 15ADON due to the similar mechanisms of DON and 15ADON toxicity."	( Metabolomic profiling reveals similar cytotoxic effects and protective functions of quercetin during deoxynivalenol- and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol-induced cell apoptosis. Jia, BX; Liu, N; Wu, A; Yang, YX; Yu, S, 2020)	0.77
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and patulin (PAT) in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) exerts toxic effects through mechanisms related to oxidative stress, and how cells deal with such exposure."	( Does low concentration mycotoxin exposure induce toxicity in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress? Diana, MN; Juan-García, A; Pigni, MC; Ruiz, MJ; Taroncher, M, 2020)	0.78
" So far, much work has focused on investigating the cytotoxicity of DON, while there is few researches aimed at intervening in the toxic impacts on humans and livestock posed by DON."	( Repression of deoxynivalenol-triggered cytotoxicity and apoptosis by mannan/β-glucans from yeast cell wall: Involvement of autophagy and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Chang, C; Gu, X; Guo, W; Wu, J; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.92
"With increased interest in the toxic interactions of multiple toxins, biotoxicity models have to be urgently developed for joint toxicity evaluation."	( Development of a living mammalian cell-based biosensor for the monitoring and evaluation of synergetic toxicity of cadmium and deoxynivalenol. Guo, H; Ji, J; Sun, J; Sun, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.83
"The intestinal tract is a target for the deoxynivalenol (DON), which has adverse effects in animals and humans' health by affecting intestinal functions."	( Nontoxic dose of Phenethyl isothiocyanate ameliorates deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells. Gan, F; Ge, L; Hou, L; Huang, K; Le, G; Lin, Z; Liu, S; Mao, X; Wen, L, 2021)	1.14
"This review aimed to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins, their toxic effects, and the detoxifying agents discussed in scientific publications that are related to pig production."	( Mycotoxin Occurrence, Toxicity, and Detoxifying Agents in Pig Production with an Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol. Holanda, DM; Kim, SW, 2021)	0.84
"(1) Background: Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) are type B trichothecene mycotoxins that exert serious toxic effects on the reproduction of domestic animals."	( Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone: Different Mycotoxins with Different Toxic Effects in the Sertoli Cells of Song, JL; Zhang, GL, 2021)	2.41
"The deterioration of food and feed stuffs and toxic intestinal effects due to fungal colonization and concomitant production of mycotoxins is an increasing concern."	( Lactobacillus plantarum metabolites reduce deoxynivalenol toxicity on jejunal explants of piglets. Bracarense, APFL; Gerez, J; Hohmann, MNS; Maidana, LG; Verri, WA, 2021)	0.88
"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of Fusarium toxin that can cause a variety of toxic effects."	( The Protective Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 on Liver Injury Caused by DON-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity. Hao, L; Li, D; Li, Y; Liao, Y; Liu, L; Liu, S; Meng, Z; Nüssler, AK; Peng, Z; Wang, L; Yang, W; Zhou, X, 2021)	2.06
"1 μM decreased cell viability and increased ROS level in HepG2 cells, suggesting synergistic toxicity exerted by ZEA and DON even at their low toxic concentrations."	( Close association between the synergistic toxicity of zearalenone-deoxynivalenol combination and microRNA221-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling in HepG2 cells. Guan, X; Jiang, Y; Li, D; Li, F; Rong, X; Sun-Waterhouse, D; Zhao, S, 2022)	0.96
" The aim of the current study was to use porcine Leydig cells as a model to explore the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of ZEN, DON and T-2."	( Comparative Cytotoxic Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Exposure to Porcine Leydig Cells In Vitro. Dai, J; Sun, L; Xu, J; Yang, J; Zhang, D, 2022)	0.97
" This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON."	( Global distribution, toxicity to humans and animals, biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review. Cai, P; Liu, S; Shan, T; Tu, Y, 2023)	1.13
"The bitter taste perception evolved in human and animals to rapidly perceive and avoid potential toxic compounds."	( The bitter side of toxicity: A big data analysis spotted the interaction between trichothecenes and bitter receptors. Dall'Asta, C; Dellafiora, L; Galaverna, G; Kurtaga, A; Pedroni, L; Perugino, F, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic findings may indicate that DON was both secreted and reabsorbed by the renal tubules."	( Preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics and toxicopathy of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in swine. Buck, WB; Coppock, RW; Gelberg, HB; Hoffman, WE; Koritz, GD; Swanson, SP; Vesonder, RF, 1985)	0.51
" Further pharmacokinetic data suggest that DON was confined mainly to extracellular fluid, and did not appear to undergo any significant binding or uptake by tissue."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol following oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL; Veira, DM, 1985)	0.54

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone."	( Effects of fumonisin B1 alone and combined with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone on porcine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production. Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schreiber, NB; Spicer, LJ, 2014)	0.88
" The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of DON alone and in combination with NIV and ZEA on several parameters including weight gain and histological aspects of pigs submitted to chronic intoxication."	( Deoxynivalenol alone or in combination with nivalenol and zearalenone induce systemic histological changes in pigs. Bracarense, AP; Callu, P; Gerez, JR; Grosjean, F; Oswald, IP; Pinton, P, 2015)	1.86
" Using an array of recently produced markers in combination with new populations, the position of QFhs."	( Mapping a Type 1 FHB resistance on chromosome 4AS of Triticum macha and deployment in combination with two Type 2 resistances. Bird, N; Burt, C; Gosman, N; Holdgate, S; Lemmens, M; Nicholson, P; Ramirez-Gonzalez, R; Steed, A, 2015)	0.42
" Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON), α-zearalenol (α-ZEA) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEA)."	( Toxicological effects of fumonisin B1 alone and in combination with other fusariotoxins on bovine granulosa cells. Albonico, M; Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schütz, LF; Spicer, LJ, 2016)	0.65
" In this study, validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC) combined with a HR-Orbitrap-MS analysis method is described for the identification and quantitative determination of the mycotoxin compounds (DON and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1)) in pig colostrum (milk) and serum."	( Identification and determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in pig colostrum and serum using liquid chromatography in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS (HR)). Faldyna, M; Hlavova, K; Stastny, K; Stepanova, H, 2019)	0.97
" Further NAC in combination with Celecoxib (CXB) inhibits tumor growth by altering antioxidant status and increasing autophagy in DON initiated Swiss mice."	( N-acetyl-cysteine in combination with celecoxib inhibits Deoxynivalenol induced skin tumor initiation via induction of autophagic pathways in swiss mice. Asthana, S; Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Sharma, D; Srivastava, S; Wahajuddin, M, 2020)	0.8

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The calculated systemic bioavailability (F) was between 48 and 65%, although urinary and biliary recoveries indicated marginally greater absorption actually occurred (54-85%)."	( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Hartin, KE; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL, 1988)	0.55
" The mean bioavailability (F) of DON was 89% for the chronic group and 54% for the acute oral group."	( Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated wheat for the pig. Dänicke, S; Goyarts, T, 2006)	0.6
" The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (GG) can bind DON, and therefore potentially restrict bioavailability of this toxin."	( Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG restores alkaline phosphatase activity in differentiating Caco-2 cells dosed with the potent mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. El-Nezami, H; Gratz, S; Mykkänen, H; Piekkola, S; Turner, PC; Wu, QK, 2008)	0.55
" This effect may result from an altered bioavailability of DON from maize silage which made up a higher proportion of the daily ration."	( No carry over of unmetabolised deoxynivalenol in milk of dairy cows fed high concentrate proportions. Breves, G; Dänicke, S; Keese, C; Meyer, U; Rehage, J; Schollenberger, M; Starke, A; Valenta, H; Weber, IA, 2008)	0.63
" It is the aim of the present study to determine whether mycotoxin-contaminated diets can alter the oral bioavailability of the antibiotics doxycycline and paromomycin in pigs, and whether a mycotoxin adsorbing agent included into diets interacts with those antibiotics."	( Influence of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbing agent on the oral bioavailability of commonly used antibiotics in pigs. Audenaert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Eeckhout, M; Goossens, J; Haesaert, G; Haesebrouck, F; Osselaere, A; Pasmans, F; Vandenbroucke, V; Verbrugghe, E, 2012)	0.38
" Mycotoxin-detoxifying agents can thus interact with the oral bioavailability of antibiotics depending on the antibiotic and detoxifying agent, with possible adverse effects on the health of animals and humans."	( Efficacy and safety testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in broilers following the European Food Safety Authority guidelines. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Eeckhout, M; Goossens, J; Hautekiet, V; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V; Watteyn, A, 2012)	0.38
" Little information is available on the absolute oral bioavailability and the toxicokinetic parameters of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and zearalenone in broilers."	( Toxicokinetic study and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in broiler chickens. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Goossens, J; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V, 2013)	0.85
" The bioavailability of DON may be influenced by the matrix due to the differences in nutrient composition between grain and straw, particularly the high fibre component in straw."	( Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from wheat straw and chaff in pigs. Dänicke, S; Drochner, W; Kersten, S; Rohweder, D; Schollenberger, M; Sondermann, S; Valenta, H, 2013)	0.66
" This new food-processing technique holds great promise for reducing the bioavailability of DON in contaminated food and may be useful in mitigating the effects of other mycotoxins."	( Formulation of a pectin gel that efficiently traps mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and reduces its bioavailability. Furusawa, H; Itoh, S; Kadota, T; Kamata, Y; Nakauma, M; Nishijima, M; Sugita-Konishi, Y; Tamura, C, 2013)	0.63
"The knowledge of factors influencing the kinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a basic prerequisite for evaluation of the transfer (carry over) of the toxin and its metabolites into edible tissues, and for a physiological specimen-based diagnosis of intoxication."	( Kinetics and metabolism of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol in farm animals: consequences for diagnosis of exposure and intoxication and carry over. Brezina, U; Dänicke, S, 2013)	0.86
" galli might increase the susceptibility towards DON as indicated by an increased DON absorption rate and a compromised antibody formation."	( Ascaridia galli infection affects pullets differently when feed is contaminated with the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Beineke, A; Dänicke, S; Gauly, M; Kersten, S; Rautenschlein, S; Valenta, H, 2013)	0.6
" Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals."	( Chronic exposure to deoxynivalenol has no influence on the oral bioavailability of fumonisin B1 in broiler chickens. Antonissen, G; Croubels, S; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Hessenberger, S; Martel, A; Van Immerseel, F, 2015)	0.74
" The oral bioavailability was 15."	( The fate and tissue disposition of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens. Imsilp, K; Isariyodom, S; Kumagai, S; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S; Pralatnet, S; Tanhan, P, 2015)	0.69
" Therefore, the toxicokinetics and bioavailability of DON and DONS were studied in pigs."	( Studies on the bioavailability of deoxynivalenol (DON) and DON sulfonate (DONS) 1, 2, and 3 in pigs fed with sodium sulfite-treated DON-contaminated maize. Dänicke, S; Kersten, S; Paulick, M; Schatzmayr, D; Schwartz-Zimmermann, HE; Winkler, J, 2015)	0.7
" The mean bioavailability of DON was 70."	( Risk Assessment of Deoxynivalenol by Revisiting Its Bioavailability in Pig and Rat Models to Establish Which Is More Suitable. Delmas, JM; Houée, P; Laurentie, M; Manceau, J; Perrin-Guyomard, A; Rolland, JG; Saint-Cyr, MJ, 2015)	0.75
" Furthermore, the absolute oral bioavailability of DON3G in broiler chickens was low (3."	( In vivo contribution of deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside to deoxynivalenol exposure in broiler chickens and pigs: oral bioavailability, hydrolysis and toxicokinetics. Adam, G; Berthiller, F; Broekaert, N; Croubels, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Malachová, A; Michlmayr, H; Schauvliege, S; van Bergen, T; Vanhaecke, L; Vermeulen, A, 2017)	0.76
" Interestingly, the increase in FB biomarker of exposure (sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in serum and liver) suggested a higher absorption and bioavailability of FB in challenged birds."	( Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens to Coccidiosis When Fed Subclinical Doses of Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisins-Special Emphasis on the Immunological Response and the Mycotoxin Interaction. Applegate, TJ; Dohnal, I; Eicher, SD; Grenier, B; Schatzmayr, G; Selvaraj, RK; Shanmugasundaram, R, 2016)	0.66
" Subsequently, a toxicokinetic analysis revealed a low absolute oral bioavailability (F) of DON in pigeons (30."	( The Impact of Deoxynivalenol on Pigeon Health: Occurrence in Feed, Toxicokinetics and Interaction with Salmonellosis. Antonissen, G; Audenaert, K; Broekaert, N; Croubels, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Ducatelle, R; Haesebrouck, F; Haesendonck, R; Martel, A; Pasmans, F; Verbrugghe, E, 2016)	0.79
" The determined human toxicokinetic parameters were then used to calculate the bioavailability (50-90%), maximum concentration, and total exposure in plasma, and urinary concentrations under consideration of typical DON levels in grain-based food products."	( Prediction of deoxynivalenol toxicokinetics in humans by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling of in vivo animal data. Fæste, CK; Hansen, U; Ivanova, L; Sayyari, A; Sivertsen, T; Uhlig, S, 2018)	0.84
" The absolute oral bioavailability of DON was much higher in non-ruminating calves (50."	( The role of roughage provision on the absorption and disposition of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives in calves: from field observations to toxicokinetics. Adam, G; Antonissen, G; Bayrou, C; Callebaut, A; Croubels, S; Daeseleire, E; De Baere, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Deprez, P; Devreese, M; Di Mavungu, JD; Frisée, V; Fruhmann, P; Knapp, E; Pardon, B; Rao, AS; Sartelet, A; Théron, L; Valgaeren, B; Van Pamel, E; Vidal, A, 2019)	0.74
" Therefore, the aim of the study was to verify the ability of chlorophyllin (CHL) to reduce the absorption rate of DON in swine mucosa explants."	( The impact of chlorophyllin on deoxynivalenol transport across jejunum mucosa explants obtained from adult pigs. Chłopecka, M; Karlik, W; Mendel, M, 2019)	0.8
" These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking."	( Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Cho, S; Chun, HS; Hwang, M; Lee, SY; Woo, SY, 2023)	1.14

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" There was no emesis by undosed pigs consuming vomitus from pigs orally dosed with deoxynivalenol or penned with such pigs without access to vomitus."	( Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. Forsyth, DM; Morooka, N; Tuite, J; Yoshizawa, T, 1977)	0.77
" Following intragastric dosing DON was very rapidly absorbed, reaching near peak plasma levels within 15-30 min."	( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Hartin, KE; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL, 1988)	0.55
" Three rats and one pig were dosed orally with 2 mg DON/kg and samples of their urine and faeces were extracted and incubated with beta-glucuronidase or with buffer only."	( Lack of hepatic microsomal metabolism of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite, DOM-1. Buck, W; Côté, LM; Jeffery, E, 1987)	0.54
" For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions."	( Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine. Lin, WS; Miller, ER; Pestka, JJ, 1987)	0.53
" By 24 hr after dosing only trace levels (less than 2 ng/ml) were still detectable."	( Nontransmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to milk following oral administration to dairy cows. Lawrence, GA; Prelusky, DB; Scott, PM; Trenholm, HL, 1984)	0.6
" Dosing levels included various combinations of the two compounds, ranging from 0-16 ppm DON and 0-20 ppm CYP."	( Effect of the appetite stimulant cyproheptadine on deoxynivalenol-induced reductions in feed consumption and weight gain in the mouse. Prelusky, DB; Rotter, BA; Thompson, BK; Trenholm, HL, 1997)	0.55
" All three mycotoxins caused moderate increases of the MN frequencies at low concentrations (< or = 1 microgram/ml), but no clear dose-response effects were seen and at higher exposure levels the MN frequencies declined."	( Genotoxic effects of three Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and vomitoxin in bacteria and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Bresgen, N; Eckl, PM; Gelderblom, W; Kassie, F; Knasmüller, S; Mersch-Sundermann, V; Zöhrer, E, 1997)	0.3
" As anticipated, VT alone at 1, 5, and 25 mg/kg body weight increased splenic mRNA expression of all three cytokines after 3 h in a dose-response fashion."	( Amplified proinflammatory cytokine expression and toxicity in mice coexposed to lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Harkema, JR; Pestka, JJ; Yan, D; Zhou, HR, 1999)	0.51
" Western blotting confirmed that VT (50 to 1000 ng/ml) also significantly diminished GRP/BiP protein levels in a dose-response manner in PMA/ION-stimulated cells."	( Down-regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP by vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol). Li, S; Pestka, JJ; Yang, GH, 2000)	0.53
" A significant increase of IgA concentration in the serum even at a dosage level of 600 microg DON/kg feed was observed."	( Serum IgA-promoting effects induced by feed loads containing isolated deoxynivalenol (DON) in growing piglets. Claus, R; Drochner, W; Götz, S; Klobasa, F; Lauber, U; Piepho, HP; Schollenberger, M; Steffl, M; Tafaj, M; Weiler, U, 2004)	0.56
" An obvious DON-related affection of liver, N-metabolism and stimulation of haematopoiesis depending on dosage and time is discussed."	( Subacute effects of moderate feed loads of isolated Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol on selected parameters of metabolism in weaned growing piglets. Drochner, W; Götz, S; Lauber, U; Piepho, HP; Schollenberger, M; Tafaj, M, 2006)	0.57
" Dose-response curves for each mycotoxin were generated."	( Effects of four Fusarium toxins (fumonisin B(1), alpha-zearalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol) on porcine whole-blood cellular proliferation. De Luna, R; Luongo, D; Russo, R; Severino, L, 2008)	0.57
" The impact of T2 on the dose-response to IGF-I (0, 3, 10 and 30 ng/mL) was also evaluated; T2 blunted the stimulatory effect of 3-30 ng/mL of IGF-I on steroid production and cell proliferation."	( Effects of a trichothecene, T-2 toxin, on proliferation and steroid production by porcine granulosa cells. Caloni, F; Cremonesi, F; Ranzenigo, G; Spicer, LJ, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, dose-response effects of the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), a common food-borne mycotoxin, were determined on body weight of diet-induced obese mice."	( Effects of deoxynivalenol consumption on body weight and adiposity in the diet-induced obese mouse. Amuzie, CJ; Flannery, BM; Pestka, JJ; Ulrich, AM, 2011)	1
" A safety study with 2 commercially available detoxifying agents and veterinary drugs showed innovative results with regard to the pharmacokinetics of 2 antibiotics after oral dosing in the drinking water."	( Efficacy and safety testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in broilers following the European Food Safety Authority guidelines. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Eeckhout, M; Goossens, J; Hautekiet, V; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V; Watteyn, A, 2012)	0.38
" EGCG prevented DON-induced cytotoxicity to HT-29 cells in a dose-response manner."	( Cytoprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against deoxynivalenol-induced toxicity through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in HT-29 cells. Bharathi Priya, L; Kalaiselvi, P; Padma, VV; Rajashree, K, 2013)	0.63
" There was no evidence that the chosen dosing regimen of DON had influences on the induced sub-acute stage of sepsis, as the LPS challenge, irrespective of DON co-exposure, mediated an acute phase reaction with a typical decrease of albumin synthesis, as well as changes in cytokine concentration and a loss of metabolic activity in PBMC."	( Interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on the in vivo protein synthesis of acute phase proteins, cytokines and metabolic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in pigs. Breves, G; Brosig, B; Dänicke, S; Diesing, AK; Kersten, S; Kluess, J; Kullik, K; Panther, P; Reinhardt, N; Rothkötter, HJ; Valenta, H, 2013)	0.66
" Serum albumin was reduced by feeding the medium and a high dosage of DON, probably due to the ribotoxic action of DON."	( Organ damage and hepatic lipid accumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after feed-borne exposure to the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Burkhardt-Holm, P; Kloas, W; Pietsch, C; Rovira, P; Schulz, C, 2014)	0.61
"To investigate the usefulness of follicular fluid (FF) in relation to blood plasma and bile as indicators of exposure of dairy cows to ZEN, DON and their metabolites, a dose-response study was performed with 30 dairy cows."	( Diagnostic opportunities for evaluation of the exposure of dairy cows to the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN): reliability of blood plasma, bile and follicular fluid as indicators. Dänicke, S; Engelhardt, UH; Kersten, S; Locher, L; Meyer, U; Rehage, J; Stinshoff, H; Winkler, J; Wrenzycki, C, 2015)	0.64
"A dose-response study was carried out to examine the carryover of zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites into bovine milk."	( Development of a multi-toxin method for investigating the carryover of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and their metabolites into milk of dairy cows. Dänicke, S; Engelhardt, UH; Kersten, S; Meyer, U; Valenta, H; Winkler, J, 2015)	0.87
" Mycotoxins were dosed at varying concentrations to 11."	( The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus removes and transforms Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins during fermentation of brewer's wort. Gibson, B; Han, L; Jestoi, M; Laitila, A; Nathanail, AV; Ollilainen, V; Peltonen, K, 2016)	0.43
" BEA showed a weak antagonistic effect at the androgen receptor and OTA produced a biphasic dose-response curve at the estrogen receptor."	( Cytotoxicity against fish and mammalian cell lines and endocrine activity of the mycotoxins beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin-A. Fernández-Cruz, ML; García-Herranz, V; Navas, JM; Valdehita, A, 2019)	0.73
" Here we analysed the influence of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on very low LPS concentrations and the role of DON in the physiology of pigs challenged with high artificial LPS dosage mimicking septic shock."	( Effects of deoxynivalenol-feed contamination on circulating LPS in pigs. Bannert, E; Dänicke, S; Frahm, J; Kahlert, S; Kersten, S; Kluess, J; Renner, L; Rothkötter, HJ; Tesch, T, 2019)	1.16
" The toxic effect depended on the dosage of DON."	( The Effect of Low and High Dose Deoxynivalenol on Intestinal Morphology, Distribution, and Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines of Weaning Rabbits. Huang, L; Li, F; Wang, C; Wang, P; Wu, Z; Yang, W, 2019)	0.8
" In this study, we found that administration of the relative low dosage of DON dramatically changed the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in HepG2 cells."	( Deoxynivalenol globally affects the selection of 3' splice sites in human cells by suppressing the splicing factors, U2AF1 and SF1. Chen, J; Chen, R; Deng, Y; Hu, Z; Qiao, H; Sun, Y; Wen, J; Wen, X; Zhao, Y, 2020)	2
" Hence topical use of celecoxib may be preferred over oral dosing because of lower systemic absorption and to avoid the unwanted side effects."	( Celecoxib reduces Deoxynivalenol induced proliferation, inflammation and protein kinase C translocation via modulating downstream targets in mouse skin. Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mandal, P; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Srivastava, S; Tripathi, A; Wahajuddin, M, 2020)	0.89
"This study applied multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) methods to determine the biomarkers of exposure in urine and serum samples from a dose-response study with pigs."	( Biomarkers of Deoxynivalenol, Citrinin, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Pigs after Exposure to Naturally Contaminated Feed Close to Guidance Values. Dąbrowski, M; Jedziniak, P; Ochodzki, P; Rudawska, A; Tkaczyk, A; Zielonka, Ł, 2021)	0.98
" While emesis induced by intraperitoneally dosed to DON in the mink has been related to plasma up-grading of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY), the impact of oral dosing with DON or its four congeners on secretion of these chemical substances have not been established."	( Emesis to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of peptide YY and 5-HT. Guo, X; Kuca, K; Qin, Z; Wei, B; Wu, Q; Wu, W; Xiao, H; Xu, B, 2023)	1.22

Role	Description
mycotoxin	Poisonous substance produced by fungi.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
trichothecene	Any one of a large family of chemically related mycotoxins with a structure based on a sesquiterpene skeleton. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are a 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxy or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
cyclic ketone
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary alpha-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.
primary alcohol	A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
enone	An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
triol	A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1602890	Antifungal activity against Cochliobolus miyabeanus 131004 assessed as zone of inhibition at 100 ug/disk after 4 days by paper disk method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecenes against COLO201 cells and Cochliobolus miyabeanus: The role of 12-epoxide and macrocyclic moieties.
AID467615	Cytotoxicity against yeast cells relative to Tetraol	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID467617	Cytotoxicity against yeast cells assessed as logarithm of ratio of toxicity of test compound to Tetraol	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID382884	Toxicity in ip dosed mouse relative to roridin A	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID1602889	Antifungal activity against Cochliobolus miyabeanus 131004 assessed as zone of inhibition at 500 ug/disk after 4 days by paper disk method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecenes against COLO201 cells and Cochliobolus miyabeanus: The role of 12-epoxide and macrocyclic moieties.
AID1090742	Phytotoxicity against Arabidopsis thaliana Col-4 leaves assessed as induction of chlorosis, shriveling or death of leaves after 7 weeks post compound application by detached leaf assay	2007	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecene toxins in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf assay.
AID382881	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID382882	Toxicity in ip dosed mouse	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID382885	Toxicity in mouse CD4+ T cells assessed as induction of IL5 at 100 ng/ml	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID1602891	Antifungal activity against Cochliobolus miyabeanus 131004 assessed as zone of inhibition at 10 ug/disk after 4 days by paper disk method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecenes against COLO201 cells and Cochliobolus miyabeanus: The role of 12-epoxide and macrocyclic moieties.
AID1602888	Antiproliferative activity against human COLO201 cells after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecenes against COLO201 cells and Cochliobolus miyabeanus: The role of 12-epoxide and macrocyclic moieties.
AID1090743	Phytotoxicity against Arabidopsis thaliana Col-4 leaves assessed as induction of leaf death after 7 weeks post compound application by detached leaf assay	2007	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecene toxins in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf assay.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	122 (5.27)	18.7374
1990's	160 (6.91)	18.2507
2000's	466 (20.12)	29.6817
2010's	1098 (47.41)	24.3611
2020's	470 (20.29)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	43 (1.78%)	5.53%
Reviews	109 (4.50%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (0.17%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	2,266 (93.56%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.55	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.05	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.11	3	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	3.4	6	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.25	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.31	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.21	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.11	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.22	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.34	6	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.85	2	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.21	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	1.99	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	7.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.21	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.52	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.66	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	3.17	5	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	7.69	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.31	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.21	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.35	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.11	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	1.98	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.9	2	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	7.05	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
putrescine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.57	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.25	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	6.57	14	1	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	7.6	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	4.07	2	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.49	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.7	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.15	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
berberine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
celecoxib [no description available]	2.66	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.96	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	6.99	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.02	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.61	2	0
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	3.1	5	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	3.08	1	0
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	7.31	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	4.65	8	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	7.38	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.6	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
corticosterone [no description available]	7.96	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
methacetin methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.45	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.31	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2	1	0
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.96	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.07	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.25	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.5	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.08	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.5	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	1.98	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	3.12	4	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.12	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.27	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.54	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.6	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.13	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.99	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	8.04	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.88	12	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.61	2	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
mannitol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	8.12	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.01	4	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	7.49	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.76	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.44	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.44	2	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.3	6	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
acrylamide [no description available]	9.03	3	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.13	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.21	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
piperitone piperitone: from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F; structure in first source. piperitone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an isopropyl group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; p-menthane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.07	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.07	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.1	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.17	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.02	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.45	2	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.08	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.06	4	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
thiazoles [no description available]	2.95	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
perfluorobutyric acid perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.	1.96	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	chromatographic reagent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.21	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.42	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	7.43	2	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.6	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.02	1	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.13	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.41	19	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.07	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.31	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.25	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.04	3	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	2.05	1	0	chromenes	precocenes
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.9	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.74	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.03	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.01	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	7.31	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.11	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.7	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.43	2	0	carbon oxoanion
ochratoxin b ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.	7.5	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
ochratoxin c ochratoxin C: converted into ochratoxin A in vivo; RN given refers to (R)-isomer. ochratoxin C : A phenylalanine derivative that is the ethyl ester of ochratoxin A.	7.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; isochromanes; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.25	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.41	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.31	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.21	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	8.07	3	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.32	5	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	4.8	26	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.99	4	0	titanium group element atom
sodium sulfite [no description available]	3.06	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.11	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.14	12	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.87	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
rhamnose [no description available]	2.25	1	0	L-rhamnose
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.4	6	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.25	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.09	5	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
precocene i precocene I: cpd not in Chemline 7/20/83; structure; inhibits juvenille hormones. precocene I : A member of the class of chromenes that is 2H-chromene substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and two methyl groups at position 2.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; chromenes	plant metabolite; precocenes
benomyl [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
indium phosphide indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP	2.15	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.93	4	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.01	4	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.05	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	8.94	2	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
substance p [no description available]	2.41	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
moniliformin moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin	5.57	13	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.13	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.13	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.47	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.42	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	7.84	67	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.95	4	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	2.66	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.07	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.31	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.08	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.17	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
taleranol taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)	2.03	1	0	macrolide
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.21	15	0	1,2,3-triazole
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.41	1	0
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.6	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	3.49	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyproconazole cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.	2.31	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
spiroxamine spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.	2.05	1	0	dioxolane; spiroketal; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
metconazole metconazole : A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzyl and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Used to control a range of fungal infections including alternaria, rusts, fusarium and septoria diseases.	2.58	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclopentanols; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.04	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.46	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.25	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.31	1	0
flutriafol flutriafol: fungicide; structure in first source. flutriafol : A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.. 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol : A tertiary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by an p-fluorophenyl group, the other hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, and one of the hydrogens at position 2 is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group.	7.31	1	0	monofluorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
aurofusarin aurofusarin: from Fusarium graminearum; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.11	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
acetyldeoxynivalenol [no description available]	5.12	14	0	trichothecene
t-2 tetraol T-2 tetraol: RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-isomer	2.07	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.25	1	0
verrucarol [no description available]	2.02	1	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	4.12	14	0
satratoxin g [no description available]	3.27	6	0
trichodiene trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; structure	2.48	2	0	sesquiterpene
taraxasterol taraxasterol: from Cirsium segetum. taraxasterol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is taraxastane with a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	7.41	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
culmorin culmorin: tricyclic sesquiterpene metabolite of fungus Fusarium culmorium; structure. culmorin : A sesquiterpenoid fungal metabolite isolated from Fusarium culmorum.	4.07	4	0
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol deepoxy-deoxynivalenol: metabolite of deoxynivalenol	8.19	42	2
phenazine-1-carboxamide phenazine-1-carboxamide: used as a root colonization. phenazine-1-carboxamide : An aromatic amide that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carbamoyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenazines
5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid: hydrolysate of ochratoxin A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.21	1	0
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.31	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
glyceollin glyceollin: found in plants; structure	2.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
dihydrocitrinone [no description available]	2.11	1	0
enniatin b enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.	5.53	19	0	enniatin	antimicrobial agent
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	7.48	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
fungitetraose nistose: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	oligosaccharide
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.68	59	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe	2.6	1	0
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.	2.08	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.01	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	8.31	6	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
lupeol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	4.48	23	0	trichothecene
15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol 15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol: hydrolysis product of anguidine	2.72	3	0	trichothecene
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.11	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.82	3	0
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	7.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.31	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.02	4	0
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-kestose 1-kestose: sugar found in vegetables; structure given in first source. 1-kestose : A trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively.	2.04	1	0	trisaccharide
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	9.24	178	0	trichothecene
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.13	1	0	cellotriose
lotaustralin lotaustralin: higher homologue of linamarin from flax; a cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	2.17	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	10.49	98	1	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.21	1	0
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.48	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
validamycin a validamycin A : A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.31	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; polyol; secondary amino compound; validamycins	antifungal agrochemical; EC 2.4.1.231 [alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining)] inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.64 (alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.28 (alpha,alpha-trehalase) inhibitor
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.91	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	4.14	15	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.6	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.03	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.05	4	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.02	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.82	3	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.08	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	8	4	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.44	2	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.11	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	7.08	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.02	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
glycosides [no description available]	2.49	2	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.04	4	0	stilbene
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
amygdalin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	6.27	10	1	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.6	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.69	121	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	7.13	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.72	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
penicillic acid Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.	1.95	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	7.82	3	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	7.41	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.6	1	0
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.49	2	0	aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2 [no description available]	2.49	2	0	coumarins
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	8.15	79	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
fumonisin b2 fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).	10.1	13	0	diester; diol; fumonisin; primary amino compound	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	7.93	3	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.53	1	1
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0
stattic [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	5.59	22	0	macrolide
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	7.41	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.42	2	0	alkali metal atom
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.46	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.97	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.31	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.96	4	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	7.69	2	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.44	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.07	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	3.3	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.8	2	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.43	7	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.55	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
kaempferol [no description available]	7.25	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	7.02	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
erucic acid [no description available]	3.08	1	0	docosenoic acid
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.85	3	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.05	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
trichothecin trichothecin: produced by fungus Trichothecium roseum. trichothecin : A trichothecene mycototoxin isolated from the endophytic fungus Trichothecium sp. and it exhibits anti-cancer properties.	7.13	1	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	14.17	410	6	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	7.31	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	7.31	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.03	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	1.99	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	1.96	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
t-2 toxin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	acetate ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene	apoptosis inducer; cardiotoxic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.1	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.1	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.1	1	0	but-2-enedial
ag-490 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
3-hexenylacetate 3-hexenylacetate: RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.11	1	0	carboxylic ester
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.03	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.15	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.88	3	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.15	1	0	boron group element atom
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.08	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	7.17	64	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.13	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	7.74	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.21	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	2.03	1	0	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.13	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	5.54	21	0
muconomycin a verrucarin A : A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.	3.12	5	0	epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; macrotriolide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	6.58	14	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.25	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.31	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
longiborneol longiborneol: RN given for (1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta,9S*))-isomer; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
fusarin c fusarin C: structure given in first source	3.07	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
citreoviridin citreoviridin: formed from Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium citeoviride; Penicillium ochrosalmoneum on rice during storage	7.07	1	0	2-pyranones
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	8.5	7	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.93	4	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.73	3	0
ebericol ebericol: RN given refers to the unlabeled compound. eburicol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25-dihydrolanosterol carrying an additional methylene substituent at position 24. A natural product found in Taiwanofungus camphoratus.	2.08	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	fungal metabolite
biie 0246 BIIE 0246: a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.52	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	7.31	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zeolites [no description available]	8.37	6	0
cereulide cereulide: a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide; isolated from Bacillus cereus; a HEp-2 cell-vacuolation factor	2.69	2	0
HT-2 toxin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	acetate ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene	apoptosis inducer; fungal metabolite
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.41	1	0
2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol: putative mycotoxin; isolated from Fusarium; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	amino alcohol
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	7.85	71	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
fluoxastrobin fluoxastrobin: a fungicide. fluoxastrobin : An oxime O-ether that is the O-methyl oxime of (2-{[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)(5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)methanone. A fungicide used for disease control of potatoes and a wide range of vegetables.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dioxazine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; oxime O-ether; pyrimidines; strobilurin antifungal agent	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.05	1	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.46	2	0	benzoxazole
roridin a roridin A: see also records for roridin D, E & J	2.39	2	0
verrucarin j [no description available]	2.05	1	0	trichothecene
neosolaniol neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer	4.22	3	1
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.71	3	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.34	6	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
scirpentriol scirpentriol: T-2 toxin metabolite in Curtobacterium; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.88	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.38	6	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	3.61	8	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.1	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.1	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.01	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	3.1	4	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.31	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.11	1	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.25	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.52	2	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3	2.49	2	0	inorganic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	1.99	1	0
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
jnj-31020028 [no description available]	2.55	2	0
mannans [no description available]	5.06	9	1
pexidartinib pexidartinib: inhibits both CSF1R and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase; structure in first source. pexidartinib : A pyrrolopyridine that is 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted by a [6-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}amino)pyridin-3-yl]methyl group at position 3. It is a potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R, KIT, and FLT3 (IC50 of 20 nM, 10 nM and 160 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).	2.41	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	4.71	27	0
3'-galactosyllactose beta-D-Galp-(1->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A trisaccharide consisting of two beta-D-galactopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->3) and (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.31	1	0	trisaccharide
tylosin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.13	5	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.46	1	1
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.96	3	0
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	3.41	7	0
chlamydosporal chlamydosporal: new metabolite from Fusarium chlamydosporum; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	7.58	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.02	1	0
satratoxin h satratoxin H: toxic metabolite of Stachybotrys atra; see also record for satratoxin G; structure	2	1	0	trichothecene
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-methoxy-1-methyl-N-[1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)propan-2-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide pydiflumetofen: succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide. pydiflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-pydiflumetofen.. 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-methoxy-1-methyl-N-[1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)propan-2-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-methoxy-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)propan-2-amine.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; trichlorobenzene
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.51	1	0
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates	7.01	52	0	trichothecene
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.07	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.93	4	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.31	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	8.02	4	0
fumonisin b3 fumonisin B3: structure given in first source; produced by Fusarium moniliforme	2	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.71	3	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	11.58	172	2
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	7.34	56	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.31	1	0
validamycins validamycins: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #9570 has been revised in fifth source; structure in fifth source; see also record for validamycin A. validamycins : Any of the inositol-derived beta-D-glucoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.21	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.15	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.63	8	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	7.9	2	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	6.3	27	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.25	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.6	1	0
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.15	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.15	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.05	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.43	2	0
remazol black b Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.	2.21	1	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	1.97	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.13	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.44	2	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	oligosaccharide
colibactin colibactin: a hybrid peptide-polyketide secreted by E coli. colibactin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles that comprises of two units of 2-[(2-{6-[(2S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl]-5-oxo-4-azaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl}acetamido)methyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid linked together via the formal condensation of the carboxy groups. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of bacteria found in the human gut such as Escherichia coli. It has the ability to bind covalently to DNA and is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; azaspiro compound; polyketide; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.71	10	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.05	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.44	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	3.4	6	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.31	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	5	34	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.86	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.01	3	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.85	58	1
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	8.21	23	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.85	58	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.42	20	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	5.42	20	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	7.61	52	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.08	47	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.53	24	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.31	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.41	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	7.62	78	2
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	7.64	30	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	6.2	16	2
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.11	3	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	3.01	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.99	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	4.87	13	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	9.87	13	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.4	6	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.6	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.6	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.6	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	7.25	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	10.69	13	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	8.7	30	4
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.75	3	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	7.83	3	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.92	2	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.68	3	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.92	2	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.25	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.16	5	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	8.07	4	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Itching [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.25	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.88	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.31	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.25	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.25	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.83	3	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.25	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.25	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.52	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.94	4	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.52	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.94	4	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	8.23	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.76	3	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.23	1	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	2.58	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	8.43	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.18	5	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.15	1	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	8.04	4	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.15	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.68	6	1
Infections, Pestivirus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.48	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.17	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enzootic Pneumonia of Pigs [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	5.69	19	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	4.61	10	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.09	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	5.69	19	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.35	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.21	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.21	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.21	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.41	2	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.01	38	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.99	4	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.99	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	2.08	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.08	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.48	2	0
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	2.08	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	4.82	12	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.1	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.1	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.1	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.42	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.1	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.11	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.1	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	7.11	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	3.03	1	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.11	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.11	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.11	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.11	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.72	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.48	2	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.13	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.15	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.13	1	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	2.04	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.52	8	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.72	3	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.44	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.31	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.06	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.45	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.06	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.06	1	0
Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.07	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.9	4	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.07	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.08	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	2.99	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.02	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.02	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.69	3	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.4	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.02	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.02	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.02	1	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.67	3	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.39	2	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	3.79	2	1
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.4	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	7.03	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.03	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.04	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.04	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.04	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.66	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	6.98	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.91	4	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.98	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.9	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	1.99	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	1.99	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	1.99	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.4	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2	1	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	1.98	1	0
Ergot Poisoning [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	1.97	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	1.97	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.97	1	0

deoxynivalenol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (47)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (6)

Bioassays (12)

Research

Studies (2,316)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 49.39

Study Types