Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Ankle Fractures

Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Ankle Fractures

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Ankle fractures are common and may be treated nonoperatively or by reduction and internal fixation."( Weber, D; Weber, M, 2016)
"Ankle fractures are common and may require open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)."( Aiyer, AA; Allen, MK; Kaplan, JRM; Parrish, JM; Roche, MW; Vakharia, R; Vulcano, E, 2021)
"The incidence of ankle fractures is increasing, and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after ankle fracture fixation are unknown."( Bariteau, JT; Broggi, MS; Kadakia, RJ; Oladeji, PO; Spenser, C, 2023)
"Ankle fractures are the most common intra-articular fractures."( Jiang, J; Li, Z; Song, X; Wan, L; Wu, D; Yuan, D; Zhang, S, 2021)
"Although ankle fractures are one of the most common injuries seen by orthopedic trauma surgeons, there is no uniform protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of ankle fractures in the elderly, and there are many controversial indications for surgery."( Cui, Z; Hu, Z; Tang, D; Tang, Y; Wang, Q; Xin, D; Yue, Z; Zeng, L; Zhao, W, 2022)
"Ankle fractures are common orthopaedic injuries that may be indicated for open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)."( Dhodapkar, MM; Grauer, JN; Halperin, SJ; Modrak, M; Oghenesume, OP; Yoo, BJ, 2023)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Patients (n = 1531) treated for ankle fractures (OTA/AO 43B or 44) over 16 years were identified."( Audet, M; Benedick, A; Kavanagh, M; Simske, NM; Vallier, HA, 2021)

Research

Studies (116)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199011 (9.48)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's60 (51.72)28.8240
2020's45 (38.79)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
methane0low20
lactic acid0medium21
dalteparin0medium11
nickel0low10
aspirin0low10
diclofenac0medium22
fentanyl0medium11
glyphosate0low10
hydroxychloroquine0low10
lidocaine0low30
ketamine0low10
ketorolac0low40
midazolam0low10
nitroglycerin0low10
procaine0low10
sodium fluoride0low10
prednisolone0low10
thiophenes0low10
isoxazoles0medium11
octyl 2-cyanoacrylate0medium21
titanium0medium71
gadolinium0low10
calcium sulfate0low30
trolamine salicylate0low230
cadusafos0low10
vitamin b 60low10
((18)O)water0low10
parecoxib0medium11
ropivacaine0medium52
darunavir0low10
dabigatran0low10
ritonavir0low10
safranine t0low10
humulene0low10
morphine0medium62
sinomenine0low10
morphinans0low10
rivaroxaban0low10
indocyanine green0low30
vendex0low20
cardiovascular agents0low10
interleukin-80low10
warfarin0low10
rifampin0low10

Protein Targets (524)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma7007
ATAD5 protein, partial1001
GLS protein5005
Microtubule-associated protein tau4004
Smad31001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A16006
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor4004
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 32002
progesterone receptor4004
EWS/FLI fusion protein110011
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 17007
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha5005
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha7007
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha120012
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma4004
aryl hydrocarbon receptor3003
chromobox protein homolog 14004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 24004
peripheral myelin protein 222002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi2103
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30808
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40808
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Carbonic anhydrase 120101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90103
Bile salt export pump0303
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit3003
Bile salt export pump014014
Cytochrome P450 2B10001
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 10505
Carbonic anhydrase 20505
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10012
Cytochrome P450 1A20102
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10303
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Cytochrome P450 3A40618
Cytochrome P450 2D60202
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0607
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-12103
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta2103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-22103
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60304
Glutamate receptor 23003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-52103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-32103
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0405
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10505
Carbonic anhydrase 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-12103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-22103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-42103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-62103
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20607
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma2002
Cytochrome P450 2J20404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-12204
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-22103
Carbonic anhydrase 90202
GABA theta subunit2103
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10808
Carbonic anhydrase 150101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon2103
Carbonic anhydrase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0101
toxin B0001
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE3003
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1001
Chain A, Phospholipase A2 isoform 30011
Chain A, HADH2 protein2002
Chain B, HADH2 protein2002
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase2002
GTP-binding protein (rab7)0011
ras protein, partial0011
interleukin 82002
thioredoxin reductase4004
AR protein9009
hypothetical protein, conserved1001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4100010
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]6006
cytochrome P450 2D65005
glucocerebrosidase1001
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta3003
Rac1 protein0011
IDH12002
cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa), partial0011
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 27007
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 11001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 11001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)1001
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 13003
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M13003
lethal factor (plasmid)1001
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
Epidermal growth factor receptor0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0404
Integrin beta-31102
Myeloperoxidase0101
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-10101
Integrin alpha-IIb1102
Glutathione hydrolase 1 proenzyme0101
Adenosine receptor A10101
Adenosine receptor A2a0101
Substance-P receptor0101
Urotensin-2 receptor0101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0101
Ras-related protein Rab-2A0011
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20202
Rho-associated protein kinase 20101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10415
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10112
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30303
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20112
Potassium channel subfamily K member 90101
G5005
Solute carrier family 22 member 20202
Prothrombin0303
Coagulation factor X0303
Plasminogen0101
Coagulation factor XII0202
Tissue-type plasminogen activator0101
Interferon beta7007
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 5005
Vitamin K-dependent protein C0101
Serine protease hepsin0101
Trypsin-10101
Trypsin-20101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10202
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0202
Trypsin-30101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20202
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 15005
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10404
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial5005
Chain A, Pol Polyprotein0101
Chain A, Pol Polyprotein0101
Chain B, Pol Polyprotein0101
Chain A, Pol Polyprotein0101
Chain B, Pol Polyprotein0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, protease0101
Chain B, protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease (Retropepsin)0011
Chain B, Protease (Retropepsin)0011
Chain A, Protease (Retropepsin)0011
Chain B, Protease (Retropepsin)0011
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 protease0011
Chain B, HIV-1 protease0011
Chain A, HIV-1 protease0011
Chain B, HIV-1 protease0011
Chain A, HIV-1 Protease0011
Chain B, HIV-1 Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, Protease0101
Chain B, Protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain A, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain B, HIV-1 protease0101
Chain A, Protease0011
Chain B, Protease0011
Chain A, Pol polyprotein0101
Chain B, Pol polyprotein0101
TDP1 protein6006
pregnane X nuclear receptor8008
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 22002
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
geminin4004
Gag-Pol polyprotein0202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10505
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0213
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0314
Gag-Pol polyprotein0112
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 10101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 10101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20505
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0202
Protease 0419
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 30101
Protease 0438
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B100101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20101
Transthyretin0013
Albumin0248
Interleukin-80101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0213
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70203
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30002
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60102
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
P2Y purinoceptor 120101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100101
Luciferase3003
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0404
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20033
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0304
Delta-type opioid receptor0416
Mu-type opioid receptor05210
Kappa-type opioid receptor0315
Histamine H1 receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0629
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0416
Kappa-type opioid receptor0404
Kappa-type opioid receptor0618
Mu-type opioid receptor0316
Mu-type opioid receptor0404
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
Chain A, 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase0101
Chain A, 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase0101
Glutamine synthetase 0101
Cytochrome P450 71B10102
Glutamine synthetase 0101
2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphooctonate aldolase0101
Genome polyprotein 0101
Spike glycoprotein0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
lamin isoform A-delta104004
Transmembrane protease serine 20011
Procathepsin L0011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0112
Replicase polyprotein 1a0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0202
Spike glycoprotein1012
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase0101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 0011
Toll-like receptor 90101
Toll-like receptor 70101
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit2002
Fumarate hydratase2002
GALC protein1001
GLI family zinc finger 34004
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)3003
farnesoid X nuclear receptor2002
polyprotein2002
activating transcription factor 62002
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a2002
heat shock protein beta-11001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 13003
Cellular tumor antigen p534004
Cytochrome P450 1440011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 31001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0202
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0202
Cholinesterase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0202
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
Caspase-10202
Caspase-30101
Caspase-40101
Caspase-50101
Caspase-90101
Cell division control protein 42 homolog0101
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 10101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 10101
Ataxin-23003
acetylcholinesterase1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor1001
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)2002
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
Chain A, Beta-lactamase3003
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor4004
mitogen-activated protein kinase 12002
flap endonuclease 11001
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Translocator protein0112
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Stromelysin-10101
Matrilysin0101
Multidrug transporter MdfA0101
Matrix metalloproteinase-90101
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP150101
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40202
Opioid receptor, delta 1b 0101
Opioid receptor homologue0101
Acyl-CoA desaturase 10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Histidine decarboxylase0011
Proteinase-activated receptor 10112
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0214
Nociceptin receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70101
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X20022
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 20101
luciferase0001
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a3003
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 21001
Estrogen receptor0202
Glucocorticoid receptor0219
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10202
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Androgen receptor0202
Glutamine synthetase0011
Androgen receptor0101
Glycine receptor subunit beta0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Histamine H1 receptor0011
Nociceptin receptor0011
Estrogen receptor beta0202
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 52002
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 11001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 12002
Chain A, Cruzipain2002
15-lipoxygenase, partial1001
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B1001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0404
NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase0101
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Cytochrome P450 2B60011
Arylacetamide deacetylase0102
Alpha-synuclein0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A20101
Histamine H2 receptor1001
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Glutathione S-transferase omega-10101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]0101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30405
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10405
Chain A, HIV-1 PROTEASE0101
Chain B, HIV-1 PROTEASE0101
Chain A, POL polyprotein0101
Chain B, POL polyprotein0101
Chain A, POL polyprotein0101
Chain B, POL polyprotein0101
Chain A, Ferritin light chain1001
Chain A, Endothiapepsin0101
Chain A, Endothiapepsin0101
SMAD family member 21001
SMAD family member 31001
alpha-galactosidase1001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA2002
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 11001
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Solute carrier family 22 member 30101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Cytochrome P450 3A50101
Substance-K receptor0202
Thromboxane-A synthase 0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Cytochrome P450 2C190101
Vasopressin V1a receptor0202
Thromboxane-A synthase0001
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0101
Plasmepsin V 0101
Chain A, Activated Factor Xa Heavy Chain0101
Suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein0101
Cyclin-dependent kinase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Eyes absent homolog 20101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 90112
Guanine deaminase0101
phosphopantetheinyl transferase1001
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase1001
PPM1D protein1001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a1001
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
Albumin0011
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 70101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 0202
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]