thiophenes profile

Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	8030
CHEMBL ID	278958
CHEBI ID	30856
MeSH ID	M0021371

Synonym
25233-34-5
CHEBI:30856 ,
110-02-1
inchi=1/c4h4s/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-4
thiophene ,
divinylene sulfide
huile hso
nsc-405073
nsc405073
thiofurfuran
thiotetrole
thiofuran
cp 34
thiophen
usaf ek-1860
thiacyclopentadiene
furan, thio-
thiole
wln: t5sj
thiofuram
thiaphene
huile h50
NCGC00091806-01
hsdb 130
brn 0103222
einecs 203-729-4
ccris 2935
thiophene [un2414] [flammable liquid]
nsc 405073
un2414
ai3-15417
thiofen [czech]
thiophene, analytical standard
thiophene, >=99%
thiophenes
CHEMBL278958
T0223
AKOS000120157
A802128
A802127
NCGC00091806-02
thiofen
unii-smb37iq40b
thiophene [un2414] [flammable liquid]
smb37iq40b ,
ec 203-729-4
dtxcid006145
cas-110-02-1
NCGC00257556-01
dtxsid8026145 ,
tox21_200002
51325-05-4
FT-0631612
thiophene [hsdb]
thiophene [mi]
thiophene [who-dd]
mfcd26958734
Q-100055
hopkin's lactic acid reagent
un 2414
mfcd00005413
F0001-0214
c4h4s
thiophene-2,5-d2
thio-furan
Q305364
thiophene, reagent
thiophene-
monothiophene
2-thiophene
EN300-19105
107760-19-0
huile hs0
divinylene sulphide
cp34

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Benzothiophenes are a toxic and relatively recalcitrant fraction of coal-tar creosote. "	( Microbial transformation of benzothiophenes, with carbazole as the auxiliary substrate, by Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. Deng, Z; Gai, Z; Wang, X; Xu, P; Yu, B, 2008)	1.14

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Oligothiophenes have been established as important π-conjugated frameworks in organic electronics and molecular electronics. "	( Effects of Aso, Y; Ie, Y; Inoue, T; Numai, Y; Ohto, T; Stewart, H; Tada, H; Yamada, R, 2019)	1.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this longest chronic administration study to date, MK-927 did not cause adverse ocular or systemic side effects."	( Six week safety study of 2% MK-927 administered twice daily to ocular hypertensive volunteers. Camras, CB; Deasy, D; Framm, L; Lippa, EA; Lustgarten, J; Payne, JE; Podos, SM; Serle, JB, 1992)	0.28
" LD50 was indeterminable (greater than 8000 mg/kg) in all routes of dosing."	( Acute toxicity studies of sertaconazole. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A, 1992)	0.28
" The results, in general, have shown low toxic effects, which can be summarized as a slight non-significant hepatomegalia in the rat with increased gamma-GTP and alkaline phosphatase values and a high urinary pH value; no histopathological changes were observed."	( Subacute toxicity and maximum tolerable dose of sertaconazole in repeated administration studies. Grau, MT; Ortíz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1992)	0.28
" The results obtained show that the toxic effects may be summarized as a smaller body weight increase in rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg and in male ferrets at 250 mg/kg."	( Chronic toxicity studies of sertaconazole after oral administration to rats and ferrets. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1992)	0.28
" Sertaconazole did not present any risk, since the phototoxicity level reached was null, with 2 being the minimum value considered as having toxic significance."	( Dermal tolerance and phototoxicity studies of sertaconazole. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A, 1992)	0.28
" Tolerance and safety were evaluated by a general blood analysis and interrogation of the patient on adverse effects."	( Multi-centre double-blind trial on the efficacy and safety of sertaconazole 2% cream in comparison with miconazole 2% cream on patients suffering from cutaneous mycoses. Alomar, C; Bassas, S; Casas, M; Crespo, V; Ferrándiz, C; Fonseca, E; Hernández, B; Noguera, J; Pedragosa, R; Peyrí, J, 1992)	0.28
" The estimated LD50 for a single oral dose in male mice was 470 mg/kg and was lowered to 335 mg/kg by prior induction of mixed-function oxidases."	( Acute oral toxicity of dibenzothiophene for male CD-1 mice: LD50, lesions, and the effect of preinduction of mixed-function oxidases. Leighton, FA, 1989)	0.28
" Rate of 3H-alpha-T elimination was inversely correlated with susceptibility to the toxic effects of the compound."	( Toxicity, localization and elimination of the phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl, in mosquito larvae. Arnason, JT; Downe, AE; Hasspieler, BM, 1988)	0.27
" Taken together, these results indicate that oltipraz is very effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of AFB1 in rats."	( Protection by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) against the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Yager, JD, 1988)	0.27
"Administration of tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole or of two dithiolthiones to female CD-1 mice protected against the acute toxic effects of two hepatotoxic agents, acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride."	( Chemoprotective effects of two dithiolthiones and of butylhydroxyanisole against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen toxicity. Ansher, SS; Bueding, E; Dolan, P, )	0.13
" Biochemical surveillance did not show any adverse metabolic effects of tertatolol."	( Overview of clinical safety and efficacy of tertatolol. Vivet, P, 1993)	0.29
" Two of 28 patients receiving dorzolamide and two of 20 patients receiving placebo were withdrawn due to adverse experiences."	( Four-week safety and efficacy study of dorzolamide, a novel, active topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Cyrlin, M; Deasy, D; Esposito, D; Fazio, R; Lippa, EA; Panebianco, D; Shields, MB; Wilkerson, M; Yablonski, M, 1993)	0.29
" Safety was evaluated with adverse drug reactions reporting, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and laboratory tests monitoring."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of erdosteine in patients affected by chronic bronchitis during an infective exacerbation phase and receiving amoxycillin as basic treatment (ECOBES, European Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis Erdosteine Study). Hanard, T; Mancini, C; Marchioni, CF; Noseda, G; Polu, JM; Taytard, A, 1995)	0.29
" The photobiocidal effects associated with alpha-terthienyl in presence of sunlight and ultraviolet light (300-400 nm), has stimulated a great deal of interest in its toxic mechanism of action against a number of organisms including phytopathogenic fungi, nematodes and mosquito larvae."	( Metal binding and resultant loss of phototoxicity of alpha-terthienyl: metal detoxification versus alpha-terthienyl inactivation. Kumar, GP; Laloraya, M; Nivsarkar, M, 1996)	0.29
" The pure compound had an LD50 of 110 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally to rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity of the plant-derived photoxin alpha-terthienyl. Abou-Zaid, M; Arnason, JT; Durst, T; Kacew, S; Kanjanapothi, D; Kobaisy, M; Marles, R; Meckes, M; Rujjanawate, C; Soucy-Breau, C, 1995)	0.29
"A double-blind study was performed, in horses, to determine the potential toxic effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, eltenac(4-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl) amino]-3-thiopheneacetic acid)."	( A toxicity study of eltenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in horses. Furr, MO; Goodrich, LR; Robertson, JL; Warnick, LD, 1998)	0.3
" The ocular adverse experience (AE) most frequently reported by patients was ocular burning and/or stinging, and the most frequently reported nonocular AEs were taste perversion, upper respiratory infection, and headache."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 2% dorzolamide and 0.5% betaxolol in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure. Dorzolamide Comparison Study Group. Adamsons, I; Laurence, J; Polis, A; Rusk, C; Sharpe, E, )	0.13
" Burning and/or stinging on instillation were the only adverse experiences that affected significantly more of the patients receiving 2% dorzolamide twice or three times daily than those receiving placebo."	( The efficacy and safety of dorzolamide as adjunctive therapy to timolol maleate gellan solution in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Additivity Study Group. Adamsons, I; Clineschmidt, C; Laibovitz, R; Polis, A; Shedden, A; Taylor, J, 1998)	0.3
" The treatment groups were generally comparable in terms of adverse events, symptoms, ocular signs, visual acuity, visual fields, physical examination, and laboratory measures."	( The efficacy and safety of the dorzolamide-timolol combination versus the concomitant administration of its components. Dorzolamide-Timolol Study Group. Adamsons, I; DuBiner, H; Snyder, E; Strohmaier, K, 1998)	0.3
" CI-959 was locally toxic to nasal cavity respiratory and olfactory epithelia in rats and respiratory epithelium in dogs."	( Nasal toxicity of CI-959, a novel anti-inflammatory drug, in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs. Courtney, CL; Walsh, KM, )	0.13
" The incidence of the most common drug-related adverse experiences in the first year was compared with that in the second year using McNemar's test."	( Two-year safety study of dorzolamide as monotherapy and with timolol and pilocarpine. Dorzolamide Safety Study Group. Adamsons, IA; Boyle, JE; Ostrov, CS; Polis, A, 1998)	0.3
" Of the patients who received dorzolamide as monotherapy, drug-related adverse events occurred more frequently during the first year (29."	( Two-year safety study of dorzolamide as monotherapy and with timolol and pilocarpine. Dorzolamide Safety Study Group. Adamsons, IA; Boyle, JE; Ostrov, CS; Polis, A, 1998)	0.3
" Drug-related adverse events were less frequent during the second year of monotherapy than during the first year."	( Two-year safety study of dorzolamide as monotherapy and with timolol and pilocarpine. Dorzolamide Safety Study Group. Adamsons, IA; Boyle, JE; Ostrov, CS; Polis, A, 1998)	0.3
" Both combination and concomitant therapy were well tolerated and few patients discontinued due to adverse effects."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of the fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol and the concomitant administration of dorzolamide and timolol: a clinical equivalence study. International Clinical Equivalence Study Group. Adamsons, I; Hutzelmann, J; Owens, S; Shedden, A; Vargas, E, 1998)	0.3
" The frequency of adverse events observed with eprosartan was similar to that seen with placebo."	( Safety and tolerability of eprosartan. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
" Most adverse experiences reported throughout the study were mild or moderate in both treatment groups."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
" Eprosartan was well tolerated; the overall incidence of adverse events was comparable to that in the enalapril group."	( Efficacy and safety of eprosartan in severe hypertension. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Sega, R, 1999)	0.3
" There were very few adverse reactions to dorzolamide."	( The effectiveness and safety of dorzolamide 2% in addition to multiple topical antiglaucoma medications. Chang, MR; Cheng, Q; Hartenbaum, D; Le, HH; Lee, DA, 1999)	0.3
" The treatment groups were generally comparable in terms of adverse events, symptoms, ocular signs, visual acuity, visual fields, physical examination, and laboratory measures."	( The efficacy and safety of the dorzolamide-timolol combination versus the concomitant administration of its components. Adamsons, I; DuBiner, H; Snyder, E; Strohmaier, K, 1999)	0.3
" RTX induces proliferating tissue toxicities that are largely confined to the intestine, with diarrhea being a severe side effect in a small but significant minority of patients."	( Balb/c mice as a preclinical model for raltitrexed-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Aherne, GW; Benstead, J; Clarke, SJ; Farrugia, DC; Jackman, AL; Pritchard, DM, 2000)	0.31
" Patients who were treated for less than three months, who failed therapy due to ineffectiveness of the medicine or an adverse event also were included."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of latanoprost 0.005% compared to brimonidine 0.2% or dorzolamide 2% when added to a topical beta-adrenergic blocker in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Chopra, H; Day, DG; Holmes, KT; Kolker, AE; Konstas, AG; Lee, WH; Rieser, JC; Sharpe, ED; Stewart, WC, 2000)	0.31
" The majority of adverse events during both treatments were judged as mild."	( Efficacy and side effects of latanoprost monotherapy compared to adding dorzolamide to timolol in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension--a three-month randomised study. Spanish Latanoprost Study Group. García Sanchez, J, )	0.13
" We concluded that NAC/OLZ modulates some end points related to GSH but is too toxic for chemoprevention at the doses used."	( Phase I/pharmacodynamic study of N-acetylcysteine/oltipraz in smokers: early termination due to excessive toxicity. Bolanowska-Higdon, W; Creaven, PJ; Hitt, S; Lawrence, D; Murphy, M; Pendyala, L; Schwartz, G; Zdanowicz, J, 2001)	0.31
" The most frequent side effect was ocular pain in the case of 2% dorzolamide and blurred vision in 1% brinzolamide."	( Comparisons of intraocular-pressure- lowering efficacy and side effects of 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide. Chu, YK; Hong, YJ; Lee, JH; Lee, SC; Seong, GJ, )	0.13
"Control of hypertension is hindered by the incidence of adverse events associated with therapy, which can result in low patient compliance."	( Eprosartan provides safe and effective long-term maintenance of blood pressure control in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Levine, B, 2001)	0.31
" Since that review, some new knowledge allows us to better predict that some structural moieties are more likely than others to form drug reactive metabolites that may be involved in causing toxic effects in humans."	( Structure toxicity relationships--how useful are they in predicting toxicities of new drugs? Nelson, SD, 2001)	0.31
"To report periorbital dermatitis as a late side effect of topical dorzolamide hydrochloride (Trusopt), a drug used to reduce intraocular pressure."	( Periorbital dermatitis as a side effect of topical dorzolamide. Beehne, K; Delaney, YM; Gee, B; Mossa, F; Powell, S; Salmon, JF, 2002)	0.31
" Three toxic deaths occurred (3%)."	( Raltitrexed in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an active and low toxicity regimen. Aparicio, J; Camps, C; Escudero, P; Feliu, J; García Girón, C; González Barón, M; Mel, JR; Menéndez, D; Rodriguez, MR; Sánchez, JJ, 2002)	0.31
"The ideal antihypertensive drug should be effective in reducing blood pressure, but have a low incidence of adverse effects."	( Safety and tolerability of eprosartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Böhm, M; Sachse, A, 2002)	0.31
" Because glutathione (GSH) and GSH S-transferase (GST) are a major cellular defense against the toxic effects of reactive aldehydes, in this study we have characterized the inducibility of GSH and GST by the unique chemoprotective agent, 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) and their protective effects against acrolein-induced toxicity in rat aortic smooth muscle A10 cells."	( Induction of cellular glutathione and glutathione S-transferase by 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione in rat aortic smooth muscle A10 cells: protection against acrolein-induced toxicity. Cao, Z; Hardej, D; Li, Y; Trombetta, LD; Trush, MA, 2003)	0.32
" The cytotoxicity of tested compounds indicated that compound 1a was the less toxic compound (IC50 > 62."	( Antituberculosis agents IV: in vitro antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of N-piperazinyl quinolone derivatives containing 2-thienyl and 2-furyl moiety. Foroumadi, A; Mirzaei, M; Soltani, F, 2003)	0.32
"Since many trials claimed a favorable therapeutic index with raltitrexed, the aim of our preliminary study was to evaluate the anticancer activity and the toxic profile of this drug in the elderly."	( Favorable toxicity profile of raltitrexed in elderly patients treated for colorectal cancer: a case series. Caporale, A; Fabiani, O; Franchi, F; Pastore, C; Rossi, L; Seminara, P, )	0.13
" Though recent reports suggest some concern about severe complications of treatment with raltitrexed, administration of reduced doses of this drug seems to be a putative therapy for those patients who, because of their age, are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of chemotherapy."	( Favorable toxicity profile of raltitrexed in elderly patients treated for colorectal cancer: a case series. Caporale, A; Fabiani, O; Franchi, F; Pastore, C; Rossi, L; Seminara, P, )	0.13
" This study confirmed TOM-based hepatotoxicity as a clinical relevant side-effect and a major factor for treatment delays or discontinuation."	( Raltitrexed-induced hepatotoxicity: multivariate analysis of predictive factors. Bonsignori, M; Delprete, S; La Cesa, A; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Rocchi, MB; Santini, D; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2003)	0.32
" Safety evaluation was carried out, and number of adverse events in each treatment group did not differ substantially."	( A six-week, parallel, randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of the 0.5% timolol/2.0% MK-507 combination b.i.d. to the concomitant administration of 0.5% timolol b.i.d. and 2.0% MK-507 b.i.d. Chen, YF; Hung, PT; Yang, CH, 2003)	0.32
" The small size of cerebellar granule cells, the unique subunit composition of their N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, their low DNA repair ability, low levels of calcium-binding proteins and vulnerability during postnatal brain development and distribution of glutathione and its conjugating and metabolizing enzymes are all important factors in determining the sensitivity of cerebellar granule cells to toxic compounds."	( The contributions of excitotoxicity, glutathione depletion and DNA repair in chemically induced injury to neurones: exemplified with toxic effects on cerebellar granule cells. Fonnum, F; Lock, EA, 2004)	0.32
" No serious drug-related adverse effects were reported."	( The efficacy and safety of dose escalation of dorzolamide used in combination with other topical antiglaucoma agents. Araie, M; Azuma, I; Hamanaka, T; Kitazawa, Y; Origasa, H; Shirato, S; Tomita, G, 2003)	0.32
" The in vitro and in vivo data presented here demonstrate the formation of 2-ABT from zileuton and its further bioactivation to a potentially toxic metabolite."	( In vitro metabolism of 2-acetylbenzothiophene: relevance to zileuton hepatotoxicity. Chordia, MD; Heasley, BH; Joshi, EM; Macdonald, TL, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events were recorded at each visit."	( Efficacy and safety of the fixed combinations latanoprost/timolol versus dorzolamide/timolol in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Feldman, RM; Sheu, WP; Shin, DH, 2004)	0.32
" The reported incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was somewhat lower with escitalopram than with duloxetine, with the possible exception of sexual dysfunction."	( Newer antidepressants: review of efficacy and safety of escitalopram and duloxetine. Hirschfeld, RM; Vornik, LA, 2004)	0.32
" Both agents were well tolerated with adverse events consistent with the package inserts."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of dorzolamide 2% and brimonidine 0.2% in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Fechtner, RD; Henry, C; Hughes, B; Lee, DA; Terry, S; Whitson, JT, 2004)	0.32
" The potent free radical scavenger erdosteine may have protective potential in this process and it will become a promising drug in the prevention of this undesired side-effect of cisplatin, but further studies are needed to illuminate the exact protection mechanism of erdosteine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity."	( In vivo evidence suggesting a role for purine-catabolizing enzymes in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and effect of erdosteine against this toxicity. Kotuk, M; Ozyurt, H; Söğüt, S; Ulu, R; Yildirim, Z; Yilmaz, HR, )	0.13
"Treatment plants may be exposed to a whole range of toxic organic and inorganic compounds that may inhibit the removal of organic matter and nitrogen."	( Monitoring toxicity of industrial wastewater and specific chemicals to a green alga, nitrifying bacteria and an aquatic bacterium. Arvin, E; Eilersen, AM; Henze, M, 2004)	0.32
" The most frequently observed adverse events with duloxetine were nausea, dry mouth and somnolence."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of duloxetine 60 mg once daily in major depression. Cowen, PJ; Gama, J; Ogilvie, AD, 2005)	0.33
" Twenty adverse events, mostly gastrointestinal complaints, were recorded in 12 patients (1."	( Effectiveness and safety of eprosartan on pulse pressure for the treatment of hypertensive patients. Alamo, C; López-Muñoz, F; Martín-Agueda, B; Robles, NR, 2005)	0.33
" Safety assessments included serious adverse event reports, rates of discontinuation, spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events, changes in vital signs and laboratory values, and electrocardiograms."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: analysis of pooled data from eight placebo-controlled clinical trials. Hudson, JI; Kajdasz, DK; Mallinckrodt, CH; Martynov, OV; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2005)	0.33
"These results are consistent with those obtained previously from smaller pooled data sets, and suggest that duloxetine is safe and well tolerated in patients with MDD."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: analysis of pooled data from eight placebo-controlled clinical trials. Hudson, JI; Kajdasz, DK; Mallinckrodt, CH; Martynov, OV; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events reported in the multiple dose treatment with S-3304 or placebo were mostly of mild severity, except for two episodes of moderate headache and two episodes of moderate myalgia."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral S-3304, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in single and multiple dose escalation studies in healthy volunteers. Kambayashi, Y; Sollie, F; van Marle, S; van Vliet, A; Yamada-Sawada, T, 2005)	0.33
"The database included 1913 women randomized to duloxetine (N=958) or placebo (N=955), examining adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), vital signs, electrocardiograms, and laboratory analytes."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: an integrated analysis of safety. Baygani, SK; Hurley, DJ; Turner, CL; Viktrup, L; Yalcin, I, 2006)	0.33
"Duloxetine was safe and tolerable, although transient AEs were not uncommon."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: an integrated analysis of safety. Baygani, SK; Hurley, DJ; Turner, CL; Viktrup, L; Yalcin, I, 2006)	0.33
"Oral BAY 59--7939 in single doses up to 80 mg was safe and well tolerated and was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding compared with placebo."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY 59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
" Generally, duloxetine is safe and well-tolerated across indications, with few reported serious side effects."	( Safety and adverse event profile of duloxetine. Gahimer, J; Viktrup, L; Wernicke, JF; Wulster-Radcliffe, M; Yalcin, I, 2005)	0.33
" Safety assessments included rates of discontinuation due to adverse events, spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events, and changes in vital signs."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a closer look at efficacy and safety data across the approved dose range. Andorn, AC; Mallinckrodt, CH; Prakash, A; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" The rate of discontinuation due to adverse events was 13."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a closer look at efficacy and safety data across the approved dose range. Andorn, AC; Mallinckrodt, CH; Prakash, A; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
"Duloxetine provides safe and effective acute phase treatment of MDD at doses of 40-60 mg/day."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a closer look at efficacy and safety data across the approved dose range. Andorn, AC; Mallinckrodt, CH; Prakash, A; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
"There is a clinical need for safe new oral anticoagulants."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--after multiple dosing in healthy male subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
" There was no dose-related increase in the frequency or severity of adverse events with BAY 59-7939."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--after multiple dosing in healthy male subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
"BAY 59-7939 was safe and well tolerated across the wide dose range studied, with predictable, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and no relevant accumulation beyond steady state."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--after multiple dosing in healthy male subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
" The most important adverse events for the prostaglandin derivatives were conjunctival hyperemia, eyelashes pigmentation and growth, iris pigmentation."	( Comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of latanoprost, travoprost and the fixed combination timolol-dorzolamide; a prospective, randomized, masked, cross-over design study. Antohi, I; Chiseliţă, D; Danielescu, C; Medvichi, R, 2005)	0.33
"In the current Phase II study, the authors evaluated the association between genomic polymorphic variants in uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and thymidylate synthase (TS) genes, and the incidence of the adverse effects of irinotecan and raltitrexed in previously heavily treated patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
" Nineteen variables related to patient, disease, and treatment characteristics, together with genotypes, were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model with stepwise selection to evaluate their correlation with adverse reactions."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
" MTHFR C677T polymorphism was not found to be associated with any adverse reaction."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
"Various unpleasant adverse effects exist, among which nausea is the most frequent, but is mild to moderate and transient in most cases."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in women with stress urinary incontinence. Michel, MC; Oelke, M; Roovers, JP, 2006)	0.33
" Dose escalation combined with patient counselling on the intensity and transient nature of adverse effects may help to further improve the benefit/tolerability ratio of duloxetine in the treatment of SUI."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in women with stress urinary incontinence. Michel, MC; Oelke, M; Roovers, JP, 2006)	0.33
" Discontinuation rates due to adverse events among duloxetine-treated patients were 13."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and efficacy. Bailey, RK; Mallinckrodt, CH; Plewes, JM; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" Safety was assessed using discontinuation rates, spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events, changes in vital signs and laboratory analyses."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and tolerability in male and female patients. Kornstein, SG; Mallinckrodt, CH; Stewart, DE; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
"Discontinuation rates due to adverse events among duloxetine-treated patients were 18."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and tolerability in male and female patients. Kornstein, SG; Mallinckrodt, CH; Stewart, DE; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse event rates were based on spontaneous reports and differential dose-response effects were not evaluated."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and tolerability in male and female patients. Kornstein, SG; Mallinckrodt, CH; Stewart, DE; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" We assessed safety using spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), changes in vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs), laboratory analytes, and visual analogue scales (VAS) for gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: safety and tolerability associated with dose escalation. Carter, WP; Mallinckrodt, CH; Prakash, A; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2007)	0.34
" All treatments were well tolerated; drug-related adverse events were mild and transient."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor--are not affected by aspirin. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2006)	0.33
" Severe enterocolitis, a hitherto infrequently recognized adverse event, which has been described in association with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin and oxaliplatin chemotherapy, may also occur with raltitrexed and oxaliplatin."	( Severe enteropathy associated with raltitrexed and oxaliplatin chemotherapy: report of two patients experiencing this rare, potentially lethal gastrointestinal adverse event. Funk, G; Kornek, GV; Oehler, L; Scheithauer, W; Schwarz, C; Urbauer, E; Wenzel, C, 2006)	0.33
" Discontinuations were primarily due to adverse events, 20."	( Duloxetine for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a 6-month open-label safety study. Goldstein, DJ; Pritchett, YL; Raskin, J; Wang, F, )	0.13
" Safety was assessed using discontinuation rates, treatment-emergent adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory analyses."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and efficacy in U.S. Hispanic and majority Caucasian patients. Blanco, C; Lewis-Fernández, R; Mallinckrodt, CH; Plewes, JM; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" Discontinuation rates due to adverse events among duloxetine-treated patients were 14."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and efficacy in U.S. Hispanic and majority Caucasian patients. Blanco, C; Lewis-Fernández, R; Mallinckrodt, CH; Plewes, JM; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" Tolerance was based on subjective adverse events, clinical examination, vital signs, ECG and laboratory tests including haematology and biochemistry profiles using CTC grading."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety assessments of high-dose and 4-week treatment with S-3304, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Amin, DM; Bradford, D; Kambayashi, Y; Mant, TG; Pisupati, J; Tanaka, K; Yamada-Sawada, T; Yano, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Safety measures included adverse events, laboratory test results, and vital signs."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence: results from DESIRE (Duloxetine Efficacy and Safety for Incontinence in Racial and Ethnic populations). Cohen, JS; Liu, C; Meadows, ES; Muram, D; Plouffe, L; Weinstein, DL, 2006)	0.33
" Common adverse events included nausea (21."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence: results from DESIRE (Duloxetine Efficacy and Safety for Incontinence in Racial and Ethnic populations). Cohen, JS; Liu, C; Meadows, ES; Muram, D; Plouffe, L; Weinstein, DL, 2006)	0.33
" No serious adverse events were reported, and rates of cutaneous adverse events were comparable between treatment groups."	( The safety and efficacy of sertaconazole nitrate cream 2% for tinea pedis. Jorizzo, J; Savin, R, 2006)	0.33
" The main difference between these classes is in their short-term pharmacological effects, leading to different patterns of adverse effects."	( Duloxetine: new indication. Depression and diabetic neuropathy: too many adverse effects. , 2006)	0.33
" However, there are some data revealing an association between strontium ranelate treatment and increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), suggesting possible adverse prothrombotic effects of the drug."	( Short-term hemostatic safety of strontium ranelate treatment in elderly women with osteoporosis. Ariogul, S; Cankurtaran, M; Gedik, A; Halil, M; Haznedaroglu, IC; Kirazli, S; Piskinpasa, S; Ulger, Z; Yavuz, BB, 2007)	0.34
" Evaluated aspects of drug safety included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), adverse events leading to discontinuation, serious adverse events (SAEs), clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and electrocardiograms."	( A retrospective pooled analysis of duloxetine safety in 23,983 subjects. Gahimer, J; Ossanna, MJ; Viktrup, L; Wernicke, J; Wulster-Radcliffe, M; Yalcin, I, 2007)	0.34
" The rate of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) was higher for the duloxetine group compared with the placebo group (P=."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a flexible-dose, progressive-titration, placebo-controlled trial. Ball, S; Detke, MJ; Dinkel, J; Erickson, J; Raskin, J; Rickels, K; Russell, J; Rynn, M, 2008)	0.35
" This study was designed to evaluate the cardiovascular safety profile of the SNRI duloxetine through evaluation of cardiovascular-related parameters and adverse events (AEs)."	( An evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of duloxetine: findings from 42 placebo-controlled studies. Kajdasz, DK; Lledó, A; Raskin, J; Wang, F; Wernicke, J, 2007)	0.34
" Because the endothelin-A (ET-A) receptor subtype is the primary cardiovascular effector for endothelin, this study used the ET-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan sodium (TBC11251Na) to evaluate: (1) dose-dependent changes in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary (PVRI) and systemic (SVRI) vascular resistance index in patients undergoing on-pump coronary revascularization; and (2) whether ET-RA administration was associated with increased adverse events."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events were tabulated until hospital discharge."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 203 adverse events were tabulated in the postoperative period and were equally distributed across the five treatment groups, with no direct attributions to ET-A receptor antagonist treatment."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" Tolerability measures included adverse events reported as the reason for discontinuation and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( The safety and tolerability of duloxetine in depressed elderly patients with and without medical comorbidity. Iosifescu, DV; Raskin, J; Sheridan, M; Wiltse, CG; Wise, TN; Xu, JY, 2007)	0.34
" There were few significant treatment-by-comorbidity subgroup interactions for these efficacy variables, or for adverse events reported as the reason for discontinuation and common TEAEs."	( The safety and tolerability of duloxetine in depressed elderly patients with and without medical comorbidity. Iosifescu, DV; Raskin, J; Sheridan, M; Wiltse, CG; Wise, TN; Xu, JY, 2007)	0.34
" The use of antioxidants reduces the adverse effects of CsA."	( The protective effect of erdosteine against cyclosporine A-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Akcay, A; Bayrak, R; Karanfil, A; Kaya, A; Ozkara, A; Sahin, S; Selcoki, Y; Uz, B; Uz, E, 2007)	0.34
" As clinicians face a broader spectrum of efficacious treatments, side-effect profiles play an increasingly important role in the development of a pain management regimen."	( Safety profile of treatment in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Robinson-Papp, J; Simpson, DM, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events (AEs), their severity, and their relationship to the study medication were assessed by each investigator."	( Open-label, long-term safety study of cevimeline in the treatment of postirradiation xerostomia. Armstrong, I; Biel, MA; Chambers, MS; Chen, Y; Garden, AS; Haddad, R; Hodge, KM; Holland, JM; Jones, CU; Ship, JA; Vitti, R; Weber, RS, 2007)	0.34
"Cataract surgery with PPCCC was safe in terms of the postoperative IOP course."	( Intraocular pressure rise after primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with a fixed dorzolamide-timolol combination: randomized safety study with intraindividual comparison using an angulated and a nonangulated intraocular lens. Buehl, W; Georgopoulos, M; Heinzl, H; Menapace, R; Rainer, G; Wirtitsch, MG, 2007)	0.34
" HSA irreversible alkylation represents a model for other proteins to be potentially toxic and thus may help explain zileuton hepatotoxicity."	( Irreversible alkylation of human serum albumin by zileuton metabolite 2-acetylbenzothiophene-S-oxide: a potential model for hepatotoxicity. Chordia, MD; Li, F; Macdonald, TL; Woodling, KA, 2007)	0.34
" Ocular burning was noted with dorzolamide more than any other adverse event with either drug."	( Efficacy and safety of brimonidine and dorzolamide for intraocular pressure lowering in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Craven, ER; Katz, LJ; Simmons, ST, 2007)	0.34
" The overall incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly from placebo and were generally mild and transient, the most common being nausea and diarrhea."	( Strontium ranelate: a novel treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of safety and efficacy. Blake, GM; Fogelman, I, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (>or= 10%) in duloxetine-treated patients were nausea, hyperhidrosis, and dry mouth."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg once daily in the treatment of pain in patients with major depressive disorder and at least moderate pain of unknown etiology: a randomized controlled trial. Brecht, S; Courtecuisse, C; Croenlein, J; Debieuvre, C; Demyttenaere, K; Desaiah, D; Petit, C; Raskin, J, 2007)	0.34
" Discontinuation rates due to adverse events were similar for duloxetine and placebo (9."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine at 60 mg once daily in elderly patients with major depressive disorder. Desaiah, D; Dinkel, JJ; Katona, C; Raskin, J; Walker, DJ; Wiltse, CG, 2008)	0.35
"This study suggests that duloxetine is safe and well tolerated in elderly patients with major depressive disorder."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine at 60 mg once daily in elderly patients with major depressive disorder. Desaiah, D; Dinkel, JJ; Katona, C; Raskin, J; Walker, DJ; Wiltse, CG, 2008)	0.35
" There were 116 predominantly mild, nonserious adverse events attributed to the study drugs, reported by 86 (24."	( Effectiveness and safety of dorzolamide-timolol alone or combined with latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Bastien, NR; Koulis, T; Lesk, MR; Sampalis, F; Sampalis, JS, 2008)	0.35
"In patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and elevated IOP while on monotherapy with latanoprost, switching to dorzolamide-timolol or combining dorzolamide-timolol with latanoprost are effective and safe treatment options for reducing IOP and achieving therapeutic response."	( Effectiveness and safety of dorzolamide-timolol alone or combined with latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Bastien, NR; Koulis, T; Lesk, MR; Sampalis, F; Sampalis, JS, 2008)	0.35
" Safety was assessed via treatment-emergent adverse events, and changes in vital sign, laboratory, and ECG measures."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: Results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Arnold, LM; Chappell, AS; Detke, MJ; Kajdasz, DK; Mease, PJ; Russell, JI; Smith, TR; Walker, DJ; Wohlreich, MM, 2008)	0.35
" The proportion of patients with > or =1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was similar with both treatments, but dry mouth, fatigue, constipation, and hyperhidrosis were significantly more common in women taking duloxetine."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in elderly women with stress urinary incontinence or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence. Chen, WJ; Jonasson, AF; Lange, RR; Schagen van Leeuwen, JH; Viktrup, L, 2008)	0.35
"Duloxetine is a safe and effective treatment for elderly women with symptoms of SUI or S-MUI."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in elderly women with stress urinary incontinence or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence. Chen, WJ; Jonasson, AF; Lange, RR; Schagen van Leeuwen, JH; Viktrup, L, 2008)	0.35
" There was no statistical difference for any individual adverse event between treatments (p>0."	( Comparison of daytime efficacy and safety of dorzolamide/timolol maleate fixed combination versus latanoprost. Ahmad, A; Mulaney, J; Sonty, S; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, )	0.13
" Erdosteine prevented APAP-induced liver injury and toxic side effects probably through the antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of erdosteine."	( Effects of erdosteine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Duru, M; Helvaci, R; Kaya, H; Koc, A; Kozlu, T; Kuvandik, G; Nacar, A; Sogüt, S; Yonden, Z, 2008)	0.35
" The most common adverse events were application site reactions (40."	( One year open-label safety and efficacy trial with rotigotine transdermal patch in moderate to severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Benes, H; Garcia-Borreguero, D; Geisler, P; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, WH; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Tacken, I; Trenkwalder, C, 2008)	0.35
" The transdermal patch was safe and generally well tolerated by the majority of patients."	( One year open-label safety and efficacy trial with rotigotine transdermal patch in moderate to severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Benes, H; Garcia-Borreguero, D; Geisler, P; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, WH; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Tacken, I; Trenkwalder, C, 2008)	0.35
"Post licensing, the evaluation of drug safety relies heavily on the collation of sporadic, spontaneous reports on adverse effects."	( Post-marketing assessment of the safety of strontium ranelate; a novel case-only approach to the early detection of adverse drug reactions. Douglas, I; Grosso, A; Hingorani, A; MacAllister, R; Smeeth, L, 2008)	0.35
"We used the UK General Practice Research Database to assess the risk of several recently reported adverse events linked to the use of strontium ranelate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women."	( Post-marketing assessment of the safety of strontium ranelate; a novel case-only approach to the early detection of adverse drug reactions. Douglas, I; Grosso, A; Hingorani, A; MacAllister, R; Smeeth, L, 2008)	0.35
"Although we confirmed the association between strontium ranelate and adverse events identified in the Phase III publications, there was no evidence of an association between strontium ranelate and the aforementioned potentially life-threatening adverse events."	( Post-marketing assessment of the safety of strontium ranelate; a novel case-only approach to the early detection of adverse drug reactions. Douglas, I; Grosso, A; Hingorani, A; MacAllister, R; Smeeth, L, 2008)	0.35
" Safety assessments included discontinuation rates, spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), changes in vital signs, and changes in lab analytes."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain between patients with and without cardiovascular conditions. Houston, J; Kajdasz, DK; Prakash, A; Wernicke, JF, )	0.13
" Discontinuation due to adverse events was higher for DLX than for PBO in both CV-positive and CV-negative patients (13."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain between patients with and without cardiovascular conditions. Houston, J; Kajdasz, DK; Prakash, A; Wernicke, JF, )	0.13
" A reduction in the dopaminergic side-effect nausea was seen with domperidone comedication."	( Influence of domperidone on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
" Safety and tolerability were assessed via discontinuation rates, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), and changes in vital signs and laboratory measures."	( Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Chappell, AS; Detke, MJ; Kajdasz, DK; Mease, PJ; Russell, IJ; Walker, DJ; Wiltse, CG; Wohlreich, MM, 2010)	0.36
" Groups titrating from placebo to duloxetine showed the highest discontinuation rates due to an adverse event (Study 1, 25%; Study 2, 19%) and TEAE rates (Study 1, 82%; Study 2, 77%)."	( Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Chappell, AS; Detke, MJ; Kajdasz, DK; Mease, PJ; Russell, IJ; Walker, DJ; Wiltse, CG; Wohlreich, MM, 2010)	0.36
"Latanoprost is safe and equally effective to a fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in the treatment of uveitic glaucoma."	( Efficacy and safety of latanoprost in eyes with uveitic glaucoma. Chalkidou, S; Georgopoulos, G; Halkiadakis, I; Kostakou, A; Markomichelakis, NN; Papakonstantinou, D, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, there is no difference according to liver enzymes elevation and cardio-vascular adverse events."	( [Rivaroxaban (Xarelto): efficacy and safety]. Arnaout, L; Bellamy, L; Chabbouh, T; Rosencher, N, 2008)	0.35
" They also suffer a range of toxic insults, being a chief target of prooxidants such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), and acrolein."	( Cruciferous nutraceutical 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione protects human primary astrocytes against neurocytotoxicity elicited by MPTP, MPP(+), 6-OHDA, HNE and acrolein. Jia, Z; Li, Y; Misra, HP; Zhu, H, 2009)	0.35
" The most common (> or =15%) treatment-emergent adverse events (overall phase) were nausea, headache, insomnia, dizziness, constipation, and dry mouth."	( A 1-year safety and efficacy study of duloxetine in patients with fibromyalgia. Chappell, AS; D'Souza, DN; Kajdasz, DK; Littlejohn, G; Moldofsky, H; Scheinberg, M, 2009)	0.35
" The most frequently reported emergent adverse events were comparable in both groups (60."	( Efficacy and safety of 2 g/day of strontium ranelate in Asian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Chen, JL; Chung, LP; Huang, ML; Hussain, NH; Liu, JM; Meng, XW; Pheng, CS; Sufian, SS; Wai-Chee Kung, A; Wu, YY; Xu, L; Zhang, ZL; Zhu, HM, 2009)	0.35
" Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), adverse events leading to discontinuation, serious adverse events (SAEs), clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and electrocardiograms."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: pooled analysis of data from five clinical trials. Chappell, AS; Choy, EH; Crits-Christoph, P; Kajdasz, DK; Mease, PJ; Walker, DJ; Wohlreich, MM, 2009)	0.35
" The safety profile of duloxetine versus placebo with respect to serious adverse events and discontinuation owing to adverse events was similar for FM patients with versus without MDD (P>0."	( Comparisons of the efficacy and safety of duloxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with versus without major depressive disorder. Arnold, LM; Chappell, AS; Hudson, JI; Kajdasz, DK; Prakash, A; Wang, F; Wohlreich, MM, )	0.13
" Adverse event reporting with arzoxifene was similar to that with raloxifene, as were hot flush and night sweat reporting."	( Effects of arzoxifene on bone, lipid markers, and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Cox, DA; Downs, RW; Dowsett, SA; Ghosh, A; Harper, K; Moffett, AM, 2010)	0.36
" There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about rare but severe adverse events."	( The general and comparative efficacy and safety of duloxetine in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gartlehner, G; Gaynes, BN; Hansen, RA; Thaler, K, 2009)	0.35
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were significantly more common during duloxetine treatment (48."	( Short- and long-term efficacy and safety of duloxetine in women with predominant stress urinary incontinence. Beardsworth, A; Cardozo, L; Lange, R; Manning, M; Viktrup, L; Voss, S; Zhao, YD, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were recorded at each visit."	( Efficacy and safety of fixed combinations of latanoprost/timolol and dorzolamide/timolol in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Grunden, JW; Kwok, K; Miglior, S, 2010)	0.36
" Rivaroxaban was well tolerated: there was a low incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and all events were of mild intensity."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single doses of rivaroxaban - an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor - in elderly Chinese subjects. Bauer, RJ; Hu, P; Hu, Y; Jiang, J; Kubitza, D; Meng, L; Mueck, W; Yang, J; Zhang, J, 2010)	0.36
"Somnolence is one of the most common adverse effects of a dopaminergic agonist, rotigotine."	( Rotigotine adverse effects affecting patient's sexual partner. Hedera, P, )	0.13
" Secondary end points included reducing signs and symptoms and reporting adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of sertaconazole nitrate cream 2% in the treatment of tinea pedis interdigitalis: a subgroup analysis. Bödeker, RH; Borelli, C; Korting, HC; Neumeister, C, 2010)	0.36
" Because the patient populations are diverse within these approved indications, and duloxetine is not yet approved for treatment of other conditions, we wanted to determine if adverse event profiles would differ among patients being treated for these various conditions."	( Profile of adverse events with duloxetine treatment: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Brunton, S; Crucitti, AS; Edwards, SB; Ossanna, MJ; Robinson, MJ; Walker, DJ; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
"To provide detailed information on the adverse events associated with duloxetine and to identify differences in the adverse event profile between treatment indications and patient demographic subgroups."	( Profile of adverse events with duloxetine treatment: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Brunton, S; Crucitti, AS; Edwards, SB; Ossanna, MJ; Robinson, MJ; Walker, DJ; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
" The main outcome measures were rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and adverse events reported as the reason for discontinuation."	( Profile of adverse events with duloxetine treatment: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Brunton, S; Crucitti, AS; Edwards, SB; Ossanna, MJ; Robinson, MJ; Walker, DJ; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
"8%) discontinued because of adverse events (P=0."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Atkinson, JH; Backonja, M; Chappell, AS; Desaiah, D; Detke, MJ; Iyengar, S; Liu-Seifert, H; Skljarevski, V; Zhang, Q, 2010)	0.36
"Frequency/discontinuations due to treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the acute management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: analysis of pooled data from three placebo-controlled clinical trials. Acharya, N; Crucitti, A; Hall, JA; Oakes, TM; Utterback, BG; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
" Discontinuations due to adverse events were significantly greater (12."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the acute management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: analysis of pooled data from three placebo-controlled clinical trials. Acharya, N; Crucitti, A; Hall, JA; Oakes, TM; Utterback, BG; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
"Duloxetine was generally safe and well tolerated, with the three most commonly reported TEAEs being nausea, somnolence and constipation."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the acute management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: analysis of pooled data from three placebo-controlled clinical trials. Acharya, N; Crucitti, A; Hall, JA; Oakes, TM; Utterback, BG; Wang, F, 2010)	0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Treatment-emergent adverse events observed with > 10% frequency in both groups were headache and nausea."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg and 120 mg daily in patients hospitalized for severe depression: a double-blind randomized trial. Brecht, S; Desaiah, D; Guelfi, JD; Marechal, ES; Podhorna, J; Santini, AM, 2011)	0.37
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and efficacy was measured by the International RLS Study Group Severity Rating Scale (IRLS), RLS-6 scales and Clinical Global Impression (CGI)."	( Treatment of moderate to severe restless legs syndrome: 2-year safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch. Beneš, H; García-Borreguero, D; Geisler, P; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, WH; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2010)	0.36
" Safety analyses included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), AEs reported as reason for discontinuation, and vital signs."	( Long-term safety of duloxetine during open-label compassionate use treatment of patients who completed previous duloxetine clinical trials. Desaiah, D; Detke, MJ; Kennedy, SH; Pangallo, BA; Perahia, DG; Zhang, Q, 2010)	0.36
"3%), adverse event (8."	( Long-term safety of duloxetine during open-label compassionate use treatment of patients who completed previous duloxetine clinical trials. Desaiah, D; Detke, MJ; Kennedy, SH; Pangallo, BA; Perahia, DG; Zhang, Q, 2010)	0.36
" The use of antioxidants reduces the adverse effects of CsA."	( Effects of erdosteine on cyclosporine-A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Bayrak, R; Delibasi, T; Ekiz, F; Erarslan, E; Koca, C; Turkcu, UO; Uz, B, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, PAM-1616 significantly improved hyperglycemia in db/db mice with little side effect when orally administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 28 days."	( PAM-1616, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulator with preserved anti-diabetic efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Bae, MH; Chae, YN; Choi, HH; Choi, SH; Hur, Y; Kim, E; Kim, JG; Kim, MK; Lim, JI; Moon, HS; Park, CS; Park, YH; Shin, CY; Son, MH, 2011)	0.37
" The proportion of women reporting ≥ 1 adverse event did not differ between treatment groups, nor did vaginal bleeding."	( Arzoxifene versus raloxifene: effect on bone and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Alam, J; Cox, DA; Dowsett, SA; Kendler, DL; Palacios, S; Stock, J; Zanchetta, J, 2012)	0.38
"Rivaroxaban is a safe and effective choice of thromboprophylactic agent following lower limb arthroplasty surgery."	( Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis following lower limb surgery: an update. Giannoudis, PV; Goff, T; Kontakis, G, 2011)	0.37
"An antidepressant's tolerability, generally captured as the frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs), is often as important as its efficacy in determining treatment success."	( Remission of major depressive disorder without adverse events: a comparison of escitalopram versus serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Ben-Hamadi, R; Dworak, H; Erder, MH; Ramakrishnan, K; Signorovitch, J; Wu, EQ; Yu, AP, 2011)	0.37
"In an effort to develop safe and efficacious compounds for the treatment of metabolic disorders, novel thiophene substituted oxazole containing α-alkoxy-phenylpropanoic acid derivatives are designed as highly potent PPARα/γ dual agonists."	( Revisiting glitazars: thiophene substituted oxazole containing α-ethoxy phenylpropanoic acid derivatives as highly potent PPARα/γ dual agonists devoid of adverse effects in rodents. Basu, S; Giri, S; Gite, A; Godha, A; Goswami, A; Jain, M; Patel, P; Pingali, H; Raval, P; Raval, S; Shah, M; Suthar, D, 2011)	0.37
" Primary safety outcomes included occurrence of adverse events and dropouts."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study. Beneš, H; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, W; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2011)	0.37
" 169 (57%) patients discontinued treatment, 89 (30%) because of adverse events and 31 (11%) because of lack of efficacy."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study. Beneš, H; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, W; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2011)	0.37
"The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for placebo and ipragliflozin groups."	( Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Akinlade, B; Klasen, S; Kowalski, D; Schwartz, SL; Wilpshaar, W; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events (AEs) occurring more frequently with sitaxsentan (50 or 100 mg) included headache, peripheral edema, dizziness, nausea, extremity pain, and fatigue; most AEs were of mild or moderate severity."	( Safety and efficacy of sitaxsentan 50 and 100 mg in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hwang, LJ; Jardim, C; Jerjes-Sánchez Díaz, C; Kurzyna, M; Pulido, T; Ramírez, A; Sandoval, J; Souza, R; Teal, SA; Torbicki, A, 2012)	0.38
" No adverse drug reaction requiring hospitalisation or drug discontinuation was reported in the present study."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of duloxetine in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Anand, KS; Dhikav, V; Prasad, A, 2011)	0.37
" Primary outcome measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs, and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)."	( An open-label safety and pharmacokinetics study of duloxetine in pediatric patients with major depression. Bullok, KE; Emslie, GJ; Kratochvil, CJ; Lobo, E; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T; Tamura, RN, 2012)	0.38
" Using a luminescent conjugated polythiophene, we found that cell binding of nontoxic filamentous amyloids of insulin and β2-microglobulin was less efficient than that of toxic fibrillar amyloids; this suggests a correlation between amyloid toxicity and cell binding."	( Cell interaction study of amyloid by using luminescent conjugated polythiophene: implication that amyloid cytotoxicity is correlated with prolonged cellular binding. Hammarström, P; Kobayashi, T; Lindgren, M; Maeda, M; Nilsson, KP; Sakono, M; Sörgjerd, K; Zako, T, 2012)	0.38
" Primary outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and extent of rotigotine exposure."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in patients with early-stage idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a prospective, open-label extension study. Boroojerdi, B; Elmer, LW; Jankovic, J; Surmann, E, 2012)	0.38
" The drug is associated with rare adverse effects such as thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, acute hepatotoxicity, and neutropenia."	( Prasugrel as a safe alternative for clopidogrel-induced polyarthralgias. Coulter, CJ; Montandon, SV, 2012)	0.38
" Overall, these trials have shown that rotigotine has a similar adverse event (AE) profile as other non-ergolinic dopamine agonists such as pramipexole or ropinirole, inducing typical dopaminergic effects like nausea, daytime somnolence, peripheral edema or impulse control disorders."	( Drug safety evaluation of rotigotine. Poewe, W; Seppi, K; Sprenger, FS, 2012)	0.38
"To examine whether prasugrel is a safe and effective alternative to clopidogrel for neurointerventional procedures, especially in those patients who are either non-responders or allergic to clopidogrel."	( Prasugrel is effective and safe for neurointerventional procedures. Chaudhary, N; Gemmete, JJ; Maher, CO; Pandey, AS; Stetler, WR; Thompson, BG, 2013)	0.39
" Sitaxentan-related adverse effects included coagulopathy in rats and dogs, increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in mice and dogs, and hepatic hypertrophy in all species."	( An overview of the preclinical toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of sitaxentan (Thelin®), a potent endothelin receptor antagonist developed for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
"Dabigatran, an oral thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban and apixaban, oral factor Xa inhibitors, have been found to be safe and effective in reducing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Avorn, J; Choudhry, NK; Gagne, JJ; Patrick, AR; Schneeweiss, S, 2012)	0.38
"To evaluate the safety and tolerability of duloxetine during routine clinical care in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in Germany, and in particular, to identify previously unrecognized safety issues as uncommon adverse reactions, and the influence of confounding factors present in clinical practice on the safety profile of duloxetine."	( Observational study on safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence in German routine practice. Methfessel, HD; Michel, MC; Minarzyk, A; Quail, D; Schwerdtner, I; Weber, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" The main outcome measure was the occurrence of adverse events (AEs)."	( Observational study on safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence in German routine practice. Methfessel, HD; Michel, MC; Minarzyk, A; Quail, D; Schwerdtner, I; Weber, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" There were no cases of venous thromboembolism or bleeding and no unexpected adverse events."	( Initiation of rivaroxaban following low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis after total joint replacement: the Safe, Simple Transitions (SST) study. Berkowitz, RD; Damaraju, CV; Jennings, LK; Mills, RM; Wildgoose, P, 2012)	0.38
" A post hoc analysis of data from these pivotal trials was carried out to compare the adverse event (AE) profiles of younger and older patient populations."	( Treatment of patients with early and advanced Parkinson's disease with rotigotine transdermal system: age-relationship to safety and tolerability. Boroojerdi, B; Ghys, L; Giladi, N; Grieger, F; LeWitt, P; Oertel, W, 2013)	0.39
" Discontinuations due to adverse events did not differ significantly between treatment groups; nausea and dry mouth were the only adverse events with a significantly higher incidence with duloxetine versus placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine 30 mg/d in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arnold, LM; Pangallo, BA; Zhang, S, )	0.13
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, and included application site reactions (52."	( Efficacy, safety and risk of augmentation of rotigotine for treating restless legs syndrome. Garcia-Borreguero, D; Hattori, N; Hayashida, K; Hirata, K; Inoue, Y; Tomida, T, 2013)	0.39
" Discontinuation rates because of adverse events, treatment-emergent adverse events, abnormal changes in vital signs and weight, and changes in laboratory analytes were compared between treatments using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test."	( Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis of two placebo-controlled studies. Greist, JH; Katona, C; Liu, P; Oakes, TM; Raskin, J; Robinson, M, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs), vital signs and laboratory safety measurements were assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a dose-finding study. Dhanjal, P; Ferrannini, E; Fonseca, VA; Houzer, A; Wilding, JP; Wilpshaar, W, 2013)	0.39
"Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and efficacy was assessed by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS)."	( Safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch in patients with restless legs syndrome: a post-hoc analysis of patients taking 1 - 3 mg/24 h for up to 5 years. Bauer, L; Dohin, E; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Schollmayer, E, 2013)	0.39
" The CP-load group experienced more in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (5."	( Safety of reloading prasugrel in addition to clopidogrel loading in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Chen, F; Kent, KM; Kitabata, H; Loh, JP; Pendyala, LK; Pichard, AD; Satler, LF; Suddath, WO; Torguson, R; Waksman, R, 2013)	0.39
" Proportions of patients experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events were similar across all groups: ipragliflozin (45."	( Active- and placebo-controlled dose-finding study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of multiple doses of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ball, G; Dhanjal, P; Ferrannini, E; Fonseca, VA; Klasen, S; Wilding, JP; Wilpshaar, W, )	0.13
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C; Usiskin, K, 2013)	0.39
" The total incidence of adverse effect was 6% (3/50) in the observation group."	( [Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism in adult patients with primary bone tumor undergoing knee operation]. Guo, W; Tang, BQ; Tang, S; Tang, XD; Yan, TQ; Yang, RL, 2012)	0.38
"With an excellent safety profile and a low incidence of adverse effects, Rivaroxaban is effective and safe in the prevention of VTE in adult patients with primary bone tumor undergoing knee operation."	( [Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism in adult patients with primary bone tumor undergoing knee operation]. Guo, W; Tang, BQ; Tang, S; Tang, XD; Yan, TQ; Yang, RL, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate whether a self-reported history of allergy to sulfa-based drugs is a predictor for subsequent adverse reactions to topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs)."	( Evaluation of adverse events in self-reported sulfa-allergic patients using topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Guedes, GB; Karan, A; Mayer, HR; Shields, MB, 2013)	0.39
" The outcome measure was the development of an adverse reaction (either ocular, systemic, or both) within at least 30 days after receipt of 1 of 4 classes of topical glaucoma medications: CAIs (dorzolamide and brinzolamide), prostaglandin analogues, beta-adrenergic blockers, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists."	( Evaluation of adverse events in self-reported sulfa-allergic patients using topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Guedes, GB; Karan, A; Mayer, HR; Shields, MB, 2013)	0.39
"Patients with a self-reported history of sulfa allergy had significantly more ocular adverse reactions after the initiation of any of the topical antiglaucoma medications when compared to those patients with no reported allergies."	( Evaluation of adverse events in self-reported sulfa-allergic patients using topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Guedes, GB; Karan, A; Mayer, HR; Shields, MB, 2013)	0.39
"It may be safe to use a topical CAI in patients who report a history of a sulfa allergy."	( Evaluation of adverse events in self-reported sulfa-allergic patients using topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Guedes, GB; Karan, A; Mayer, HR; Shields, MB, 2013)	0.39
" The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was 45 mg/kg/week."	( Three-month subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of rotigotine-loaded microspheres in SD rats. Cen, X; Du, G; Guan, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Tian, J; Ye, L; Yu, P; Yu, X; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed based on adverse event (AE) reports; renal safety parameters (e."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Bakris, G; Cariou, B; David-Neto, E; Figueroa, K; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K; Wajs, E; Xi, L; Yale, JF; Yue, D, 2013)	0.39
"Using safety surveillance and spontaneous adverse events reporting databases, to provide pregnancy outcomes statistics as they relate to duloxetine exposure."	( Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings. Cheng, Y; Dowsett, SA; Elpers, J; Hoog, SL, 2013)	0.39
"This was an analysis of pregnancy outcome data captured in Lilly Safety System (LSS) (a safety database for the collection, storage, and reporting of adverse events involving Lilly Products), through October 31 2011 and the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (AERS) database through September 30 2011."	( Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings. Cheng, Y; Dowsett, SA; Elpers, J; Hoog, SL, 2013)	0.39
" For the AERS database analysis, EB05 was less than one for all clusters of abnormal pregnancy outcomes; there was no disproportionality of reporting adverse pregnancy outcomes for patients treated with duloxetine versus all other drugs or selected antidepressants."	( Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings. Cheng, Y; Dowsett, SA; Elpers, J; Hoog, SL, 2013)	0.39
" For categorical outcomes such as study discontinuation, adverse events leading to discontinuation, and treatment-emergent adverse events, incidence rates were summarized by race/ethnic subgroups."	( Comparison of safety outcomes among Caucasian, Hispanic, Black, and Asian patients in duloxetine studies of chronic painful conditions. Gaynor, PJ; Liu, P; Weller, MA; Wohlreich, MM, 2013)	0.39
" Primary outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and extent of rotigotine exposure."	( The safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system over a 6-year period in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease. Boroojerdi, B; Giladi, N; Surmann, E, 2013)	0.39
" Sertaconazole is a broad-spectrum third-generation imidazole derivative that is effective and safe for the treatment for superficial mycoses, such as tineas, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor."	( The efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Bonifaz, A; Graniel, MJ; Mena, C; Ponce-Olivera, RM; Tirado-Sánchez, A; Valencia, A, 2013)	0.39
" There was side effect (3."	( The efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Bonifaz, A; Graniel, MJ; Mena, C; Ponce-Olivera, RM; Tirado-Sánchez, A; Valencia, A, 2013)	0.39
" Older patients are generally at higher risk of adverse drug reactions due to age-related changes in physiology that affect drug disposition, metabolism, and response."	( Safety and efficacy of duloxetine treatment in older and younger patients with osteoarthritis knee pain: a post hoc, subgroup analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Ahl, J; Micca, JL; Ruff, D; Wohlreich, MM, 2013)	0.39
" Safety analyses included discontinuation rates, treatment-emergent adverse events, and serious adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of duloxetine treatment in older and younger patients with osteoarthritis knee pain: a post hoc, subgroup analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Ahl, J; Micca, JL; Ruff, D; Wohlreich, MM, 2013)	0.39
" Among treatment-emergent adverse events with duloxetine treatment, only dizziness had a significantly differential treatment effect (p=."	( Safety and efficacy of duloxetine treatment in older and younger patients with osteoarthritis knee pain: a post hoc, subgroup analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Ahl, J; Micca, JL; Ruff, D; Wohlreich, MM, 2013)	0.39
"Rare adverse events become apparent with all currently available treatments for osteoporosis with long-term therapy."	( Safety concerns with the long-term management of osteoporosis. Bruyère, O; Pelousse, F; Reginster, JY, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin treatment in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Bode, B; Fung, A; Stenlöf, K; Sullivan, D; Usiskin, K, 2013)	0.39
" A comprehensive approach to education is needed for clinicians, patients, and technical support personnel involved in patient interactions to ensure safe use."	( Rivaroxaban: practical considerations for ensuring safety and efficacy. Dager, WE; Fanikos, J; Gulseth, MP; Nutescu, EA; Smythe, MA; Spinler, SA; Wittkowsky, AK, 2013)	0.39
"The use of currently available antihyperglycemic agents can be limited by contraindications; cost; renal and hepatic dosage adjustments; dosing schedules; and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal upset, weight gain, and hypoglycemia."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Harris, KB; Riser Taylor, S, 2013)	0.39
" The safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and clinical laboratory tests."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week study. Inagaki, N; Kondo, K; Kuki, H; Maruyama, N; Susuta, Y; Yoshinari, T, 2013)	0.39
" 39 (8%) patients had serious adverse events in the glimepiride group versus 24 (5%) in the canagliflozin 100 mg group and 26 (5%) in the 300 mg group."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Arias, P; Balis, DA; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Leiter, LA; Meininger, G; Niskanen, L; Xie, J; Yoon, KH, 2013)	0.39
" However, the comparative risks of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events during DAPT are not clear."	( Gastrointestinal adverse events after dual antiplatelet therapy: clopidogrel is safer than ticagrelor, but prasugrel data are lacking or inconclusive. Can, MM; Dinicolantonio, JJ; Kuliczkowski, W; Pershukov, IV; Serebruany, VL, 2013)	0.39
" The resulting empirically derived exposure-response continuum for PF-4778574 defines a single-dose-based TI of 8- to 16-fold for self-limiting tremor, a readily monitorable clinical adverse event."	( Positive allosteric modulation of AMPA receptors from efficacy to toxicity: the interspecies exposure-response continuum of the novel potentiator PF-4778574. Bryce, DK; Hajós, M; Hanks, AN; Hoffmann, WE; Hurst, RS; Lazzaro, JT; Liu, J; Lotarski, S; Menniti, FS; Osgood, SM; Schmidt, CJ; Scialis, RJ; Shaffer, CL; Weber, ML, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial. Canovatchel, W; Davidson, J; Januszewicz, A; Lavalle-González, FJ; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Tong, C, 2013)	0.39
"6% of patients in the rotigotine 2 mg/24 h, 3 mg/24 h, and placebo groups, respectively, experienced adverse events (AEs) including application site reactions in 42."	( Efficacy and safety of rotigotine in Japanese patients with restless legs syndrome: a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study. Hattori, N; Hirata, K; Ikeda, J; Inoue, Y; Ishigooka, J; Oka, Y; Shimizu, T; Tomida, T; Uchimura, N, 2013)	0.39
" The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were conjunctival hyperemia in the travoprost/timolol group, and dry eye and foreign body sensation in the dorzolamide/timolol group."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of fixed combination travoprost/timolol and dorzolamide/ timolol in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Andreić, V; Babić, N; Grković, D; Jovanović, P; Miljković, A, )	0.13
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Edwards, R; Jodar, E; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C, 2014)	0.4
" Overall adverse event (AE) rates were similar across groups over 52 weeks, with higher rates of genital mycotic infections and osmotic diuresis-related AEs seen with canagliflozin vs."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea: a randomised trial. Black, S; Canovatchel, W; Charpentier, G; González-Gálvez, G; Hollander, P; Law, G; Mathieu, C; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K; Vercruysse, F; Wilding, JP, 2013)	0.39
""Safe dose" thrombolysis (SDT) plus new oral anticoagulants are expected to become an appealing, safe and effective approach in the treatment of moderate and severe PE in the near future, thereby drastically reducing hospitalization time."	( Safe-dose thrombolysis plus rivaroxaban for moderate and severe pulmonary embolism: drip, drug, and discharge. Bay, C; Schwartz, F; Sharifi, M; Skrocki, L, 2014)	0.4
""Safe dose" thrombolysis plus rivaroxaban is highly safe and effective in the treatment of moderate and severe PE, leading to favorable early and intermediate-term outcomes and early discharge."	( Safe-dose thrombolysis plus rivaroxaban for moderate and severe pulmonary embolism: drip, drug, and discharge. Bay, C; Schwartz, F; Sharifi, M; Skrocki, L, 2014)	0.4
" Among the 834 evaluable study participants, treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 70."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in major depressive disorder: results of an open-label, flexible-dose, 52-week extension study. Alam, MY; Chen, Y; Jacobsen, PL; Mahableshwarkar, AR; Serenko, M, 2014)	0.4
" Most adverse events were mild in intensity and typical for dopamine agonists or for transdermal therapeutics."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)	0.4
"The range of osteoporosis treatments is increasingly large and, like any disease, the pharmacological management of patients should involve a risk/benefit evaluation to attain the greatest reduction in risk of fracture with the lowest incidence of adverse events."	( Safety profile of drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis: a systematical review of the literature. Bertoldo, F; Di Monaco, M; Giusti, A; Martini, G; Rossini, M; Varenna, M, 2013)	0.39
" In group 1, 20% of patients stopped the study due to adverse effects."	( The efficacy and safety of duloxetine in a multidrug regimen for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Di Stasi, SM; Giannantoni, A; Gubbiotti, M; Maddonni, S; Porena, M, 2014)	0.4
" Vortioxetine treatment was well tolerated; common adverse events (incidence ≥ 5%) were nausea, headache, diarrhea, dry mouth and dizziness."	( Efficacy and safety of vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), 15 and 20 mg/day: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced study in the acute treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder. Boulenger, JP; Loft, H; Olsen, CK, 2014)	0.4
"No patient experienced any adverse effect during the study."	( Efficacy and safety of erdosteine in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis - a pilot study. Hoza, J; Kellnerova, R; Salzman, R; Schalek, P; Starek, I, 2013)	0.39
" We chose the number of patients experiencing = 50% reduction in pain and number of patient withdrawals due to adverse events (AE) as primary outcomes for efficacy and safety, respectively."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis. Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )	0.13
"Gabapentin was found to be most efficacious and amitriptyline to be least safe among the treatments included in the study."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis. Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )	0.13
"Cardiac toxicity an uncommon but serious side-effect of some fluoropyrimides."	( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines. Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)	0.4
" Raltitrexed, alone or in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan, provides a safe option in terms of cardiac toxicity for such patients."	( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines. Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)	0.4
"Thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban has proved effective and safe in patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery."	( Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus low-molecular-weight heparin therapy in patients with lower limb fractures. Jiang, B; Li, H; Long, A; Mao, Z; Tang, P; Xie, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Uninterrupted rivaroxaban therapy appears to be as safe and efficacious in preventing bleeding and thromboembolic events in patients undergoing AF ablation as uninterrupted warfarin therapy."	( Feasibility and safety of uninterrupted rivaroxaban for periprocedural anticoagulation in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation: results from a multicenter prospective registry. Atkins, D; Baheiry, S; Barrett, CD; Bommana, S; Burkhardt, JD; Chalhoub, F; Di Biase, L; Gangireddy, S; Lakkireddy, D; Mansour, MC; Natale, A; Reddy, V; Reddy, YM; Ruskin, J; Sanchez, JE; Santangeli, P; Swarup, V; Vallakati, A; Verma, A, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse effects are genital mycotic infections occurring in 11-15% of women exposed to canagliflozin versus 2-4% of those randomized to glimepiride or sitagliptin."	( Safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mikhail, N, 2014)	0.4
" Overall adverse event (AE) incidence over 52 weeks was 69."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin and pioglitazone. Forst, T; Goldenberg, R; Guthrie, R; Meininger, G; Stein, P; Vijapurkar, U; Yee, J, 2014)	0.4
" The adenosine A1 GPCR (A1AR) is a major therapeutic target for cardioprotection, but current agents acting on the receptor are clinically limited for this indication because of on-target bradycardia as a serious adverse effect."	( Separation of on-target efficacy from adverse effects through rational design of a bitopic adenosine receptor agonist. Aurelio, L; Baltos, JA; Christopoulos, A; Chuo, CH; May, LT; Scammells, PJ; Sexton, PM; Valant, C; White, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" Safety and tolerability was assessed by the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events, laboratory analyses, and vital signs."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of older adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ahl, J; Alaka, KJ; Ball, S; Bidzan, L; Dorn, B; Dueñas, H; Lenox-Smith, A; Montejo, A; Munshi, A; Noble, W; Strawn, JR, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in ≥5% of duloxetine-treated patients and twice the rate than with placebo including constipation (9% vs."	( Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of older adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ahl, J; Alaka, KJ; Ball, S; Bidzan, L; Dorn, B; Dueñas, H; Lenox-Smith, A; Montejo, A; Munshi, A; Noble, W; Strawn, JR, 2014)	0.4
" Other adverse events observed in patients treated with this platelet inhibitor are discussed, including hematological complications, and cutaneous and hepatic idiosyncratic reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome patients. Delzor, F; Nanau, RM; Neuman, MG, 2014)	0.4
" Assessment of safety/tolerability included adverse event (AE) reports, incidence of documented hypoglycaemia, and percent change from baseline in fasting plasma lipids."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of clinical studies. Bode, B; Desai, M; Fung, A; Harris, S; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Shaw, W; Sinclair, A; Usiskin, K; Vijapurkar, U, 2014)	0.4
" The primary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 24 weeks, defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal ischemic stroke."	( Efficacy and safety of adjusted-dose prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome: the PRASFIT-ACS study. Isshiki, T; Kimura, T; Kitagawa, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakamura, M; Nanto, S; Nishikawa, M; Ogawa, H; Saito, S; Takayama, M; Yokoi, H, 2014)	0.4
" Measures included: Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)."	( A double-blind efficacy and safety study of duloxetine flexible dosing in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Atkinson, SD; Bangs, ME; Emslie, GJ; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Measures included: Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)."	( A double-blind efficacy and safety study of duloxetine fixed doses in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Bangs, ME; Emslie, GJ; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse effects such as increased urinary frequency, genital mycotic infections, and urinary tract infections may discourage the use of CAN in the elderly patient."	( A review of the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Baggett, S; Elmore, LK; Kyle, JA; Skelley, JW, 2014)	0.4
"To assess the effects of coding and coding conventions on summaries and tabulations of adverse events data on suicidality within clinical study reports."	( Coding of adverse events of suicidality in clinical study reports of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: descriptive study. Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A; Lundh, A; Maund, E; Tendal, B, 2014)	0.4
"Systematic electronic search for adverse events of suicidality in tables, narratives, and listings of adverse events in individual patients within clinical study reports."	( Coding of adverse events of suicidality in clinical study reports of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: descriptive study. Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A; Lundh, A; Maund, E; Tendal, B, 2014)	0.4
"Six trials used the medical coding dictionary COSTART (Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms) and three used MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities)."	( Coding of adverse events of suicidality in clinical study reports of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: descriptive study. Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A; Lundh, A; Maund, E; Tendal, B, 2014)	0.4
"Data on adverse events in tables in clinical study reports may not accurately represent the underlying patient data because of the medical dictionaries and coding conventions used."	( Coding of adverse events of suicidality in clinical study reports of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: descriptive study. Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A; Lundh, A; Maund, E; Tendal, B, 2014)	0.4
" Safety/tolerability evaluations included adverse event (AE) reporting, with additional data collection prespecified for selected AEs, and assessments of renal-related, lipid, and other safety laboratory parameters."	( Safety and tolerability of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: pooled analysis of phase 3 study results. Fung, A; Kline, I; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K, 2014)	0.4
"Opioids provide powerful analgesia but also efficacy-limiting adverse effects, including severe nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression, by activating μ-opioid receptors."	( Biased agonism of the μ-opioid receptor by TRV130 increases analgesia and reduces on-target adverse effects versus morphine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Burnham, N; James, IE; Lark, MW; Sadler, BM; Skobieranda, F; Soergel, DG; Subach, RA; Violin, JD; Webster, LR, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events occurred and no persistent adverse events were reported at the end of study."	( An open-label study to estimate the effect of steady-state erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single dose of rivaroxaban in subjects with renal impairment and normal renal function. Ariyawansa, J; Haskell, L; Moore, KT; Natarajan, J; Turner, KC; Vaidyanathan, S, 2014)	0.4
" Efficacy endpoints included changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight and systolic blood pressure (BP); adverse events (AEs) were also recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Bakris, G; Cariou, B; David-Neto, E; Figueroa, K; Jiang, J; Law, G; Meininger, G; Nieto, J; Usiskin, K; Wajs, E; Yale, JF; Yue, D, 2014)	0.4
"In patients undergoing left atrial RFA, continuous periprocedural rivaroxaban use seems to be as safe as uninterrupted periprocedural phenprocoumon administration."	( Safety of continuous periprocedural rivaroxaban for patients undergoing left atrial catheter ablation procedures. Ammar, S; Buiatti, A; Deisenhofer, I; Dillier, R; Hessling, G; Hofmann, M; Kaess, B; Kathan, S; Kolb, C; Lennerz, C; Pavaci, H; Reents, T; Semmler, V, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events with canagliflozin included genital mycotic infections and adverse events related to reduced intravascular volume likely secondary to osmotic diuresis."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 3 nephropathy. Bakris, G; Davies, M; de Zeeuw, D; Kline, I; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Perkovic, V; Usiskin, K; Vijapurkar, U; Woo, V; Yamout, H, 2014)	0.4
" The most frequent adverse events were nausea (35."	( The novel AKT inhibitor afuresertib shows favorable safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity in multiple myeloma. Brigandi, RA; Chen, C; Gauvin, J; Harrison, SJ; Kumar, R; Morris, SR; Opalinska, JB; Smith, DA; Spencer, A; Yoon, SS, 2014)	0.4
" Common adverse effects including genital tract infections and osmotic diuresis-related AEs were identified and reviewed."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Huang, YL; Lai, D; Shen, HP; Yang, XP; Zhong, XY, 2014)	0.4
"Thrombolysis and/or endovascular thrombectomy might be safe for patients treated with the new anticoagulant rivaroxaban."	( Revascularization for acute ischemic stroke is safe for rivaroxaban users. Fukae, J; Higashi, T; Inoue, T; Iwaasa, M; Kimura, S; Ogata, T; Okawa, M; Tsuboi, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Unreported serious adverse events in clinical trials for other pharmaceuticals have been described in recent years."	( A comparison of adverse event and fracture efficacy data for strontium ranelate in regulatory documents and the publication record. Bolland, MJ; Grey, A, 2014)	0.4
"We compared data on adverse effects (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism) and fracture efficacy of strontium in publicly available regulatory documents with data in publications retrieved from searching PubMed."	( A comparison of adverse event and fracture efficacy data for strontium ranelate in regulatory documents and the publication record. Bolland, MJ; Grey, A, 2014)	0.4
"The effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, on blood pressure (BP) and osmotic diuresis- and intravascular volume reduction-related adverse events (AEs) were evaluated using pooled data from four placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; N=2313)."	( Effect of canagliflozin on blood pressure and adverse events related to osmotic diuresis and reduced intravascular volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fung, A; Gilbert, RE; Januszewicz, A; Kline, I; Meininger, G; Vijapurkar, U; Weir, MR, 2014)	0.4
" The main adverse effects likely to be seen are a very small increase in risk of urinary tract infections and a modest risk of developing genital fungal infections."	( A safety evaluation of canagliflozin : a first-in-class treatment for type 2 diabetes. Boyle, LD; Wilding, JP, 2014)	0.4
" Little is known about the potential safety issues and the reporting in spontaneous adverse event databases associated with rivaroxaban."	( A cross-country comparison of rivaroxaban spontaneous adverse event reports and concomitant medicine use with the potential to increase the risk of harm. Barratt, JD; Caughey, GE; Kalisch Ellett, LM; McDonald, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"To analyse spontaneous adverse event reports associated with the oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban from Australia, Canada and the USA; and to examine concomitant medicine use that may increase the risk of adverse events."	( A cross-country comparison of rivaroxaban spontaneous adverse event reports and concomitant medicine use with the potential to increase the risk of harm. Barratt, JD; Caughey, GE; Kalisch Ellett, LM; McDonald, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"Spontaneous adverse event report databases from Australia, Canada and the USA were examined for all reports of adverse events associated with rivaroxaban and concomitant medicines from 1 August 2005 to 31 March 2013."	( A cross-country comparison of rivaroxaban spontaneous adverse event reports and concomitant medicine use with the potential to increase the risk of harm. Barratt, JD; Caughey, GE; Kalisch Ellett, LM; McDonald, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"There were 244 spontaneous adverse event reports associated with rivaroxaban from Australia, 536 from Canada and 1,638 from the USA."	( A cross-country comparison of rivaroxaban spontaneous adverse event reports and concomitant medicine use with the potential to increase the risk of harm. Barratt, JD; Caughey, GE; Kalisch Ellett, LM; McDonald, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"A large proportion of adverse event reports for rivaroxaban were associated with use of concomitant medicines, which may have increased the risk of adverse events-in particular, haemorrhage."	( A cross-country comparison of rivaroxaban spontaneous adverse event reports and concomitant medicine use with the potential to increase the risk of harm. Barratt, JD; Caughey, GE; Kalisch Ellett, LM; McDonald, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"Biodegradable-polymer drug-eluting stents (BP-DES) were developed to be as effective as second-generation durable-polymer drug-eluting stents (DP-DES) and as safe >1 year as bare-metal stents (BMS)."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of biodegradable-polymer biolimus-eluting stents: main results of the Basel Stent Kosten-Effektivitäts Trial-PROspective Validation Examination II (BASKET-PROVE II), a randomized, controlled noninferiority 2-year outcome tria Alber, H; Buser, P; Conen, D; Eberli, F; Galatius, S; Gilgen, N; Hoffmann, A; Jeger, R; Kaiser, C; Kurz, DJ; Moccetti, T; Müller, C; Naber, C; Pedrazzini, G; Pfisterer, M; Rickenbacher, P; Rickli, H; Skov Jensen, J; Steiner, M; Vogt, DR; Von Felten, S; Vuillomenet, A; Wadt Hansen, K; Wanitschek, M; Weilenmann, D, 2015)	0.42
" Safety was assessed by adverse event (AE) reports."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 104 weeks in patients aged 55-80 years with type 2 diabetes. Bode, B; Fung, A; Harris, S; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Sullivan, D; Usiskin, K, 2015)	0.42
"Compared with warfarin, periprocedural anticoagulation with dabigatran resulted in fewer minor hemorrhages and total adverse events after AF ablation."	( Safety of novel oral anticoagulants compared with uninterrupted warfarin for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Armbruster, HL; Berger, RD; Calkins, H; Habibi, M; Khurram, IM; Lindsley, JP; Marine, JE; Moranville, MP; Spragg, DD, 2015)	0.42
" Rywaroxaban more frequently causes minor bleeding, whereas treatment with dabigatran is associated with more frequent gastrointestinal adverse symptoms."	( [Comparison of the safety of rivaroxaban versus dabigatran therapy in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation]. Broncel, M; Ciastkowska, A; Duraj, I; Gorzelak-Pabiś, P; Szlagowska, L, 2014)	0.4
" Untreated depression is associated with many adverse gestational outcomes."	( The safety of duloxetine during pregnancy and lactation. Andrade, C, 2014)	0.4
" Erdosteine acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent or ameliorate the toxic effects of gamma irradiation as shown in the biochemical and histopathological changes and might provide substantial protection against radiation-induced inflammatory damage."	( Protective effects of erdosteine against nephrotoxicity caused by gamma radiation in male albino rats. Elkady, AA; Ibrahim, IM, 2016)	0.43
"The treatment was safe and well tolerated."	( The Safety and Efficacy of PF-04958242 in Age-Related Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Banerjee, A; Bednar, MM; Bowditch, S; DeMartinis, N; Gaudreault, F; Lin, FR; Zumpano, L, 2015)	0.42
" In the current experimental conditions, the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of methiozolin are considered to be 250 mg/kg/day for does and prenatal development."	( Developmental toxicity assessment of the new turf herbicide, methiozolin ([5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3,3(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-1,2-isoxazoline]), in rabbits. Chung, MK; Hwang, KH; Jeong, EJ; Koo, SJ; Lee, J; Song, J; Yu, WJ, 2015)	0.42
" No deaths, hypoglycemic events, or discontinuations due to adverse events were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" Canagliflozin was generally safe and well tolerated in these healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" Reported adverse effects of methiopropamine use are mostly anecdotal user reports on Internet forums, and there are limited data on its pharmacodynamics and toxicity in the literature."	( A Fatal Case of Isolated Methiopropamine (1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-2-Methylaminopropane) Toxicity: A Case Report. Anne, S; Cala, AD; Tse, R, 2015)	0.42
"Cisplatin has many adverse effects, which are a major limitation to its use, including ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity."	( Erdosteine protects HEI-OC1 auditory cells from cisplatin toxicity through suppression of inflammatory cytokines and induction of Nrf2 target proteins. Choe, SK; Hong, GY; Kim, SJ; Lee, JN; Lim, DJ; Lim, H; Moon, SK; Park, C; Park, R, 2015)	0.42
" Brexpiprazole was well tolerated - for schizophrenia, discontinuation rates because of an adverse event (AE) were overall lower for patients receiving brexpiprazole vs."	( Brexpiprazole for schizophrenia and as adjunct for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antipsychotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be hel Citrome, L, 2015)	0.42
"Drug metabolism of thiophene containing substrates by cytochrome P450s (CYP450) leads to toxic side effects, for example, nephrotoxicity (suprofen, ticlopidine), hepatotoxicity (tienilic acid), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (clopidogrel), and aplastic anemia (ticlopidine)."	( Toxicity Originating from Thiophene Containing Drugs: Exploring the Mechanism using Quantum Chemical Methods. Bharatam, PV; Jaladanki, CK; Taxak, N; Varikoti, RA, 2015)	0.42
"The investigation of safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics in the early development phase showed that GLPG0974 was safe and well tolerated up to a daily dose of 400 mg."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GLPG0974, a potent and selective FFA2 antagonist, in healthy male subjects. Beetens, J; Galien, R; Namour, F; Van der Aa, A; Van Kaem, T; Van't Klooster, G; Vanhoutte, F, 2016)	0.43
" Outcomes included the changes in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight and treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar between the ipragliflozin and placebo groups in all patients combined and in the four body mass index categories."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" In the short-term studies, there were no reports of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) with an incidence≥5% and twice that of placebo in patients treated with brexpiprazole 2-4mg."	( Overview of short- and long-term tolerability and safety of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Correll, CU; Hobart, M; Kane, JM; Ouyang, J; Skuban, A; Weiller, E; Weiss, C, 2016)	0.43
" Safety outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ipragliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control with metformin: Results of a phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Cha, BS; Chuang, LM; Kokubo, S; Lu, CH; Min, KW; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (ipragliflozin vs placebo) were upper respiratory tract infection (9."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ipragliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control with metformin: Results of a phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Cha, BS; Chuang, LM; Kokubo, S; Lu, CH; Min, KW; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" Hypoglycaemia was the only treatment-related adverse event reported in >5% of patients (14."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin as add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (IOLITE): a multi-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Asahina, S; Ishihara, H; Nakao, I; Okitsu, A; Yamaguchi, S, 2016)	0.43
"Changes in glycemic control, blood pressure, and laboratory variables from baseline, and incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Baseline characteristics and interim (3-month) efficacy and safety data from STELLA-LONG TERM, a long-term post-marketing surveillance study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in real-world clinical practice. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K, 2016)	0.43
" Survey items included demographics, treatments, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), vital signs, and laboratory variables."	( Real-world evidence for the safety of ipragliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (STELLA-ELDER): final results of a post-marketing surveillance study. Nakamura, I; Sugamori, H; Terauchi, Y; Yokote, K, 2016)	0.43
" During the maintenance phase, the incidence of adverse events was comparable to placebo."	( Efficacy and Safety of Brexpiprazole (OPC-34712) as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Carson, WH; Fleischhacker, WW; Forbes, A; Hobart, M; McQuade, RD; Nyilas, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Sanchez, R; Weiller, E, 2017)	0.46
"This publication is the second in a series by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association summarizing the conclusions of its third systematic re-evaluation of the safety of flavorings previously considered to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under conditions of intended use."	( Safety evaluation of substituted thiophenes used as flavoring ingredients. Bastaki, M; Cohen, SM; Fukushima, S; Gooderham, NJ; Guengerich, FP; Harman, CL; Hecht, SS; McGowen, MM; Rietjens, IM; Smith, RL; Taylor, SV; Valerio, LG, 2017)	0.74
" Safety was assessed based on the documentation of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of preoperative IOP reduction using a preservative-free fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol eye drops versus oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone eye drops and assessment of the clinical outcome of trabeculectomy in glaucoma. Bell, K; Keicher, A; Lorenz, K; Pfeiffer, N; Renieri, G; Ruckes, C; Thieme, H; Wasielica-Poslednik, J, 2017)	0.46
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable among groups."	( Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of oltipraz, a liver X receptor alpha-inhibitory dithiolethione in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chang, MS; Cho, JY; Kim, BG; Kim, H; Kim, JH; Kim, SG; Kim, W; Kim, YJ; Lee, CK; Lee, J; Lee, JH; Lee, JS; Yeon, JE; Yi, S, 2017)	0.46
" Safety was assessed with adverse event rates, ocular discomfort score, blur scale, blood pressure and heart rates, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and slit lamp examinations."	( Additive effects and safety of fixed combination therapy with 1% brinzolamide and 0.5% timolol versus 1% dorzolamide and 0.5% timolol in prostaglandin-treated glaucoma patients. Adachi, M; Aihara, M; Fukuchi, T; Matsuo, H; Sasaki, N; Togano, T, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, BTFC can be considered as a safe and effective agent for glaucoma treatment."	( Additive effects and safety of fixed combination therapy with 1% brinzolamide and 0.5% timolol versus 1% dorzolamide and 0.5% timolol in prostaglandin-treated glaucoma patients. Adachi, M; Aihara, M; Fukuchi, T; Matsuo, H; Sasaki, N; Togano, T, 2017)	0.46
"The ability of two peptidomimetic hydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitors, Batimastat and Marimastat, to abrogate toxic and proteinase activities of the venom of Echis ocellatus from Cameroon and Ghana was assessed."	( Peptidomimetic hydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitors abrogate local and systemic toxicity induced by Echis ocellatus (saw-scaled) snake venom. Arias, AS; Gutiérrez, JM; Rucavado, A, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Brexpiprazole Following Multiple-Dose Administration to Japanese Patients With Schizophrenia. Higashi, K; Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Liew, EL; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Outcomes, including Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III and Part II scores, 'off' time, adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and discontinuation because of AEs, were compared between rotigotine and placebo groups under a fixed or random effect model."	( Safety and Efficacy of Rotigotine for Treating Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Chen, F; Jin, L; Nie, Z, 2017)	0.46
" The age of the patient impacts the effect and adverse events of anti-parkinsonian treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of rotigotine in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison with the non-elderly: a post hoc analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Iwaki, H; Kondo, H; Nomoto, M; Sakurai, M, 2018)	0.48
" The adverse drug reaction incidence rate was 10."	( Safety and efficacy of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in real-world clinical practice: interim results of the STELLA-LONG TERM post-marketing surveillance study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2018)	0.48
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events in patients receiving brexpiprazole were akathisia (6."	( Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed brexpiprazole for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, active-referenced, placebo-controlled study. Augustine, C; Brewer, C; Hefting, N; Hobart, M; Josiassen, MK; McQuade, RD; Sanchez, R; Skuban, A; Zhang, P, 2018)	0.48
" In this subgroup analysis, patient characteristics, laboratory variables, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were compared between non-elderly (<65 years) and elderly (≥65 years) patients."	( Safety and efficacy of ipragliflozin in elderly versus non-elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a subgroup analysis of the STELLA-LONG TERM study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2018)	0.48
" The primary outcome variable was the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia. Forbes, A; Hakala, M; Hobart, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Shi, L, 2018)	0.48
"6% discontinued due to treatment-emergent adverse events, most commonly schizophrenia (8."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia. Forbes, A; Hakala, M; Hobart, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Shi, L, 2018)	0.48
" This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of FIC with special regard to proposed pathogenetic models (coronary vasospasm, endothelium and cardiomyocytes damage, toxic metabolites, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency); risk and predictive factors; efficacy and usefulness in detection of laboratory markers, electrocardiographic changes and cardiac imaging; and specific treatment, including a novel agent, uridine triacetate."	( Fluoropyrimidine-induced cardiotoxicity. Aglietta, M; Bonzano, A; Cagnazzo, C; Depetris, I; Filippi, R; Leone, F; Marino, D, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) were experienced by 235/281 patients (83."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A 52-week, open-label study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
"Brexpiprazole was generally safe and well tolerated and maintained therapeutic effects in the long-term treatment of Japanese patients with schizophrenia."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A 52-week, open-label study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events with an incidence of ≥5% and ≥2 times the rate of placebo in the brexpiprazole groups were vomiting, elevated blood prolactin, diarrhea, nausea, and dental caries."	( Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia in Japan: A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse event rates were similar between groups (ipragliflozin: 51."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin as an add-on therapy to sitagliptin and metformin in Korean patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Baik, S; Cha, BS; Chon, S; Chung, CH; Han, KA; Jung, CH; Kim, DS; Lee, IK; Lee, KW; Lee, MK; Lim, S; Park, KS; Park, S; Sakatani, T; Yoon, KH, 2018)	0.48
"Uveitis due to brimonidine is a rare adverse effect, but it must be known."	( Hypertensive acute granulomatous anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Arciniegas-Perasso, CA; Clemente-Tomás, R; Duch-Samper, AM; García-Ibor, F; Hervás-Hernandis, JM; Ruiz-Del Río, N, 2018)	0.48
" Safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs), movement disorder scales, and standard safety assessments (vital signs, laboratory safety parameters, physical examination, electrocardiograms)."	( Adjunctive brexpiprazole for elderly patients with major depressive disorder: An open-label, long-term safety and tolerability study. Hefting, N; Hobart, M; Lepola, U; Zhang, D, 2018)	0.48
" Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported for 24 (26."	( Efficacy and safety of raltitrexed-based transarterial chemoembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cao, H; Ding, W; Li, C; Li, W; Liu, R; Lu, L; Shao, G; Song, J; Wang, J; Xiang, H; Yang, J; Yang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions was evaluated as a safety end-point."	( Safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice: Results of 3-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse drug reactions occurred in 345 of 6,712 patients (5."	( Safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice: Results of 3-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse drug reactions were more common in patients with higher BMI than in those with lower BMI."	( Impact of body mass index on the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A subgroup analysis of 3-month interim results from the Specified Drug Use Results Survey of Ipragliflozin Treatment in Type 2 Diabet Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2019)	0.51
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was evaluated for safety."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin for Type 2 Diabetes in Japan: 12-Month Interim Results of the STELLA-LONG TERM Post-Marketing Surveillance Study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2019)	0.51
" However, wide CIs for many comparisons suggest limited precision, and therefore clinically important adverse events cannot be ruled out."	( Comparative safety of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aubrey-Bassler, K; Chibrikov, E; Curnew, D; Donnan, JR; Gamble, JM; Grandy, CA; Hache, J; Johnston, K; Marra, CA; Nguyen, H; Swab, M, 2019)	0.51
" The loss of these iron homeostatic neuroprotectants thereby caused an embargo of iron (Fe) export from neurons as associated with excess unstored intracellular iron and the formation of toxic reactive oxidative species (ROS)."	( Targeting the Iron-Response Elements of the mRNAs for the Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein and Ferritin to Treat Acute Lead and Manganese Neurotoxicity. Bakshi, R; Cahill, CM; Rogers, JT; Wong, A; Xia, N, 2019)	0.51
"The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of opioid pathways in mediating and/or modulating analgesia and adverse effects."	( The Utilization of Mu-Opioid Receptor Biased Agonists: Oliceridine, an Opioid Analgesic with Reduced Adverse Effects. Charipova, K; Gress, K; Kaye, AD; Ngo, A; Orhurhu, V; Urits, I; Viswanath, O, 2019)	0.51
" A growing body of evidence suggests that compared to existing MOR agonists, Oliceridine and other G protein-selective modulators may produce therapeutic analgesic effects with reduced adverse effects."	( The Utilization of Mu-Opioid Receptor Biased Agonists: Oliceridine, an Opioid Analgesic with Reduced Adverse Effects. Charipova, K; Gress, K; Kaye, AD; Ngo, A; Orhurhu, V; Urits, I; Viswanath, O, 2019)	0.51
" The primary outcome variable was the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder. Brewer, C; Hefting, N; Hobart, M; McQuade, RD; Sanchez, R; Skuban, A; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" The frequency of adverse events (AEs) was also investigated."	( Efficacy and safety profile of mucolytic/antioxidant agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparative analysis across erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine. Calzetta, L; Cazzola, M; Matera, MG; Page, C; Puxeddu, E; Rogliani, P, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this investigation was to retrospectively run a head-to-head comparison for their effectiveness and frequency of adverse effects in patients with hyposalivation."	( Comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline in patients with hyposalivation. Cimmino, J; Farag, AM; Holliday, C; Papas, A; Roomian, T, 2019)	0.51
" The use of PILO was associated with a higher proportion of adverse effects compared to CEV (p = ."	( Comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline in patients with hyposalivation. Cimmino, J; Farag, AM; Holliday, C; Papas, A; Roomian, T, 2019)	0.51
" All adverse events were mild and generally consistent with the known safety profile of oliceridine."	( The Influence of Renal or Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oliceridine. Arscott, KA; Burt, DA; Cochrane, K; Fossler, MJ; Nafziger, AN; Skobieranda, F, 2020)	0.56
" Safety outcomes were monitored as treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Long-term (52-week) efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An uncontrolled, open-label extension of a phase III study. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" No serious drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events or deaths were reported."	( Long-term (52-week) efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An uncontrolled, open-label extension of a phase III study. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" The LD50 (lethal dose 50%) value in mice was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg (intraperitoneally)."	( Toxicity and Antitumor Activity of a Thiophene-Acridine Hybrid. Andrade, C; Duarte, S; Farias, D; Ferreira, R; Lisboa, T; Lopes, AL; Magalhães, H; Medeiros, K; Moura, R; Reis, M; Ribeiro, J; Silva, D; Sobral, M, 2019)	0.51
" Whereas, several adverse events caused by SGLT2is were also reported."	( Investigation of efficacy and safety of low-dose sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors and differences between two agents, canagliflozin and ipragliflozin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abe, I; Abe, M; Fujii, H; Kobayashi, K; Kudo, T; Minezaki, M; Mukoubara, S; Ochi, K; Ohe, K; Ohishi, H; Ohnishi, Y; Shinagawa, T; Sugimoto, K; Takashi, Y; Yamao, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Although the number of adverse events (AEs) increased with vicagrel dose, none were considered serious, suggesting that vicagrel is safe and well-tolerated."	( Platelet inhibitory activity, tolerability, and safety of vicagrel, a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor. Chen, H; Chen, W; Gong, Y; Lai, X; Li, H; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, C; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sheng, L; Sun, H; Xu, H; Yang, J; Yang, M; Yuan, F, 2020)	0.56
" By measuring the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of these ligands, we showed that the low intrinsic efficacy of opioid ligands can explain an improved side effect profile."	( Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists. Alamein, C; Canals, M; Christie, MJ; Connor, M; Fritzwanker, S; Gillis, A; Gondin, AB; Grimsey, NL; Halls, ML; Kassiou, M; Katte, TA; Kellam, B; Kliewer, A; Krasel, C; Lane, JR; Lim, HD; Manandhar, P; Reekie, T; Sanchez, J; Santiago, M; Schmiedel, F; Schulz, S, 2020)	0.56
"5%), occurrence of adverse events (5."	( Post-hoc analysis investigating the safety and efficacy of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia who were switched from other antipsychotics in a long-term study (Secondary Publication). Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Kojima, Y; Matsuo, S; Usami, T, 2020)	0.56
" The frequency of adverse drug reaction (ADR) was 34."	( Real-world safety and effectiveness of rotigotine in patients with Parkinson's disease: analysis of a post-marketing surveillance study in Japan. Fukuta, Y; Ito, H; Kondo, H; Takayama, T, 2022)	0.72
" Furthermore, the histopathological assessment and HET-CAM study revealed that the DRZ-CS-PCL-NPs were non-irritant and safe for ocular administration."	( Optimization to development of chitosan decorated polycaprolactone nanoparticles for improved ocular delivery of dorzolamide: In vitro, ex vivo and toxicity assessments. Alshehri, S; Imam, SS; Rizwanullah, M; Shahab, MS, 2020)	0.56
" Survey items included demographics, treatments, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), vital signs, and laboratory variables."	( Real-World Evidence for Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: final Results of a 3-Year Post-Marketing Surveillance Study (STELLA-LONG TERM). Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2021)	0.62
" No serious adverse events (e."	( Efficacy and safety of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, TAS-303, in women with stress urinary incontinence: Results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, early phase II trial. Gotoh, M; Kato, K; Takahashi, S; Takei, M; Yokoyama, O, 2021)	0.62
"We identified patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were treated with raltitrexed-based systemic therapy after developing serious adverse events with fluoropyrimidine-based treatment in a large Canadian province from 2004 to 2018."	( Real-world Safety and Efficacy of Raltitrexed in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Batra, A; Cheung, WY; Hannouf, MB; Rigo, R, 2021)	0.62
" Raltitrexed was well-tolerated with common adverse events that included anemia in 41."	( Real-world Safety and Efficacy of Raltitrexed in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Batra, A; Cheung, WY; Hannouf, MB; Rigo, R, 2021)	0.62
" Secondary evaluations were related to efficacy, treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs), extrapyramidal symptoms, and corrected QT interval (QTc)."	( Safety of switching to brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A post-hoc analysis of a long-term open-label study. Aoki, K; Inada, K; Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Kojima, Y; Niidome, K; Yamada, S, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse reactions were mild and infrequent, confirming the safety of lotilaner tablets in client-owned cats."	( A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner flavored chewable tablets (Credelio™ CAT) in eliminating fleas in client-owned cats in the USA. Chappell, K; Karadzovska, D; Nanchen, S; Paarlberg, T; Seewald, W, 2021)	0.62
" Outcomes included durable platelet response; need for rescue therapy; reduction in use of concomitant ITP medication; incidence of any or World Health Organization (WHO) grade 2-4 bleeding events, and any adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Avatrombopag in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Jurczak, W; McCrae, KR; Nazir, J; Pochopien, M; Pustułka, I; Smela, B; Tytuła, A; Vredenburg, M; Wilson, K; Wojciechowski, P, 2021)	0.62
" No statistically significant differences were observed for any adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Avatrombopag in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Jurczak, W; McCrae, KR; Nazir, J; Pochopien, M; Pustułka, I; Smela, B; Tytuła, A; Vredenburg, M; Wilson, K; Wojciechowski, P, 2021)	0.62
" In Trial 843, the incidences of adverse events (AEs) overall and prespecified AEs of clinical interest (symptomatic hypoglycaemia, urinary tract infection, genital infection, hypovolaemia, and polyuria/pollakiuria) were similar between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on sitagliptin. Engel, SS; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Kaufman, KD; O'Neill, EA; Okamoto, T; Sato, A; Seino, Y; Shirakawa, M, 2021)	0.62
"MO and lotilaner did not induce any treatment-related adverse effects based on health observations, physical/neurological examinations, or food consumption in the long-term or acute studies."	( Long-term and acute safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Riggs, KL; Wiseman, S, 2021)	0.62
"This multi-site clinical study using client-owned dogs demonstrated that monthly use of flavored, chewable tablets containing a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner administered orally under end use conditions is safe for dogs."	( Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Crawley, E; Snyder, DE; Wallace, K; Wiseman, S; Young, LM, 2021)	0.62
" Safety parameters were adverse events, changes in corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy."	( Safety and efficacy of lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% for the treatment of blepharitis due to demodex infestation: A randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Baba, SN; Ceballos, JC; Corredor-Ortega, C; Gonzalez-Salinas, R; Holdbrook, M; Karpecki, P; Massaro-Corredor, M; Quiroz-Mercado, H; Ramos-Betancourt, N; Yeu, E, 2022)	0.72
" No serious adverse events or clinically significant changes in CDVA and IOP were observed."	( Safety and efficacy of lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% for the treatment of blepharitis due to demodex infestation: A randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Baba, SN; Ceballos, JC; Corredor-Ortega, C; Gonzalez-Salinas, R; Holdbrook, M; Karpecki, P; Massaro-Corredor, M; Quiroz-Mercado, H; Ramos-Betancourt, N; Yeu, E, 2022)	0.72
"25% for 4 weeks is safe and effective."	( Safety and efficacy of lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% for the treatment of blepharitis due to demodex infestation: A randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Baba, SN; Ceballos, JC; Corredor-Ortega, C; Gonzalez-Salinas, R; Holdbrook, M; Karpecki, P; Massaro-Corredor, M; Quiroz-Mercado, H; Ramos-Betancourt, N; Yeu, E, 2022)	0.72
" Opioids induce analgesia via G-protein signaling, while adverse effects are mediated by the β-arrestin pathway."	( Safety evaluation of oliceridine for the management of postoperative moderate-to-severe acute pain. Habib, AS; Tan, HS, 2021)	0.62
" However, safety data were obtained from an open-label observational study and studies assessing adverse effects as secondary outcomes, as post-hoc analyses, or from retrospective studies."	( Safety evaluation of oliceridine for the management of postoperative moderate-to-severe acute pain. Habib, AS; Tan, HS, 2021)	0.62
"Brimonidine had a similar side effect profile to the fix combination."	( Comparing the effects and safety of dorzolamide hydrochloride + timolol maleate versus brimonidine after neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser capsulotomy posterior capsule opacification. Çakmak, K; Erbil, H; Korkmaz, Ş; Mesci, C, 2022)	0.72
" The levels of satisfaction from treatment and any adverse effects (AEs) were also assessed in both groups."	( The efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus 1% cream vs. sertaconazole 2% cream in the treatment of patients with facial seborrhoeic dermatitis: a randomized blinded trial. Azizzadeh, M; Bagheri, B; Pahlevan, D, 2022)	0.72
"Oliceridine, a new class of μ-opioid receptor agonist, may be associated with fewer opioid-related adverse events (ORAEs) due to its unique mechanism of action."	( Budget impact and pharmacy costs with targeted use of oliceridine for postsurgical pain in patients at high risk of opioid-related adverse events. Demitrack, MA; Fossler, MJ; Simpson, KN; Wandstrat, TL; Wase, L, 2022)	0.72
" Our study investigated the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and the pharmacodynamic CHEMBL database to further characterize TGA-induced ICDs."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
"We downloaded and pre-processed the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System up to December 2020."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
" Thus, both analogues bind strongly to ds-DNA and BSA, very efficiently enter living human cells, accumulate in several different cytoplasmic organelles with no toxic effect but, under intense visible light irradiation, they exhibit almost instantaneous and very strong cytotoxic effects, presumably attributed to singlet oxygen production."	( Electron-Rich EDOT Linkers in Tetracationic bis-Triarylborane Chromophores: Influence on Water Stability, Biomacromolecule Sensing, and Photoinduced Cytotoxicity. Braunschweig, H; Ferger, M; Friedrich, A; Košćak, M; Köster, E; Krummenacher, I; Lambert, C; Lorenzen, S; Marder, TB; Nestić, D; Piantanida, I; Rauch, F; Roger, C, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"1 mg/kg), the pharmacokinetic parameters for MK-417 remained unchanged and there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters among the anemic, polycythemic, and normal rats."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of MK-417, a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in experimental polycythemic and anemic rats. Chen, IW; deLuna, FA; Lin, JH, 1991)	0.28
" administration, both total blood clearance and apparent volume of distribution for MK-417 increased disproportionately between the low and high dose, while the half-life of the drug appeared to be independent of dose."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of MK-417, a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in rabbits following single and multiple doses. Chen, IW; Duggan, DE; Gehret, JR; Lin, JH; Ulm, EH, )	0.13
" Further confirmation that there was no interference between erdosteine and theophylline was obtained from the data available on the group of patients receiving only theophylline, since its plasma levels and related pharmacokinetic parameters were identical to those obtained in patients receiving both drugs."	( Effects of erdosteine on sputum biochemical and rheologic properties: pharmacokinetics in chronic obstructive lung disease. Casadei, MC; Fregnan, GB; Guerzoni, P; Marchioni, CF; Moretti, M; Muratori, M; Scuri, R, 1990)	0.28
"7 h) and peak concentration was 160 +/- 80 ng/mL."	( Tertatolol in chronic renal failure. A pharmacokinetic study. Meyrier, A; Mignon, F; Rainfray, M; Rocher, I, 1989)	0.28
"An algorithm and computer program is presented that fits a largely non-parametric model to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data; it is an extension of a recently proposed approach."	( Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: an improved algorithm. Sheiner, LB; Verotta, D, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters are given."	( Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of articainic acid in one volunteer after intravenous administration. Baars, AM; Booij, LH; Termond, EF; Van Oss, GE; Vree, TB, 1988)	0.27
"The purpose of this work was to compare the effects of a long acting antisecretory drug on 24-h gastric acidity after acute and chronic administration and to correlate the results observed with modifications of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Acute and chronic 24-hour gastric pH and pharmacokinetic studies with a long acting antisecretory drug (40749 RP) in peptic ulcer. Bonfils, S; Denis, P; Frydman, A; Galmiche, JP; Garcia del Risco, F; Mignon, M; Piat, M; Teule, M, 1986)	0.27
"In this paper we propose a non-linear model for explaining the relation between doses, blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects."	( Mathematical modelling accounting for discrepancies between blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects of a drug. Application to the numerical optimization of tertatolol. Cherruault, Y; Hotchen, M; Karpouzas, I; Prost, JF, 1986)	0.27
"To clarify the question whether pharmacokinetic properties of tiaprofenic acid (presumable trade name Surgam) can be changed by simultaneous application of aluminum hydroxide or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) a randomized study of 7 healthy volunteers was carried out."	( [On the pharmacokinetics of tiaprofenic acid and its possible interactions with acetylsalicylic acid and aluminum hydroxide (author's transl)]. Altmayer, P; Lücker, PW; Marećek, N; Penth, B; Wetzelsberger, K, 1981)	0.26
" Maximum plasma drug concentrations (Cmax) were significantly higher when CI-959 was given by bolus intravenous injection, suggesting that cardiac effects were dependent on high Cmax concentrations."	( Cardiac hypertrophy in rats after intravenous administration of CI-959, a novel antiinflammatory compound: morphologic features and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Henry, SP; Knowlton, P; Loewen, G; Low, JE; Mertz, TE; Metz, AL; Olszewski, BJ; Robertson, DG; Schroeder, RL; Sommers, CS, 1995)	0.29
"Following a single-dose, open-label, pilot pharmacokinetic study in six subjects, the systemic pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of dorzolamide after topical ocular administration were investigated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in 12 healthy volunteers."	( Whole-blood pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide. Biollaz, J; Brunner-Ferber, F; Buclin, T; Gervasoni, JP; Jaquet, F; Magnin, JL; Munafo, A, 1995)	0.29
"A pharmacokinetic study of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist (S)-(-)-2-(N-propyl-N-(2-thienylethyl)amino)-5-hydroxytetralin+ ++-HCl (N-0923) infused in female cynomolgus monkeys over a 4-h period was carried out at International Research and Development Corporation."	( Pharmacokinetic study of (S)-(-)-2-(N-propyl-N-(2-thienylethyl)amino)-5-hydroxytetralin infusion in cynomolgus monkeys. Cefali, EA; McConnell, WR; Walters, DR, 1994)	0.29
" Increasing the dose had a minimal effect on terminal half-life because it reflected the concentration-time profile during a period of linear distribution into erythrocytes."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of L-693,612, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, following oral administration in rats. Bruhin, PJ; Lin, JH; Wong, BK, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analysis based on a two-compartment model with elimination from the central compartment yielded the following parameters for male rats (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 3): elimination half-life was 108 +/- 7 min, apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment was 397 +/- 44 mL."	( Pharmacokinetics of the dopamine D2 agonist S(-)-2-(N-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin in freely moving rats. de Zeeuw, RA; Swart, PJ, 1993)	0.29
"A selective thromboxane (TX) synthase inhibitor, CS-518, was orally administered to healthy male Japanese volunteers and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of CS-518, a selective, long-lasting thromboxane synthase inhibitor, after single and multiple oral administration to healthy volunteers. Inaba, H; Kosuge, K; Mizuno, A; Nagashima, S; Nakashima, M; Uematsu, T, 1994)	0.29
"The plant-derived insecticide, alpha-terthienyl was prepared by synthesis as 3',4'-di[14C]-alpha-terthienyl for pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity of the plant-derived photoxin alpha-terthienyl. Abou-Zaid, M; Arnason, JT; Durst, T; Kacew, S; Kanjanapothi, D; Kobaisy, M; Marles, R; Meckes, M; Rujjanawate, C; Soucy-Breau, C, 1995)	0.29
" tmax was similar for both regimens."	( Lack of effect of eprosartan on the single dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Boike, SC; Citerone, D; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Tenero, D; Tompson, D, 1997)	0.3
"Based on AUC and Cmax data, it can be concluded that eprosartan has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of digoxin."	( Lack of effect of eprosartan on the single dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Boike, SC; Citerone, D; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Tenero, D; Tompson, D, 1997)	0.3
" After concomitant administration with fluconazole, losartan AUC(0-t) and Cmax were significantly increased 66% and 30%, respectively, compared with those values for losartan alone."	( Effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan and losartan in healthy male volunteers. Blum, RA; Boike, SC; Etheredge, R; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Kazierad, DJ; Martin, DE; Tenero, DM, 1997)	0.3
" Serial pharmacokinetic samples were obtained for up to 24 hours following eprosartan dosing."	( Effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered eprosartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, in healthy male volunteers. Boike, SC; Boyle, DA; Carr, AM; Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Lundberg, DE; Martin, DE; Tenero, DM, 1998)	0.3
" Mean unbound Cmax and AUC0-12 were an average of 53% to 61% and 185% to 210% greater for the patients with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared with healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of eprosartan in healthy volunteers and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. Boike, SC; Chapelsky, MC; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Tenero, D; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
" There were approximately two fold higher AUC and Cmax values for eprosartan observed in elderly men as compared with young men, most likely due to increased bioavailability of eprosartan in the elderly."	( Effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan. Boike, SC; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Miller, AK; Tenero, DM; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
" The primary end points were area under the plasma raltitrexed concentration-time curve from the start of the infusion to the last determined concentration (AUC(0-tldc)) and AUC to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)); secondary end points were peak concentrations of raltitrexed (Cmax) and elimination half-life (t(1/2gamma))."	( Effects of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed (Tomudex ZD1694). Beale, P; Berry, C; Hanwell, J; Hoskin, P; Judson, I; Maughan, T; Primrose, J; Sutcliffe, F; Walker, M, 1998)	0.3
" The drug's terminal elimination half-life is typically 5-9 hours after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of eprosartan in healthy subjects, patients with hypertension, and special populations. Bottorff, MB; Tenero, DM, 1999)	0.3
" This allowed for quantification of pharmacokinetic variables."	( Non-invasive assessment of ocular pharmacokinetics using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Bauer, NJ; Hendrikse, F; March, WF; Motamedi, M; Webers, CA; Wicksted, JP, 1999)	0.3
" Based on its known safety profile and because of its exaggerated pharmacokinetic variability in patients undergoing hemodialysis, treatment should be individualized based on tolerability and response."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of eprosartan in hemodialysis-dependent patients with end-stage renal disease. Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Kovacs, SJ; Martin, DE; Tenero, DM, 1999)	0.3
" A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the raltitrexed plasma concentration-time data."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with extensive polyglutamation and intracellular retention of ralitrexed."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
"These studies were designed to examine the pharmacodynamic profile and antithrombotic efficacy of RPR120844, a competitive inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa, with a K(i) of 7 nM against human factor Xa."	( Pharmacodynamic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of RPR120844, a novel inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa. Bentley, R; Bostwick, JS; Brown, K; Chu, V; Dunwiddie, CT; Ewing, WR; Heran, C; Kasiewski, CJ; Leadley, RJ; Morgan, SR; Moxey, P; Pauls, H; Perrone, MH; Spada, AP, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of the classical antifolate methotrexate have been well-defined and pharmacokinetic data can be exploited to reduce the toxicity and enhance the activity of the drug."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of antitumor antifolates. Newell, DR, 1999)	0.3
" The mean oral clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and half-life values were 114 L/h (range: 44 to 218 L/h), 1943 L (range: 803 to 3531 L), and 12."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of duloxetine, a dual-serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Cerimele, BJ; Goldberg, MJ; Sharma, A, 2000)	0.31
" There were indications of dose-dependent pharmacokinetic properties because apparent clearance and volume of distribution at steady state increased with dose, although these changes were not statistically significant as a result of high interpatient variability."	( Pharmacokinetics of the chemopreventive agent oltipraz and of its metabolite M3 in human subjects after a single oral dose. Brennan, JM; Gallo, JM; Laub, PB; O'Dwyer, PJ; Szarka, C, 2000)	0.31
" The disposition of raltitrexed in patients is best described by a 3-compartment model with a terminal half-life (t1/2gamma) of 260 hours, the latter being subject to significant interpatient variability."	( Clinical and preclinical pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed. Beale, PJ; Clarke, SJ; Rivory, LP, 2000)	0.31
" The objective was to study toxicity and the modulation of pharmacodynamic end points."	( Phase I/pharmacodynamic study of N-acetylcysteine/oltipraz in smokers: early termination due to excessive toxicity. Bolanowska-Higdon, W; Creaven, PJ; Hitt, S; Lawrence, D; Murphy, M; Pendyala, L; Schwartz, G; Zdanowicz, J, 2001)	0.31
" This review summarises the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of dorzolamide and its metabolite in eye tissues and in the systemic circulation."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide. Banditt, P; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J, 2002)	0.31
" No pharmacologic interactions were observed between these agents, and no correlations between pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity were noted."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with raltitrexed. Adams, AL; Brady, D; Engstrom, PF; Gallo, JM; Kilpatrick, D; Lewis, NL; Litwin, S; Meropol, NJ; Scher, R; Szarka, CE; Weiner, LM, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic follow-up was done for both drugs (RTX by LC-MS-MS and VRB by HPLC-UV detection)."	( The raltitrexed-vinorelbine combination: a phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial in advanced breast cancer. Chamorey, E; Ferrero, JM; Largillier, R; Leccia, F; Magné, N; Milano, G; Namer, M, 2002)	0.31
" It is deliverable on an outpatient basis, shows an acceptable toxicity profile potentially manageable by VRB pharmacokinetic follow-up, and has promising antitumor activity in taxane-anthracycline-refractory patients."	( The raltitrexed-vinorelbine combination: a phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial in advanced breast cancer. Chamorey, E; Ferrero, JM; Largillier, R; Leccia, F; Magné, N; Milano, G; Namer, M, 2002)	0.31
"To define the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in a normothermic pig model."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" Cmax in plasma were of 28 ng/ml and 54 ng/ml for group 1 and 2, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" After administration, plasma concentrations of the radioactivity and SNI-2011 reached to Cmax at approximately 2 h, and then decreased with t 1/2 of 9 and 4 h, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of radiolabelled SNI-2011, a novel muscarinic receptor agonist, in healthy volunteers. Comprehensive understanding of absorption, metabolism and excretion using radiolabelled SNI-2011. Arisawa, H; Kohsaka, K; Masunaga, H; Nagatsuka, S; Satoh, Y; Washio, T, 2003)	0.32
"Dose-independent pharmacokinetic parameters of SR-4668 were observed after intravenous (i."	( Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of a candidate for diabetic neuropathy, SR-4668, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: Intestinal first-pass effect. Bae, SK; Kim, EJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, SO; Kim, YG; Lee, DH; Lee, MG; Lim, H, 2003)	0.32
" Following [14C]duloxetine administration, Cmax was reached at a median of 6 h for both duloxetine and total radioactivity."	( Metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in healthy human subjects. Gillespie, TA; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; Kuo, F; Lantz, RJ; Rash, TJ; Skinner, M, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz (50 mg kg(-1)) and dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB, 10 mg kg(-1)) after single intravenous and oral administration to rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB) after single intravenous and oral administration to rats. Bae, SK; Chung, SJ; Kim, EJ; Kim, SG; Lee, MG, 2003)	0.32
" Plasma concentration-time data were analysed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods."	( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in women. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; O'Brien, L; Reddy, S; Seger, ME; Skerjanec, A; Skinner, MH, 2004)	0.32
" The population pharmacokinetic analysis of Studies 2A and 2B revealed that the CL/F of duloxetine decreased with increasing age."	( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in women. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; O'Brien, L; Reddy, S; Seger, ME; Skerjanec, A; Skinner, MH, 2004)	0.32
" In 8 patients, plasma levels of irinotecan and its metabolites SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38glu) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and main pharmacokinetic parameters, including steady-state concentration, area under the time-concentration curve, and clearance, were calculated and normalized to the dose level of 22."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan given as a 7-day continuous infusion in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil or raltitrexed. Allegrini, G; Barbara, C; Cupini, S; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Masi, G, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic data provided evidence that continuous infusion increased the metabolism of irinotecan to SN-38 with respect to standard 30/90-min administration."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan given as a 7-day continuous infusion in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil or raltitrexed. Allegrini, G; Barbara, C; Cupini, S; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Masi, G, 2004)	0.32
" The relationship between individual estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters and patient covariates was examined and the influence of significant covariates on the population parameter estimates and their variance was investigated using stepwise multiple linear regression."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
"three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to fit the concentration-time data of raltitrexed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
"A population pharmacokinetic model has been developed for raltitrexed in patients with advanced cancer."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
" The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of heat on the pharmacokinetic profile of Raltitrexed administered intraperitoneally in rats."	( A study of the effect of temperature on the pharmacokinetic profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in the rat. Bendavid, Y; Dubé, P; Leblond, FA, 2005)	0.33
" Interspecies scale-up of plasma concentration-time data for the four species using pharmacokinetic time of dienetichron resulted in similar profiles."	( Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of oltipraz in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs, and prediction of human pharmacokinetics. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, SH; Kim, T; Kim, YG; Lee, MG; Lee, SJ, 2005)	0.33
" Specific pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed statistically using a mixed-effects model."	( Duloxetine pharmacokinetics in cirrhotics compared with healthy subjects. Branch, RA; Gonzales, C; Knadler, MP; Reddy, S; Skinner, MH; Suri, A, 2005)	0.33
" The half-life of duloxetine was about three times longer (47."	( Duloxetine pharmacokinetics in cirrhotics compared with healthy subjects. Branch, RA; Gonzales, C; Knadler, MP; Reddy, S; Skinner, MH; Suri, A, 2005)	0.33
"4-L volume of distribution, an initial half-life (t(1/2alpha)) of 6 minutes, and a terminal half-life (t(1/2beta)) of 45 minutes."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of raltitrexed in children with recurrent or refractory leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study. Berg, SL; Bernstein, M; Blaney, SM; Horton, TM; Kamen, B; Kuhn, J; Langevin, AM; Weitman, S, 2005)	0.33
" In this review, we highlight the preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic profile, and effects of duloxetine in the pharmacotherapy of depression."	( The dual transporter inhibitor duloxetine: a review of its preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic profile, and clinical results in depression. Bymaster, FP; Detke, MJ; Iyengar, S; Knadler, MP; Lee, TC, 2005)	0.33
" Hence, it would be expected that in PCM rats, some pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz are fully or partially returned to controls by cysteine."	( Effects of cysteine on the pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in rats with protein-calorie malnutrition. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, T; Kwon, JW; Lee, MG; Yang, SH, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for S-3304 and its metabolites."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral S-3304, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in single and multiple dose escalation studies in healthy volunteers. Kambayashi, Y; Sollie, F; van Marle, S; van Vliet, A; Yamada-Sawada, T, 2005)	0.33
" A more rapid achievement by venlafaxine of remission and a high-quality pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile lead to patient compliance and facilitate both fewer relapses and recurrences."	( The role of venlafaxine and duloxetine in the treatment of depression with decremental changes in somatic symptoms of pain, chronic pain, and the pharmacokinetics and clinical considerations of duloxetine pharmacotherapy. Barkin, RL; Barkin, S, )	0.13
" Pharmacodynamic effects (inhibition of factor Xa activity, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and Hep Test) and plasma concentration profiles were dose-dependent."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY 59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
"Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkR) have increasingly been used for the prediction of the pharmacokinetic properties of drug leads."	( Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships for drug clearance by using statistical learning methods. Chen, YZ; Li, ZR; Yap, CW, 2006)	0.33
" The elimination half-life after oral administration was short in both species (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--in rats and dogs. Buetehorn, U; Daehler, HP; Kohlsdorfer, C; Pleiss, U; Sandmann, S; Schlemmer, KH; Schwarz, T; Steinke, W; Weinz, C, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic data indicate that exposure to prasugrel metabolites occurs rapidly after dosing and is consistent with dose proportionality."	( The platelet inhibitory effects and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel after administration of loading and maintenance doses in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Li, GY; Naganuma, H; Payne, CD; Small, DS; Weerakkody, GJ; Winters, KJ, 2006)	0.33
" This method was successfully applied to the identification and quantification of thiencynonate in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Determination of thiencynonate by liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetics in rats. Kou, Y; Liu, K; Liu, Y; Ruan, J; Xu, Y; Xue, M; Zhang, Z, 2006)	0.33
" Volunteers took a single dose on days 1 and 28 for pharmacokinetic purposes, and took twice daily doses from day 3-27."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety assessments of high-dose and 4-week treatment with S-3304, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Amin, DM; Bradford, D; Kambayashi, Y; Mant, TG; Pisupati, J; Tanaka, K; Yamada-Sawada, T; Yano, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Cmax of rivaroxaban was unaffected in subjects >120 kg but was increased by 24% in subjects weighing < or = 50 kg, resulting in a small (15%) increase in prolongation of prothrombin time, which was not considered clinically relevant."	( Body weight has limited influence on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939) in healthy subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2007)	0.34
"A sensitive and specific method for quantifying duloxetine levels in human plasma has been devised and successfully applied to a clinic pharmacokinetic study of an enteric-coated capsule of duloxetine hydrochloride administered as a single oral dose."	( Determination of duloxetine in human plasma via LC/MS and subsequent application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, BM; Feng, S; Li, HD; Ma, N; Wang, F; Xiang, DX; Xu, P; Zhang, BK; Zhu, RH; Zhu, YG, 2007)	0.34
" Ketoconazole decreased R-138727 and clopidogrel active metabolite Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) 34-61% after prasugrel and clopidogrel dosing."	( Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by ketoconazole affects prasugrel and clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differently. Brandt, JT; Darstein, C; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
"The aims of this phase I clinical trial were to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities, pharmacokinetic profile, and intratumoral MMP inhibitory activity of single-agent S-3304 in advanced and refractory solid tumors."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of s-3304, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced and refractory solid tumors. Bukowski, R; Chiappori, AA; Creaven, PJ; Eckhardt, SG; Ikeda, M; Javle, MM; Kambayashi, Y; Mekhail, T; O'bryant, CL; Sullivan, DM; Tanaka, K; Yamada-Sawada, T; Yano, Y, 2007)	0.34
" In this study, we characterized the pharmacodynamic properties of new guanidine NHE1 inhibitors (cariporide, sabiporide, KR-32511, KR-32570, and KR-33028) to analyze their myocardial protective effects."	( Pharmacodynamic characteristics and cardioprotective effects of new NHE1 inhibitors. Han, W; Jung, YS; Kim, J; Kim, KH; Kim, MY; Lee, BH; Lee, MG; Namkung, W; Yi, KY; Yoo, SE, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of a single 100-mg oral dose of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin type A receptor antagonist, in subjects with normal and impaired renal function."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, in varying degrees of renal impairment. Coyne, T; Dhaun, N; Goddard, J; Kramer, W; Melville, V; Stavros, F; Swan, S; Webb, DJ, 2007)	0.34
"Duloxetine disposition on oral administration is characterised by a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of duloxetine following oral administration to healthy Chinese subjects. Knadler, MP; Liang, S; Lim, MT; Lobo, ED; Pan, AX; Teng, L; Tianmei, S; Yeo, KP, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel is more variable than the response to prasugrel, but the reasons for variation in response to clopidogrel are not well characterized."	( Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. Brandt, JT; Close, SL; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Iturria, SJ; Lachno, DR; Payne, CD; Salazar, D; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
"Genotyping was performed for CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 on samples from healthy subjects participating in studies evaluating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to prasugrel (60 mg, n = 71) or clopidogrel (300 mg, n = 74)."	( Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. Brandt, JT; Close, SL; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Iturria, SJ; Lachno, DR; Payne, CD; Salazar, D; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
" Decreased exposure to its active metabolite is associated with a diminished pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel."	( Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. Brandt, JT; Close, SL; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Iturria, SJ; Lachno, DR; Payne, CD; Salazar, D; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
" This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of a duloxetine formulation product after oral administration to healthy human subjects."	( Determination of duloxetine in human plasma by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Gowda, KV; Mandal, U; Pal, TK; Sam Solomon, WD; Senthamil Selvan, P, 2007)	0.34
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were elucidated after administration: the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to 32 h (AUC0-32h) 14818."	( Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of eprosartan in Chinese healthy volunteers of different gender. Chen, WL; Chu, NN; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Xu, HR; Yu, C, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters that were estimated using the models agreed closely with results from full-profile patients in the hip study, demonstrating that rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics are predictable."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor--in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. Bauer, KA; Borris, L; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Fisher, WD; Gent, M; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Kwong, LM; Misselwitz, F; Mueck, W; Turpie, AG, 2008)	0.35
" Rivaroxaban pharmacodynamic effects (inhibition of FXa activity and prolongation of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and HepTest) all showed a similar pattern, with maximum inhibition of FXa activity increasing from 68% after rivaroxaban 30 mg to 75% after 40 mg and no further increase with the 50 mg dose."	( Dose-escalation study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy elderly subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates (AUC(0-t last), C(max), and t(max)) and inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) by light transmission aggregometry were assessed at multiple time points after the LD and final MD."	( Effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel. Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
" The most promising compounds of this study show enhanced IC 50 values in the low nanomolar range, a high selectivity toward 17beta-HSD2, a low binding affinity to ERalpha, a good metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes, and a reasonable pharmacokinetic profile after peroral application."	( Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and pharmacokinetics of bis(hydroxyphenyl) substituted azoles, thiophenes, benzenes, and aza-benzenes as potent and selective nonsteroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1). Al-Soud, YA; Bey, E; Birk, B; Frotscher, M; Hartmann, RW; Kruchten, P; Marchais-Oberwinkler, S; Negri, M; Oster, A; Werth, R, 2008)	0.56
" The lack of a clinically meaningful effect of high-dose atorvastatin on the pharmacodynamic response to prasugrel after the loading or maintenance dose indicates that no dosage adjustment should be necessary in patients receiving these drugs concomitantly."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Konkoy, CS; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
" While the anticoagulant effect of the new thrombin and FXa inhibitors is similar, differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters may influence their use in clinical practice."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor xa inhibitors in development. Eriksson, BI; Quinlan, DJ; Weitz, JI, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic variables describing systemic exposure and renal elimination of rotigotine and metabolites, and safety and tolerability of the treatment were assessed."	( Influence of domperidone on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"The primary steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max,ss) and AUC((0-24),ss)) were similar with or without co-administration of domperidone."	( Influence of domperidone on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"No changes of pharmacokinetic parameters describing systemic exposure and renal elimination of rotigotine were observed when domperidone was administered concomitantly with rotigotine."	( Influence of domperidone on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"Oltipraz was given intravenously (10 mg x kg(-1)) or orally (30 mg x kg(-1)) to rats with liver cirrhosis induced by N-dimethylnitrosamine (LC rats) or with diabetes, induced by streptozotocin (DM rats) or to rats with both liver cirrhosis and diabetes (LCD rats) and to control rats, and pharmacokinetic variables measured."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in diabetic rats with liver cirrhosis. Ahn, CY; Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Jung, YS; Kim, T; Kim, YC; Lee, MG; Shin, WG, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic meta-analysis dataset was created from one open-label clinical study and four double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in patients: implications for dosing recommendation. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Quinlan, T, 2009)	0.35
"Duloxetine pharmacokinetics in patients were described by a one-compartmental pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in patients: implications for dosing recommendation. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Quinlan, T, 2009)	0.35
" Among the healthy subjects, no significant attenuation of the pharmacokinetic or the pharmacodynamic response to prasugrel was observed in carriers versus noncarriers of at least 1 reduced-function allele for any of the CYP genes tested (CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP3A5, and CYP1A2)."	( Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms and the response to prasugrel: relationship to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical outcomes. Antman, EM; Brandt, JT; Braunwald, E; Close, SL; Hockett, RD; Macias, WL; Mega, JL; Sabatine, MS; Shen, L; Walker, JR; Wiviott, SD, 2009)	0.35
" We hypothesized that decreased CYP2C19 activity affects the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel."	( Genetic variation of CYP2C19 affects both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel but not prasugrel in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Brandt, JT; Braun, OO; Close, SL; Erlinge, D; James, S; Man, M; Siegbahn, A; Varenhorst, C; Walker, J; Wallentin, L; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
" For prasugrel, there was no statistically significant difference in active metabolite exposure or pharmacodynamic response between CYP2C19 EM and RM."	( Genetic variation of CYP2C19 affects both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel but not prasugrel in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Brandt, JT; Braun, OO; Close, SL; Erlinge, D; James, S; Man, M; Siegbahn, A; Varenhorst, C; Walker, J; Wallentin, L; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin after intravenous and oral administration of both drugs to male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin in rats. Bae, SK; Kang, MK; Kim, JW; Lee, MG, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz did not significantly altered by silymarin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin in rats. Bae, SK; Kang, MK; Kim, JW; Lee, MG, 2009)	0.35
" Since cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 play a major role in prasugrel's active metabolite formation, the effect of potent CYP induction by rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel and on the pharmacodynamic response to prasugrel was evaluated in healthy male subjects."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
" Blood collection for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses occurred after the LD and fifth MD of prasugrel in both periods."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
" A limitation of this study is that while results of the in vitro post hoc study indicate a pharmacodynamic interaction with rifampin, the mechanism underlying this interaction has not been elucidated."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
" Despite being widely used for the treatment of major depressive disorder in China, little information is available on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of duloxetine in Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study. Cheng, G; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Zhao, RK, 2009)	0.35
"In these healthy Chinese subjects, AUC and Cmax increased proportionally with the dose, whereas t(1/2) was independent of the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study. Cheng, G; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Zhao, RK, 2009)	0.35
"Serial pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling in 1159 patients from TRITON-TIMI 38 was undertaken."	( Population pharmacokinetic analyses to evaluate the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on exposure of prasugrel active metabolite in TRITON-TIMI 38. Antman, EM; Braunwald, E; Ernest, CS; Li, YG; Macias, WL; Ni, L; Riesmeyer, JR; Rohatagi, S; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Weerakkody, GJ; Wiviott, SD; Wrishko, RE, 2009)	0.35
"This open-label phase I trial assessed potential pharmacokinetic interactions between oral levodopa/carbidopa and transdermal rotigotine treatment at steady state."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between transdermal rotigotine and oral levodopa/carbidopa. Andreas, JO; Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"Developing a population-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model is a challenge in ophthalmology due to the difficulty of obtaining adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) samples from ocular tissues to inform the pharmacodynamic (PD) model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and response sensitization modeling of the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of the EP4 Agonist 5-{3-[(2S)-2-{(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]butyl}-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]propyl}thiophene-2-carboxylate (PF-044 Anderson, S; Fortner, J; Luu, KT; Prasanna, G; Vicini, P; Xiang, C; Zhang, EY, 2009)	0.35
" Median plasma half-life of the active metabolite is approximately 4 hours, and excretion is mainly urinary."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel, a thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor. Dobesh, PP, 2009)	0.35
" Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include rapid absorption, high oral availability, high plasma protein binding and a half-life of aprox."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban]. Climent Grana, E; Jover Botella, A; Ordovás Baines, JP; Valero García, I, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(0-t), C(max) and t(max)) and maximal platelet aggregation (MPA) by light transmission aggregometry were assessed after the LD and final MD."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in subjects with moderate liver disease. Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses to prasugrel were compared in three studies of healthy subjects vs."	( Prasugrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in subjects with moderate renal impairment and end-stage renal disease. Borel, AG; Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Kles, KA; Li, YG; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ; Wrishko, RE, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma concentrations of prasugrel's active metabolite were determined and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were derived."	( Prasugrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in subjects with moderate renal impairment and end-stage renal disease. Borel, AG; Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Kles, KA; Li, YG; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ; Wrishko, RE, 2009)	0.35
" * There is a significant pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between the ETRA bosentan and the phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitor sildenafil."	( The effects of sitaxentan on sildenafil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects. Kramer, WG; Stavros, F; Wilkins, MR, 2010)	0.36
"This study evaluated the effects of sitaxentan on the pharmacodynamic [systemic blood pressure (BP)] and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of sildenafil in healthy volunteers."	( The effects of sitaxentan on sildenafil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects. Kramer, WG; Stavros, F; Wilkins, MR, 2010)	0.36
" Although the approved loading dose is 60 mg, earlier studies of prasugrel suggested that active-metabolite exposure and pharmacodynamic response may be higher in Asian subjects than in white subjects."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single doses of prasugrel 30 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg in healthy Chinese and white volunteers: an open-label trial. Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Kelly, R; Kothare, P; Li, YG; Natanegara, F; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Richard Lachno, D; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Teng Loh, M; Tomlin, M; Winters, KJ; Yuen, E, 2010)	0.36
"This study compared the pharmacodynamic response to a single 30-mg dose of prasugrel in healthy Chinese and white subjects and the response to a single 30-mg dose of prasugrel and a single 300-mg dose of clopidogrel in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single doses of prasugrel 30 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg in healthy Chinese and white volunteers: an open-label trial. Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Kelly, R; Kothare, P; Li, YG; Natanegara, F; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Richard Lachno, D; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Teng Loh, M; Tomlin, M; Winters, KJ; Yuen, E, 2010)	0.36
"This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic effects, safety, and tolerability of aleglitazar, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma (PPARalpha/gamma) dual agonist."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of aleglitazar in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Banken, L; Jamois, C; Liogier D'ardhuy, X; Sanwald-Ducray, P, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of renal impairment on duloxetine pharmacokinetics in a single-dose phase I study and using pooled steady-state pharmacokinetic data from phase II/III trials."	( Effects of varying degrees of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine: analysis of a single-dose phase I study and pooled steady-state data from phase II/III trials. Gonzales, C; Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Reddy, S; Skinner, M, 2010)	0.36
" Noncompartmental methods (phase I: duloxetine and its metabolites) and population modelling methods (phase II/III: duloxetine) were used to analyse the pharmacokinetic data."	( Effects of varying degrees of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine: analysis of a single-dose phase I study and pooled steady-state data from phase II/III trials. Gonzales, C; Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Reddy, S; Skinner, M, 2010)	0.36
" Population pharmacokinetic results indicated that mild or moderate renal impairment, assessed by creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) calculated according to the Cockcroft-Gault formula, did not have a statistically significant effect on pharmacokinetic parameters of duloxetine."	( Effects of varying degrees of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine: analysis of a single-dose phase I study and pooled steady-state data from phase II/III trials. Gonzales, C; Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Kuan, HY; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Reddy, S; Skinner, M, 2010)	0.36
"An integrated analysis of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter estimates for prasugrel, from 16 phase I clinical pharmacology studies, consolidated exposure estimates from 506 healthy male and female participants and evaluated the effect of specific intrinsic and extrinsic factors on exposure to prasugrel's active metabolite (AM, R-138727)."	( Integrated analysis of pharmacokinetic data across multiple clinical pharmacology studies of prasugrel, a new thienopyridine antiplatelet agent. April, JH; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Li, YG; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Rohatagi, S; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2011)	0.37
"This study is a phase 3, multi-dose, pharmacodynamic comparison of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with ACS undergoing PCI."	( Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale of a multi-dose, pharmacodynamic, phase 3 clinical trial. Boonbaichaiyapruck, S; Ge, J; Goh, YS; Hong, BK; Hou, CJ; Pinton, P; Zhu, J, 2010)	0.36
" In the single-dose study, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (C(max)), and terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of oltipraz as well as the AUC of its RM were dose dependent."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz and its major metabolite (RM) in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: relationship with suppression of circulating TGF-beta1. Cho, SH; Choi, JY; Choi, YH; Chon, CY; Han, JY; Jang, JJ; Jang, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YM; Lee, DH; Lee, MG; Lee, YS; Um, SH; Yu, ES, 2010)	0.36
"Rivaroxaban clearance is decreased with increasing renal impairment, leading to increased plasma exposure and pharmacodynamic effects, as expected for a partially renally excreted drug."	( Effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Becka, M; Bruck, H; Halabi, A; Klause, N; Kubitza, D; Lufft, V; Maatouk, H; Mueck, W; Philipp, T; Wand, DD, 2010)	0.36
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic effects of co-administration of atorvastatin or rosuvastatin with aleglitazar."	( Aleglitazar, a balanced PPARα/γ agonist, has no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction with high-dose atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Foley-Comer, AJ; Jordan, P; Russell-Yarde, F; Young, AM, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma concentrations of each drug were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters determined on day 7 in each period."	( Aleglitazar, a balanced PPARα/γ agonist, has no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction with high-dose atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Foley-Comer, AJ; Jordan, P; Russell-Yarde, F; Young, AM, 2011)	0.37
"Co-administration of aleglitazar with a statin does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug."	( Aleglitazar, a balanced PPARα/γ agonist, has no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction with high-dose atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Foley-Comer, AJ; Jordan, P; Russell-Yarde, F; Young, AM, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to perform serial pharmacodynamic assessments of prasugrel with high-dose clopidogrel in patients with DM."	( A pharmacodynamic comparison of prasugrel vs. high-dose clopidogrel in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: results of the Optimizing anti-Platelet Therapy In diabetes MellitUS (OPTIMUS)-3 Trial. Angiolillo, DJ; Badimon, JJ; Baker, BA; Effron, MB; Frelinger, AL; Jakubowski, JA; Michelson, AD; Ojeh, CK; Saucedo, JF; Zhu, B, 2011)	0.37
" This has led to the development of other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, with different pharmacokinetic characteristics that influence their pharmacodynamics."	( Beyond efficacy: pharmacokinetic differences between clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor. Cohen Arazi, H; Di Girolamo, G; Giorgi, MA; Gonzalez, CD, 2011)	0.37
" However, the pharmacokinetic advantages of both prasugrel and ticagrelor allow clinicians to center patient management by selecting the best drug for the appropriate subject."	( Beyond efficacy: pharmacokinetic differences between clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor. Cohen Arazi, H; Di Girolamo, G; Giorgi, MA; Gonzalez, CD, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the thienopyridine clopidogrel has resulted in highly variable pharmacokinetics and efficacy responses."	( Pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, and safety of prasugrel and clopidogrel. Achar, S, 2011)	0.37
" The elimination half-life of duloxetine is approximately 10-12 hours and the volume of distribution is approximately 1640 L."	( Duloxetine: clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Bergstrom, R; Chappell, J; Knadler, MP; Lobo, E, 2011)	0.37
" The validated method was successfully applied to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study of the cardioactive prototype LASSBio-294 in beagles after oral administration."	( Determination of the cardioactive prototype LASSBio-294 and its metabolites in dog plasma by LC-MS/MS: application for a pharmacokinetic study. Alves, RO; Barreiro, EJ; Braga, RC; de Oliveira, V; Fraga, CA; Persiano, CB; Tôrres, AC, 2011)	0.37
" To maximize the likelihood of their clinical success, it is essential to optimize drug scheduling as well as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in preclinical models."	( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition. Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)	0.37
" Potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers including pChk1, pChk2, pHistone H3, and caspase-3 were evaluated in vitro, followed by assessment of promising candidate biomarkers in vivo."	( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition. Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-24)) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical dosing: implications for effects on ocular blood flow. Jadhav, G; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Ogidigben, M, 2011)	0.37
"Prasugrel demonstrated higher active metabolite exposure and more consistent pharmacodynamic response across all three predicted phenotype groups compared with clopidogrel, confirming observations from previous research that CYP2C19 phenotype plays an important role in variability of response to clopidogrel, but has no impact on response to prasugrel."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following maintenance doses of prasugrel and clopidogrel in Chinese carriers of CYP2C19 variants. Close, SL; Farid, NA; Ho, M; Jakubowski, JA; Kelly, RP; Natanegara, F; Shen, L; Small, DS; Walker, JR; Winters, KJ, 2012)	0.38
"Point estimates for the ratios between the groups with moderate to severe renal impairment and healthy subjects for the pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0,t(last) ) and C(max) for the active substance unconjugated rotigotine were near 1:0."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function. Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of unconjugated rotigotine were similar in healthy subjects and subjects with impaired renal function indicating that no dose adjustments are required for transdermal rotigotine in patients with different stages of chronic renal insufficiency including patients on haemodialysis."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function. Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of the present study was to assess the pharmacodynamic equivalence (lowering of intraocular pressure) of two preparations of eye drops containing 20 mg dorzolamide (CAS 120279-96-1) and 5 mg timolol (CAS 26839-75-8)."	( Pharmacodynamic equivalence study of two preparations of eye drops containing dorzolamide and timolol in healthy volunteers. Demircheva, I; Gatchev, E; Hristova, R; Kolev, E; Koytchev, R; Petrov, A; Richter, W; Tegel, F; Thyroff-Friesinger, U, 2011)	0.37
" In order to investigate the pharmacodynamic equivalence of both products, the two-sided 95% confidence interval was calculated for the difference of the primary target parameter (absolute decrease in IOP 2 h post dose), by means of a parametric (ANOVA) statistical method."	( Pharmacodynamic equivalence study of two preparations of eye drops containing dorzolamide and timolol in healthy volunteers. Demircheva, I; Gatchev, E; Hristova, R; Kolev, E; Koytchev, R; Petrov, A; Richter, W; Tegel, F; Thyroff-Friesinger, U, 2011)	0.37
" The applicability of the assay to pharmacokinetic studies was also evaluated."	( Quantification of oltipraz using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma. Jin, QR; Kim, CY; Kim, DG; Lee, GW; Lee, JH; Lee, KR; Lim, H; Noh, HJ; Park, DH; Woo, YA, 2011)	0.37
"The SAR of a series of brain penetrant, trisubstituted thiophene based JNK inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties is described."	( Design and synthesis of brain penetrant selective JNK inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties for the prevention of neurodegeneration. Artis, DR; Bard, F; Bowers, S; Chan, W; Chen, L; Dryer, M; Galemmo, RA; Goldbach, E; Griswold-Prenner, I; Hom, RK; Jeffrey Neitz, R; Konradi, AW; Lin, M; Lorentzen, C; Pan, H; Peterson, B; Powell, K; Probst, GD; Quincy, D; Quinn, KP; Ren, Z; Ruslim, L; Samant, B; Sauer, JM; Sealy, JM; Sham, HL; Tonn, G; Tóth, G; Truong, AP; Wong, K; Wright, S; Yao, N; Yednock, TA; Zhang, H; Zmolek, W, 2011)	0.37
" These observations support the investigation of potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between PPIs and anticoagulants."	( Effect of multiple doses of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single dose of rivaroxaban. Ariyawansa, J; Burton, PB; Moore, KT; Plotnikov, AN; Thyssen, A; Vaccaro, N, 2011)	0.37
"This Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the novel oral SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin (ASP1941) in T2DM patients."	( Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Akinlade, B; Klasen, S; Kowalski, D; Schwartz, SL; Wilpshaar, W; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of rivaroxaban in patients in these two phase II studies were conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban and the relationship between important patient covariates and model parameters."	( Rivaroxaban: population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients treated for acute deep-vein thrombosis and exposure simulations in patients with atrial fibrillation treated for stroke prevention. Agnelli, G; Decousus, H; Lensing, AW; Misselwitz, F; Mueck, W; Prandoni, P, 2011)	0.37
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using plasma samples from these patients."	( Rivaroxaban: population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients treated for acute deep-vein thrombosis and exposure simulations in patients with atrial fibrillation treated for stroke prevention. Agnelli, G; Decousus, H; Lensing, AW; Misselwitz, F; Mueck, W; Prandoni, P, 2011)	0.37
" This study aimed to define pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles, including high platelet reactivity (HPR) rates, among elderly patients on maintenance clopidogrel therapy and to assess the PD effects of prasugrel 5 mg/day in elderly with HPR."	( Platelet function profiles in the elderly: results of a pharmacodynamic study in patients on clopidogrel therapy and effects of switching to prasugrel 5 mg in patients with high platelet reactivity. Angiolillo, DJ; Calvi, V; Capodanno, D; Capranzano, P; D'Urso, L; Miccichè, E; Tamburino, C, 2011)	0.37
" Similar pharmacokinetic changes were observed in HL rats after oral administration of CBZ."	( Effects of poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite in rats: Impact of decreased expression of both CYP3A1/2 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase. Kang, HE; Kim, SG; Kim, YW; Lee, I; Lee, MG; Lee, YS, 2012)	0.38
" It is the largest population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study on rivaroxaban conducted to date (n= 2290)."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Burton, P; Gibson, M; Moore, K; Mueck, W; Plotnikov, A; Rossenu, S; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A; Xu, XS, 2012)	0.38
" METHODS A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using pharmacokinetic samples from 2290 patients in Anti-Xa Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events in Addition to Standard Therapy in Subjects with Acute Coronary Syndrome Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 46."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Burton, P; Gibson, M; Moore, K; Mueck, W; Plotnikov, A; Rossenu, S; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A; Xu, XS, 2012)	0.38
" The estimated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for the ACS patients were comparable to those for venous thromboembolism prevention, deep vein thrombosis and atrial fibrillation patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Burton, P; Gibson, M; Moore, K; Mueck, W; Plotnikov, A; Rossenu, S; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A; Xu, XS, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic samples were collected across all duloxetine doses, and data were analyzed using population modeling."	( An open-label safety and pharmacokinetics study of duloxetine in pediatric patients with major depression. Bullok, KE; Emslie, GJ; Kratochvil, CJ; Lobo, E; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T; Tamura, RN, 2012)	0.38
" Body weight and age did not significantly affect duloxetine pharmacokinetic parameters."	( An open-label safety and pharmacokinetics study of duloxetine in pediatric patients with major depression. Bullok, KE; Emslie, GJ; Kratochvil, CJ; Lobo, E; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T; Tamura, RN, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic results suggested that adjustment of total daily dose based on body weight or age is not warranted for pediatric patients and different total daily doses may not be warranted for pediatric patients relative to adults."	( An open-label safety and pharmacokinetics study of duloxetine in pediatric patients with major depression. Bullok, KE; Emslie, GJ; Kratochvil, CJ; Lobo, E; March, JS; Pangallo, BA; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T; Tamura, RN, 2012)	0.38
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to simulate rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics in young (20-45 years) or older (55-65 years) subjects with normal renal function, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, with or without concomitant use of the combined P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, erythromycin."	( Utility of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach to quantitatively predict a complex drug-drug-disease interaction scenario for rivaroxaban during the drug review process: implications for clinical practice. Berglund, EG; Booth, BP; Bullock, J; Grillo, JA; Huang, SM; Lesko, LJ; Lu, M; Pang, KS; Rahman, A; Robie-Suh, K; Zhang, L; Zhao, P, 2012)	0.38
" Through structure-based design, we discovered a new class of highly potent aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with improved solubility and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Potent and selective aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Aliagas, I; Alicke, B; Boggs, JW; Buckmelter, AJ; Choo, EF; Dinkel, V; Gloor, SL; Gould, SE; Gradl, SN; Grina, J; Gunzner-Toste, J; Hansen, JD; Hastings, G; Hatzivassiliou, G; Laird, ER; Lee, W; Mathieu, S; Moreno, D; Pulk, R; Ran, Y; Ren, L; Rudolph, J; Voegtli, WC; Wen, Z; Wenglowsky, S; Zhao, G, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study is to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of different prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
"This is a prospective pharmacodynamic study in patients (n = 64) receiving maintenance prasugrel therapy who were randomly allocated to a 10 mg, 30 mg, or 60 mg dose of prasugrel."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
" A 10 mg dose was associated with modest pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
" Expression of the 3435T/T genetic variant encoding the MDR1 gene for the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter results in a significantly reduced maximum drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve as intestinal absorption of clopidogrel is reduced; and the expression of the mutant *2 allele of CYP2C19 results in similar pharmacokinetic effects as the two cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated steps required for the production of the active metabolite of clopidogrel are impaired."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists and their clinical implications. Ferro, A; Floyd, CN; Passacquale, G, 2012)	0.38
" These were evaluated in-vivo for pharmacodynamic studies for depression by forced swimming test and locomotor activity test."	( Intranasal administration of nanostructured lipid carriers containing CNS acting drug: pharmacodynamic studies and estimation in blood and brain. Ahuja, A; Alam, MI; Ali, J; Ali, M; Baboota, S; Sahni, JK, 2012)	0.38
" Consequently, the pharmacodynamic responses were significantly enhanced in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment."	( Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Alatrach, A; Becka, M; Halabi, A; Hinrichsen, H; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2013)	0.39
"Moderate (but not mild) hepatic impairment reduced total body clearance of rivaroxaban after a single 10 mg dose, leading to increased rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects."	( Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Alatrach, A; Becka, M; Halabi, A; Hinrichsen, H; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic effects of substrates or inhibitors of CYP3A4, P-gp and Bcrp (ABCG2) on rivaroxaban were studied in healthy volunteers."	( Co-administration of rivaroxaban with drugs that share its elimination pathways: pharmacokinetic effects in healthy subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W, 2013)	0.39
"Previous studies involving a loading dose (LD) of 60 mg prasugrel have suggested that active metabolite exposure and pharmacodynamic responses may be higher in persons of Asian ethnicity than in Caucasian subjects."	( Pharmacodynamic comparisons for single loading doses of prasugrel (30 mg) and clopidogrel (600 mg) in healthy Korean volunteers. Jung, DK; Kim, MH; Zhang, HZ, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were determined."	( The influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including the area under the plasma concentration-time curve after a single dose, the maximum drug concentration in plasma after a single dose, dose-adjusted values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum drug concentration in plasma after a single dose, half-life associated with the terminal slope, and time to maximum concentration in plasma after a single dose were evaluated."	( The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2013)	0.39
" Independent of food and formulation, pharmacokinetic parameters of doses up to 10 mg rivaroxaban were dose proportional and had high oral bioavailability (≥ 80%)."	( The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2013)	0.39
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of duloxetine in 20 beagle dogs following a single oral administration of a 30- or 60-mg enteric-coated pellet in a capsule (Cymbalta)."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of two different doses of duloxetine following oral administration in dogs. Baek, IH; Kang, W; Kwon, KI; Lee, BY, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using both noncompartmental and compartmental approaches."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of two different doses of duloxetine following oral administration in dogs. Baek, IH; Kang, W; Kwon, KI; Lee, BY, 2013)	0.39
" The one compartment model with first-order absorption and a lag time was used successfully for pharmacokinetic analysis of duloxetine following a single oral administration of Cymbalta 30 mg or 60 mg."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of two different doses of duloxetine following oral administration in dogs. Baek, IH; Kang, W; Kwon, KI; Lee, BY, 2013)	0.39
" Half-life and time at which Cmax was observed were dose-independent."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Gutierrez, MJ; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, PL; Rusch, S, 2013)	0.39
"Eprosartan concentration-time profiles were adequately described with a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order absorption."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antihypertensive effect of eprosartan in Black and White hypertensive patients. Ackaert, O; Koopmans, RP; Mathôt, RA; Ploeger, BA; Snelder, N; van Hest, RM; van Rijn-Bikker, PC, 2013)	0.39
" No changes in elimination half-life and protein binding of ipragliflozin were observed in moderate hepatic impairment subjects."	( The effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ipragliflozin, a novel sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Lasseter, KC; Plumb, L; Smulders, R; Townsend, RW; Ushigome, F; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"This study assessed pharmacodynamic (PD) response to the reduced prasugrel maintenance dose of 5 mg in very elderly (VE) patients (≥75 years of age)."	( Prasugrel 5 mg in the very elderly attenuates platelet inhibition but maintains noninferiority to prasugrel 10 mg in nonelderly patients: the GENERATIONS trial, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study in stable coronary artery disease patients. Angiolillo, DJ; Brown, PB; Erlinge, D; Foley, DP; Gurbel, PA; Jakubowski, JA; James, S; Lindahl, TL; Luo, J; Moser, BA; Small, DS; Svensson, P; Ten Berg, JM; Wagner, H; Winters, KJ; Zhou, C, 2013)	0.39
"This article is an overview of currently used antithrombotic therapies in the management of ischaemic stroke with special focus on their pharmacokinetic properties and how these properties may influence their clinical utility."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations for antithrombotic therapies in stroke. Apostolakis, S; Lip, GY; Shantsila, E, 2013)	0.39
" Though the anticoagulation efficacy of these NOACs has been characterized, differences in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles have become a significant consideration in terms of drug selection and dosing."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Gong, IY; Kim, RB, 2013)	0.39
" The oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban has been approved in adult patients for several thromboembolic disorders, and its well-defined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and efficacy and safety profiles in adults warrant further investigation of this agent in the paediatric population."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
"The objective of this study was to develop and qualify a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for rivaroxaban doses of 10 and 20 mg in adults and to scale this model to the paediatric population (0-18 years) to inform the dosing regimen for a clinical study of rivaroxaban in paediatric patients."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic properties of rivaroxaban in virtual populations of children were simulated for two body weight-related dosing regimens equivalent to 10 and 20 mg once daily in adults."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
" However, pharmacokinetic values in infants and preschool children (body weight <40 kg) were lower than the 90 % confidence interval threshold of the adult reference model and, therefore, indicated that doses in these groups may need to be increased to achieve the same plasma levels as in adults."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
" Variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters is moderate (coefficient of variation 30-40 %)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2014)	0.4
" Between RTX and RTX with RA groups, half-life (t1/2), AUC(0-t) and CL showed no statistically significant differences; RA co-administration did not affect the pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed."	( [Pharmacokinetics behavior of raltitrexed in rats after single injected with astragali radix]. Song, JW; Xing, R; Zhou, K, 2013)	0.39
" Blood and urine samples were collected to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing drug bioavailability and elimination."	( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Fichtner, A, 2014)	0.4
"Increased body weight is independently associated with impaired clopidogrel pharmacodynamic (PD) response."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of standard dose prasugrel versus high dose clopidogrel in non-diabetic obese patients with coronary artery disease. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Darlington, A; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Patel, R; Rollini, F; Tello-Montoliu, A; Ueno, M, 2014)	0.4
" The primary objective was to investigate the effect of aleglitazar on the pharmacokinetic properties of S-warfarin and on the pharmacodynamics of the racemic mixture; the secondary objectives included the effect of aleglitazar on R-warfarin pharmacokinetics and of racemic warfarin on aleglitazar pharmacokinetics."	( The effect of aleglitazar on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of S- and R-warfarin in healthy male subjects. Banken, L; Jamois, C; Sanwald-Ducray, P, 2014)	0.4
" The main outcome measures were the plasma concentrations of unconjugated and total rotigotine and its desalkyl metabolites and derived pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to last quantifiable concentration [AUClast], maximum plasma concentration [Cmax], and body weight- and dose-normalized values)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic analysis included 48 subjects (24 Japanese, 24 Caucasian)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)	0.4
"Administration of a single patch delivering 2 mg/24 h rotigotine resulted in comparable pharmacokinetic profiles in Japanese and Caucasian subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)	0.4
" The introduction of newer oral anticoagulants, such as rivaroxaban, that are convenient to administer and have predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, could ultimately simplify patient management in clinical practice and may improve clinical outcomes across a broad range of thromboembolic disorders."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Kreutz, R, 2014)	0.4
"To review pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving new oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with new oral anticoagulants: what do they mean for patients with atrial fibrillation? Gulseth, M; Hellwig, T, 2013)	0.39
"Articles reviewed focused on drugs affecting the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter protein and/or cytochrome P (CYP) 450 3A4 enzymes, and pharmacodynamic DDIs when drugs are administered concomitantly."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with new oral anticoagulants: what do they mean for patients with atrial fibrillation? Gulseth, M; Hellwig, T, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of switching patients from ticagrelor to prasugrel."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic assessments were defined according to P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) (P2Y12 assay) and platelet reactivity index (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay) at baseline (before and after the run-in phase) and 2, 4, 24, and 48 h and 7 days after randomization."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the pharmacokinetic characteristics, toxicological issues and safety concerns of SGLT2 inhibitors in humans."	( Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Scheen, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"The three pharmacological agents share an excellent oral bioavailability, long half-life allowing once-daily administration, low accumulation index and renal clearance, the absence of active metabolites and a limited propensity to drug-drug interactions."	( Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Scheen, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"This study investigated relevant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters during the transition from warfarin to rivaroxaban in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics during the transition from warfarin to rivaroxaban: a randomized study in healthy subjects. Becka, M; Krätzschmar, J; Kubitza, D; Mück, W, 2014)	0.4
"This article focuses on the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel and recently published pharmacodynamic and clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of prasugrel for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Coons, JC; Harris, J; Schwier, N; Seybert, AL, 2014)	0.4
"Prasugrel exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared to clopidogrel."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of prasugrel for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Coons, JC; Harris, J; Schwier, N; Seybert, AL, 2014)	0.4
" POCT for aPTT is sensitive to increased concentrations of dabigatran, whereas the PT-POCT assessed with test systems such as the GEM PCL Plus may be helpful to measure the pharmacodynamic anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in emergency clinical situations."	( Point-of-care coagulation testing for assessment of the pharmacodynamic anticoagulant effect of direct oral anticoagulant. Herrmann, E; Herth, N; Kasper, A; Lindhoff-Last, E; Linnemann, B; Mani, H; Pfeilschifter, W; Schuettfort, G; Weil, Y; Wendt, T, 2014)	0.4
" Rivaroxaban population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling data from ROCKET AF patients (n = 161) are reported and are used to confirm established rivaroxaban PK and PK/PD models and to re-estimate values of the models' parameters for the current AF population."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: results from ROCKET AF. Becker, RC; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Girgis, IG; Halperin, JL; Mahaffey, KW; Moore, KT; Nessel, CC; Patel, MR; Peters, GR, 2014)	0.4
"This study evaluated the effects of HCTZ on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of canagliflozin in healthy participants."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
" Blood samples were taken before and several times after administration on day 7 of period 1 and on days 28 and 35 of period 2 for canagliflozin and HCTZ pharmacokinetic analyses using LC-MS/MS."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
"Adding canagliflozin treatment to healthy participants on HCTZ treatment had no notable pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effects; canagliflozin coadministered with HCTZ was generally well tolerated, with no unexpected tolerability concerns."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of S5 in beagle dogs."	( An HPLC method for the quantitation of 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one in dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Hua, K; Ji, H; Li, TT; Liu, L; Sheng, X; Tan, JN; Wang, LN; Wei, B; Zhang, YH, 2014)	0.4
"In pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling and simulations (M&S), omitting dropouts can cause inaccuracies in parameter estimation and clinical trial simulations (CTS)."	( Handling missing data in a duloxetine population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model - imputation methods and selection models. Aarons, L; Gueorguieva, I; Yuen, E, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic parameters were assessed at baseline and at weeks 1 and 12."	( Effect of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on plasma volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Farrell, K; Heise, T; Natarajan, J; Plum-Mörschel, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Sica, D; Wang, SS, 2014)	0.4
" When combined, the co-administration of rivaroxaban 10 mg with SS erythromycin in subjects with mild or moderate RI produced mean increases in rivaroxaban AUC∞ and Cmax of approximately 76% and 56%, and 99% and 64%, respectively, relative to NRF subjects, with PD changes displaying a similar trend."	( An open-label study to estimate the effect of steady-state erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single dose of rivaroxaban in subjects with renal impairment and normal renal function. Ariyawansa, J; Haskell, L; Moore, KT; Natarajan, J; Turner, KC; Vaidyanathan, S, 2014)	0.4
"The analyses meta-dataset was created from pharmacokinetic and demographic data available from one phase II (open-label) and two phase III (randomized, double-blind) clinical trials of duloxetine in children and adolescents."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Lobo, ED; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T, 2014)	0.4
" Typical values of CL/F, V d/F, and half-life (t 1/2) at 60 mg/day of duloxetine were 79."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Lobo, ED; Prakash, A; Quinlan, T, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we assessed effects of CYP2C19 metaboliser status on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses to prasugrel 5-mg and 10-mg and clopidogrel 75-mg using data from two PK/PD studies in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (GENERATIONS and FEATHER)."	( The effect of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel 5-mg, prasugrel 10-mg and clopidogrel 75-mg in patients with coronary artery disease. Angiolillo, DJ; Bergmeijer, TO; Brown, PB; Duvvuru, S; Erlinge, D; Gurbel, PA; Jakubowski, JA; James, S; Lindahl, TL; Moser, BA; Small, D; Sundseth, S; Svensson, P; Tantry, US; ten Berg, JM; Walker, JR; Winters, KJ, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to determine the impact of cangrelor and prasugrel on the pharmacodynamic effects of each agent."	( Pharmacodynamic effects during the transition between cangrelor and prasugrel. Gogo, P; Keating, FK; Raza, SS; Schneider, DJ; Seecheran, N, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacodynamic effects (light transmission platelet aggregation in response to 20 μmol/l ADP, VerifyNow, and flow cytometry) were assessed during and after the cangrelor infusion."	( Pharmacodynamic effects during the transition between cangrelor and prasugrel. Gogo, P; Keating, FK; Raza, SS; Schneider, DJ; Seecheran, N, 2015)	0.42
" A semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed that adequately described the temporal profiles of the compounds in the plasma, brain and CSF."	( Neuropharmacokinetics of two investigational compounds in rats: divergent temporal profiles in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Chen, T; Chen, X; Costa, D; Flood, DG; Hodgdon, H; Kapadnis, S; Koenig, G; Murphy, D; Nolan, S; Tang, C; Tao, Y; Welty, DF; Wen, M, 2014)	0.4
" We examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of two oral doses of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T2DM."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Akiyama, N; Kadokura, T; Kageyama, S; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Nagase, I; Smulders, R; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma and urine pharmacodynamic parameters were measured on Days -1 and 14, and pharmacokinetic parameters on Day 14."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Akiyama, N; Kadokura, T; Kageyama, S; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Nagase, I; Smulders, R; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2014)	0.4
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single and multiple ascending-dose study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects and safety/tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, from a randomized study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arnolds, S; Demarest, K; Devineni, D; Ghosh, A; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Spitzer, H, 2014)	0.4
" These regimens were devised based on the results of phase II dose-finding studies and/or pharmacokinetic modeling, and were demonstrated to be successful in randomized, phase III studies."	( Clinical use of rivaroxaban: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rationale for dosing regimens in different indications. Dobesh, PP; Trujillo, T, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on ipragliflozin, including studies in healthy subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and special populations."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, W; Leeflang, S; Nakajo, I; Smulders, R; Taniuchi, Y; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" Probenecid increased the Cmax by 13% and the AUC by 21%."	( Effects of rifampin, cyclosporine A, and probenecid on the pharmacokinetic profile of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Ariyawansa, J; Curtin, C; Devineni, D; Di Prospero, NA; Mamidi, RN; Murphy, J; Rothenberg, P; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E; Wang, SS; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" This validated method was successfully applied to generate pharmacokinetic profile of S006-830 in SD rats."	( UFLC method development and validation of a novel triethylamine containing thiophene S006-830 - an antitubercular molecule and its application to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in SD rats. Hidau, MK; Kushwaha, HN; Misra, A; Sharma, AK; Singh, SK; Singh, Y; Tiwari, A, 2015)	0.42
"To compare the pharmacodynamic effects of the highest approved doses of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors canagliflozin and dapagliflozin on urinary glucose excretion (UGE), renal threshold for glucose excretion (RTG ) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) excursion in healthy participants in a randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover study."	( Pharmacodynamic differences between canagliflozin and dapagliflozin: results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Farrell, K; Ghosh, A; Natarajan, J; Pinheiro, J; Plum-Mörschel, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Vaccaro, N, 2015)	0.42
" We report on 2 single-dose studies to assess the relative bioavailability, pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, and cognitive effects of encenicline in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of encenicline, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in single ascending-dose and bioavailability studies. Barbier, AJ; Dgetluck, N; Gawryl, M; Hilhorst, M; Hilt, DC; Massaro, M; Palfreyman, MG; Snyder, P; Tiessen, R; Timmerman, W; Van Vliet, A, 2015)	0.42
"A single ascending-dose study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of encenicline in healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of encenicline, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in single ascending-dose and bioavailability studies. Barbier, AJ; Dgetluck, N; Gawryl, M; Hilhorst, M; Hilt, DC; Massaro, M; Palfreyman, MG; Snyder, P; Tiessen, R; Timmerman, W; Van Vliet, A, 2015)	0.42
" In the second study, encenicline 1-mg oral capsules and oral solution were bioequivalent and there was no observed food effect on encenicline pharmacokinetic profile with the 90% confidence intervals of the treatment ratios for both comparisons (ie, capsule to solution and fed to fasted) for Cmax and AUC being within 80% to 125%."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of encenicline, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in single ascending-dose and bioavailability studies. Barbier, AJ; Dgetluck, N; Gawryl, M; Hilhorst, M; Hilt, DC; Massaro, M; Palfreyman, MG; Snyder, P; Tiessen, R; Timmerman, W; Van Vliet, A, 2015)	0.42
"Encenicline was well tolerated at single doses up to 180 mg, and doses as low as 1 mg had dose- and time-dependent pharmacodynamic effects on the central nervous system."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of encenicline, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in single ascending-dose and bioavailability studies. Barbier, AJ; Dgetluck, N; Gawryl, M; Hilhorst, M; Hilt, DC; Massaro, M; Palfreyman, MG; Snyder, P; Tiessen, R; Timmerman, W; Van Vliet, A, 2015)	0.42
" The available SGLT2 inhibitors share similar pharmacokinetic characteristics, with a rapid oral absorption, a long elimination half-life allowing once-daily administration, an extensive hepatic metabolism mainly via glucuronidation to inactive metabolites, the absence of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and a low renal elimination as parent drug."	( Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
"12 mg/kg) based on VN pharmacodynamic measurements at the start of 2 dosing periods, each 14±4 days."	( Prasugrel in children with sickle cell disease: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from an open-label, adaptive-design, dose-ranging study. Heath, LE; Heeney, MM; Heiselman, D; Jakubowski, JA; Kanter, J; Moser, BA; Quinn, CT; Rana, SR; Redding-Lallinger, R; Small, DS; Styles, L; Winters, KJ; Zhou, C, 2015)	0.42
" Similarly, pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin on RTG and UGE were found to be dose- and concentration-dependent."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic profile of 5 different anti-platelet treatments in the acute phase of STEMI in patients undergoing primary PCI."	( A pharmacodynamic comparison of 5 anti-platelet protocols in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI. Andell, P; Björnsson, S; Erlinge, D; Götberg, M; Harnek, J; Koul, S; Martinsson, A; Norström, E; Scherstén, F; Smith, JG, 2014)	0.4
"When comparing the IR FDC tablet administered with and without food, PK parameters of canagliflozin were bioequivalent as the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for log-transformed AUClast, AUCâ, and Cmax were within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" The Cmax of metformin was decreased by 16%, which is not considered clinically meaningful."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" 12 Japanese and 12 Caucasian subjects were included in the pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects following multiple-dose administration. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR; Masahiro, T, 2016)	0.43
" The objective of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch after repeated-dose application in healthy male and female Korean subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch after repeated-dose application in healthy korean volunteers. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, JR; Soo Lim, K; Yu, KS, 2015)	0.42
"This narrative review reports on the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of rotigotine, a non-ergolinic D₃/D₂/D₁ dopamine receptor agonist approved for the treatment of early- and advanced-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) and moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (RLS)."	( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)	0.42
" The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of t1/2 and AUC0-12 were (1."	( Application of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry to pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion in the study of DAT-230, a novel tubulin-binding agent candidate, in rats. Chen, X; Liu, Z; Sun, J; Sun, L; Tang, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, W; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.42
" These SGLT2 inhibitors share similar pharmacokinetic characteristics with a rapid oral absorption, a long elimination half-life allowing once-daily administration, an extensive hepatic metabolism mainly via glucuronidation to inactive metabolites and a low renal elimination as a parent drug."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" Median tmax and mean t1/2 were independent of dose and regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" Mean AUC and Cmax of canagliflozin increased in a dose-dependent manner after single-dose administration (AUC0-∞, 10,521 ng · h/mL for 100 mg, 33,583 ng · h/mL for 300 mg; Cmax, 1178 ng/mL for 100 mg, 4113 ng/mL for 300 mg)."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" Tmax and t½ of canagliflozin were independent of the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of the present study was to establish a new highly sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of ipragliflozin in rat plasma and apply this method to a pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determining ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Ito, Y; Kobuchi, S; Sakaeda, T; Yano, K, 2015)	0.42
" Duration and onset of the pharmacologic effects seemed to be closely correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of each SGLT2 inhibitor, particularly with respect to high distribution and long retention in the target organ, the kidney."	( Characterization and comparison of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacologic effects. Imamura, M; Kurosaki, E; Tahara, A; Takasu, T; Yokono, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, we had limited knowledge of the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of SR8278."	( A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to identify the pharmacokinetics of SR8278 in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Dong, D; Li, Z; Sun, H; Wu, B; Wu, Z; Xue, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Blood and urine samples were collected on days 6 and 12 to evaluate rotigotine pharmacokinetic parameters alone and in the presence of omeprazole."	( No influence of the CYP2C19-selective inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine receptor agonist rotigotine. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP, 2014)	0.4
" The present study aimed to investigate chiral pharmacology differences of 071031B enantiomers, S-071031B and R-071031B, and disclose mechanisms underlying the behavioral differences based on target profiles and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles contribute to the differences in behavioral pharmacology of 071031B enantiomers as novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Fan, SY; He, XH; Jin, ZL; Li, NM; Li, Y; Li, YF; Xue, R; Yuan, L; Zhang, TT; Zhang, YZ; Zheng, AP; Zhong, BH, 2017)	0.46
" Following single dosing under fasted and fed conditions, mean peak concentrations occurred at 5 to 8 hours and subsequently declined with a half-life of 16 to 18 hours in Japanese and white subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics, Safety, and Tolerability of Avatrombopag in Healthy Japanese and White Subjects. Aluri, J; Ferry, J; Han, D; Nomoto, M; Pastino, G; Rege, B, 2018)	0.48
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of a slow release RGTB formulation in rats following a single intramuscular injection and biological conversion in vitro."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of rotigotine and its prodrug in rat plasma and an application to pharmacokinetics and biological conversion in vitro. Han, J; Li, Y; Liu, W; Sha, C; Shao, X; Wang, L; Yang, H; Yu, F; Zhao, F, 2017)	0.46
"16-fold increase of AUC of avatrombopag, prolonged terminal elimination phase half-life (from 19."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of this study is to develop and optimize self-assembled nanostructures of dorzolamide hydrochloride and L-α-Phosphatidylcholine to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters and extend the drug pharmacological action."	( Enhancement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological behavior of ocular dorzolamide after factorial optimization of self-assembled nanostructures. Afify, AEMR; Afify, EAMR; Elsayed, I; Gad, MK; Mohamed, MI, 2018)	0.48
" This assay was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic and murine 4T1 breast tumor xenograft studies of AZD3965 in mice."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for AZD3965 in mouse plasma and tumor tissue: Application to pharmacokinetic and breast tumor xenograft studies. Guan, X; Morris, ME; Ruszaj, D, 2018)	0.48
" The goodness-of-fit plots and visual predictive checks suggested that the proposed pharmacokinetic model agreed well with the observations."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic model could be helpful in quantitatively describing the detailed processes of raltitrexed activity administered by HAI and determining an appropriate dosing regimen for preclinical and clinical studies."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
" Half-life (hours; GM [%CV]) increased in subjects with moderate (4."	( The Influence of Renal or Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oliceridine. Arscott, KA; Burt, DA; Cochrane, K; Fossler, MJ; Nafziger, AN; Skobieranda, F, 2020)	0.56
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to determine the appropriate dose regimen for a Phase III study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T1DM."	( Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Ipragliflozin Between Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Isaka, H; Kaibara, A; Saito, M; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" The present study describes the influence of GFJ, PJ and TJ on the pharmacokinetic parameters of BRX in rats."	( Investigation of the impact of grapefruit juice, pomegranate juice and tomato juice on pharmacokinetics of brexpiprazole in rats using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Kate, AS; Rathod, R; Sahu, AK; Sengupta, P; Thakkar, D, 2021)	0.62
" This study uses a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to compare the pharmacokinetics of brexpiprazole in patients known to be extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs)."	( Brexpiprazole Pharmacokinetics in CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers: Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Optimize Time to Effective Concentrations. Bruno, CD; Chow, CR; Elmokadem, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Housand, C; Jordie, EB; Lesko, LJ, 2022)	0.72
"Although predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of rivaroxaban allow fixed dosing regimens without routine coagulation monitoring, there is still the necessity to monitor and predict the effects of rivaroxaban in specific conditions and different populations."	( Rivaroxaban population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in Iranian patients. Abdar Esfahani, M; Davoudian, A; Esmaeili, T; Omidfar, D; Rezaee, M; Rezaee, S, 2022)	0.72
"A sequential nonlinear mixed effect pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling method was used to establish the relation between rivaroxaban concentration and anti-factor Xa activity, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in a population of sixty-nine Iranian patients under treatment with oral rivaroxaban."	( Rivaroxaban population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in Iranian patients. Abdar Esfahani, M; Davoudian, A; Esmaeili, T; Omidfar, D; Rezaee, M; Rezaee, S, 2022)	0.72
" Our study investigated the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and the pharmacodynamic CHEMBL database to further characterize TGA-induced ICDs."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to develop a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of M15-2, the active metabolite of vicagrel and clopidogrel, and to evaluate the influence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and other covariates in healthy subjects and patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after oral administration."	( Semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetics analysis reveals distinct CYP2C19 dependency in the bioactivation of vicagrel and clopidogrel to active metabolite M15-2. Gong, Y; He, Y; Lai, X; Li, YG; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Yan, X; Zhang, EY; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" In order to accelerate pediatric drug development, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a general advice letter to sponsors permitting the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults to be extrapolated to adolescents based on a pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis to support dose selection, plus a safety study."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Brexpiprazole to Support its Indication and Dose Selection in Adolescents With Schizophrenia. Cahill, D; Kohegyi, E; Larsen, F; Raoufinia, A; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Ward, C; Zoubroulis, A, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" They received in random order: placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg twice daily; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day combined with propranolol 80 mg twice daily."	( Biochemical and haematological changes induced by tienilic acid combined with propranolol in essential hypertension. Bulpitt, CJ; Havard, CW; Pearson, RM, 1979)	0.26
" Here we determined whether the beta-adrenoceptor/5-HT1A receptor ligands (+/-)-pindolol, (-)-tertatolol and (-)-penbutolol, interact with paroxetine in a similar manner."	( Effects of (-)-tertatolol, (-)-penbutolol and (+/-)-pindolol in combination with paroxetine on presynaptic 5-HT function: an in vivo microdialysis and electrophysiological study. Clifford, EM; Cowen, PJ; Gartside, SE; Sharp, T, 1999)	0.3
" When combined with N-0923, nicotine did not further enhance its effects."	( Nicotine alone and in combination with L-DOPA methyl ester or the D(2) agonist N-0923 in MPTP-induced chronic hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Domino, EF; Ni, L; Zhang, H, 1999)	0.3
"The potential of raltitrexed (Tomudex) in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as treatment for advanced colorectal cancer has been investigated in two phase I clinical trials."	( Raltitrexed (Tomudex) in combination with 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer: preliminary results from phase I clinical trials. González Barón, M; Harstrick, A; Schwartz, GK, 1999)	0.3
" This article reviews the safety and tolerability of eprosartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide from 17 studies of 1899 patients with hypertension and normotensive volunteers."	( Safety and tolerability of eprosartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Böhm, M; Sachse, A, 2002)	0.31
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of raltitrexed when given with irinotecan and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these two agents when given in combination."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with raltitrexed. Adams, AL; Brady, D; Engstrom, PF; Gallo, JM; Kilpatrick, D; Lewis, NL; Litwin, S; Meropol, NJ; Scher, R; Szarka, CE; Weiner, LM, 2002)	0.31
" The use of irinotecan together with raltitrexed is also being investigated, as is its combination with oxaliplatin."	( Irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer: dose intensification and combination with new agents, including biological response modifiers. Ducreux, M; Köhne, CH; Schwartz, GK; Vanhoefer, U, 2003)	0.32
"We investigated the dose-escalation profile of dorzolamide used in combination with other antiglaucoma agents in patients with primary glaucoma and ocular hypertension."	( The efficacy and safety of dose escalation of dorzolamide used in combination with other topical antiglaucoma agents. Araie, M; Azuma, I; Hamanaka, T; Kitazawa, Y; Origasa, H; Shirato, S; Tomita, G, 2003)	0.32
"Raltitrexed may up-regulate DPD activity in tumor cells, resulting in antagonism when combined with 5-FU."	( Up-regulation in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity by raltitrexed causes antagonism in combination with 5-fluorouracil. Araki, Y; Fukumori, H; Nozoe, Y; Ogata, Y; Sasatomi, T; Shirouzu, K, )	0.13
"5%, or oral acetazolamide 250 mg when used alone or when dorzolamide is combined with either timolol or acetazolamide."	( Effects on aqueous flow of dorzolamide combined with either timolol or acetazolamide. Camras, CB; Toris, CB; Yablonski, ME; Zhan, GL, 2004)	0.32
"5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine alone and in combination with irinotecan/oxaliplatin are clinically active in the treatment of colorectal and other solid tumors."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of capecitabine in combination with irinotecan. Cao, S; Durrani, FA; Rustum, YM, 2005)	0.33
"In our phase II trial, CB in combination with R showed a moderate activity with safe administration on an outpatient basis."	( Carboplatin in combination with raltitrexed in recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A multicentre phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell'Italia Meridionale (G.O.I.M.). Borsellino, N; Colucci, G; Di Bisceglie, M; Galetta, D; Gebbia, V; Giotta, F; Manzione, L; Rosati, G, )	0.13
"The aim of this study was to describe a potential drug-drug interaction between duloxetine and acenocoumarol in a patient with Alzheimer's disease."	( Potential drug-drug interaction between duloxetine and acenocoumarol in a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Camarda, C; Camarda, R; Monastero, R, 2007)	0.34
"This case report suggests a possible drug-drug interaction between duloxetine and acenocoumarol."	( Potential drug-drug interaction between duloxetine and acenocoumarol in a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Camarda, C; Camarda, R; Monastero, R, 2007)	0.34
"5% alone or combined with latanoprost in reducing IOP in a real-world setting."	( Effectiveness and safety of dorzolamide-timolol alone or combined with latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Bastien, NR; Koulis, T; Lesk, MR; Sampalis, F; Sampalis, JS, 2008)	0.35
" Here a duloxetine overdose case, in combination with other antidepressants and benzodiazepines, is reported and the chemical-clinical correlations discussed; this is probably the first detailed report of such a case."	( Non-fatal overdose of duloxetine in combination with other antidepressants and benzodiazepines. Gozzi, BF; Menchetti, M; Mercolini, L; Petio, C; Raggi, MA; Saracino, MA, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we report that AKR-501 in combination with TPO has additive effect on megakaryocytopoiesis."	( AKR-501 (YM477) in combination with thrombopoietin enhances human megakaryocytopoiesis. Abe, M; Fukushima-Shintani, M; Hirayama, F; Iwatsuki, Y; Kawasaki, T; Sugasawa, K; Suzuki, K, 2008)	0.35
"A number of antidepressants inhibit the activity of the cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme system, which can lead to drug-drug interactions."	( An assessment of drug-drug interactions: the effect of desvenlafaxine and duloxetine on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP2D6 probe desipramine in healthy subjects. Burczynski, ME; Connolly, SM; Fatato, P; Guico-Pabia, C; Isler, JA; Jiang, Q; Nichols, AI; Patroneva, A; Paul, J; Pedersen, R, 2008)	0.35
" Moreover, in combination with 5-fluorouracil modulated by folinic acid (5FU-FA) or with Raltitrexed (RTX), both commonly used in the treatment of this disease, it showed a clear schedule-dependent synergistic antiproliferative interaction as demonstrated by calculating combination indexes."	( Modulation of thymidilate synthase and p53 expression by HDAC inhibitor vorinostat resulted in synergistic antitumor effect in combination with 5FU or raltitrexed. Avallone, A; Bruzzese, F; Budillon, A; Delrio, P; Di Gennaro, E; Leone, A; Pepe, S; Subbarayan, PR, 2009)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential irritating effects and the systemic exposure level of an antibacterial ointment containing REP8839 as a single agent or in combination with mupirocin versus Bactroban Nasal in rabbits."	( An intranasal irritation assessment of antibacterial ointment alone or in combination with mupirocin versus Bactroban Nasal in rabbits. Bell, SJ; Colagiovanni, DB; Faqi, AS; Gill, S, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, unwanted drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions influencing CYP2C19 activity and clopidogrel bioactivation such as with proton pump inhibitors remain a matter of intense controversy."	( Impact of genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions on clopidogrel and prasugrel response variability. Ancrenaz, V; Besson, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Fontana, P; Samer, C, 2010)	0.36
" This finding suggests a potential significant drug-drug interaction between these two drugs."	( Ritonavir inhibits the two main prasugrel bioactivation pathways in vitro: a potential drug-drug interaction in HIV patients. Ancrenaz, V; Bosilkovska, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J, 2011)	0.37
" Intravenous administration of S(4)TdR, in combination with UVA delivered directly to the bladder, resulted in an antitumour effect in three of five animals treated."	( Thiothymidine combined with UVA as a potential novel therapy for bladder cancer. Boddy, AV; Heer, R; Karran, P; Newell, DR; O'Toole, K; Pridgeon, SW; Robinson, M; Taylor, GA; Xu, YZ, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this review is to explore the risk of adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions with treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis."	( Adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions in the management of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Boonen, S; Bréart, G; Cooper, C; Diez-Perez, A; Felsenberg, D; Kanis, JA; Kaufman, JM; Reginster, JY; Rizzoli, R, 2011)	0.37
" Our data indicates that only certain types of chemotherapy would give rise to a synergistic lethal response in combination with specific Chk2 inhibitors, which will be important if Chk2 inhibitors enter the clinic."	( Chk2 deficiency in Myc overexpressing lymphoma cells elicits a synergistic lethal response in combination with PARP inhibition. Forshell, LP; Höglund, A; Li, Y; Nilsson, JA; Strömvall, K, 2011)	0.37
" However, comparative clinical effects of newest-generation DES with biodegradable polymers vs second-generation DES or newest-generation BMS with biocompatible coatings, all combined with a prasugrel-based antiplatelet therapy, on 2-year outcomes are not known."	( Newest-generation drug-eluting and bare-metal stents combined with prasugrel-based antiplatelet therapy in large coronary arteries: the BAsel Stent Kosten Effektivitäts Trial PROspective Validation Examination part II (BASKET-PROVE II) trial design. Alber, H; Eberli, F; Galatius, S; Gilgen, N; Jeger, R; Jensen, JS; Kaiser, C; Naber, C; Pedrazzini, G; Pfisterer, M; Rickli, H; Vuilliomenet, A, 2012)	0.38
"To evaluate potential drug-drug interactions with rivaroxaban in patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries."	( Drug interactions with rivaroxaban following total joint replacement surgery. Kwong, LM; Tong, LM, 2012)	0.38
" A Phase 2 study that evaluated several doses and administration intervals of rivaroxaban in combination with aspirin or both aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome found that clinically significant bleeding events occurred in patients receiving rivaroxaban 10 mg daily (the dose approved for the orthopedic indication)."	( Drug interactions with rivaroxaban following total joint replacement surgery. Kwong, LM; Tong, LM, 2012)	0.38
"Phase 1 drug-drug interaction studies in healthy humans provided little insight into the pharmacodynamic drug interactions between rivaroxaban and NSAIDs or antiplatelet agents."	( Drug interactions with rivaroxaban following total joint replacement surgery. Kwong, LM; Tong, LM, 2012)	0.38
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of OSI-930 that can be combined with erlotinib, and establish recommended phase 2 doses when both agents are administered daily in patients with advanced solid tumours."	( A phase 1 study of OSI-930 in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Brock, K; Evans, TR; Gedrich, R; Hopkins, CA; Macpherson, IR; Poondru, S; Simon, GR; Stephens, A; Stewart, K, 2013)	0.39
"This open-label, Phase I, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy (RECIST) of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours (NCT00937664)."	( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)	0.39
"The maximum tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine, 1,000 mg/m(2) was determined as 21 mg in Japanese patients."	( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether duloxetine [a serotonin (5-HT)-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor] combined with transcutaneous foot stimulation or WAY-100635 (a 5-HT1A antagonist) can enhance inhibition of bladder overactivity in cats."	( Inhibition of bladder overactivity by duloxetine in combination with foot stimulation or WAY-100635 treatment in cats. de Groat, WC; Matsuta, Y; Roppolo, JR; Schwen, Z; Shen, B; Tai, C; Wang, J, 2013)	0.39
"To review pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving new oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with new oral anticoagulants: what do they mean for patients with atrial fibrillation? Gulseth, M; Hellwig, T, 2013)	0.39
" Phase I DDI studies have reported pharmacokinetic DDIs mediated by P-gp alone (dabigatran etexilate) or in combination with CYP3A4 enzymes (rivaroxaban and apixaban)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with new oral anticoagulants: what do they mean for patients with atrial fibrillation? Gulseth, M; Hellwig, T, 2013)	0.39
"The frequency and financial impact of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and drug-condition interactions (DCIs) in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) treated with either pregabalin or duloxetine were compared."	( Cost comparison of drug-drug and drug-condition interactions in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy treated with pregabalin versus duloxetine. Cappelleri, JC; Chu, BC; Johnson, BH; Johnston, SS; Shrady, G; Silverman, SL; Udall, M, 2013)	0.39
"Potential DDI measured using clinical software that identifies co-prescription of medications that potentially interact with pregabalin or duloxetine."	( Potential drug-drug and drug-condition interactions among fibromyalgia patients initiating pregabalin or duloxetine: prevalence and health care expenditure impact. Cappelleri, JC; Chu, BC; Johnson, BH; Johnston, SS; Shrady, G; Silverman, SL; Udall, M, 2014)	0.4
"Forty-two patients received AZD7762 6 mg (n = 9), 9 mg (n = 3), 14 mg (n = 6), 21 mg (n = 3), 30 mg (n = 7), 32 mg (n = 6), and 40 mg (n = 8), in combination with gemcitabine."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors. Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)	0.4
"The maximum-tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) was 30 mg."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors. Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, we aimed to investigate effects of DuP-697, an irreversible selective inhibitor of COX- 2 on colorectal cancer cells alone and in combination with a promising new multi-targeted kinase inhibitor E7080."	( Anticancer effect of COX-2 inhibitor DuP-697 alone and in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (E7080) on colon cancer cell lines. Altun, A; Kaya, TT; Turgut, NH, 2014)	0.4
"This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in combination with metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( Ipragliflozin in combination with metformin for the treatment of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: ILLUMINATE, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Goto, K; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Ueyama, E; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we tested the second-generation PLK1 inhibitors BI 6727 and GSK461364 in HOS and MG-63 cell lines, both as a single agent and in combination with methotrexate, cisplatin, vinblastine, doxorubicin, or ionizing radiation."	( BI 6727 and GSK461364 suppress growth and radiosensitize osteosarcoma cells, but show limited cytotoxic effects when combined with conventional treatments. Bogado, RF; Brassesco, MS; de Oliveira, HF; Pezuk, JA; Tone, LG, 2015)	0.42
"A Snovel method for the simultaneous separation and determination of two antiglaucoma drugs namely, dorzolamide hydrochloride (DOR) and timolol maleate (TIM) in aqueous humor samples (AH) was developed by using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (SALLME) combined with HPLC-UV method."	( Simultaneous determination of dorzolomide and timolol in aqueous humor: a novel salting out liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC. Abdel-Wadood, HM; Mohamed, AM; Mousa, HS, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by metformin or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea."	( Canagliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea. Dieu Van, NK; Han, P; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Vijapurkar, U; Yang, G, 2015)	0.42
"Canagliflozin provided glycaemic improvements and reductions in body weight and systolic BP, and was generally well tolerated in Asian patients with T2DM on metformin or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea."	( Canagliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea. Dieu Van, NK; Han, P; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Vijapurkar, U; Yang, G, 2015)	0.42
" Here, we investigated the antihyperglycemic effect of ipragliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, alone or in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs in a range of relevant mouse models to analyse the blood glucose-lowering properties of different drug types based on their mechanism of action."	( Antihyperglycemic effect of ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs in mice. Hayashizaki, Y; Kurosaki, E; Tahara, A; Takakura, S; Takasu, T, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of strontium ranelate in combination with alfacalcidol and strontium ranelate alone on bone mineral density (BMD) and fall risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis."	( Efficacy of strontium ranelate in combination with a D-hormone analog for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Abboskhujaeva, LS; Alikhanova, NM; Ismailov, SI, 2014)	0.4
" No clinically relevant drug-drug interactions were observed following co-administration of rotigotine with levodopa/carbidopa, domperidone, or the CYP450 inhibitors cimetidine or omeprazole."	( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)	0.42
" Preclinical evidence suggests that the scheduling of bevacizumab may be crucial to optimize its combination with chemo-radiotherapy."	( Critical role of bevacizumab scheduling in combination with pre-surgical chemo-radiotherapy in MRI-defined high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the BRANCH trial. Aloj, L; Avallone, A; Bianco, F; Botti, G; Budillon, A; Caracò, C; Comella, P; Delrio, P; Granata, V; Iaffaioli, VR; Leone, A; Marone, P; Muto, P; Pecori, B; Petrillo, A; Romano, C; Romano, G; Tatangelo, F, 2015)	0.42
"These results highlights the relevance of bevacizumab scheduling to optimize its combination with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy in the management of LARC."	( Critical role of bevacizumab scheduling in combination with pre-surgical chemo-radiotherapy in MRI-defined high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the BRANCH trial. Aloj, L; Avallone, A; Bianco, F; Botti, G; Budillon, A; Caracò, C; Comella, P; Delrio, P; Granata, V; Iaffaioli, VR; Leone, A; Marone, P; Muto, P; Pecori, B; Petrillo, A; Romano, C; Romano, G; Tatangelo, F, 2015)	0.42
"The multiple drug interactions in which CAIs are involved should be carefully considered when such drugs are used in combination with the drug classes mentioned above, as the risks of developing toxicity and serious side effects if the dosages are not adjusted are high."	( Drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Supuran, CT, 2016)	0.43
"In the present study, we investigated the effects of motesanib (AMG 706), a multikinase inhibitor alone and in combination with DuP-697, an irreversible selective inhibitor of COX-2, on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis induction in a human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29)."	( Effects of a Multikinase Inhibitor Motesanib (AMG 706) Alone and Combined with the Selective DuP-697 COX-2 Inhibitor on Colorectal Cancer Cells. Altun, A; Ataseven, H; Kaya, TT; Koyluoglu, G; Turgut, NH, 2016)	0.43
"Various cytotoxic agents were evaluated in combination with (131) I-MIP-1095 for their capacity to delay the growth of LNCaP cells cultured as multicellular tumour spheroids."	( Preliminary evaluation of prostate-targeted radiotherapy using (131) I-MIP-1095 in combination with radiosensitising chemotherapeutic drugs. Babich, JW; Mairs, RJ; Nixon, C; Rae, C; Tesson, M, 2016)	0.43
"To examine the relevance of concentration of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on the cornea, we investigated the effects of latanoprost containing BAK alone and in combination with other antiglaucoma drug classes on corneal epithelium in vitro in a cultured rabbit corneal cell line (SIRC) and in vivo, using a corneal resistance device (CRD)."	( In vitro and in vivo corneal effects of latanoprost combined with brimonidine, timolol, dorzolamide, or brinzolamide. Fukuda, M; Sasaki, H; Shibata, N; Shibata, S; Shibata, T; Sugiyama, K; Takeda, N, 2016)	0.43
" WBV could be applied alone or in combination with anti-osteoporosis drug therapy to improve muscle tissue."	( The Effect of Vibration Treatments Combined with Teriparatide or Strontium Ranelate on Bone Healing and Muscle in Ovariectomized Rats. Hoffmann, DB; Komrakova, M; Nuehnen, V; Sehmisch, S; Stueber, H; Stuermer, KM; Tezval, M; Wassmann, M; Wicke, M, 2016)	0.43
" We assessed three drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag as a victim with dual or selective CYP2C9/3A inhibitors and inducers."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)	0.48
" Herein, we investigated the in vitro effects of two second-generation PLK1 inhibitors BI 6727 and GSK461364 in breast cancer cell lines as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs or ionizing radiation."	( PLK1 Inhibition Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cells, but Shows Low Efficacy as Monotherapy or in Combination with other Cytotoxic Drugs. Brassesco, MS; Pezuk, JA; Roberto, GM; Salomão, KB; Scrideli, CA; Tone, LG, 2018)	0.48
" Drug interactions showed dissimilar results with antagonistic effects with any drug combination in MCF-7 and clear synergic interactions between both PLK1 inhibitors and cisplatin, temozolomide or doxorubicin in Hs578T, which is TP53 mutated."	( PLK1 Inhibition Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cells, but Shows Low Efficacy as Monotherapy or in Combination with other Cytotoxic Drugs. Brassesco, MS; Pezuk, JA; Roberto, GM; Salomão, KB; Scrideli, CA; Tone, LG, 2018)	0.48
" Nonetheless, despite overexpressing PLK1, in our model, expressive results after its inhibition were only seen through clonogenic assays or when BI 6727 and GSK461364 were combined with ionizing radiation."	( PLK1 Inhibition Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cells, but Shows Low Efficacy as Monotherapy or in Combination with other Cytotoxic Drugs. Brassesco, MS; Pezuk, JA; Roberto, GM; Salomão, KB; Scrideli, CA; Tone, LG, 2018)	0.48
" Treated DOF rats received either insulin alone (DOFI) or combined with SR (DOFIS)."	( Strontium Ranelate Combined with Insulin Is as Beneficial as Insulin Alone in Treatment of Fracture Healing in Ovariectomized Diabetic Rats. Bei, MJ; Cao, GL; Geng, LD; Liu, GY; Song, HP; Tian, FM; Yuan, LL; Zhang, L; Zheng, ZY, 2018)	0.48
"There were no adverse effects on bone or muscle when sitagliptin was used in combination with either ipragliflozin or metformin."	( Effects of ipragliflozin versus metformin in combination with sitagliptin on bone and muscle in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Subanalysis of a prospective, randomized, controlled study (PRIME-V study). Baba, Y; Hashimoto, N; Hattori, A; Horikoshi, T; Ide, K; Ide, S; Ishibashi, R; Ishikawa, K; Ishikawa, T; Kitamoto, T; Kobayashi, A; Kobayashi, K; Koshizaka, M; Maezawa, Y; Nagashima, K; Nakamura, S; Newby, LK; Ogino, J; Ohara, E; Onishi, S; Sakamoto, K; Sato, Y; Shimada, F; Shimofusa, R; Shoji, M; Takahashi, S; Takemoto, M; Tokuyama, H; Uchida, D; Yamaga, M; Yokoh, H; Yokote, K, 2021)	0.62
" In this phase II study, we prospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of raltitrexed combined with S-1 (RS regimen) in the treatment of mCRC after the failure of conventional chemotherapy."	( A prospective phase II study of raltitrexed combined with S-1 as salvage treatment for patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Chen, Z; Guo, W; Huang, M; Li, W; Qiu, L; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, X; Zhu, X, 2021)	0.62
"Bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed demonstrated positive antitumor efficacy and acceptable toxicity."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62
" In the present study, we assessed the activity and safety of bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62
"Bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed showed promising antitumor activity and safety in refractory mCRC."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The drug appeared to be poorly absorved, as expected for quaternary ammonium compounds, but there was no difference in the bioavailability of these two tiemonium salts."	( Human studies on the bioavailability of a quaternary ammonium compounds, tiemonium iodide and tiemonium methosulphate. Burgess, C; Monks, A; Scoular, IT; Turner, P, )	0.13
" Measurement of serum concentrations of 1 mg/kg saviprazole after intravenous or intraduodenal administration revealed a bioavailability of about 60% in dogs."	( Gastric acid inhibitory profile of saviprazole (HOE 731) compared to omeprazole. Bickel, M; Herling, AW; Lang, HJ; Rippel, R; Scheunemann, KH; Scholl, T; Weidmann, K, 1991)	0.28
"), but its bioavailability following oral administration appeared to be low (approximately 10%-20%)."	( The pharmacokinetics of the quinazoline antifolate ICI D 1694 in mice and rats. Calvert, AH; Gibson, W; Hughes, LR; Jodrell, DI; Newell, DR, 1991)	0.28
"05 mg/kg, the bioavailability varied from 58% to 98."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of MK-417, a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in rabbits following single and multiple doses. Chen, IW; Duggan, DE; Gehret, JR; Lin, JH; Ulm, EH, )	0.13
" TCDD may produce an increased bioavailability of iron which leads to enhanced DNA single strand breaks and lipid peroxidation in hepatic nuclei."	( Factors influencing the induction of DNA single strand breaks in rats by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Lawson, TW; Murray, WJ; Stohs, SJ; Wahba, ZZ, 1989)	0.28
"25 h) and totally absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract with a low presystemic metabolism, and the bioavailability (60%) is not affected by food intake."	( Biodisposition of tertatolol in man: a review. Campbell, DB; Chignon, JC; Devissaguet, JP, 1986)	0.27
"4 l/kg, oral bioavailability approx."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tienocarbine in rats]. Brons, B; Dell, HD; Kamp, R; Schöllnhammer, G, 1983)	0.27
"The bioavailability of the new antischistosomal agent, oltipraz, was examined under three different dietary conditions in seven healthy males."	( Diet-controlled blood levels of oltipraz in healthy male subjects. Ali, HM; Bennett, JL; Homeida, MM; Sulaiman, SM, 1984)	0.27
" When 6 healthy adult animals were given oltipraz together with cysteine in a crossover study, peak serum concentrations, areas under the curve and absorption rate constants of oltipraz were on average 7 times greater than when the drug was administered alone."	( Effect of cysteine on oltipraz blood levels in green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Ali, HM; Bennett, JL; Homeida, MM; Sulaiman, SM, 1984)	0.27
" The results show that the bioavailability as well as the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered tiaprofenic acid is not changed by the mentioned compounds."	( [On the pharmacokinetics of tiaprofenic acid and its possible interactions with acetylsalicylic acid and aluminum hydroxide (author's transl)]. Altmayer, P; Lücker, PW; Marećek, N; Penth, B; Wetzelsberger, K, 1981)	0.26
" In comparison with healthy volunteers referred to in literature sources, plasma clearance was reduced to 49 +/- 28 ml/min, bioavailability was increased to 72 +/- 20%, and the volume of distribution was increased to 50 +/- 34 l, probably due, in part, to a weaker protein binding -85%--effect."	( Hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of tertatolol in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Brouard, R; Caillau, H; Calès, P; Crambes, O; Desmorat, H; Jung, L; Pascal, JP; Rocher, I; Urien, S; Vinel, JP, 1993)	0.29
" After oral administration of the pseudoracemate or of each enantiomer separately, no substantial difference in bioavailability were observed between the enantiomers."	( Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of tertatolol in the rat after oral and intravenous administration. Crambes, O; Efthymiopoulos, C; Gairard, A; Jung, L; Koffel, JC; Lave, T; Van Overloop, B, 1994)	0.29
" In contrast, the absorption rate of the poorly water soluble drug increased with higher dose volumes, whereas no changes in the extent of absorption were observed."	( The effect of oral dose volume on the absorption of a highly and a poorly water-soluble drug in the rat. Nickerson, DF; Tse, FL; Weaver, ML, 1994)	0.29
" The absorption was complete with an oral bioavailability of 92-131%."	( Metabolism and disposition of EXP631--a novel antidepressant analgesic. Burcham, DL; Huang, SM; Quon, CY; Wong, YN, 1993)	0.29
" Absolute bioavailability of the parent compound was 50%."	( A prodrug of a 2,6-disubstituted 4-(2-arylethenyl)phenol is a selective and orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Farina, PR; Graham, AG; Gundel, RH; Hattox, SE; Homon, CA; Lazer, ES; Riska, PS; Wegner, CD, 1993)	0.29
" Replacement of an amide group in this class of compounds with an acetyl group maintained the in vitro binding affinity and in vivo activity while providing a compound with oral bioavailability and longer duration of action."	( Discovery of TBC11251, a potent, long acting, orally active endothelin receptor-A selective antagonist. Brock, T; Chan, MF; Dixon, RA; Keller, KM; Kogan, TP; Mong, S; Okun, I; Raju, B; Stavros, F; Wu, C, 1997)	0.3
" The drug was well absorbed via the intraperitoneal route and associated with few side-effects."	( Phase I/II trial of batimastat, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in patients with malignant ascites. Parsons, SL; Steele, RJ; Watson, SA, 1997)	0.3
" Oral bioavailability averaged 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered eprosartan in healthy males: absolute bioavailability and effect of food. Boike, S; Boyle, D; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, D; Jushchyshyn, J; Lundberg, D; Martin, D; Tenero, D; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
" There were approximately two fold higher AUC and Cmax values for eprosartan observed in elderly men as compared with young men, most likely due to increased bioavailability of eprosartan in the elderly."	( Effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan. Boike, SC; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Miller, AK; Tenero, DM; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
" There was no correlation between the oltipraz dose and the absorption rate or the time to reach Cmax."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oltipraz as a chemopreventive agent. Baker, TM; Benson, AB; Berezin, FK; Dolan, ME; Gupta, E; Mick, R; Olopade, OI; Ratain, MJ, 1995)	0.29
"After oral administration of eprosartan to healthy volunteers, bioavailability is approximately 13%, with peak plasma concentrations occurring 1-2 hours after an oral dose in the fasted state."	( Pharmacokinetics of eprosartan in healthy subjects, patients with hypertension, and special populations. Bottorff, MB; Tenero, DM, 1999)	0.3
" The bioavailability of 5PDTT following administration of 5PDTT/SBE7-beta-CD complex was estimated to 41% while it was close to zero when 5PDTT was given as a micronized powder."	( Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of 5-phenyl-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione complexed with sulfobutyl ether-7-beta-cyclodextrin in rabbits. Burgot, JL; Chevanne, F; Dollo, G; Le Corre, P; Le Verge, R; Lefeuvre, C, 1999)	0.3
" Following intratracheal instillation of the drug solution, the lung bioavailability was found to be approximately 75% in dogs."	( Pulmonary delivery of a dopamine D-1 agonist, ABT-431, in dogs and humans. Adjei, AL; Bertz, RJ; El-Shourbagy, T; Marsh, KC; Zheng, Y, 1999)	0.3
" The observed plasma concentration-time data at all three dose levels were adequately described by a one-compartment model with a first-order absorption rate constant."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of duloxetine, a dual-serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Cerimele, BJ; Goldberg, MJ; Sharma, A, 2000)	0.31
" The oral bioavailability in dogs was 16-44%."	( New highly potent dipeptidic growth hormone secretagogues with low molecular weight. Ankersen, M; Hansen, BS; Hansen, TK; Lau, J; Nielsen, KK; Peschke, B; Raun, K, 2000)	0.31
" The lower dosage of the 5-10 years range in comparison with the 2-4 years range was established on the base of bioavailability characteristics of the two pharmaceutical forms."	( A controlled multicenter pediatric study in the treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases with the aid of a new specific compound, erdosteine (IPSE, Italian Pediatric Study Erdosteine). Fazzio, S; Lizzio, A; Mancini, C; Negri, P; Termini, C; Titti, G, 2000)	0.31
" Interpretation of OPZ and M3 disposition is confounded by the unknown bioavailability factor; however, the most likely inferences are that bioavailability of OPZ decreases with increasing dose and that metabolism to M3 is saturable."	( Pharmacokinetics of the chemopreventive agent oltipraz and of its metabolite M3 in human subjects after a single oral dose. Brennan, JM; Gallo, JM; Laub, PB; O'Dwyer, PJ; Szarka, C, 2000)	0.31
" The hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat, which bind covalently to the zinc atom at the MMP-active site, were the first MMP inhibitors to be studied in detail."	( Development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Eckhardt, SG; Hidalgo, M, 2001)	0.31
" On the basis of animal experiments, the oral bioavailability and penetration of raltitrexed into cerebrospinal fluid are both likely to be limited in the clinical setting."	( Clinical and preclinical pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed. Beale, PJ; Clarke, SJ; Rivory, LP, 2000)	0.31
" The effects of eprosartan on RPF are mediated, at least in part, by an increased bioavailability of nitric oxide in the renal vasculature."	( Effects of enalapril and eprosartan on the renal vascular nitric oxide system in human essential hypertension. Delles, C; Fleischmann, I; Jacobi, J; John, S; Schmieder, RE, 2002)	0.31
" Although the core structure of these inhibitors is charged, good oral bioavailability has been observed in rat for some compounds."	( Discovery and SAR of a novel selective and orally bioavailable nonpeptide classical competitive inhibitor class of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Andersen, HS; Bakir, F; Branner, S; Christensen, MS; Collins, T; Hansen, TK; Iversen, LF; Jeppesen, L; Judge, L; Lau, JF; Moran, EJ; Mortensen, SB; Møller, NP; Newman, MJ; Olsen, OH; Ripka, WC; Shahbaz, M; Su, J; Sørensen, AL; Vo, T, 2002)	0.31
" Pigs in group 3 were used for bioavailability evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" A second agent, chlorophyllin, impedes the bioavailability of carcinogens by forming molecular complexes and enhances their elimination in the fecal stream."	( Strategies for chemoprevention of liver cancer. Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Jacobson, LP; Kensler, TW; Kuang, SY; Muñoz, A; Qian, GS; Wang, JB; Zhang, BC; Zhu, YR, 2002)	0.31
" The bioavailability was approximately 50% and 30% in rats and dogs, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011 in rats and dogs. Arisawa, H; Kohsaka, K; Masunaga, H; Washio, T, 2003)	0.32
"Arzoxifene (ARZ) is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator with greater bioavailability than raloxifene which is being developed as treatment for breast cancer."	( Comparison of the selective estrogen receptor modulator arzoxifene (LY353381) with tamoxifen on tumor growth and biomarker expression in an MCF-7 human breast cancer xenograft model. A'Hern, R; Detre, S; Dowsett, M; Johnston, SR; Riddler, S; Salter, J, 2003)	0.32
"A hit-to-lead optimisation programme was carried out on the thiophenecarboxamide high throughput screening hits 1 and 2 resulting in the discovery of the potent and orally bioavailable IKK-2 inhibitor 22."	( Hit-to-lead studies: the discovery of potent, orally active, thiophenecarboxamide IKK-2 inhibitors. Baxter, A; Brough, S; Cooper, A; Floettmann, E; Foster, S; Harding, C; Kettle, J; Martin, C; McInally, T; Mobbs, M; Needham, M; Newham, P; Paine, S; Salter, S; St-Gallay, S; Unitt, J; Xue, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Ro-28-2653, a selective and orally bioavailable MMPI with inhibitory activity against MMPs expressed by tumor and/or stromal cells, is a potent antitumor and antiangiogenic agent."	( Anti-invasive, antitumoral, and antiangiogenic efficacy of a pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivative, an orally active and selective matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor. Devy, L; Foidart, JM; Frankenne, F; Grams, F; Krell, HW; Maquoi, E; Noël, A; Olivier, F; Sounni, NE, 2004)	0.32
" This led to a potent, water soluble and orally bioavailable candidate for further development: EMD 495235."	( Chlorothiophenecarboxamides as P1 surrogates of inhibitors of blood coagulation factor Xa. Bühring, KU; Cezanne, B; Dorsch, D; Gleitz, J; März, J; Mederski, WW; Tsaklakidis, C; van Amsterdam, C, 2004)	0.32
" Compound 21, with a bioavailability of 20-30% after oral administration and a half-life estimated to 4 h in rat, induces outgrowth of neurite cells, stimulates p42/p44(mapk), enhances in vivo duodenal alkaline secretion in Sprague-Dawley rats, and lowers the mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first selective nonpeptide AT2 receptor agonist. Alterman, M; Beaudry, H; Botoros, M; Fändriks, L; Gallo-Payet, N; Hallberg, A; Holm, M; Johansson, B; Karlén, A; Mahalingam, AK; Nyberg, F; Pettersson, A; Plouffe, B; Wallinder, C; Wan, Y; Wu, X, 2004)	0.32
"65, and to increase the topical bioavailability of the drug from Trusopt the contact time of the drug with the eye surface is increased by increasing the viscosity of the eye drops to 100 cps."	( Cyclodextrin formulation of dorzolamide and its distribution in the eye after topical administration. Eysteinsson, T; Gudmundsdóttir, E; Loftsson, T; Sigurdsson, HH; Stefánsson, E; Thorsteinsdóttir, M, 2005)	0.33
" This SAR exploration resulted in the synthesis of 13, which exhibited good potency as an hGCGR functional antagonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and moderate bioavailability (36% in mice)."	( Discovery and investigation of a novel class of thiophene-derived antagonists of the human glucagon receptor. Brady, EJ; Campbell, EL; Candelore, MR; Chapman, KT; Ding, VD; Duffy, JL; Jiang, G; Kirk, BA; Konteatis, Z; Liang, R; Liu, F; Qureshi, SA; Saperstein, R; Szalkowski, D; Tata, JR; Tong, S; Tota, LM; Xie, D; Yang, X; Zafian, P; Zhang, BB; Zheng, S, 2005)	0.33
" Exemplary oral bioavailability in mice was achieved using the indole central scaffold."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel potent and selective alphavbeta3/alphavbeta5 integrin dual inhibitors with improved bioavailability. Selection of the molecular core. Anaclerio, B; Crysler, C; Dasgupta, M; Eisennagel, S; Lafrance, L; Leonard, KA; Lu, T; Manthey, C; Markotan, T; Marugán, JJ; Tomczuk, B, 2005)	0.33
"It was reported that the mean value of the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of oltipraz at a dose of 20 mg/kg was 41."	( Hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects of oltipraz in rats. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YG; Kim, YH; Lee, MG, 2005)	0.33
" BAY 59-7939 was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing, with an absolute bioavailability of 57-66% in rats, and 60-86% in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--in rats and dogs. Buetehorn, U; Daehler, HP; Kohlsdorfer, C; Pleiss, U; Sandmann, S; Schlemmer, KH; Schwarz, T; Steinke, W; Weinz, C, 2005)	0.33
" Starting with the thienopyridin-4-one derivative 26d (T-98475) an optimization study was performed, which resulted in the identification of a highly potent and orally bioavailable LHRH receptor antagonist, 3-(N-benzyl-N-methylaminomethyl)-7-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-4,7-dihydro-2-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-cyclopropanecarboxamido)phenyl]-5-isobutyryl-4-oxothieno[2,3-b]pyridine (33c)."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-4-one derivatives as a novel class of potent, orally active, non-peptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor antagonists. Cho, N; Endo, S; Furuya, S; Harada, M; Hayase, Y; Imada, T; Imaeda, T; Kasai, S; Matsumoto, H; Sasaki, S; Suzuki, N, 2006)	0.33
" Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands."	( Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Brownlee, BG; Crosley, R; Headley, JV; Peru, KM; Wayland, M, 2008)	0.59
" There were nonlinear increases in AUC and C(max), and the absolute oral bioavailability (F) was significantly increased as the dose was increased (F = 23."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of a new Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor KR-33028 in rats. Kim, YH; Kim, YS; Lee, HS; Lee, KH; Yoo, SD, 2007)	0.34
" In the presence of fluvoxamine, the oral bioavailability of duloxetine increased from 42."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluations of cytochrome P450 1A2 interactions with duloxetine. Bergstrom, RF; Chappell, J; Hong, Q; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; Quinlan, T; Reddy, S; Ring, B, 2008)	0.35
" Analogs bearing a C3-thiophencarbonyl group were evaluated in enzymatic and cellular biochemical assays; two orally bioavailable analogs were further profiled in functional assays and found to inhibit microvessel growth in rat aortic explant cultures and inhibit Ang-1-stimulated chemotaxis of HUVECs."	( TIE-2/VEGF-R2 SAR and in vitro activity of C3-acyl dihydroindazolo[5,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole analogs. Aimone, L; Albom, M; Angeles, T; Chang, H; Hudkins, RL; Hunter, K; Josef, K; Robinson, C; Ruggeri, B; Underiner, TL; Weinberg, L; Yang, S; Zulli, A, 2008)	0.35
" CHR-2797 is orally bioavailable and currently undergoing phase II clinical investigation in the treatment of myeloid leukemia."	( CHR-2797: an antiproliferative aminopeptidase inhibitor that leads to amino acid deprivation in human leukemic cells. Ayscough, A; Bawden, LJ; Bone, EA; Box, G; Callaghan, J; Chandler, S; Clark, VL; Drummond, AH; Eccles, SA; Farmer, H; Flores, N; Kirwin-Jones, P; Krige, D; Laber, D; Legris, V; Miles, LE; Needham, LA; Odedra, R; Owen, J; Patel, T; Stone, E; Wood, LM; Wood, S; Wright, A, 2008)	0.35
" Collectively, our data demonstrated that the treatment paradigm that utilizes tissue selectivity and receptor bioavailability in conversion of inactive hormones to active forms could be achieved and could result in desirable effects on target tissues such as bone and muscles."	( Effect of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor on bone strength in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Bagi, CM; Dixon, B; Wilkie, D; Wood, J, )	0.13
" The benefits of arzoxifene are attributed to improved bioavailability over raloxifene, whereas the arzoxifene metabolite, desmethylarzoxifene (DMA) is a more potent antiestrogen."	( Structural modulation of oxidative metabolism in design of improved benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators. Ashgodom, RT; Bolton, JL; Choi, Y; Kastrati, I; Lantvit, DD; Overk, CR; Qin, Z; Thatcher, GR; van Breemen, RB, 2009)	0.35
" After oral administration the absorption is near 100%, the bioavailability is near 80%, and the elimination half-life is 5-9 hours with mixed excretion via the renal and fecal/biliary routes."	( New compounds in the management of venous thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery: focus on rivaroxaban. Borris, LC, 2008)	0.35
" Our efforts to develop orally bioavailable luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor agonists have led to the discovery of Org 43553, a low molecular weight (LMW) LH receptor (LH-R) agonist."	( Induction of ovulation by a potent, orally active, low molecular weight agonist (Org 43553) of the luteinizing hormone receptor. Hanssen, RG; Kelder, J; Mosselman, S; Timmers, CM; van de Lagemaat, R; van Koppen, C, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analyses showed high oral bioavailability in rats (79%) and dogs (44%) with a shorter half-life compared with hCG (3."	( Induction of ovulation by a potent, orally active, low molecular weight agonist (Org 43553) of the luteinizing hormone receptor. Hanssen, RG; Kelder, J; Mosselman, S; Timmers, CM; van de Lagemaat, R; van Koppen, C, 2009)	0.35
"The study results show no evidence for an interaction of domperidone on bioavailability and steady-state pharmacokinetics of transdermal rotigotine."	( Influence of domperidone on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Horstmann, R, 2009)	0.35
" The main pharmacokinetic characteristics of rivaroxaban are a bioavailability of approximately 80-100%, a maximum concentration obtained in 2 to 4 hours, a terminal half-life of elimination of 7 to 11 hours, a renal elimination for 1/3 for the active hepatic metabolism from the cytochrome P450 (3A4) for the other 2/3."	( [Rivaroxaban: clinical pharmacology]. Laporte, S; Mismetti, P, 2008)	0.35
" The relative bioavailability of the active metabolites of prasugrel and clopidogrel calculated by the ratio of active metabolite AUC (prodrug oral administration/active metabolite intravenous administration) were 25% and 7%, respectively, in rats, and 25% and 10%, respectively, in dogs."	( Comparison of formation of thiolactones and active metabolites of prasugrel and clopidogrel in rats and dogs. Farid, NA; Fusegawa, K; Hagihara, K; Ikeda, T; Ikenaga, H; Kazui, M; Kurihara, A; Nanba, T; Okazaki, O; Takahashi, M, 2009)	0.35
" The cell-based assay provides more information than in vitro assays regarding the bioavailability of NOS inhibitors, and it is suitable for high-throughput screening."	( A cellular model for screening neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Fang, J; Silverman, RB, 2009)	0.35
" The efforts continue towards achieving superior molecules or drugs with improved affinities, better bioavailability and thus to achieve long duration of action with minimum side effects."	( Effect of varying chain length between P(1) and P(1') position of tripeptidomimics on activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Biswas, P; Chaudhary, S; Chopra, M; Pasha, S; Vats, ID, 2009)	0.35
"The objectives of the current study are (i) to maximize the ocular bioavailability of dorzolamide hydrochloride (DZD) through; (a) enhancement of the DZD corneal transport using various concentrations of selected natural terpene-4-ol enhancers, (b) increasing the contact time of the drug with the absorbing tissues of the eye using selected carbopol-934 (C-934) as mucoadhesive to reduce the extensive pre-corneal loss of the installed dose due to the physiologically normal fast tear-washout, and (ii) to assess the in vivo intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects of the gel test formulations using normotensive New Zealand albino rabbits."	( Influence of various concentrations of terpene-4-ol enhancer and carbopol-934 mucoadhesive upon the in vitro ocular transport and the in vivo intraocular pressure lowering effects of dorzolamide ophthalmic formulations using albino rabbits. Abdel-Naim, AB; Afouna, MI; Al-Marzoqi, A; Khedr, A, 2010)	0.36
" Disposition, metabolism, elimination, and absolute bioavailability of rotigotine were determined in six healthy male subjects by using two different forms of administration in a randomized sequence with a crossover design."	( Absorption, disposition, metabolic fate, and elimination of the dopamine agonist rotigotine in man: administration by intravenous infusion or transdermal delivery. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W, 2009)	0.35
" Its oral bioavailability is low, but shows reduced interindividual variability."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban]. Climent Grana, E; Jover Botella, A; Ordovás Baines, JP; Valero García, I, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetics of 14j was studied in CD-1 mice and shown to exhibit bioavailability of 76% after oral dosing."	( Discovery of 3H-benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ones as potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the human protooncogene proviral insertion site in moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases. Bouska, JJ; Giranda, VS; Guan, R; Han, EK; Hasvold, LA; Johnson, EF; Leverson, JD; Lin, NH; Luo, Y; Penning, TD; Rosenberg, SH; Soni, N; Sowin, TJ; Stamper, G; Stewart, KD; Stoll, VS; Tao, ZF, 2009)	0.35
" However, low drug-contact time and poor ocular bioavailability of drugs due to drainage of solution, tear turnover and its dilution or lacrimation limits its uses."	( Hyaluronic acid modified chitosan nanoparticles for effective management of glaucoma: development, characterization, and evaluation. Paliwal, R; Paliwal, SR; Vyas, SP; Wadhwa, S, 2010)	0.36
" Because BMS-587101 exhibits in vitro potency, cross-reactivity, and oral bioavailability in rodents, we evaluated the impact of oral administration of this compound in two different models of arthritis: Ab-induced arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis."	( An LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2) small-molecule antagonist reduces inflammation and joint destruction in murine models of arthritis. Barrish, JC; Davis, PM; Dhar, TG; Launay, M; McIntyre, KW; McKinnon, M; Potin, D; Salter-Cid, L; Shuster, DJ; Skala, S; Stetsko, DK; Suchard, SJ; Susulic, V, 2010)	0.36
" These findings may explain the known interaction of telmisartan with digoxin and suggest that it may modulate the bioavailability of drugs whose absorption is restricted by P-gp and possibly also by BCRP or MRP2."	( Interaction of angiotensin receptor type 1 blockers with ATP-binding cassette transporters. Benndorf, RA; Böger, RH; Divac, N; Haefeli, WE; Herzog, M; Sauer, A; Schwedhelm, E; Weiss, J, 2010)	0.36
"Improvement of both ocular bioavailability and duration of action for dorzolamide hydrochloride was the aim of this study."	( Development of dorzolamide hydrochloride in situ gel nanoemulsion for ocular delivery. Ammar, HO; Ghorab, M; Mahmoud, AA; Salama, HA, 2010)	0.36
" Although the relative bioavailability of colonic administration of diclofenac, metformin and cevimeline compared to oral administration was similar regardless of the drug doses in the colon, colonic absorption of diltiazem varied according to the doses."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.36
" Prasugrel is more potent than clopidogrel with a better bioavailability and lower pharmacodynamic variability."	( Impact of genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions on clopidogrel and prasugrel response variability. Ancrenaz, V; Besson, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Fontana, P; Samer, C, 2010)	0.36
" The advantages of statins include the long-established advantages and safety profile, but they are limited by their bioavailability in bone."	( Anabolic agents and bone quality. Einhorn, TA; Morgan, EF; Sibai, T, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo study was conducted by quantitating the effect of orally administered DLX on the bioavailability of talinolol."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of duloxetine on P-gp function. Junhua, C; Ruike, Z; Wenxing, P, 2010)	0.36
" In the in vivo study, co-administration of DLX increased the bioavailability of talinolol."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of duloxetine on P-gp function. Junhua, C; Ruike, Z; Wenxing, P, 2010)	0.36
"Rivaroxaban is the first orally bioavailable direct factor Xa inhibitor and its role in acute coronary syndrome is not fully understood."	( Rivaroxaban in the contemporary treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Alexander, D; Jeremias, A, 2011)	0.37
" In an open-label, randomized, four-period, 2 x two-way crossover study, the relative bioavailability of tablets containing prasugrel free base compared to prasugrel hydrochloride (originator product) both in the presence and in the absence of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole (CAS 103577-45-3) was investigated."	( Relative bioavailability of prasugrel free base in comparison to prasugrel hydrochloride in the presence and in the absence of a proton pump inhibitor. Doser, K; Salem, I; Seiler, D, 2011)	0.37
" Main evaluations included relative bioavailability and renal elimination of rotigotine and its metabolites."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function. Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)	0.38
" PPIs can reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel through cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibition, and pantoprazole reduces the bioavailability of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor that acts via cytochrome P450 2C19-independent mechanisms."	( Effect of multiple doses of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single dose of rivaroxaban. Ariyawansa, J; Burton, PB; Moore, KT; Plotnikov, AN; Thyssen, A; Vaccaro, N, 2011)	0.37
" For a 10 mg dose, the oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban is high (80-100%) and is not affected by food intake."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic basics of rivaroxaban. Kreutz, R, 2012)	0.38
" In view of the importance of formulation processing and bioavailability characteristics of the crystalline forms of 1, a comprehensive structural study of 1(acetone) was carried out using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy."	( Polymorphism and a metastable solvate of duloxetine hydrochloride. Bhadbhade, M; Hook, JM; Marjo, CE; Rich, AM, 2011)	0.37
" Aqueous eye drop formulations that improve their topical bioavailability and reduce their eye irritation can improve their clinical efficacy."	( Topical drug delivery to the eye: dorzolamide. Jansook, P; Loftsson, T; Stefánsson, E, 2012)	0.38
"New orally bioavailable 5-(thiophen-2-yl)-substituted 2-aminobenzamide-series histone deacetylase inhibitors were synthesized."	( Anti-tumor activity of new orally bioavailable 2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)benzamide-series histone deacetylase inhibitors, possessing an aqueous soluble functional group as a surface recognition domain. Baba, K; Hirata, M; Hirata, Y; Kawaratani, Y; Nagaoka, Y; Ohmomo, Y; Shibano, M; Taniguchi, M; Uesato, S; Yasuda, M, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, the relative bioavailability of a single, large patch versus 2 smaller patches was assessed."	( Steady-state plasma concentration profile of transdermal rotigotine: an integrated analysis of three, open-label, randomized, phase I multiple dose studies. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Middle, M, 2012)	0.38
" Relative rotigotine bioavailability from a 40 cm(2) patch versus 2 × 20 cm(2) patches (SP651) and from a 15 cm(2) patch versus 1 × 5 cm(2) + 1 × 10 cm(2) patches (SP871) was also evaluated."	( Steady-state plasma concentration profile of transdermal rotigotine: an integrated analysis of three, open-label, randomized, phase I multiple dose studies. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Middle, M, 2012)	0.38
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic study results showed that the bioavailability of clopidogrel thiolactone generated from 9a was 6-fold higher than that generated from clopidogrel, implying a much lower clinically effective dose for 9a in comparison with clopidogrel."	( Overcoming clopidogrel resistance: discovery of vicagrel as a highly potent and orally bioavailable antiplatelet agent. Gong, Y; Jiao, B; Lv, F; Qi, X; Shan, J; Sun, H; Yuan, F; Zhang, B; Zheng, W; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Poor oral bioavailability limits the use of many chemopreventives in the prevention and treatment of cancer."	( Multi-layer polymeric implants for sustained release of chemopreventives. Aqil, F; Bansal, SS; Gupta, RC; Jeyabalan, J; Kausar, H; Sharma, RJ; Singh, IP; Vadhanam, MV, 2012)	0.38
" The in vivo activity in two different pain (spinal nerve ligation and migraine pain) models, the excellent physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, oral bioavailability (F(po) = 91%), and the in vitro safety profile disclosed in this report make 43 an ideal candidate for further evaluation in clinical applications related to migraine pain."	( Discovery of a potent, orally bioavailable and highly selective human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, N-(1-(piperidin-4-yl)indolin-5-yl)thiophene-2-carboximidamide as a pre-clinical development candidate for the treatment of migraine. Andrews, JS; Annedi, SC; Dove, P; Maddaford, SP; Mladenova, G; Porreca, F; Rakhit, S; Ramnauth, J; Renton, P; Rybak, T; Silverman, S; Zhang, D, 2012)	0.38
" Its predictable pharmacokinetic profile, high oral bioavailability and once-daily dosing make rivaroxaban an optimal anticoagulant that warrants investigation in children."	( The in vitro anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in children. Attard, C; Ignjatovic, V; Kubitza, D; Monagle, P, 2012)	0.38
"Arterial stiffness and impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability contribute to the high risk for cardiovascular disease in CKD."	( Endothelin-A receptor antagonism modifies cardiovascular risk factors in CKD. Blackwell, S; Dhaun, N; Goddard, J; Johnston, NR; Melville, V; Talwar, DK; Webb, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" Canagliflozin has dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, and research in laboratory animals demonstrated high oral bioavailability (85%) and rapid effects in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) values."	( Canagliflozin, a new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of diabetes. Kolanczyk, DM; Nisly, SA; Walton, AM, 2013)	0.39
"), indicating its great potential as an efficacious and orally bioavailable drug candidate for human cancer therapy."	( Fragment-based drug design and identification of HJC0123, a novel orally bioavailable STAT3 inhibitor for cancer therapy. Chen, H; Chu, L; Ding, C; Liu, H; Shen, Q; Terry, K; Yang, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
" Study 1 was an absolute bioavailability study that compared 5 mg and 20 mg tablet doses with a 1 mg intravenous solution."	( The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2013)	0.39
" Independent of food and formulation, pharmacokinetic parameters of doses up to 10 mg rivaroxaban were dose proportional and had high oral bioavailability (≥ 80%)."	( The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacokinetic parameters of doses up to 10 mg rivaroxaban were dose proportional and had high oral bioavailability independent of food or whether administered as tablet or solution."	( The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2013)	0.39
" Amine 4 demonstrated in vivo bioavailability after either iv or oral dosing."	( Optimized chemical probes for REV-ERBα. Blaikley, J; Boudjelal, M; Bresciani, S; Cooper, AW; Dawson, HC; Farrow, SN; Grant, D; Kashatus, JA; Loudon, A; Orband-Miller, LA; Ray, D; Tellam, JP; Tomkinson, NC; Trump, RP; Willson, TM; Wojno, J, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, thiophene-diguanidino derivatives with improved bioavailability when administered orally could lead to treatment options against AE."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of dicationic diguanidino compounds against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Boykin, DW; Hemphill, A; Kriegel, N; Küster, T; Stephens, CE, 2013)	0.39
" Alteration of the gastrointestinal tract by this procedure suggests a potential for clinically significant alterations in the bioavailability of ingested medications including antidepressants."	( A comparison of duloxetine plasma levels in postbariatric surgery patients versus matched nonsurgical control subjects. Cao, L; Crosby, RD; Mitchell, JE; Roerig, JL; Steffen, KJ; Zimmerman, C, 2013)	0.39
" The effects on absorption rate and type of drug delivery systems (nanocarriers and drug solution) for nose to brain/blood permeation were assessed."	( Intranasal infusion of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) containing CNS acting drug and estimation in brain and blood. Ahuja, A; Alam, MI; Ali, J; Ali, M; Baboota, S; Sahni, JK, 2013)	0.39
" Oral bioavailability is high (80-100 %) for the 10 mg tablet irrespective of food intake and for the 15 mg and 20 mg tablets when taken with food."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Stampfuss, J, 2014)	0.4
" The three studies reported here were conducted to determine whether the new room temperature stable patch demonstrated similar bioavailability and adhesiveness to the original and intermediate patches."	( Comparison of the bioavailability and adhesiveness of different rotigotine transdermal patch formulations. Arth, C; Bauer, L; Brunnert, M; Elshoff, JP; Komenda, M; Schmid, M; Timmermann, L, 2013)	0.39
" Blood and urine samples were collected to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing drug bioavailability and elimination."	( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Fichtner, A, 2014)	0.4
" Its oral bioavailability is low and its intestinal absorption mechanism is not clear."	( Intestinal absorption of raltitrexed and evaluation of the effects of absorption enhancers. Li, X; Lu, Y; Yin, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
" It reaches maximal plasma concentration 2-4 hours after administration and has a high bioavailability (80-100%)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Kreutz, R, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of the optimized formulation compared with intravenous administration was approximately 20%."	( Preparation and characterization of sustained-release rotigotine film-forming gel. Li, X; Li, Y; Liang, R; Liu, W; Su, Z; Sun, F; Wang, C; Zhang, R, 2014)	0.4
" Its predictable pharmacokinetic profile, high oral bioavailability and once-daily dosing make rivaroxaban an optimal anticoagulant that warrants investigation in neonates."	( The in-vitro anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in neonates. Attard, C; Ignjatovic, V; Kubitza, D; Monagle, P, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this study was to formulate in situ gel of chitosan nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of dorzolamide in the glaucoma treatment."	( In situ gelling dorzolamide loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of glaucoma. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Chuttani, K; Katiyar, S; Mishra, AK; Mondal, RS; Pandit, J; Sultana, Y, 2014)	0.4
"In a continuing effort to develop orally bioavailable small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for human cancer, a series of novel diversified analogues based on our identified lead compound HJC0149 (1) (5-chloro-N-(1,1-dioxo-1H-1λ(6)-benzo[b]thiophen-6-yl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, Eur."	( Discovery of potent anticancer agent HJC0416, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Cai, G; Chen, H; Ding, C; Ding, Y; Flores, RM; Shen, Q; Wang, L; Wild, C; Xiong, A; Yang, Z; Ye, N; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Bioavailability is greater in gabapentin enacarbil as compared to gabapentin."	( New treatment options for the management of restless leg syndrome. Toro, BE, 2014)	0.4
" This work demonstrates the advantage of integrating known structures into structure optimization, and it should be possible to more readily develop compounds that incorporate bioavailability with these advanced features."	( Combination of chiral linkers with thiophenecarboximidamide heads to improve the selectivity of inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Jing, Q; Li, H; Martásek, P; Poulos, TL; Roman, LJ; Silverman, RB, 2014)	0.4
"Poor drug penetration and rapid clearance after topical instillation of a drug formulation into the eyes are the major causes for the lower ocular bioavailability from conventional eye drops."	( Dorzolamide-loaded PLGA/vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles for glaucoma therapy: Pharmacoscintigraphy study and evaluation of extended ocular hypotensive effect in rabbits. Ahmad, FJ; Anwar, M; Garg, V; Jain, GK; Khar, RK; Talegaonkar, S; Warsi, MH, 2014)	0.4
" Bioavailability was determined by blood analyses."	( Strontium ranelate improved tooth anchorage and reduced root resorption in orthodontic treatment of rats. Kirschneck, C; Proff, P; Reicheneder, C; Roemer, P; Wahlmann, U; Wolf, M, 2014)	0.4
" S006-830 exhibited favorable bioavailability in the range of 45-55%."	( UFLC method development and validation of a novel triethylamine containing thiophene S006-830 - an antitubercular molecule and its application to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in SD rats. Hidau, MK; Kushwaha, HN; Misra, A; Sharma, AK; Singh, SK; Singh, Y; Tiwari, A, 2015)	0.42
" A second single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period, crossover study in healthy male and female subjects compared the relative bioavailability of a 1-mg oral capsule versus a 1-mg oral solution dose of encenicline and evaluated the effects of food and sex on encenicline pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of encenicline, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in single ascending-dose and bioavailability studies. Barbier, AJ; Dgetluck, N; Gawryl, M; Hilhorst, M; Hilt, DC; Massaro, M; Palfreyman, MG; Snyder, P; Tiessen, R; Timmerman, W; Van Vliet, A, 2015)	0.42
"Food did not affect canagliflozin bioavailability parameters (Cmax and AUCs) or AUCs of metformin."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" The optimized formulation was used to prepare a microemulsion-based hydrogel, which was subjected to bioavailability and skin irritancy studies."	( Lower irritation microemulsion-based rotigotine gel: formulation optimization and in vitro and in vivo studies. Chu, SY; Lian, SN; Ma, PK; Mu, HJ; Sun, KX; Wang, AP; Wang, WY; Wang, Z; Zhang, FP; Zhang, WW; Zhang, XM, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability of the rotigotine-loaded microemulsion gel was 105."	( Lower irritation microemulsion-based rotigotine gel: formulation optimization and in vitro and in vivo studies. Chu, SY; Lian, SN; Ma, PK; Mu, HJ; Sun, KX; Wang, AP; Wang, WY; Wang, Z; Zhang, FP; Zhang, WW; Zhang, XM, 2015)	0.42
" Absolute bioavailability after 24 h transdermal delivery is 37 % of the applied rotigotine dose."	( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)	0.42
" We propose to develop drug-eluting contact lenses for managing glaucoma with increased bioavailability and improved compliance."	( Dual drug delivery from vitamin E loaded contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. Carbia, BE; Chauhan, A; Hsu, KH; Plummer, C, 2015)	0.42
" A dihydrobenzothiophene series of potent, selective, orally bioavailable LRRK2 inhibitors were identified from a high-throughput screen of the internal Merck sample collection."	( Potent, selective and orally bioavailable leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors. Bilodeau, MT; Chang, RK; Drolet, RE; Greshock, TJ; Kern, JT; Kim, B; Lai, MT; McCauley, JA; Rada, VL; Rajapakse, HA; Renger, JJ; Sanchez, RI; Sanders, JM; Su, H; Sur, SM; Tiscia, HE, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic evaluation of ZBH2012001 indicated that the absolute bioavailability value was 60."	( Antidepressant-like Effects of ZBH2012001, a Novel Potent Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor. Fan, QY; Fan, SY; He, XH; Li, J; Li, Y; Li, YF; Xue, R; Zhang, TT; Zhang, YZ; Zhong, BH, 2016)	0.43
"1-fold increment in oral bioavailability of EM from EMF-O, when compared with plain suspension of pure drug."	( Formulation and statistical optimization of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of eprosartan mesylate for improvement of oral bioavailability. Dangre, P; Dhole, S; Gilhotra, R, 2016)	0.43
" Molecular modeling assays predicted low toxicity risk and good oral bioavailability of the substances in humans."	( Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives: a new class of antiviral drugs against Mayaro virus. Amorim, R; Bergmann, IE; Bernardino, AMR; Borges, JC; Caldas, LA; Campos, RM; Castro, HC; Cirne-Santos, CC; da Silva Pinheiro, LC; de Mello, MVP; de Meneses, MDF; de Palmer Paixão, ICN; de Souza, AMT; Ferreira, DF; Malirat, V; Rebello, MA, 2017)	0.46
" To improve the efficacy and bioavailability of the iodonium class NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI), we synthesized 36 analogs of DPI, focusing on improved solubility and functionalization."	( Characterization of potent and selective iodonium-class inhibitors of NADPH oxidases. Anderson, L; Antony, S; Doroshow, JH; Harris, E; Hill, K; Hossain, MT; Jiang, G; Juhasz, A; Kane, CT; Konaté, M; Liu, H; Lu, J; Meitzler, JL; Monks, A; Risbood, P; Roy, K; Wu, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Our recent research efforts have produced LSN 3213128 (compound 28a), a novel, selective, nonclassical, orally bioavailable antifolate with potent and specific inhibitory activity for aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFT), an enzyme in the purine biosynthetic pathway."	( Discovery of N-(6-Fluoro-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-7-yl)-5-[(3R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide (LSN 3213128), a Potent and Selective Nonclassical Antifolate Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase (AICARFT) Inhi Atwell, S; Brooks, HB; Dally, RD; Durham, TB; Fales, KR; Frimpong, K; Geeganage, S; Hui, YH; Konicek, SA; Lee, MR; Margolis, BJ; Mc Cowan, JR; Meier, TI; Njoroge, FG; Roth, KD; Shepherd, TA; Si, C; Thibodeaux, S; Thrasher, KJ; Torrado, A; Toth, JL; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wu, Z, 2017)	0.46
" We describe the design and synthesis of a series of potent benzothiophene-containing compounds that exhibit oral bioavailability and preclinical activity as SERDs."	( Discovery of LSZ102, a Potent, Orally Bioavailable Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader (SERD) for the Treatment of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Abrams, T; Baird, J; Burks, HE; Firestone, B; Gaither, LA; Hamann, LG; He, G; Kim, S; Kirby, CA; Lombardo, F; Macchi, KJ; McDonnell, DP; Mishina, Y; Norris, JD; Nunez, J; Peukert, S; Springer, C; Sun, Y; Thomsen, NM; Tiong-Yip, CL; Tria, GS; Wang, C; Wang, J; Yu, B, 2018)	0.48
"AZD3965, a pyrole pyrimidine derivative, is a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), currently in a Phase I clinical trial in UK for lymphomas and solid tumors."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for AZD3965 in mouse plasma and tumor tissue: Application to pharmacokinetic and breast tumor xenograft studies. Guan, X; Morris, ME; Ruszaj, D, 2018)	0.48
" However, oxidative degradation and low bioavailability limit their exogenous application as fungicides on crops."	( Synthesis and antifungal activities of novel thiophene-based stilbene derivatives bearing an 1,3,4-oxadiazole unit. He, D; Jian, W; Shang, J; Wen, L, 2019)	0.51
" While it has been possible to develop nNOS selective aminopyridine inhibitors, many of the most potent and selective inhibitors exhibit poor bioavailability properties."	( Structural Basis for Isoform Selective Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Thiophene-2-carboximidamides. Chreifi, G; Evenson, RJ; Li, H; Poulos, TL; Silverman, RB, 2018)	0.48
" In the end, these medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of multiple analogues strongly binding to Cp, potently inhibiting HBV replication in nanomolar range without cytotoxicity, and exhibiting good oral bioavailability (F)."	( 5-Aminothiophene-2,4-dicarboxamide analogues as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly effectors. Boschert, KN; Huber, AD; Kankanala, J; Pineda, DL; Sarafianos, SG; Tang, J; Wang, Z; Wolf, JJ; Xie, J, 2019)	0.51
" In view of the major blunting effect of AMPK activation on EDH-like relaxations, caution should be applied when administering therapeutic agents that activate AMPK in patients with endothelial dysfunction characterized by reduced production and/or bioavailability of NO."	( Acute activation of endothelial AMPK surprisingly inhibits endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries. Chen, H; Leung, SWS; Vanhoutte, PM, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, an improved oral bioavailability of the nanotized formulation lowered the dosage at which the pharmacological effect was achieved while avoiding any observable adverse harmful side effects."	( Nanotized curcumin-benzothiophene conjugate: A potential combination for treatment of cerebral malaria. Banerjee, T; Ghosh, A, 2020)	0.56
" HJC0416 is a novel, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of STAT3 that was developed by our team using a fragment-based drug design approach."	( HJC0416 Attenuates Fibrogenesis in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells via STAT3 and NF-κB Pathways. Cummins, CB; Gu, Y; Lopez, ON; Radhakrishnan, RS; Ramdas, D; Sommerhalder, C; Wang, X; Zhou, J, 2021)	0.62
" As a result, compounds 36a and 36b showed a good activity in vitro and a low bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo [b]thiophene derivatives as gut-selective NaPi2b inhibitors. Abe, T; Asanuma, Y; Endo, M; Kakinuma, H; Kawabe, K; Kosai, Y; Munetomo, E; Ohta, H; Okumura-Kitajima, L; Otake, K; Shibata, T; Takahashi, T; Uneuchi, F; Ushiki, Y; Yamaguchi, C; Yamamoto-Okada, K, 2022)	0.72
"Despite being a first-line clinical drug, thienopyridines have many unsatisfactory aspects, including the low bioavailability of clopidogrel(CLP) and the high bleeding risk of prasugrel."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety after replacement of methyl hydrogen with deuterium at methyl formate of Clopidogrel. Cai, D; Cao, X; Chen, C; Chen, L; Gao, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Miao, Y; Niu, J; Sun, Y; Wu, T; Xu, Z, 2022)	0.72
"Biotransformation of specific saponins in the valuable medical plants to increase their bioavailability and pharmaceutical activities has attracted more and more attention."	( Enzymatic Biotransformation of Gypenoside XLIX into Gylongiposide I and Their Antiviral Roles against Enterovirus 71 In Vitro. Jiao, W; Wang, N; Xiu, Y; Yu, S; Zhao, H; Zhong, P; Zhou, K, 2022)	0.72
"The designed compounds are inactive for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity and ADMET studies states that these molecules are likely to be orally bioavailable and could be easily transported, diffused, and absorbed."	( 2D QSAR, Design, and in Silico Analysis of Thiophene-Tethered Lactam Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Jain, N; Kumar, NK; Natarajan, R; Patel, DH; Samuel, A; Sivaperuman, A; Veerappan, M, 2023)	0.91
" These include cannabinoids and drug combinations that inhibit dextromethorphan metabolism peripherally, thereby increasing its bioavailability in the brain."	( Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Devanand, DP, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dosage level was, on weight basis, a little higher than the standard dosage for adults."	( The protective effect of a new agent, ketotifen syrup, in the treatment of childhood asthma. Lykkegaard Nielsen, EA; Osterballe, O, 1979)	0.26
" Although a relatively high chosen dosage of ketotifen was given, it does not seem capable of inhibiting mediator release from the bronchial mast-cells as DSCG does."	( [Protection from exertion-induced bronchial asthma with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) (cromolyn, lomudal, intal) and with ketotifen (zaditen). Doubly crossed double-blind study ]. Gmür, H; Scherrer, M, 1979)	0.26
" Finally, the success rate compared with that for lidocaine, mepivacaine, or prilocaine for the same dosage and areas, with the use of the same criteria, is not good enough in my opinion to qualify carticaine as a general-purpose anesthetic on a par with standard lidocaine."	( Clinical assessment of a new local anesthetic agent-carticaine. Cowan, A, 1977)	0.26
" Blood pressure was significantly reduced with both medications, although most patients required an increase in dosage from 250 to 500 mg ticrynafen daily."	( Clinical study of ticrynafen. A new diuretic, antihypertensive, and uricosuric agent. Freis, ED; Kyle, MC; Nemati, M, 1977)	0.26
" The dosage was for Divascan 15 mg a day and for pizotifen 3 mg a day."	( A comparison between placebo, pizotifen and 1-isopropyl-3-hydroxy-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2.3.5.6-tetrahydroindol (Divascan) in migraine prophylaxis. Osterman, PO, 1977)	0.26
" Further studies are necessary to determine optimal dosage regimes and long term safety."	( A double-blind comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and tienylic acid (a diuretic with uricosuric properties) in hypertension. Gillies, AH; Morgan, TO, 1978)	0.26
" -- The potassium loss is variable according to dosage (maximum at 500 mg), renal function (low when reduced)."	( [Thienylic acid, a new drug with saluretic and uricosuric activity. Preliminary data]. Borghetti, A; Borghi, L; Guariglia, A; Minari, M; Novarini, A; Peracchi, R, 1978)	0.26
"3 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent parallel shifts in the AII pressor dose-response curve."	( Pharmacological characterization of the nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, SK&F 108566. Aiyar, N; Edwards, RM; Ezekiel, M; Griffin, E; Keenan, RM; Ohlstein, EH; Ruffolo, RR; Weidley, EF; Weinstock, J, 1992)	0.28
" During the second and third weeks of 1,2-dithiole-3-thione feeding, rats were dosed by gavage with 250 micrograms of AFB1/kg five times a week."	( Potent inhibition of aflatoxin-induced hepatic tumorigenesis by the monofunctional enzyme inducer 1,2-dithiole-3-thione. Curphey, TJ; Eaton, DL; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Roebuck, BD, 1992)	0.28
" Cyano-alpha-T plus PBO was more effective for reducing mosquito populations than alpha-terthienyl (alpha-T) plus PBO at comparable dosages, although it exhibited slightly lower insecticidal activity at a dosage of 20 g/ha than a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var."	( Toxicity and residual action of the photoactivated compound, cyano-alpha-terthienyl, and its efficacy for reducing pre-imaginal populations of mosquitoes. Arnason, JT; Dosdall, LM; Galloway, MM, 1992)	0.28
"ml-1 were found within 12 min after dosing in fasted animals."	( Extensive gastrointestinal metabolic conversion limits the oral bioavailability of the dopamine D2 agonist N-0923 in freely moving rats. De Zeeuw, RA; Swart, PJ, 1992)	0.28
" The thioethers present in urine of animals dosed with thiophenes have been examined chromatographically."	( Thioethers as urinary metabolites of thiophene and monobromothiophenes. Christie, BJ; Guy, RW; Hickman, RJ; White, TJ, 1992)	0.77
"A double-blind, controlled trial of 16 weeks' duration comparing placebo with IX at a daily dosage of 800 mg or 1,200 mg (20 patients/group) was conducted."	( IX 207-887 in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Amor, B; Beveridge, T; Bourdeix, I; Combe, B; Dougados, M; Lallemand, A; Sany, J, 1992)	0.28
" Analyses of selected whole blood and urine samples from human subjects after multiple bilateral topical ocular dosing with (1) did not reveal the presence of any of the three possible stereoisomers (2)-(4) of (1) indicating that the inversion of configuration at neither one nor two chiral centers of (1) occurs in vivo."	( Indirect chiral separation and analyses in human biological fluids of the stereoisomers of a thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide (TRUSOPT), a novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with two chiral centers in the molecule. Constanzer, ML; Matuszewski, BK, 1992)	0.28
" It was stimulatory at the low dosage and inhibitory at the high dose."	( The effect of thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid (TNCA) on bone structure in the rat: a histomorphometric study. Nyska, A; Nyska, M; Waner, T; Wolter, K, 1992)	0.28
"The multiple-dose, dose-response relationship and duration of action of the novel topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide (previously known as MK-507) were investigated in a double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study in 73 patients with bilateral primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension."	( Dose response and duration of action of dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carlson, LE; Ehinger, B; Eriksson, LO; Finnström, K; Holmin, C; Lippa, EA; Nilsson, SE; Nyman, K; Raitta, C; Ringvold, A, 1992)	0.28
" One wk following cessation of dosing with AFB1, oltipraz was removed from the diet, and all rats were fed the AIN-76A diet for the remainder of the experiment."	( Protection against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 rats by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz): predictive role for short-term molecular dosimetry. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Rogers, AE, 1991)	0.28
" BaP resulted in a clear dose-response relationship."	( Evaluation of the carcinogenic potency of 4 environmental polycyclic aromatic compounds following intrapulmonary application in rats. Brune, H; Germann, P; Grimmer, G; Timm, J; Wenzel-Hartung, R; Wosniok, W, 1990)	0.28
" Independent of dosing route or anaesthetic, clearance of I was rapid."	( The metabolic fate of the dopamine agonist 2-(N-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin in rats after intravenous and oral administration. I. Disposition and metabolic profiling. de Zeeuw, RA; Drenth, BF; Gerding, TK; Horn, AS; Roosenstein, HJ; Tepper, PG, 1990)	0.28
" As the total amount of radioactivity in both eyes 7 hr after ocular dosing is very low (0."	( Ocular and systemic disposition of the dopamine agonist N-0437 in monkeys after ocular administration. de Zeeuw, RA; Drenth, BF; Gerding, TK; Horn, AS; Oosterhuis, JA; van Delft, JL, 1990)	0.28
" After all three dosing routes, N-0437 was metabolized almost completely prior to elimination."	( Metabolism and disposition of the dopamine agonist 2-(N-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin in conscious monkeys after subsequent i.v. oral, and ocular administration. de Zeeuw, RA; Drenth, BF; Gerding, TK; Horn, AS; Tepper, PG, )	0.13
" Oltipraz was found to be active in reducing the number of worms significantly only when administered in a higher dosage 2 hours before infection and 7 days after infection."	( The prophylactic and curative effect of oltipraz in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. Aboul-Atta, AM, 1990)	0.28
"We investigated the dose-response and reproducibility of the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of MK-927 in ocular hypertensive patients."	( MK-927, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Dose response and reproducibility. Camras, CB; Lippa, EA; Lustgarten, JS; Panebianco, DL; Podos, SM; Serle, JB, 1990)	0.28
" The 1% concentration was chosen as the basis for comparison, as preliminary data indicated that the concentration would fall relatively steeply on the dose-response curve."	( [Stereospecificity of lowering intraocular pressure using a locally administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitor]. Bechetoille, A; Brunner-Ferber, F; Diestelhorst, M; Krieglstein, GK; Lippa, E, 1990)	0.28
" We conclude that at effective beta-blocking dosage SE2395 does not induce any detrimental effect on renal function in conscious dogs."	( Cardiovascular and renal effects of the beta-blocker SE2395 in conscious normotensive dogs. Burke, TJ; Erickson, AL; Prost, JF; Rochat, C; Walker, BR, )	0.13
" produced a two-fold shift to the right of the dose-response curve of locally infused 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but increased only slightly the ED50 of locally infused pizotifen."	( Pizotifen, an antimigraine drug with venoconstrictor activity in vivo. Müller-Schweinitzer, E, )	0.13
" Tertatolol (T) was initiated alone (5 mg once daily) and if satisfactory control of blood pressure (BP) (diastolic BP less than 95 mm Hg) was not achieved, treatment was adapted at the third or sixth month either by increasing the dosage (heart rate greater than 70 beats/min), or by adding a potassium-sparing diuretic (heart rate less than or equal to 70 beats/min)."	( Tertatolol in hypertension. Long-term therapy in 2,338 patients. Guery, O; Herpin, D; Lecasble, M; Piron, J, 1989)	0.28
" In reference to placebo, the increase of N2-P300 amplitude after the highest dosage of TEN, as well as after CDM, amounted to approximately 5 microV, which confirms the hypothesis that nootropic drugs may influence the P300 amplitude in the sense of an improved availability of cognitive processing resources."	( Psychophysiological research in psychiatry and neuropsychopharmacology. II. The investigation of antihypoxidotic/nootropic drugs (tenilsetam and co-dergocrine-mesylate) in elderlies with the Viennese Psychophysiological Test-System (VPTS). Anderer, P; Presslich, O; Resch, F; Saletu, B; Schuster, P; Semlitsch, HV, 1989)	0.28
"4 ml applied to 19 patients either at 1400 or 1700 hr giving evidence for a circadian phase-dependency in the dose-response relationship of a local anaesthetic drug."	( Circadian changes in stimulus threshold and in the effect of a local anaesthetic drug in human teeth: studies with an electronic pulptester. Lemmer, B; Wiemers, R, 1989)	0.28
" This hyperthermia was significant at a dosage of 3000 micrograms."	( Thermoregulatory responses of the rabbit to central neural injections of sulfolane. Gordon, CJ; Mohler, FS, 1989)	0.28
" In trachea and right atria of the guinea-pig, tertatolol inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the dose-response curves to isoproterenol; the relative potency of tertatolol was higher than that of propranolol."	( Effects of tertatolol on post- and prejunctional beta adrenoceptors. Herman, AG; Jordaens, FH; Laekeman, G; Majchrowicz, BB; Verbeuren, TJ; Zonnekeyn, LL, 1985)	0.27
"We compared the central and renal haemodynamic effects of tertatolol, a new non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug without partial agonist activity, with those of an equipotent dosage of propranolol in two groups of 10 patients each with acute cerebral injury who had developed systemic hypertension."	( Acute central and renal haemodynamic responses to tertatolol and propranolol in patients with arterial hypertension following head injury. Brackman, F; Degaute, JP; Leeman, M; Naeije, R; Prost, JF, 1986)	0.27
" Its central and renal hemodynamic effects were compared to those of an equipotent dosage of propranolol in two groups of 10 patients each who developed arterial hypertension and a hyperdynamic circulatory state after head injury."	( Tertatolol preserves renal perfusion in patients with arterial hypertension after head injury. Brackman, F; Degaute, JP; Leeman, M; Naeije, R; Prost, JF; Thomas, J, 1986)	0.27
" Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis was induced in rats with subcutaneous immunization and intravenous dosage of BSA."	( Effect of the antiplatelet agents ticlopidine and dipyridamole on experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis in rats. Asaka, M; Iida, H; Izumino, K; Mizumura, Y; Sasayama, S, 1986)	0.27
" Nineteen out of them were treated with warfarin plus ticlopidine at a dosage enough to prolong the thrombo-test time to approximately 20% of normal value."	( [Abnormalities of blood coagulation and effect of anticoagulant therapy in postoperative patients with lung cancer]. Inoue, H; Kawada, S; Koide, S; Ogawa, J; Shohtsu, A; Tsurumi, T, 1986)	0.27
" The latter protocol constitutes a tumorigenic dosing regimen."	( Protection by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) against the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Yager, JD, 1988)	0.27
"5 hr to 8 hr after dosing was more than 90%, and was 70-80% at 24 hr."	( RS-5186, a novel thromboxane synthetase inhibitor with a potent and extended duration of action. Asai, F; Ito, T; Matsuda, K; Oshima, T; Terada, A; Ushiyama, S; Yamazaki, M, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response curves showed that AF102B was far less potent than oxotremorine at the hippocampal presynaptic muscarinic receptors (autoreceptors)."	( Heterogeneity of muscarinic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors in the rat brain: effects of a novel M1 agonist, AF102B. Kawanishi, G; Mizobe, F; Ohgane, N; Ono, S; Saito, Y, 1988)	0.27
" In rats dosed intra-duodenally with I (50 mg/kg), little I was found in the systemic circulation (less than 2 micrograms/ml) but high concentrations (26 micrograms/ml) were present at five minutes in portal plasma."	( Metabolism of the anti-obesity agent, 4-amino-5-ethyl-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride, in rats and dogs. Baggiolini, E; Bekersky, I; Leinweber, FJ; Loh, AC; Sasso, GJ; Szuna, AJ; Triscari, J; Williams, TH, 1987)	0.27
" The kinetics are linear over a 10-fold dosage range and, after repeated dosing, there is no accumulation."	( Biodisposition of tertatolol in man: a review. Campbell, DB; Chignon, JC; Devissaguet, JP, 1986)	0.27
" Estrogens are approximately 10-fold more potent in stimulating cell number than in stimulating prolactin production, but the antiestrogens showed the same dose-response for both effects."	( Characterization of antiestrogen stimulation of cell number and prolactin production. Amara, JF; Dannies, PS, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response relationship was biphasic; 10(-10) M Ly-117018 and 10(-7) M tamoxifen caused maximal stimulation, but higher concentrations caused no stimulation and completely antagonized the 5-fold stimulation caused by estrogen."	( Antiestrogens are partial estrogen agonists for prolactin production in primary pituitary cultures. Amara, JF; Dannies, PS; Martinez-Campos, A, 1986)	0.27
" Side-effects of ticlopidine were rare and patient management with the standard dosage of this drug was easier than oral anticoagulation."	( Platelet inhibitors versus anticoagulants for prevention of aorto-coronary bypass graft occlusion. Goebel, N; Krayenbühl, HP; Pfluger, N; Rothlin, ME; Senning, A; Speiser, K; Steinbrunn, W; Turina, M, 1985)	0.27
"A field trial has been carried out in Sudan to determine the optimum dosage regimen for the use of Oltipraz in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in schoolchildren."	( Dose-finding trial using Oltipraz to treat schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Gezira, Sudan. Daffalla, AA; Dixon, HG; el Igail, AB; el Tayeb, M; Fenwick, A; Kardaman, MW, 1985)	0.27
" Rats received either 3 oral doses (100 mg/kg body weight) of the drug, within a period of 48 h, via a gastric tube, or the drug was administered in drinking water for 14 days at a dosage of 75 mg/kg/day."	( Effect of ticlopidine on neutrophil chemotaxis in rats. Cohn, M; Eldor, A; Matzner, Y, 1985)	0.27
" Motor activity in figure-of-eight mazes was assessed 1 h after dosing in testing rooms maintained at either 20."	( Acute behavioral toxicity of sulfolane: influence of hypothermia. Dyer, RS; Ruppert, PH, 1985)	0.27
" The clinical benefit of ticlopidine in PAD without adverse reactions can be confirmed at least at the dosage of 750 mg/d instead of the usual dose of 500 mg/d."	( Effects of ticlopidine on blood fibrinogen and blood viscosity in peripheral atherosclerotic disease. Battocchio, F; Crociani, ME; Fabris, F; Girolami, A; Randi, ML, 1985)	0.27
" In certain postcoital dosing regimens, 2 analogs were more active in preventing or terminating pregnancy in rats than would have been predicted on the basis of their estrogenicity."	( Potential antifertility agents. 3. Substituted dibenzothiophenecarboxylic acids and derivatives. Bialy, G; Bierwagen, ME; Crenshaw, RR; Jenks, TA; Luke, GM, 1972)	0.25
" A dosage regime for patients undergoing dialysis is suggested."	( Administration of ticarcillin, a new antipseudomonal antibiotic, in patients undergoing dialysis. Parker, AS; Reeves, DS; Wise, R, 1974)	0.25
" Ketotifen in the higher dosage caused a slight reduction in salbutamol usage and a modest improvement in breathing in patients not already receiving inhaled corticosteroids."	( Ketotifen in adult asthma. Dyson, AJ; Mackay, AD, 1980)	0.26
" In contrast, the dose-response curves to tiamenidine and clonidine were flatter and bell-shaped with maxima of 30 and 60 min, respectively."	( Sleeping times evoked by alpha adrenoceptor agonists in two-day-old chicks: an experimental model to evaluate full and partial agonists at central alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Cavero, I; Doxey, JC; Roach, AG; Strachan, DA, 1983)	0.27
" Ketotifen markedly differs in this respect, inhibiting according to a bell-shaped dose-response curve and at concentrations closely comparable to that of DSCG."	( Inhibition of allergen-mediated histamine release from human cells by ketotifen and oxatomide. Comparison with other H1 antihistamines. Radermecker, M, 1981)	0.26
" Thus, the same parasitological cure could be achieved by oltipraz as well as by praziquantel, but with a lower dosage of oltipraz."	( Comparative trial of oltipraz versus praziquantel in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in the Gabon. Baltes, R; Burchard, GD; Dietrich, M; Kern, P, 1984)	0.27
" We selected a dosage of 10 mg/kg of metrifonate and 25 mg/kg of niridazole."	( [Comparative efficacy of oltipraz (1 dose, 30 mg/kg) and the combination of niridazole (25 mg/kg) and metrifonate (10 mg/kg) against S. haematobium]. Mouchet, F; Rey, JL; Sellin, B; Sellin, E; Simonkovich, E, )	0.13
" A single dose of each compound was administered orally, or intraperitoneally, while multiple oral dosing was carried out once daily for a week."	( [Effect of azosemide (SK-110) and its metabolites on mouse liver]. Asaeda, N; Haruyama, K; Ikawa, E; Koide, M; Shinoda, M; Tagawa, Y; Tamano, S, 1984)	0.27
" Pizotifen alone reduced venous compliance and produced a parallel displacement to the right of the 5-HT dose-response curve suggestive of competitive antagonism."	( Influence of pizotifen and ergotamine on the venoconstrictor effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in man. Aellig, WH, 1983)	0.27
" The partial uterotrophic effect of monohydroxytamoxifen and full uterotrophic effects of estradiol were both inhibited by high doses of LY117018 at an approximate dosage ratio of 1:24, w/w."	( Differential antiestrogen action in the immature rat uterus: a comparison of hydroxylated antiestrogens with high affinity for the estrogen receptor. Gosden, B; Jordan, VC, 1983)	0.27
" After dosage for 28 days (2."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tienocarbine in rats]. Brons, B; Dell, HD; Kamp, R; Schöllnhammer, G, 1983)	0.27
" The results suggest that, in the dosage used, flunarizine is at least as effective as pizotifen in both classical and common migraine as regards effect on attack frequency."	( Comparison of flunarizine (Sibelium) and pizotifen (Sandomigran) in migraine treatment: a double-blind study. Louis, P; Spierings, EL, 1982)	0.26
" However, in the rat, LY117018 was more effective against the less potent compound tamoxifen, at a 6:1 dosage ratio compared with a 24:1 dosage ratio required for the potent compound monohydroxytamoxifen."	( Inhibition of the uterotropic activity of estrogens and antiestrogens by the short acting antiestrogen LY117018. Gosden, B; Jordan, VC, 1983)	0.27
" Although ticlopidine at the dosage employed should not be used as the sole anticoagulant for hemodialysis, it may be useful when added to low-dose heparin."	( A comparison of ticlopidine and heparin on hemodialysis in dogs. Bush, H; Flamenbaum, W; Gross, ML; Hamburger, RJ; Weinger, R, 1982)	0.26
" The dose-response curves for SNI-2011 were approximately parallel to curves for pilocarpine but the potency of SNI-2011 was about 25-fold lower than that of pilocarpine."	( Sialogogic activities of SNI-2011 compared with those of pilocarpine and McN-A-343 in rat salivary glands: identification of a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Sjörgen's syndrome. Iwabuchi, Y; Masuhara, T, 1994)	0.29
" The second intervention strategy utilized a delayed, transient protocol in which oltipraz was fed for 2 weeks beginning 1 week after AFB1 dosing began and ending 2 weeks before AFB1 dosing was completed."	( Levels of aflatoxin-albumin biomarkers in rat plasma are modulated by both long-term and transient interventions with oltipraz. Dolan, PM; Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Muñoz, A, 1995)	0.29
" Ideally, clinical chemopreventive interventions use dosing regimens that maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity."	( Intermittent dosing with oltipraz: relationship between chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced tumorigenesis and induction of glutathione S-transferases. Egner, PA; Kelloff, GJ; Kensler, TW; Primiano, T; Roebuck, BD; Sutter, TR, 1995)	0.29
" Levels of 1 in plasma were monitored up to 6 h after dosing by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Pharmacokinetics of the dopamine D2 agonist S(-)-2-(N-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin in freely moving rats. de Zeeuw, RA; Swart, PJ, 1993)	0.29
" Oltipraz was fed in the diet from one week prior to OH-BBN dosing until sacrifice, six months later."	( Chemoprevention of OH-BBN-induced bladder cancer in mice by oltipraz, alone and in combination with 4-HPR and DFMO. Detrisac, CJ; Kelloff, GJ; Moon, RC; Sigman, CC; Steele, VE; Thomas, CF, )	0.13
" Changes in hepatic enzymes have been seen with both drugs, and are also seen with other anti-folates including MTX, but these changes settle with repeat dosing and with cessation of treatment."	( The history of the development and clinical use of CB 3717 and ICI D1694. Clarke, SJ; Jackman, AL; Judson, IR, 1993)	0.29
" However, the same dose of PD 81,723 caused a significant leftward and upward shift of the adenosine dose-response curve for inducing atrium to His bundle interval prolongation and increased the degree of atrioventricular block caused by adenosine."	( Selective potentiation by an A1 adenosine receptor enhancer of the negative dromotropic action of adenosine in the guinea pig heart. Amoah-Apraku, B; Belardinelli, L; Bruns, RF; Lu, JY; Pelleg, A; Xu, J, 1993)	0.29
" Heart rates in response to isoproterenol dosing were fitted by linear regression, and horizontal shifts in the regression lines were examined between the three treatments."	( Effect of tibenelast (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and theophylline on isoproterenol-stimulated heart rate, cyclic AMP and norepinephrine levels. Bowsher, RR; Cerimele, BJ; McNay, JL; Rowe, H; Schwertschlag, US, 1993)	0.29
"8 mmHg by 2 min) and aqueous flow (33% and 40% by 5 min) following intravenous dosing with either methazolamide or ethoxzolamide."	( A comparison between the effect of topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on aqueous humor secretion. Brechue, WF; Maren, TH, 1993)	0.29
" Patients who received Tomudex spent a substantially shorter time in hospital for dosing and had significantly lower rates of grade 3 and 4 toxicities such as leucopenia and mucositis."	( 'Tomudex' (ZD1694): results of a randomised trial in advanced colorectal cancer demonstrate efficacy and reduced mucositis and leucopenia. The 'Tomudex' Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Cunningham, D; Harper, P; Kerr, D; Olver, I; Perez-Manga, G; Rath, U; Seitz, JF; Svensson, C; Van Cutsem, E; Zalcberg, JR, 1995)	0.29
" In addition, Tomudex has an acceptable toxicity profile and a convenient dosing schedule (single intravenous injection every 3 weeks) and thus appears to offer real potential as a novel agent for the treatment of patients with advanced CRC."	( ZD1694: A novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor with substantial activity in the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Tomudex Colorectal Study Group. Adenis, A; Azab, M; Cunningham, D; Francois, E; Green, M; Iveson, A; Schornagel, J; Seymour, I; Van Cutsem, E; Zalcberg, JR, 1996)	0.29
" This inhibition of AFM1 excretion was not seen in animals receiving oltipraz by gavage 24 h prior to dosing with AFB1."	( Inhibition of aflatoxin Ml excretion in rat urine during dietary intervention with oltipraz. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Musser, SM; Scholl, P, 1996)	0.29
"To investigate the efficacy and dose-response relationship of three concentrations (0."	( A six-week dose-response study of the ocular hypotensive effect of dorzolamide with a one-year extension. Dorzolamide Dose-Response Study Group. Strahlman, E; Tipping, R; Vogel, R, 1996)	0.29
" T-588 exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve and was most active at 1 mg/kg (oral dose), while tacrine showed equal activity at 10 mg/kg."	( A new cognition-enhancing agent, (R)-(-)-1-(benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)- 2-[2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol hydrochloride. Effects on memory impairment in rats generated by cerebral embolization and basal forebrain lesions. Chaki, H; Kimura, T; Kitamura, K; Maekawa, M; Mozumi, K; Nakada, Y; Narita, H; Ono, S; Todo, Y; Yamafuji, T, 1995)	0.29
"0 mg/kg) if the dosing interval was 10 min, whereas 30."	( Opioid antagonist profile of SC nor-binaltorphimine in the formalin paw assay. Grouhel, A; Wettstein, JG, 1996)	0.29
" In the present investigation, female MRL lpr/lpr mice have been dosed po daily for 7 months with the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) LY139478 (4 mg/kg) or 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, 1 mg/kg) and compared to vehicle control animals."	( The effect of a selective estrogen receptor modulator on the progression of spontaneous autoimmune disease in MRL lpr/lpr mice. Apelgren, LD; Bailey, DL; Bryan, N; Bumol, TF; Evans, GF; Fouts, RL; Glasebrook, A; Sandusky, GE; Short, L; Zuckerman, SH, 1996)	0.29
"To titrate a clinically effective eltenac dosage (0."	( Determination of an effective dose of eltenac and its comparison with that of flunixin meglumine in horses after experimentally induced carpitis. Hamm, D; Johnson, JC; Katz, T; Lockwood, PW; Thompson, KC; Turchi, P, 1997)	0.3
"Under conditions of this study, a dosage plateau for eltenac was determined (0."	( Determination of an effective dose of eltenac and its comparison with that of flunixin meglumine in horses after experimentally induced carpitis. Hamm, D; Johnson, JC; Katz, T; Lockwood, PW; Thompson, KC; Turchi, P, 1997)	0.3
" Although oltipraz has a very short plasma half-life, elevations in the levels of some GST isoforms can persist up to 1 week after dosing with oltipraz."	( Chemoprevention by inducers of carcinogen detoxication enzymes. Kensler, TW, 1997)	0.3
" To assess the utility of measurements of aflatoxin-albumin adducts to predict risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 123 male F344 rats were dosed with 20 microg of AFB1 daily for 5 weeks after randomization into three groups: no intervention; delayed-transient (500 ppm of oltipraz, weeks 2 and 3 relative to AFB1); or persistent (500 ppm oltipraz, weeks -1 to 5)."	( Predictive value of molecular dosimetry: individual versus group effects of oltipraz on aflatoxin-albumin adducts and risk of liver cancer. Dolan, PM; Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Muñoz, A; Roebuck, BD; Rogers, AE, 1997)	0.3
" Dilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh; 10[8] to 10[-5] M) were obtained in phenylephrine (PE; 2 microM)-contracted aorta, and constrictor dose-response curves to PE (10[-8] to 10[-5] M) were generated before and after pretreatment with N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 200 microM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase."	( Estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulator LY117018 enhance release of nitric oxide in rat aorta. Dube, G; Laher, I; Rahimian, R; van Breemen, C, 1997)	0.3
" Serial blood samples were collected over one dosing interval on study days 10 and 20 for measurement of plasma concentrations of eprosartan, losartan, and E-3174 (the active metabolite of losartan)."	( Effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan and losartan in healthy male volunteers. Blum, RA; Boike, SC; Etheredge, R; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, DK; Kazierad, DJ; Martin, DE; Tenero, DM, 1997)	0.3
" Thus IFN-gamma is cytotoxic to ovarian epithelial cells in vivo and intensive locoregional dosing over short periods is effective."	( Interferon gamma induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a model of ovarian cancer: enhancement of effect by batimastat. Balkwill, FR; Burke, F; East, N; Patel, K; Upton, C, 1997)	0.3
" Elevated transaminases were frequently reported with raltitrexed but were usually reversible with continued dosing and were not associated with clinical sequelae."	( Overview of the tolerability of 'Tomudex' (raltitrexed): collective clinical experience in advanced colorectal cancer. Zalcberg, J, 1997)	0.3
" It has a convenient dosing schedule and a potential for lower toxicity which represent important advantages over existing treatments."	( 'Tomudex' (raltitrexed) development: preclinical, phase I and II studies. Judson, IR, 1997)	0.3
"Duloxetine hydrochloride ((S)-N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-thiophenepropanamine hydrochloride) has been found to react with polymer degradation products or residual free acids present in the enteric polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) in dosage formulations to form succinamide and phthalamide impurities, respectively."	( Characterization of impurities formed by interaction of duloxetine HCl with enteric polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate. Baertschi, SW; Jansen, PJ; Kemp, CA; Maple, SR; Oren, PL, 1998)	0.3
" Based on the increase in AUC in patients with hepatic disease compared with those with normal hepatic function, the dosage of eprosartan in patients with hepatic disease should be individualized based on tolerability and response."	( Effect of hepatic disease on the pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of eprosartan. Boike, S; Chapelsky, M; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, D; Keogh, J; Martin, D; Patterson, S; Rodriguez, S; Tenero, D, )	0.13
" A North American study (study 10) was originally set up to compare two raltitrexed dosage arms (3."	( Mature results from three large controlled studies with raltitrexed ('Tomudex'). Cunningham, D, 1998)	0.3
" Part 1 (n = 12) assessed the onset and duration of the effect of eprosartan 350 mg or placebo; part 2 (n = 14) assessed the dose-response profile of placebo or 10, 30, 50, 70, 100 or 200 mg eprosartan; and part 3 (n = 5) assessed the duration of the effect of 50, 100, or 350 mg eprosartan."	( A dose-response study to assess the renal hemodynamic, vascular, and hormonal effects of eprosartan, an angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist, in sodium-replete healthy men. Boike, SC; Freed, MI; Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
" Induction of glutathione S-transferase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and DT-diaphorase has been observed in human tissues following the administration of a single oral dosage of oltipraz."	( Chemopreventive activity of oltipraz. Clapper, ML, 1998)	0.3
" Raltitrexed, a thymidylate synthase inhibitor, offers similar antitumoral activity together with a tolerability in comparison to standard 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy and its simple dosage schedule also contributes to better quality of life."	( [Drug clinics. How I treat. II. Therapeutic approaches to metastatic colorectal cancer]. Bours, V; Fillet, G; Jerusalem, G, 1998)	0.3
" The only variation in method between the two studies was the dosage of 2% dorzolamide."	( The efficacy and safety of dorzolamide as adjunctive therapy to timolol maleate gellan solution in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Additivity Study Group. Adamsons, I; Clineschmidt, C; Laibovitz, R; Polis, A; Shedden, A; Taylor, J, 1998)	0.3
" Raltitrexed has the added convenience of an every 3 weeks dosing schedule."	( Open, randomized, multicenter trial of raltitrexed versus fluorouracil plus high-dose leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Tomudex Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Cocconi, G; Cunningham, D; Francois, E; Gustavsson, B; Hietschold, SM; Kerr, D; Possinger, K; Van Cutsem, E; van Hazel, G, 1998)	0.3
" In a separate study in which dorzolamide and pilocarpine were compared at these dosage schedules, patients preferred dorzolamide to pilocarpine by a ratio of over 7 to 1 in terms of quality of life (Laibovitz et al."	( Dorzolamide, a 40-year wait. From an oral to a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for the treatment of glaucoma. Durand-Cavagna, G; Plazonnet, B; Ponticello, GS; Sugrue, MF, 1998)	0.3
"5 mg/kg), using a multiple dosing schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose administration of eltenac in horses. Ashcraft, SM; Dyke, TM; Sams, RA; Thompson, KG, 1998)	0.3
" Based on these results, the recommended dosage and administration for the phase II study of ZD-1694 was 3 n (3."	( [Phase I study of raltitrexed (ZD-1694)]. Aiba, K; Akazawa, S; Fukuoka, M; Furue, H; Furuse, K; Horikoshi, N; Kanamaru, R; Konishi, T; Kotake, T; Kudoh, S; Kurihara, M; Niitani, H; Ota, K; Sakata, Y; Taguchi, T; Tsukagoshi, S; Wakui, A; Yoshida, S, 1998)	0.3
" Salivation at dosing was seen in both species."	( Nasal toxicity of CI-959, a novel anti-inflammatory drug, in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs. Courtney, CL; Walsh, KM, )	0.13
"The influence of dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor in standard dosage (three times daily, one eye) on OPA, IOP, blood pressure, and heart rate was investigated in a randomised, prospective, masked clinical trial assessing the acute effects of dorzolamide v placebo before and 2 days after application in 33 cataract patients with (n = 14) and without (n = 19) high tension POAG (HTP) who provided informed consent."	( Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibition increases ocular pulse amplitude in high tension primary open angle glaucoma. Pillunat, LE; Schmidt, KG; von Rückmann, A, 1998)	0.3
" Both dosing regimens provided significant and clinically meaningful reductions in blood pressure that were superior to placebo."	( The efficacy and tolerance of one or two daily doses of eprosartan in essential hypertension. The Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Hedner, T; Himmelmann, A, 1999)	0.3
" No dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of eprosartan in healthy subjects, patients with hypertension, and special populations. Bottorff, MB; Tenero, DM, 1999)	0.3
" Thus, no dosing adjustments are necessary during concomitant therapy with these agents."	( A review of eprosartan pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction studies. Blum, RA; Kazierad, DJ; Tenero, DM, 1999)	0.3
" Whereas a relationship exists between dosage and antihypertensive effect, there is no such relationship between dosage and adverse events, the frequency of which is comparable with that with placebo."	( Clinical efficacy of eprosartan. Weber, M, 1999)	0.3
" Neither the number nor the severity of these effects increased with prolonged therapy, and their frequency was not affected by increased eprosartan dosage or dosing frequency."	( Safety and tolerability of eprosartan. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effect of eprosartan and enalapril in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: subgroup analysis of a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Argenziano, L; Trimarco, B, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effect of eprosartan and enalapril in the treatment of black hypertensive patients: subgroup analysis of a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Levine, B, 1999)	0.3
"To test the hypothesis that an antiresorptive agent might reduce the dosing requirement for an anabolic drug during reversal of osteopenia due to estrogen deficiency, the following experiment was conducted in 6-month-old female rats."	( The addition of a raloxifene analog (LY117018) allows for reduced PTH(1-34) dosing during reversal of osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Bryant, H; Drost, D; Fraher, LJ; Hock, J; Hodsman, AB; Holdsworth, D; Thornton, M; Watson, PH, 1999)	0.3
" Eprosartan 600 mg once daily was both well tolerated and effective, providing significant blood pressure reduction 24 hours after dosing in patients with mild-to-moderate systemic hypertension, regardless of age."	( Assessment of once-daily eprosartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, in patients with systemic hypertension. Eprosartan Study Group. Gradman, AH; Gray, J; Maggiacomo, F; Punzi, H; White, WB, 1999)	0.3
"This experiment was designed to evaluate the ability of a raloxifene analogue (RA), LY117018, with or without reduced dosing of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH)(1-34) to maintain gains in bone mass after a fully anabolic treatment regimen given to aging osteopenic rats."	( Assessment of maintenance therapy with reduced doses of PTH(1-34) in combination with a raloxifene analogue (LY117018) following anabolic therapy in the ovariectomized rat. Bryant, H; Drost, D; Fraher, LJ; Hock, J; Hodsman, AB; Holdsworth, D; Thornton, M; Watson, PH, 1999)	0.3
" Intravenous dose-response studies were performed and thrombus mass (TM), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), inhibition of ex vivo fXa activity and plasma drug levels (PDL) were determined."	( RPR120844, a novel, specific inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa inhibits venous thrombosis in the rabbit. Bentley, R; Bostwick, JS; Brown, K; Chu, V; Dunwiddie, CT; Ewing, WR; Leadley, RJ; Morgan, S; Pauls, H; Perrone, MH; Spada, AP, 1999)	0.3
" When dosed according to labeling, latanoprost had the lowest cost of therapy at $0."	( Daily cost of newer glaucoma agents. Hudgins, AC; Pruitt, CA; Sine, C; Stewart, WC, 1999)	0.3
" At the peak approximately 30% of the administered dose was in the deep tissue compartment, and 24 h after the dosing >20% of the administered dose remained in the body with >99% in the deep tissue compartment."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
"45 microM at 30 min after dosing at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively."	( Pharmacodynamic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of RPR120844, a novel inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa. Bentley, R; Bostwick, JS; Brown, K; Chu, V; Dunwiddie, CT; Ewing, WR; Heran, C; Kasiewski, CJ; Leadley, RJ; Morgan, SR; Moxey, P; Pauls, H; Perrone, MH; Spada, AP, 1999)	0.3
"The benzothiophene LY329146 reverses the drug resistance phenotype in multidrug resistance protein (MRP1)-overexpressing cells when dosed in combination with MRP1-associated oncolytics doxorubicin and vincristine."	( Reversal of resistance in multidrug resistance protein (MRP1)-overexpressing cells by LY329146. Dantzig, AH; Hauser, KL; Kroin, JS; Law, KL; Norman, BH; Palkowitz, AD; Shepard, RL; Sluka, JP; Starling, JJ; Tabas, LB; Winter, MA, 1999)	0.3
"0%, dosed two times (b."	( The efficacy and safety of brinzolamide 1% ophthalmic suspension (Azopt) as a primary therapy in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group. Sall, K, 2000)	0.31
" LY354740 and LY379268 were protective against transient global ischemia in gerbils when dosed intraperitoneally."	( Neuroprotective actions of novel and potent ligands of group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Battaglia, G; Bond, A; Bruno, V; Clark, BP; Harris, JR; Kingston, AE; Lodge, D; Monn, JA; Nicoletti, F; O'Neill, MJ; Schoepp, DD, 1999)	0.3
" Rats were treated with saline or one of three genotoxic agents (6-mercaptopurine, ethyl methanesulfonate or propane sultone) in an acute dosing protocol."	( Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood: a flow cytometric study. Dertinger, SD; Hall, NE; Tometsko, CR; Torous, DK, 2000)	0.31
" Increased dosage levels of inhibitors might be expected to enhance levels of suppression of metastases."	( Maximum effect of urokinase plasminogen activator inhibitors in the control of invasion and metastasis of rat mammary cancer. Evans, DM; Sloan-Stakleff, KD, )	0.13
" The lower dosage of the 5-10 years range in comparison with the 2-4 years range was established on the base of bioavailability characteristics of the two pharmaceutical forms."	( A controlled multicenter pediatric study in the treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases with the aid of a new specific compound, erdosteine (IPSE, Italian Pediatric Study Erdosteine). Fazzio, S; Lizzio, A; Mancini, C; Negri, P; Termini, C; Titti, G, 2000)	0.31
" Batimastat (30 mg/kg) or vehicle alone was administered by intraperitoneal injection 24 h and 1 h before saline or bleomycin instillation, and then daily at the same dosage until the end of the study."	( Inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat. Boichot, E; Caulet-Maugendre, S; Corbel, M; Germain, N; Lagente, V; Molet, S, 2001)	0.31
" This study was designed to test intermittent dosing schedules using two dosage levels: 500 mg as a single weekly dose and 200 mg as a biweekly dose, each for 30 days."	( Oltipraz concentrations in plasma, buccal mucosa cells, and lipids: pharmacological studies. Bennett, JL; Bennink, M; Crowell, J; Dimitrov, NV; Gardiner, J; Hawk, E; Leece, CM; Nashawaty, M; Seymour, E; Tompkins, ER, 2001)	0.31
" Other metabolites derived from the conjugation and/or oxidation of aflatoxin B(1) measured in the urine of dosed rats included aflatoxin P(1), aflatoxin P(1)-glucuronide, aflatoxin Q(1), aflatoxin M(1), 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy aflatoxin B(1), aflatoxin B(1)-mercapturic acid, the aflatoxin-cysteine glycine adduct derived from the aflatoxin-glutathione conjugate, aflatoxin M(1)P(1) and the aflatoxin B(1)-dialcohol."	( Liquid chromatography electrospray-mass spectrometry of urinary aflatoxin biomarkers: characterization and application to dosimetry and chemoprevention in rats. Egner, P; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Scholl, PF; Walker, J; Walton, M, 2001)	0.31
" In wild-type mice, treatment with D3T lead to 3-fold increases in hepatic Nrf2 mRNA levels within several hours following dosing as assessed by Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses."	( Role of transcription factor Nrf2 in the induction of hepatic phase 2 and antioxidative enzymes in vivo by the cancer chemoprotective agent, 3H-1, 2-dimethiole-3-thione. Itoh, K; Kensler, TW; Kwak, MK; Sutter, TR; Yamamoto, M, 2001)	0.31
" Two of seven subjects at the 250 mg/m2 dosage required dose reductions, owing to significant fatigue."	( Chronic dosing of oltipraz in people at increased risk for colorectal cancer. Balshem, AM; Clapper, ML; Engstrom, PF; Frucht, H; Goosenberg, EB; Litwin, S; O'Dwyer, PJ; Pfeiffer, GR; Szarka, CE; Yao, KS, 2001)	0.31
" One such example pertains to the difference in the dose-response relationship for the action of eprosartan on the renal blood supply in comparison with other AT(1) blockers."	( Potential of the angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker eprosartan in the management of patients with hypertension or heart failure. Hollenberg, NK, 2001)	0.31
" To investigate blockade of postsynaptic AT1 receptors, we studied the effect of the AT1 antagonists on dose-response curves elicited by exogenous Ang II."	( Inhibition of facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission and angiotensin II-induced pressor effects in the pithed rat: comparison between valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2001)	0.31
" Interestingly, the greatest doses of the AT1 antagonists caused less than maximal reduction in the stimulation-induced increase in DBP, resulting in a U-shaped dose-response relationship."	( Inhibition of facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission and angiotensin II-induced pressor effects in the pithed rat: comparison between valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2001)	0.31
"These data demonstrate that eprosartan at doses of 600 or 1200 mg significantly reduced BP throughout an entire 24-h dosing period."	( Evaluation of the 24-hour blood pressure effects of eprosartan in patients with systemic hypertension. Anwar, YA; Mansoor, GA; Sica, DA; White, WB, 2001)	0.31
" As with other cytotoxic agents, serious and potentially life-threatening side-effects can occur; nevertheless, adherence to simple patient guidelines should minimise the incidence of serious side-effects with raltitrexed; these include the assessment of renal function before each and every treatment, dosage adjustment in the presence of renal impairment and close monitoring with prompt treatment of toxicities, particularly diarrhoea and neutropenia."	( Efficacy, tolerability and management of raltitrexed (Tomudex) monotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. a review of phase II/III trials. Clarke, S; Cunningham, D; Facchini, T; González Barón, M; James, R; Maroun, J; Maughan, TS; Schulz, J; Vincent, M; Zalcberg, J, 2002)	0.31
" Female rhesus macaques were ovariectomized and orally dosed with vehicle, estradiol 17beta, raloxifene or arzoxifene once per day by sipper bottles for 30 days."	( Effects of oral estrogen, raloxifene and arzoxifene on gene expression in serotonin neurons of macaques. Bethea, CL; Michelson, D; Mirkes, SJ; Su, A, 2002)	0.31
" Patients receiving the 30-mg dosage also showed greater objective improvement (increased salivary and lacrimal flow rates, as measured by Schirmer's test) than did patients receiving placebo."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of cevimeline in Sjögren's syndrome patients with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Cohen, S; Condemi, JJ; Dalgin, P; Fife, R; Gluck, O; Petrone, D, 2002)	0.31
"Treatment with cevimeline at a dosage of 30 mg 3 times daily resulted in substantive improvement by increasing the rate of saliva and tear flow in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, as well as improving subjective symptoms of dry mouth, dry eyes, and overall dryness."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of cevimeline in Sjögren's syndrome patients with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Cohen, S; Condemi, JJ; Dalgin, P; Fife, R; Gluck, O; Petrone, D, 2002)	0.31
" Good linearity, precision and selectivity were found, and the proposed methods were applied successfully to the pharmaceutical dosage from containing the above-mentioned drug combination without any interference by the excipients."	( Simultaneous determination of dorzolamide HCL and timolol maleate in eye drops by two different spectroscopic methods. Erk, N, 2002)	0.31
" The reduction in IOP was maintained throughout the 24-hour dosage interval."	( Topical bimatoprost: a review of its use in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Easthope, SE; Perry, CM, 2002)	0.31
" Individual variations were observed that were not related to Oltipraz dosing or schedule of administration."	( Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity of human lymphocytes after oral administration of Oltipraz. Contreras, ML; Crowell, J; Dimitrov, NV; Madhukar, BV; Meyer-Leece, C, 2002)	0.31
" The results showed that oltipraz is effective in the inhibition of carcinogenesis prior to or at the same time with Cigarette Smoking Condensate(CSC) treatment; oltipraz can decrease GSTs activity and GST-pi protein content along with its inhibition of HFL carcinogenesis; oltipraz can decrease mp53 expression; oltipraz can prevent but can not reverse the ras gene mutation; oltipraz can induce apoptosis of GLC cell obviously in a dosage of 120 micrograms/ml."	( [Studies on inhibition of human lung carcinogenesis in early stage by oltipraz and its effects on some gene expression and regulation]. Bai, H, 1998)	0.3
" Further research is necessary to determine which AT1RBs and which dosing regimens are optimal."	( Emerging role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Mancini, GB, 2002)	0.31
" dosage of 20 mg kg(-1) body wt."	( Protective effects of erdosteine against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Erdoğan, H; Fadillioğlu, E; Kuku, I; Söğüt, S, )	0.13
"3%) mainly because of its once daily dosing (P < 0001)."	( The efficacy and safety of the timolol/dorzolamide fixed combination vs latanoprost in exfoliation glaucoma. Konstas, AG; Kozobolis, VP; Leech, J; Stewart, WC; Tersis, I, 2003)	0.32
" Patients used a visual analog scale to assess the quality and intensity of pain temporally after initial (acute) dosing and after 6 days of chronic dosing."	( Acute and chronic ocular symptoms of dorzolamide 2% compared with placebo. Leech, JN; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, 2003)	0.32
" The discomfort with dorzolamide was characterized after chronic dosing as "burning" (14."	( Acute and chronic ocular symptoms of dorzolamide 2% compared with placebo. Leech, JN; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, 2003)	0.32
" TYR PD30 increased significantly with desipramine dosing (p<0."	( Duloxetine increases serotonin and norepinephrine availability in healthy subjects: a double-blind, controlled study. Bieck, PR; Bymaster, FP; Chalon, SA; Granier, LA; Hirth, C; Joliat, MJ; Potter, WZ; Vandenhende, FR, 2003)	0.32
" The base model employed for modeling dose-response effect is the four parameter Hill equation [1]."	( A new nonlinear mixture response surface paradigm for the study of synergism: a three drug example. Brun, Y; Greco, WR; Slocum, HK; White, DB; Wrzosek, C, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response studies were undertaken to characterize the cancer chemopreventive activities of several dithiolethiones that are at least as active as oltipraz as inducers."	( Evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive potency of dithiolethione analogs of oltipraz. Baumgartner, KJ; Bodreddigari, S; Curphey, TJ; Gange, SJ; Kensler, TW; Li, Y; Roebuck, BD; Sutter, TR; Yan, J, 2003)	0.32
" Eprosartan was used in dosage 600 mg daily."	( [Antihypertensive treatment with eprosartan mesilate of patients in acute and late periods of ischemic stroke]. Boĭko, AN; Gusev, EI; Makarov, AN; Martynov, MIu; Petukhov, EB, 2003)	0.32
" LC/MS analyses of urine samples collected from rats dosed with zileuton indicate that C1 is a metabolite of zileuton formed in vivo."	( In vitro metabolism of 2-acetylbenzothiophene: relevance to zileuton hepatotoxicity. Chordia, MD; Heasley, BH; Joshi, EM; Macdonald, TL, 2004)	0.32
" No differences between groups were observed preinstillation nor following dosing at 3 or 10-min postinstillation."	( Short-term ocular tolerability of dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1% vs placebo in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension subjects. Day, DG; Holmes, KT; Jenkins, JN; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, 2004)	0.32
" However, pain symptoms are fewer following chronic dosing and are generally characterized as mild."	( Short-term ocular tolerability of dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1% vs placebo in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension subjects. Day, DG; Holmes, KT; Jenkins, JN; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, 2004)	0.32
" The use of influential covariates to guide anticancer dosage selection may result in less variability in drug exposure and potentially a better clinical outcome."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
" These findings suggest that there should not be a need for routine adjustment of tolterodine dosage in the presence of duloxetine."	( Effect of duloxetine on tolterodine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Chan, C; Gonzales, CR; Hua, TC; Knadler, MP; Pan, A; Poo, YK; Skinner, MH; Wise, SD, 2004)	0.32
" We also show that it is not necessary to administer Arz and 268 continuously during tumor progression to prevent cancer in the rat model because dosing of these drugs in combination for relatively short periods, each followed by drug-free rests, is highly effective."	( The selective estrogen receptor modulator arzoxifene and the rexinoid LG100268 cooperate to promote transforming growth factor beta-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer. Berchuck, A; Heyman, RA; Krajewski, S; Lamph, WW; Liby, K; Reed, JC; Rendi, MH; Risingsong, R; Royce, DB; Sporn, MB; Suh, N; Williams, CR, 2004)	0.32
" The dose of intravenous tyramine required to raise systolic blood pressure by 30 mm Hg (PD30) increased dose-dependently with duloxetine and was significant at the end of the 120-mg/d dosage (P<0."	( Clinical assessment of norepinephrine transporter blockade through biochemical and pharmacological profiles. Bieck, PR; Black, BK; Bymaster, FP; Garland, EM; Gonzales, C; Loghin, C; Potter, WZ; Robertson, D; Vincent, S, 2004)	0.32
" Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at 08:00 (trough) and 10:00, 18:00, and 20:00 hours after dosing at each baseline and at the end of each treatment period."	( Brimonidine purite 0.15% versus dorzolamide 2% each given twice daily to reduce intraocular pressure in subjects with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Beischel, CJ; Day, DG; Rhodes, JS; Sharpe, ED; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, 2004)	0.32
" Drug was applied over a wide dose range by 24 h exposure, yielding clear dose-response effects."	( Biological properties of 8-methoxypyrimido[4(1),5(1):4,5]thieno(2,3-b)quinoline-4(3H)-one, a new class of DNA intercalating drugs. Gopal, M; Shahabuddin, MS, 2004)	0.32
" In this study, the effects of two dosing regimens of duloxetine on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) were investigated at steady-state plasma concentrations in young, healthy, male subjects."	( Comparative effects of duloxetine and desipramine on sleep EEG in healthy subjects. Chalon, S; Granier, LA; Lainey, E; Pereira, A; Staner, L; Vandenhende, F; Watkin, JG, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum dosage of erdosteine to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Cisplatin-induced acute renal failure is ameliorated by erdosteine in a dose-dependent manner. Gergerlioglu, S; Iraz, M; Kotuk, M; Ozyurt, H; Söğüt, S; Yağmurca, M; Yildirim, Z; Yilmaz, HR, )	0.13
" While approved dosing ranges have not yet been determined, studies support the efficacy and safety of 40-60 mg twice daily for the treatment of acute MDD."	( Duloxetine: a dual reuptake inhibitor. Dugan, SE; Fuller, MA, 2004)	0.32
"005% dosed once in the evening."	( A comparison of the effects of dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination versus latanoprost on intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Harris, A; Janulevicienë, I; Kagemann, L; McCranor, L; Siesky, B, 2004)	0.32
" After 25 minutes of perfusion, peritoneal fluid, portal and systemic blood were harvested and prepared for dosage of Raltitrexed."	( A study of the effect of temperature on the pharmacokinetic profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in the rat. Bendavid, Y; Dubé, P; Leblond, FA, 2005)	0.33
" 10 also penetrated into the brain when dosed intravenously in rats."	( 4-{(2R)-[3-Aminopropionylamido]-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propionyl}-1-{2-[(2-thienyl)ethylaminomethyl]phenyl}piperazine as a potent and selective melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist--design, synthesis, and characterization. Chen, C; Fleck, BA; Foster, AC; Gao, Y; Marinkovic, D; Pontillo, J; Saunders, J; Tran, JA; Tucci, FC; Wen, J, 2004)	0.32
"The rate of duloxetine elimination is reduced for cirrhotic subjects, making dosage adjustments appropriate."	( Duloxetine pharmacokinetics in cirrhotics compared with healthy subjects. Branch, RA; Gonzales, C; Knadler, MP; Reddy, S; Skinner, MH; Suri, A, 2005)	0.33
" We observed preliminary evidence of antileukemia activity using this weekly dosing schedule and these observations support further evaluation of raltitrexed in this population."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of raltitrexed in children with recurrent or refractory leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study. Berg, SL; Bernstein, M; Blaney, SM; Horton, TM; Kamen, B; Kuhn, J; Langevin, AM; Weitman, S, 2005)	0.33
" Similar dose-response curves were obtained with a combined treatment of IGF-I and E2 with a 2log shift."	( Anti-growth factor activities of benzothiophenes in human breast cancer cells. Aknin, C; Chalbos, D; Freiss, G; Galtier, F; Maudelonde, T; Puech, C; Vignon, F, 2005)	0.6
" Patients were randomized to either standard dosing with clopidogrel or 1 of 3 prasugrel regimens."	( Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Joint Utilization of Medications to Block Platelets Optimally (JUMBO)-TIMI 26 trial. Antman, EM; Behounek, BD; Braunwald, E; Carney, RJ; Lazzam, C; McCabe, CH; McKay, RG; Murphy, SA; Weerakkody, G; Winters, KJ; Wiviott, SD, 2005)	0.33
"In previous analyses of primary efficacy data from two randomized clinical trials, standard dosing regimens of the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (COSOPT) and latanoprost (XALATAN) were shown to have equivalent efficacy with regard to reduction in mean daytime diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP)."	( Efficacy of the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination versus latanoprost in the treatment of ocular hypertension or glaucoma: combined analysis of pooled data from two large randomized observer and patient-masked studies. Adamsons, IA; Fechtner, RD; Lines, CR; McCarroll, KA, 2005)	0.33
"Teveten (eprosartan mesilate) was used as a monotherapy or in combination with hypotiazide (12,5 mg/day) in dosage 600 mg once a day for treatment of 20 patients with cerebrovascular pathology (chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, consequences of brain ischemica in the presence of arterial hypertension stage I-II, or higher borderline levels of normal blood pressure (BP)."	( [Cerebral hemodynamics and endothelium function in patients with cerebrovascular pathology treated by teveten]. foniakin, AV; Geraskina, LA; Konradi, VV; Sharypova, TN; Suslina, ZA, 2005)	0.33
"Duloxetine exhibits linear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics across the approved oral dosage range of 40 to 60 mg/d."	( Duloxetine hydrochloride: a new dual-acting medication for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Bettinger, TL; Crismon, ML; Hunziker, ME; Suehs, BT, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, drug interactions, dosage and administration, cost, and place in therapy of duloxetine for major depression, pain from diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and stress urinary incontinence are reviewed."	( Duloxetine: a balanced and selective norepinephrine- and serotonin-reuptake inhibitor. Gayken, J; Haight, R; Westanmo, AD, 2005)	0.33
" The recommended dosage of duloxetine is 40-80 mg daily, depending on the indication, preferably split into two doses per day."	( Duloxetine: a balanced and selective norepinephrine- and serotonin-reuptake inhibitor. Gayken, J; Haight, R; Westanmo, AD, 2005)	0.33
" Dosing regimens were 5 mg once, twice (bid), or three times daily, and 10 mg, 20 mg, or 30 mg bid."	( Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--after multiple dosing in healthy male subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Voith, B; Wensing, G; Zuehlsdorf, M, 2005)	0.33
" Long-term dosing shifted the early/late medullary thymocyte ratio with an expansion of the late medullary compartment, as mature CD69(-) thymocytes were retained within the thymus."	( CD69 down-modulation and inhibition of thymic egress by short- and long-term selective chemical agonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Alfonso, C; McHeyzer-Williams, MG; Rosen, H, 2006)	0.33
" FTY-720 significantly decreased plasma creatinine in a dose-response manner with a maximal reduction of approximately 73 and approximately 69% with doses of 240 and 48 microg/kg, respectively."	( Selective sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor activation reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse kidney. Awad, AS; Foss, FW; Huang, L; Li, L; Lynch, KR; Macdonald, TL; Okusa, MD; Ye, H, 2006)	0.33
" The primary efficacy analysis did not demonstrate any significant trend in dose-response relationship for BAY 59-7939."	( Oral, direct Factor Xa inhibition with BAY 59-7939 for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement. Borris, L; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Misselwitz, F, 2006)	0.33
"7%); previous radiotherapy dosage ranged between 30 and 55 Gy (median, 50."	( Preoperative hyperfractionated chemoradiation for locally recurrent rectal cancer in patients previously irradiated to the pelvis: A multicentric phase II study. Bolzicco, G; Coco, C; Dalla Palma, M; De Paoli, A; Di Russo, A; Doglietto, GB; Gambacorta, MA; Mohiuddin, M; Morganti, AG; Rossi, C; Valentini, V; Valvo, F, 2006)	0.33
" In the TReatment Of Peripheral OSteoporosis (TROPOS) study, the incidence of nonvertebral and hip fractures, following treatment with strontium ranelate (Protelos, Servier) at a dosage of 2 g/day orally, was assessed over a 3-year period."	( Protelos: nonvertebral and hip antifracture efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Adami, S, 2006)	0.33
"Positron emission tomography (PET) has been utilized for determining the dosage of antipsychotic drugs."	( A dose-finding study of duloxetine based on serotonin transporter occupancy. Ikoma, Y; Kosaka, J; Nozaki, S; Ota, M; Suhara, T; Suzuki, K; Takano, A; Tanada, S, 2006)	0.33
" Rotigotine transdermal application also demonstrated the possibility of decreasing levodopa dosage in order to decrease its toxic effects in advanced Parkinson's disease."	( Rotigotine: a novel dopamine agonist for the transdermal treatment of Parkinson's disease. Zareba, G, 2006)	0.33
" The aims of this double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group phase 1 study were to investigate the antiplatelet effects of prasugrel after oral administration of a loading dose (LD) and subsequent 20 days of once-daily maintenance dosing (MD), to characterize the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel metabolites with an LD/MD regimen, and to assess the safety and tolerability of prasugrel in healthy subjects."	( The platelet inhibitory effects and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel after administration of loading and maintenance doses in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Li, GY; Naganuma, H; Payne, CD; Small, DS; Weerakkody, GJ; Winters, KJ, 2006)	0.33
" VCM was administered intraperitoneally in the dosage of 200 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days."	( Protective role of erdosteine on vancomycin-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Arslan, C; Cam, H; Olgar, S; Sahin, M; Tunc, SE; Uz, E; Yilmaz, HR, 2006)	0.33
"At the dosing regimens chosen in the JUMBO trial, it seems that prasugrel is a more potent antiplatelet agent than clopidogrel."	( Platelet inhibition with prasugrel (CS-747) compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing coronary stenting: the subset from the JUMBO study. Lowry, DR; Malinin, AI; Meilman, H; Midei, MG; Serebruany, VL, 2006)	0.33
"This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist, during multiple oral dosing in healthy subjects."	( Platelet inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel (CS-747) a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor: a multiple-dose study in healthy humans. Asai, F; Brandt, JT; Freestone, S; Hirota, T; Jakubowski, JA; Matsushima, N; Naganuma, H; Winters, KJ, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse event rates were based on spontaneous reports and differential dose-response effects were not evaluated."	( Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: comparisons of safety and tolerability in male and female patients. Kornstein, SG; Mallinckrodt, CH; Stewart, DE; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2006)	0.33
" Whereas the target dose for the majority of patients is 60 mg/day, higher duloxetine doses (up to 120 mg/day) have been studied using a twice-daily dosing schedule."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: safety and tolerability associated with dose escalation. Carter, WP; Mallinckrodt, CH; Prakash, A; Watkin, JG; Wohlreich, MM, 2007)	0.34
" An evaluation of increments in effect size between doses consistently showed that the most notable gain in effect size for efficacy was the 40-60mg/day dosage range."	( Use of effect size to determine optimal dose of duloxetine in major depressive disorder. Berzon, RA; Corey-Lisle, PK; Desaiah, D; Detke, MJ; Marciniak, MD; Pritchett, YL, )	0.13
"3 mg/kg every 2 days), hyperactivity reversed according to a U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Antidepressant properties of rotigotine in experimental models of depression. Bertaina-Anglade, V; La Rochelle, CD; Scheller, DK, 2006)	0.33
" The varying sensitivity of scales that measure the severity of depression is one of the many factors affecting the evaluation of the dose-response relationship with antidepressants."	( Dose-response relationship of duloxetine in placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with major depressive disorder. Bech, P; Kajdasz, DK; Porsdal, V, 2006)	0.33
" The TRAV group (n = 29) dosed once daily at 9:00 PM while the DTFC group (n = 27) dosed twice daily at 9:00 AM and 9:00 PM."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of travoprost with a fixed-combination of dorzolamide and timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Batista, WD; da Silva, LJ; Figueiredo, CR; Franklin, LM; Netto, JA; Suzuki, ER, 2006)	0.33
" LPS was intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 20mg/kg."	( Regulation of sepsis-induced apoptosis of pulmonary cells by posttreatment of erdosteine and N-aceylcysteine. Demiralay, R; Erdem, H; Gürsan, N, 2006)	0.33
"This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was designed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y(12) ADP receptor antagonist compared with clopidogrel, during multiple oral dosing in healthy subjects."	( A multiple dose study of prasugrel (CS-747), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor, compared with clopidogrel in healthy humans. Asai, F; Brandt, JT; Freestone, S; Hirota, T; Jakubowski, JA; Matsushima, N; Naganuma, H; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
" No significant dose-response relationship was found for efficacy (P=0."	( A once-daily, oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor, rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939), for thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement. Borris, LC; Dahl, OE; Dierig, C; Eriksson, BI; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Misselwitz, F; Muehlhofer, E, 2006)	0.33
"Rivaroxaban showed efficacy and safety similar to enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement, with the convenience of once-daily oral dosing and without the need for coagulation monitoring."	( A once-daily, oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor, rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939), for thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement. Borris, LC; Dahl, OE; Dierig, C; Eriksson, BI; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Misselwitz, F; Muehlhofer, E, 2006)	0.33
" Duloxetine, in a dosage of 60 mg x 1 or x 2 daily, significantly reduces, from the first week of administration, the pain of DPN, when compared with a placebo."	( [Duloxetine, a new therapeutic option for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain]. Ziegler, D, 2006)	0.33
" Bosentan causes an increase of transaminases in about 10% of patients, but this effect is reversible on dosage reduction or discontinuing the medication."	( [Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: endothelin-receptor antagonists]. Hoeper, MM, 2006)	0.33
"Transdermal rotigotine, when titrated to a dosage of 6 mg/24 h, was effective for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson disease in this trial."	( Randomized, blind, controlled trial of transdermal rotigotine in early Parkinson disease. Boroojerdi, B; Jankovic, J; Rajput, A; Rao, J; Waters, C; Watts, RL, 2007)	0.34
" The dose-response relationship with rivaroxaban for the primary efficacy endpoint was not statistically significant (p=0."	( Dose-escalation study of rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939)--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Borris, LC; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Misselwitz, F; Muehlhofer, E, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosing and administration of the endothelin receptor antagonist, sitaxsentan, and its role in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are reviewed."	( Sitaxsentan in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Benedict, NJ, 2007)	0.34
" The patient took 20 mg daily for five days and then decided, on her own, to decrease the dosage after experiencing insomnia, a common adverse effect of duloxetine."	( Facial flushing associated with duloxetine use. Ezzo, DC; Patel, PN, 2007)	0.34
" Plasma concentrations of rotigotine were linearly related to dose over dosage range employed, but not to behavioral response."	( Plasma levels of rotigotine and the reversal of motor deficits in MPTP-treated primates. Breidenbach, A; Jackson, M; Jenner, P; Rose, S; Scheller, DK; Smith, L; Stockwell, K, 2007)	0.34
" Within the limitations of the study, prasugrel was found to be well tolerated when dosed as LD followed by MD in the presence of ASA and provided greater platelet inhibition than ASA alone."	( Dose-dependent inhibition of human platelet aggregation by prasugrel and its interaction with aspirin in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Lachno, DR; Li, YG; Naganuma, H; Payne, CD; Weerakkody, GJ; Winters, KJ, 2007)	0.34
"Data were combined from two similarly designed, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group studies in which patients with major depressive disorder were randomized to either duloxetine 60 mg/day or venlafaxine extended release (XR) 150 mg/day (75 mg/day for the first 2 weeks) for a 6-week fixed dosing period followed by an additional 6 weeks of treatment in which the dose could be increased up to 120 mg/day for duloxetine and 225 mg/day for venlafaxine."	( A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Bauer, M; Froud, DM; Jain, R; Kajdasz, DK; Perahia, DG; Pritchett, YL; Raskin, J; Russell, JM; Spencer, KA; Thase, ME; Walker, DJ, 2008)	0.35
"047) experienced sustained elevations of systolic blood pressure during the fixed dosing period."	( A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Bauer, M; Froud, DM; Jain, R; Kajdasz, DK; Perahia, DG; Pritchett, YL; Raskin, J; Russell, JM; Spencer, KA; Thase, ME; Walker, DJ, 2008)	0.35
" There was no significant trend in the dose-response relationship between rivaroxaban BID and the primary efficacy end point (P=0."	( Treatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939): the ODIXa-DVT (Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor BAY 59-7939 in Patients With Acute Symptomatic Deep-Vein Thrombosis) study. Agnelli, G; Gallus, A; Goldhaber, SZ; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Hull, RD; Kakkar, AK; Misselwitz, F; Schellong, S, 2007)	0.34
" Duloxetine produced increases in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures, which reached maximums of approximately 12 mm Hg and approximately 7 mm Hg above baseline, respectively, during dosing at 120 mg BID and then stabilized."	( The effects of supratherapeutic doses of duloxetine on blood pressure and pulse rate. Callaghan, JT; Chappell, JC; Derby, MA; Ereshefsky, L; Gonzales, CR; Hoelscher, D; Leese, PT; Leibowitz, M; Mitchell, MI; Zhang, L, 2007)	0.34
" Significant improvements versus placebo in core emotional symptoms as well as painful physical symptoms associated with depression, were seen in most, but not all, appropriately designed studies; results of meta-analyses suggested that improvements in these efficacy measures were apparent after 1-2 weeks' treatment with the highest recommended dosage of 60 mg once daily."	( Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Frampton, JE; Plosker, GL, 2007)	0.34
"Prasugrel is converted to the pharmacologically active metabolite after oral dosing in vivo."	( Absorption, distribution and excretion of the new thienopyridine agent prasugrel in rats. Farid, NA; Hagihara, K; Ikeda, T; Kawabata, K; Kawai, K; Kazui, M; Kurihara, A; Takahashi, M, 2007)	0.34
"Duloxetine pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese subjects given a 60 mg once-daily dosing regimen were well characterised and consistent with known duloxetine pharmacokinetics in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of duloxetine following oral administration to healthy Chinese subjects. Knadler, MP; Liang, S; Lim, MT; Lobo, ED; Pan, AX; Teng, L; Tianmei, S; Yeo, KP, 2007)	0.34
"Participants in a major depressive episode (N=249) began duloxetine treatment at 30 or 60 mg daily for the first week, followed by up to 11 weeks of flexibly dosed duloxetine (60, 90, or 120 mg daily)."	( The efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of anxious versus non-anxious depression: a post-hoc analysis of an open-label outpatient study. Brown, E; Chen, L; Fava, M; Greist, J; Marangell, LB; Martinez, JM; Wohlreich, MM, )	0.13
"Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of multiple oral dosing of prasugrel were evaluated in several animal species."	( Repeat oral dosing of prasugrel, a novel P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, results in cumulative and potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity in several animal species. Asai, F; Hashimoto, M; Isobe, T; Jakubowski, JA; Niitsu, Y; Ogawa, T; Otsuguro, K; Sugidachi, A, 2008)	0.35
" A secondary analysis of dose-response relationships indicated that this advantage was not attributable to the studies using higher doses of duloxetine."	( Efficacy of duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: comparisons as assessed by remission rates in patients with major depressive disorder. Detke, MJ; Ossanna, MJ; Pritchett, YL; Swindle, RW; Thase, ME; Xu, J, 2007)	0.34
" Patients then began DTFC dosed at 08."	( Success rates for switching to dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination in timolol responders who are insufficiently controlled by latanoprost monotherapy. Henry, JC; Nelson, LA; Sharpe, ED; Sonty, S; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC; Weiss, MJ, 2008)	0.35
" Prasugrel is orally more potent and acts more rapidly than clopidogrel, allowing lower oral dosing despite of similar in vitro activity of the active metabolites."	( [Prasugrel, a new thienopyridine]. Huber, K; Schrör, K, 2007)	0.34
" The dichloromethane fraction and isolated thiophenes showed different activity against the cell lines, and the anti-tumor activity of the dichloromethane fraction was also studied in vivo in S180 implanted ICR mice, however, it exhibited no anti-tumor activity at dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg/d."	( Cytotoxic properties of thiophenes from Echinops grijissi Hance. Cheng, Y; Hong, C; Jin, W; Ma, Z; Qu, H; Shi, Q, 2008)	0.92
" Despite the unambiguous clinical benefit associated with clopidogrel, accumulating experience with this drug has also led to identification of some of its drawbacks, which are related to inadequate platelet inhibition with standard dosage regimens as well as to its irreversible antiplatelet effects."	( ADP receptor antagonism: what's in the pipeline? Angiolillo, DJ, 2007)	0.34
"Platelet inhibition as measured by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and light transmission aggregometry (LTA) have shown concordance following dosing of clopidogrel."	( A comparison of the antiplatelet effects of prasugrel and high-dose clopidogrel as assessed by VASP-phosphorylation and light transmission aggregometry. Brandt, JT; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of immediate release indiplon capsules in patients with chronic insomnia using an "as-needed" dosing strategy in response to difficulty falling back to sleep following a middle of the night, nocturnal awakening."	( Efficacy and safety of as-needed, post bedtime dosing with indiplon in insomnia patients with chronic difficulty maintaining sleep. Farber, R; Roth, T; Scharf, MB; Zammit, GK, 2007)	0.34
"Patients with chronic insomnia with nocturnal awakenings achieved significant and sustained improvement in sleep parameters while utilizing an as-needed post bedtime dosing strategy with indiplon capsules."	( Efficacy and safety of as-needed, post bedtime dosing with indiplon in insomnia patients with chronic difficulty maintaining sleep. Farber, R; Roth, T; Scharf, MB; Zammit, GK, 2007)	0.34
"To assess the effects of post-bedtime dosing with indiplon on next-day function in adults and the elderly."	( Post-bedtime dosing with indiplon in adults and the elderly: results from two placebo-controlled, active comparator crossover studies in healthy volunteers. Burke, PJ; Farber, RH, 2008)	0.35
"14]) but did not resolve urinary incontinence, with no significant dose-response association."	( Systematic review: randomized, controlled trials of nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women. Kane, RL; Shamliyan, TA; Wilt, TJ; Wyman, J, 2008)	0.35
" However, the effects of covariates on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban were generally small, and predictions of 'extreme' case scenarios suggested that fixed dosing of rivaroxaban was likely to be possible."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor--in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. Bauer, KA; Borris, L; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Fisher, WD; Gent, M; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Kwong, LM; Misselwitz, F; Mueck, W; Turpie, AG, 2008)	0.35
" The findings suggested that fixed dosing of rivaroxaban may be possible in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor--in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. Bauer, KA; Borris, L; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Fisher, WD; Gent, M; Haas, S; Huisman, MV; Kakkar, AK; Kälebo, P; Kwong, LM; Misselwitz, F; Mueck, W; Turpie, AG, 2008)	0.35
"Fifty-five women with PMDD were treated with a 60 mg/day dosage of duloxetine for two menstrual cycles."	( Duloxetine for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a pilot study. Bria, P; Catalano, V; Harnic, D; Janiri, L; Mazza, M, 2008)	0.35
" dosing of dorzolamide."	( Comparison of twice-daily and three-times-daily dosing of dorzolamide in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma patients treated with latanoprost. Evans, D; Fung, KH; Lupinacci, AP; Netland, PA; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.35
"00) dosing of dorzolamide, treated in both eyes for 4 weeks, washed out for 3 weeks, then switched to the opposite dosing frequency for 4 weeks."	( Comparison of twice-daily and three-times-daily dosing of dorzolamide in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma patients treated with latanoprost. Evans, D; Fung, KH; Lupinacci, AP; Netland, PA; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.35
" dosing of dorzolamide did not significantly affect a change in IOP except at one afternoon time point."	( Comparison of twice-daily and three-times-daily dosing of dorzolamide in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma patients treated with latanoprost. Evans, D; Fung, KH; Lupinacci, AP; Netland, PA; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Duloxetine was administered in dosage 60 mg per day during 8 weeks to 40 patients."	( [Efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of chronic daily headache]. Artemenko, AR; Filatova, EG; Kurenkov, AL, 2007)	0.34
" Cymbalta was used as a monotherapy in dosage 60 mg daily during 6 weeks simultaneously with traditional non-pharmacological therapy."	( [Treatment of chronic back pain with antidepressant cymbalta: an experimental study]. Kaverina, IV; Leonova, AR; Voznesenskaia, TG, 2007)	0.34
" Since prasugrel is still under investigation, an official recommended dosage regimen has yet to be determined."	( Prasugrel: a novel antiplatelet agent. Haber, SL; Riley, AB; Tafreshi, MJ, 2008)	0.35
" Future studies with prasugrel should determine its optimal dosage regimen to minimize bleeding risks and evaluate its outcomes in ACS and safety profile in special patient populations."	( Prasugrel: a novel antiplatelet agent. Haber, SL; Riley, AB; Tafreshi, MJ, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, in clinical practice, other features are likely to be of greater relevance when considering treatment, such as the potential for serious drug-drug interactions, convenience of dosing schedule, or rates of limiting side effects."	( Inhibition of endothelin receptors in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: does selectivity matter? Ewert, R; Kirch, W; Opitz, CF; Pittrow, D, 2008)	0.35
" The first method, spectrophotometry, was based on the oxidation of this drug by ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate in the presence of perchloric acid with subsequent measurement of the absorbance at 326 nm; this principle was adopted to develop a kinetic method for the determination of eprosartan in dosage forms."	( Spectral and polarographic determination of eprosartan. Kinetic studies of the oxidation of eprosartan using a platinum electrode. El-Yazbi, FA; Hammud, HH; Sonji, GM; Sonji, NM, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the 12-hour efficacy and safety of dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (DTFC) dosed twice daily versus latanoprost dosed every evening following a timolol run-in in primary open-angle glaucoma patients."	( Comparison of daytime efficacy and safety of dorzolamide/timolol maleate fixed combination versus latanoprost. Ahmad, A; Mulaney, J; Sonty, S; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, )	0.13
" Patients with an IOP of 22-29 mmHg inclusive at 8 AMwere randomized to either bimatoprost dosed each evening or DTFC twice-daily."	( A comparison of dorzolamide/timolol-fixed combination versus bimatoprost in patients with open-angle glaucoma who are poorly controlled on latanoprost. Nelson, LA; Sharpe, ED; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC; Williams, RD, 2008)	0.35
" From week 20 onwards, rates of patient and investigator satisfaction with the cevimeline dosage were > or =88%."	( Cevimeline. Keating, GM; Weber, J, 2008)	0.35
"Rivaroxaban was absorbed rapidly, reaching peak plasma concentration (C(max)) 4 h after dosing in all groups."	( Dose-escalation study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy elderly subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were somewhat elevated in the 50 mg group, but given the small sample size, no specific conclusions can be drawn about this dosing level."	( Dose-escalation study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy elderly subjects. Becka, M; Kubitza, D; Mueck, W; Roth, A, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse effects were evaluated using the Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale."	( Efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. Bellino, S; Bogetto, F; Bozzatello, P; Paradiso, E, 2010)	0.36
" The improved physiochemical properties of VU0152099 and VU0152100 allowed in vivo dosing and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats."	( Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats. Brady, AE; Breininger, ML; Bridges, TM; Conn, PJ; Gentry, PR; Heiman, JU; Jadhav, SB; Jones, CK; Kennedy, JP; Lindsley, CW; Shirey, JK; Thompson, AD; Yin, H, 2008)	0.35
" All treatments were administered by daily oral dosing for 23 weeks."	( Effect of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor on bone strength in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Bagi, CM; Dixon, B; Wilkie, D; Wood, J, )	0.13
" Currently, efficiency, dosing and indications of established antiplatelet substances are being re-evaluated, whilst new, so far unrecognized molecular targets for inhibition of platelet activity come up front."	( Antiplatelet drugs in cardiological practice: established strategies and new developments. Klauss, V; Krötz, F; Sohn, HY, 2008)	0.35
" The drug was given as monotherapy for 10 days, and after a 6-day run-in period with atorvastatin 80 mg/day, the same dosage of atorvastatin was continued with the respective thienopyridine for 10 days."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Konkoy, CS; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
"Blood samples were collected before and at various time points after dosing on days 1 and 11 for determination of plasma concentrations of metabolites and for measurement of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5'-diphosphate 20 microM and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Konkoy, CS; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
" The lack of a clinically meaningful effect of high-dose atorvastatin on the pharmacodynamic response to prasugrel after the loading or maintenance dose indicates that no dosage adjustment should be necessary in patients receiving these drugs concomitantly."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Konkoy, CS; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2008)	0.35
" The use of algorithms for dosing that incorporate pharmacogenomic information perform better than those using clinical data alone."	( New issues in oral anticoagulants. Francis, CW, 2008)	0.35
" This effect was abrogated in Nrf2(-/-) mice dosed with oltipraz, attenuated in mice Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with auraptene and imperatorin, and still significant in Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with isopimpinellin."	( Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice. Childers, A; Itoh, K; Kleiner, HE; Li, Y; Prince, M; Yamamoto, M, 2009)	0.35
" Its consistent and predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics across a wide range of patient populations allow administration with fixed dosing and with no coagulation monitoring."	( [Rivaroxaban (Xarelto): efficacy and safety]. Arnaout, L; Bellamy, L; Chabbouh, T; Rosencher, N, 2008)	0.35
" There is a clinical need for novel anticoagulants offering improvements over current standard of care, such as fixed oral dosing and no need for routine monitoring."	( Rivaroxaban -- an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor: lessons from a broad clinical study programme. Haas, S, 2009)	0.35
" Fifteen individuals with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia received 8 weeks of open label duloxetine flexibly dosed from 60 to 120 mg per day."	( Open-label support for duloxetine for the treatment of panic disorder. Herlands, NN; Hoge, EA; Kaufman, RE; Owens, ME; Pollack, MH; Simon, NM; Worthington, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" Recent data have demonstrated limitations with the currently approved dosing regimen of clopidogrel (loading dose, 300 mg; maintenance dose, 75 mg daily) in a significant number of patients during the first few hours-days of treatment (Gurbel et al, Circulation."	( Antiplatelet therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: integration of prasugrel into clinical practice. Giugliano, RP; Thomas, D, 2009)	0.35
" Previous research from the authors' laboratory demonstrated the formation of the reactive metabolite, 2-ABT-S-oxide (M1) from zileuton, and has identified a mercapturate of 2-ABT, C1, in the urine of rats dosed with zileuton."	( 2-ABT-S-oxide detoxification by glutathione S-transferases A1-1, M1-1 and P1-1: implications for toxicity associated with zileuton. Heasley, BH; Joshi, EM; Macdonald, TL, 2009)	0.35
"Of the 437 patients enrolled, 220 dosed Brinz/Tim whereas 217 dosed Dorz/Tim twice daily."	( The safety and efficacy of brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination versus dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Aung, T; Chew, P; Coote, MA; Denis, P; Filatori, I; James, J; Laganovska, G; Manni, G; Orengo-Nania, S; Sharpe, ED; Volksone, L; Zeyen, T, )	0.13
" Patients received cymbalta in dosage 60 mg daily during 2 months."	( [Cymbalta (duloxetine) in the treatment of anxiety-depressive disorders in patients with discirculatory encephalopathy]. Bobrova, MV; Listopadov, IuI; Rzheusskaia, GV; Umrudina, AG, 2009)	0.35
"The objectives of this analysis were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of duloxetine at steady state in patients, estimate the variability, identify significant covariates that may influence duloxetine pharmacokinetics and provide appropriate dosing recommendations for patients on duloxetine treatment."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in patients: implications for dosing recommendation. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Quinlan, T, 2009)	0.35
" Covariates including bodyweight, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, disease condition, dose, dosing regimen and creatinine clearance were tested for their influence on duloxetine pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered duloxetine in patients: implications for dosing recommendation. Heathman, M; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; O'Brien, L; Quinlan, T, 2009)	0.35
" The descending order of ocular exposure to CP-734432 after topical dosing of PF-04475270 in dogs was as follows: cornea > aqueous humor >or= iris/ciliary body."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and hypotensive activity of PF-04475270, an EP4 prostaglandin agonist in preclinical models. Almaden, CD; Anderson, S; Carreiro, S; Fortner, J; Gukasyan, H; Krauss, A; Lafontaine, J; Nair, S; Niesman, M; Prasanna, G; Rui, E; Sartnurak, S; Wells, P; Wu, G; Xiang, C; Zhang, E, 2009)	0.35
"VCH-759 was well tolerated with the most frequent adverse event being gastrointestinal upset in both the active and placebo groups attributable, in part, to the dosing vehicle."	( Evaluation of VCH-759 monotherapy in hepatitis C infection. Anderson, FH; Bédard, J; Boivin, I; Chauret, N; Cooper, C; Ghali, P; Lawitz, EJ; Lee, SS; Nicolas, O; Proulx, L; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Thibert, R, 2009)	0.35
" It has the major advantages of once daily oral dosing and no required laboratory monitoring, giving it the potential to replace current antithrombotics in the market today."	( Rivaroxaban: an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prevention of thromboembolism. Chen, T; Lam, S, )	0.13
" The significant improvements in efficacy that occurred in patients with fibromyalgia during 8 weeks of open-label treatment with duloxetine 60 mg/day were generally maintained during 52 weeks of subsequent blinded treatment at the same dosage in a phase III trial."	( Duloxetine: in patients with fibromyalgia. Curran, MP, 2009)	0.35
" In this setting, we assessed the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban and aimed to select the most favourable dose and dosing regimen."	( Rivaroxaban versus placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46): a randomised, double-blind, phase II trial. Barnathan, ES; Bordes, P; Braunwald, E; Burton, P; Gibson, CM; Hricak, V; Markov, V; Mega, JL; Misselwitz, F; Mohanavelu, S; Oppenheimer, L; Poulter, R; Witkowski, A, 2009)	0.35
" For prostaglandins, dosing time was suggested in the morning by 18 (36%) ophthalmologists and in the evening by 24 (48%) (p=0."	( Ophthalmologist attitudes regarding fixed combination treatment for glaucoma in the European Union. Kruft, B; Nelson, LA; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC, )	0.13
" Despite the comprehensive and extensive nature of this program, it had some logistic issues that included the dosing of the enoxaparin which was not only inconsistent with the recommendations but the dosages used were not optimal."	( Interpretation of benefit-risk of enoxaparin as comparator in the RECORD program: rivaroxaban oral tablets (10 milligrams) for use in prophylaxis in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Haque, W; Kalodiki, E; Litinas, E; Rao, G; Van Thiel, D; Wahi, R, )	0.13
" The patients started on a dosage of 4 mg/24 h and received an incremental dosage of 4 mg/24 h per week in the fast-titration group and 2 mg/24 h per week in the slow-titration group to the maximal target dosage of 24 mg/24 h (patch size of 120 cm(2))."	( High doses of rotigotine transdermal patch: results of an open-label, dose-escalation trial in patients with advanced-stage, idiopathic Parkinson disease. Babic, T; Boothmann, B; Boroojerdi, B; Polivka, J; Randerath, O; Rektor, I, )	0.13
" The advantages of LMWH are the better dose-response relationship and reduced need for monitoring."	( [Patients with oral anticoagulation--bridging anticoagulation in the perioperative phase]. Koscielny, J; von Heymann, C; Ziemer, S, 2009)	0.35
" Maximal inhibition of FXa activity was achieved within 1-3 h of dosing in the single-dose study [at 20 mg FXa inhibition as a median percentage change from baseline, 45."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single/multiple doses of the oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban in healthy Chinese subjects. Bauer, RJ; Cui, Y; Kubitza, D; Liu, Y; Mueck, W; Sun, P; Zhang, H; Zhao, X; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Dabigatran is mainly eliminated by renal excretion (a fact which affects the dosage in elderly and in moderate-severe renal failure patients), and no hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes has been observed, showing a good interaction profile."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban]. Climent Grana, E; Jover Botella, A; Ordovás Baines, JP; Valero García, I, )	0.13
" The steady-state trough MPA to ADP 20 micromol/L during 10-mg maintenance dosing was 30."	( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel during multiple dosing: an open-label, single-sequence, clinical trial. Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Li, YG; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ; Wrishko, RE, 2009)	0.35
" These drugs have predictable pharmacokinetics that allow fixed dosing without laboratory monitoring, and are being compared with vitamin K antagonists or aspirin in phase III clinical trials [corrected]."	( New anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Eikelboom, J; O'Donnell, M; Sobieraj-Teague, M, 2009)	0.35
"The objective of the present work is to develop an extended-release dosage form of cevimeline."	( Dosage form design and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of cevimeline extended-release tablet formulations. Kamada, M; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Makoto, K; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S, 2010)	0.36
"This study evaluated the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of warfarin at steady state when taken concomitantly with once-daily doses of duloxetine."	( Effects of duloxetine on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin at steady state in healthy subjects. Chappell, J; He, J; Knadler, MP; Lee, D; Lobo, E; Mitchell, M, 2009)	0.35
"A PK/PD model was built that linked the dosing regimen of a compound to the inhibition of tumor growth in mouse xenograft models."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to predict synergistic effects of co-administered anti-cancer agents. Ashwell, S; Brassil, PJ; Dai, J; Garner, CE; Gönen, M; Goteti, K; Kern, SE; Moustakas, DT; Schwartz, GK; Utley, L; Zabludoff, S, 2010)	0.36
" When Model II was applied to the antitumor activity of irinotecan and flavopiridol combination therapy, the modeling was able to reproduce the optimal dosing interval between administrations of the compounds."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to predict synergistic effects of co-administered anti-cancer agents. Ashwell, S; Brassil, PJ; Dai, J; Garner, CE; Gönen, M; Goteti, K; Kern, SE; Moustakas, DT; Schwartz, GK; Utley, L; Zabludoff, S, 2010)	0.36
" Factors that may contribute to poor compliance and persistence with current osteoporosis therapies include drug intolerance, complexity of dosing regimens, and poor understanding of the relative benefit and risk with treatment."	( Current and emerging pharmacologic therapies for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lewiecki, EM, 2009)	0.35
" In large, randomized trials, eprosartan (with or without hydrochlorothiazide [HCTZ]) demonstrated superior antihypertensive efficacy to that of placebo and, when administered at comparable dosage regimens, had similar blood pressure-lowering effects to enalapril."	( Eprosartan: a review of its use in hypertension. Plosker, GL, 2009)	0.35
"Many women received lower duloxetine doses than expected based on evidence-based dosing recommendations."	( How are women with SUI-symptoms treated with duloxetine in real life practice? - preliminary results from a large observational study in Germany. Gotsch, U; Gross, A; Manning, M; Methfessel, HD; Michel, MC; Minarzyk, A; Pages, I; Quail, D, 2009)	0.35
" A recent provocative report indicated that low dosage of the sphingosine analog FTY720 caused lymphopenia in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-clone 13 (Cl 13) and induced viral clearance within 30 days post-treatment (Premenko-Lanier et al."	( Treatment with a sphingosine analog does not alter the outcome of a persistent virus infection. Marsolais, D; Oldstone, MB; Rosen, H; Walsh, KB; Welch, MJ, 2010)	0.36
" Dogs were given PF-04475270 topically to the eye on a consecutive daily dosing schedule for one or four weeks followed by a one-or four-week reversal period, respectively."	( Corneal neovascularization and ocular irritancy responses in dogs following topical ocular administration of an EP4-prostaglandin E2 agonist. Aguirre, SA; Huang, W; Jessen, B; Prasanna, G, 2009)	0.35
" Maximal inhibition of FXa occurred 2-3hours after dosing and returned to baseline after 24-48hours, reflecting rivaroxaban plasma concentrations."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single doses of rivaroxaban - an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor - in elderly Chinese subjects. Bauer, RJ; Hu, P; Hu, Y; Jiang, J; Kubitza, D; Meng, L; Mueck, W; Yang, J; Zhang, J, 2010)	0.36
" However, the fixed dosing may be a disadvantage in some cases."	( Fixed combinations of dorzolamide-timolol and brimonidine-timolol in the management of glaucoma. Katz, LJ; Razeghinejad, MR; Sawchyn, AK, 2010)	0.36
" After a 3-week washout period, 71 patients with type 2 diabetes received either a single oral dose of aleglitazar (20, 50, 100, 300, 600, or 900 microg) or placebo, followed by once-daily dosing for 6 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of aleglitazar in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Banken, L; Jamois, C; Liogier D'ardhuy, X; Sanwald-Ducray, P, 2010)	0.36
" These results characterize prasugrel's PK across a range of studies and highlight body weight as the most influential covariate on prasugrel AM exposure, with implications for prasugrel maintenance dosing in clinical practice."	( Integrated analysis of pharmacokinetic data across multiple clinical pharmacology studies of prasugrel, a new thienopyridine antiplatelet agent. April, JH; Ernest, CS; Farid, NA; Li, YG; Ni, L; Payne, CD; Rohatagi, S; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2011)	0.37
" The large clinical trials COAG and EU-PACT will define the extent to which pharmacogenetic dosing affects the safety and efficacy of warfarin and coumarin derivatives."	( Implementing genotype-guided antithrombotic therapy. Duconge, J; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL, 2010)	0.36
" We review the recent data on efficacy and safety of dosing strategies for antiplatelet therapy in PCI."	( Dosing strategies for antiplatelet therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention. Bauters, C; Bonello, L; Delhaye, C; Lablanche, JM; Lemesle, G; Maluenda, G; Sudre, A, 2010)	0.36
" No dosage adjustments need to be made for renal or hepatic impairment."	( Thienopyridine antiplatelet agents: focus on prasugrel. Freeman, MK, 2010)	0.36
" After a 1 week run-in period with bimatoprost all patients were treated with bimatoprost dosed once in the morning for 1 month, after which dorzolamide was added twice daily for 2 months."	( The additive effect of dorzolamide hydrochloride (Trusopt) and a morning dose of bimatoprost (Lumigan) on intraocular pressure and retrobulbar blood flow in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Ehrlich, R; Fuksinska, B; Harris, A; Robaszkiewicz, J; Siemiatkowska, A; Siesky, B; Stankiewicz, A; Wierzbowska, J; Zegadlo, A, 2010)	0.36
" Strategies including induction dosing with interferon and ribavirin, use of combination high-potency STAT-C molecules and an intensive emphasis on adherence to HCV antiviral therapy will be critical to the success of this promising advance in HCV therapy."	( Viral response to specifically targeted antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and the implications for treatment success. Cooper, C, 2010)	0.36
" At week 7, the duloxetine dosage was increased, in a blinded fashion, to 120-mg QD in patients reporting < 30% pain reduction."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of duloxetine for the treatment of chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee. Belenkov, Y; Brown, JP; Chappell, AS; Desaiah, D; Liu-Seifert, H; Skljarevski, V; Zhang, S, )	0.13
" Opioid utilization including total days, number of prescriptions filled, and morphine equivalent dosage was assessed for overall, long-acting, and short-acting opioids."	( Opioid utilization and health-care costs among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain treated with duloxetine vs. other therapies. Boulanger, L; Chen, SY; Fraser, KA; Hallett, LA; Patel, CK; Wu, N; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
" East and Southeast Asian patients (N = 715) with moderate- to high-risk ACS undergoing PCI will be randomized to one of three prasugrel dosing regimens (60 mg LD/10 mg MD; 30 mg LD/7."	( Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale of a multi-dose, pharmacodynamic, phase 3 clinical trial. Boonbaichaiyapruck, S; Ge, J; Goh, YS; Hong, BK; Hou, CJ; Pinton, P; Zhu, J, 2010)	0.36
" However, their short duration of action requiring multiple daily dosing can hamper patient compliance."	( Cyclodextrin solubilization of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drugs: formulation of dorzolamide eye drop microparticle suspension. Bas, JF; Jansook, P; Kristjánsdóttir, SS; Loftsson, T; Sigurdsson, BB; Sigurdsson, HH; Stefánsson, E; Thorsteinsdóttir, M, 2010)	0.36
" Overall, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of oltipraz suggest that it may be helpful in the treatment of patients with LF or LC, at an optimal dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz and its major metabolite (RM) in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: relationship with suppression of circulating TGF-beta1. Cho, SH; Choi, JY; Choi, YH; Chon, CY; Han, JY; Jang, JJ; Jang, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YM; Lee, DH; Lee, MG; Lee, YS; Um, SH; Yu, ES, 2010)	0.36
" This study examined the association between initial prescription dosage of duloxetine and its adherence and persistence."	( Initial duloxetine prescription dose and treatment adherence and persistence in patients with major depressive disorder. Able, SL; Faries, DE; Gelwicks, S; Liu, X, 2010)	0.36
" Depending on its dosage its effectiveness in comparison with vitamin K antagonists is equal or even better without disadvantages in safety."	( [New oral anticoagulants: better than vitamin K antagonists?]. Alban, S; Völler, H; Westermann, D, 2010)	0.36
" However, different degrees of resistance to clopidogrel have been the subject of many recent studies that led to higher dosing regimens of clopidogrel."	( A new era for antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Abu-Fadel, MS; Dib, C; Hanna, EB, 2010)	0.36
"SESTA R was a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing the effects of a supratherapeutic dosage of aleglitazar (600 μg/day) with pioglitazone (45 mg/day) on change in measured GFR (mGFR) in 174 patients with type 2 diabetes and normal to mildly impaired renal function (estimated GFR [eGFR] 60 to 120 ml/min/1."	( Effects of high dose aleglitazar on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Gaspari, F; Herz, M; Perico, N; Rabbia, M; Urbanowska, T; Viberti, G; Wieczorek Kirk, D, 2011)	0.37
", peripheral edema, weight gain, and congestive heart failure) limiting further development of this supratherapeutic dosage of aleglitazar (600 μg/day), these data, together with the data from the dose-ranging SYNCHRONY study, suggest aleglitazar may be a potential new treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction in post-acute coronary syndrome patients at the therapeutic 150 μg daily dose."	( Effects of high dose aleglitazar on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Gaspari, F; Herz, M; Perico, N; Rabbia, M; Urbanowska, T; Viberti, G; Wieczorek Kirk, D, 2011)	0.37
" Dose-response curves were generated for six substrates (PAL-287 [naphthylisopropylamine], (+)-fenfluramine, (+)-norfenfluramine, mCPP [meta-chlorophenylpiperazine], (±)-MDMA, 5-HT) in the absence and presence of a fixed concentration of three SERT inhibitors (indatraline, BW723C86, EG-1-149 [4-(2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)piperidine oxalate])."	( Evidence for noncompetitive modulation of substrate-induced serotonin release. Baumann, MH; Blough, BE; Jacobson, AE; Partilla, JS; Rice, KC; Rothman, RB, 2010)	0.36
"After the dosing of an extended-release (ER) formulation, compounds may exist in solutions at various concentrations in the colon because the drugs are released at various speeds from the ER dosage form."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.36
" The author reviews the major medications used, dosing schedules, and data from randomized controlled trials."	( Treatment of neuropathic pain. Jefferies, K, 2010)	0.36
" A month after the aripiprazole dosage was increased to 50 mg daily, the patient developed confusion and loss of coordination."	( Increased aripiprazole concentrations in an HIV-positive male concurrently taking duloxetine, darunavir, and ritonavir. Aung, GL; Kawamoto, LS; O'Brien, JG; Tien, PG, 2010)	0.36
"A reproducible gradient reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for quantitative determination of duloxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Analysis of duloxetine hydrochloride and its related compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in vitro dissolution studies by stability indicating UPLC. Chakole, D; Mukkanti, K; Rao, DD; Reddy, AM; Reddy, YR; Sait, SS, 2010)	0.36
" Efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation is limited by a narrow therapeutical range as well as by inter- and intraindividual variability of INR-values due to genetic disposition, differences in alimentation, dosage errors, rare control of INR-levels and drug-interactions."	( [Novel anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation]. Baumhäkel, M; Böhm, M; Schirmer, SH, 2010)	0.36
" The serum thromboxane levels in mice (n = 3) dosed with clopidogrel and prasugrel were decreased by 83."	( Antagonism of P2Y₁₂ reduces physiological thromboxane levels. Bhavaraju, K; Gartner, TK; Georgakis, A; Jin, J; Kunapuli, SP; Nurden, A; Nurden, P; Tomiyama, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The present article reviews data on the clinical impact of enhanced P2Y12 inhibition with either higher clopidogrel dosing or new oral antiplatelet agents, including prasugrel and ticagrelor, in the setting of STEMI, focusing on results in the setting of primary PCI."	( Clinical impact of enhanced inhibition of P2Y12-mediated platelet aggregation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Capranzano, P; Dangas, G; Mehran, R; Stone, GW; Tamburino, C, 2010)	0.36
"8 years, range 33-80; 68 women) with POAG received bimatoprost dosed once in the morning for 1 month, after which dorzolamide was added twice daily for 2 months."	( Intraocular pressure and ocular hemodynamics in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with the combination of morning dosing of bimatoprost and dorzolamide hydrochloride. Ehrlich, R; Grabska-Liberek, I; Harris, A; Misiuk-Hojło, M; Mulak, M; Romanowska-Dixon, B; Sierdziński, J; Siesky, B; Stankiewicz, A; Szuścik, I; Wasyluk, J; Wierzbowska, J, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma levels of markers of glycemic and lipid regulation were measured at baseline, at the end of the dosing period, and at the end of the washout period."	( Effects of aleglitazar, a balanced dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist on glycemic and lipid parameters in a primate model of the metabolic syndrome. Bénardeau, A; Hansen, BC; Meyer, M; Mizrahi, J; Sebokova, E; Tigno, XT, 2011)	0.37
" Absorption correction method and Dual wavelength method were developed for the estimation of Cefixime (CEF) and Erdosteine (ERDO) in capsule dosage form."	( Simultaneous estimation of Cefixime and Erdosteine in capsule dosage form by spectrophotometric method. Dhoka, MV; Gandhi, SV; Gawande, VT; Joshi, PP; Patil, NG, 2009)	0.35
"A stability-indicating HPLC assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of duloxetine (DLX) in a pharmaceutical dosage form in the presence of its degradation products, and kinetic determinations were evaluated in acid conditions and UV-C radiation exposure."	( Stress degradation studies and kinetic determinations of duloxetine enteric-coated pellets by HPLC. Gomes, P; Paim, CS; Schapoval, EE; Steppe, M; Wingert, NR, )	0.13
" However, given that the study had several limitations, including the lack of a comparison group and a flexible dosage design, further research is needed to replicate and extend these findings."	( Clinical and demographic predictors of improvement during duloxetine treatment in patients with major depression: an open-label study. Chiesa, A; De Ronchi, D; Mencacci, C; Nasso, ED; Serretti, A, 2011)	0.37
" These compounds present a convenient route of administration with predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that allow fixed dosing regimens without requiring coagulation monitoring."	( Investigational factor Xa inhibitors for thrombosis and acute coronary syndromes. Ageno, W; Romualdi, E, 2011)	0.37
"It is necessary to warn patients who take benzodiazepines in therapy that reinforcement of irritability may occur in case of higher dosage of benzodiazepines, which may be misinterpreted as worsening in mental condition."	( Reinforcement of irritability during therapy with benzodiazepines. Kozumplik, O; Uzun, S, 2011)	0.37
"The precise risk/benefit of thienopyridine pretreatment and the optimal dosage and timing of a thienopyridine loading dose (LD) for patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes are still being debated."	( A comparison of prasugrel at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention or as pretreatment at the time of diagnosis in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: design and rationale for the ACCOAST study. Bolognese, L; Dudek, D; Goedicke, J; Goldstein, P; Hamm, C; Luo, J; Miller, DL; Montalescot, G; Tanguay, JF; ten Berg, J; Widimsky, P, 2011)	0.37
" Together these data support the clinical investigation of AZD7762 with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer under a dosing schedule in which gemcitabine is administered concurrent with or before AZD7762 and in conjunction with skin biopsies to measure pS345 Chk1."	( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition. Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)	0.37
" The predicted dosing window is highly accordant with the final dose recommendation based upon extensive clinical studies."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban using a computer model for blood coagulation. Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Gaub, T; Kuepfer, L; Lippert, J; Mueck, W; Sensse, A; Siegmund, HU; Weiss, W, 2011)	0.37
" We described a patient with tremor, mydriatic pupils, clonus, and ataxia after a single dose of duloxetine; on the dosage of admission."	( Serotonin syndrome due to duloxetine. Gelener, P; Gorgulu, U; Inan, LE; Kutlu, G; Ucler, S, )	0.13
" Additional concerns refer to the dosing-regimens and their practical administration: Fondaparinux, rivaroxaban and dabigatran are dosed to achieve maximum effects very close to their limits of tolerance whereas wide dosing spectra for the low molecular weight herparin (LMWH)'s indicate the potential for dose adaptation and increase."	( Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism: low molecular weight heparin compared to the selective anticoagulants rivaroxaban, dabigatran and fondaparinux. Fareed, J; Hull, R; Welzel, D, 2011)	0.37
" Further study is required to determine optimal dosing and proper patient selection with prasugrel treatment."	( Emerging antiplatelet therapies in percutaneous coronary intervention: a focus on prasugrel. Martin, MT; Nutescu, EA; Spinler, SA, 2011)	0.37
" For multiple dosing, rabbits were dosed twice per day with an 8-h interval between two doses, groups of rabbits were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days at 1 h after the last dose, and ocular tissues and plasma samples were collected."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical dosing: implications for effects on ocular blood flow. Jadhav, G; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Ogidigben, M, 2011)	0.37
" M1 was found in only minor to moderate quantities in plasma from preclinical species dosed with GDC-0834."	( Significant species difference in amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834, a novel potent and selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Baumgardner, M; Boggs, J; Coraggio, M; Currie, KS; Davis, JC; Deese, A; Gopaul, S; Halladay, JS; Hop, CE; Khojasteh, SC; Kuebler, P; La, H; Le, H; Liao, XC; Liu, L; Lubach, JW; Shin, Y; Sowell, CG; Wong, H; Wong, S; Young, WB, 2011)	0.37
" The CGI-Improvement, CGI-Effectiveness Index and Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale were administered at T1 and T2."	( Duloxetine for the treatment of mood disorder in cancer patients: a 12-week case-control clinical trial. Borio, R; Castelli, L; Leombruni, P; Torta, R, )	0.13
" Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) of the right eye (by a blinded observer) was performed on day 1 of each study period pre-dose and 2 h post dosing by means of Goldmann applanation tonometry."	( Pharmacodynamic equivalence study of two preparations of eye drops containing dorzolamide and timolol in healthy volunteers. Demircheva, I; Gatchev, E; Hristova, R; Kolev, E; Koytchev, R; Petrov, A; Richter, W; Tegel, F; Thyroff-Friesinger, U, 2011)	0.37
" Effects of heparin in neonatal plasma differ from those in adult plasma, and dosage recommendations cannot be extrapolated from adult trials."	( Effect of rivaroxaban, in contrast to heparin, is similar in neonatal and adult plasma. Bernhard, H; Leschnik, B; Muntean, W; Novak, M; Schlagenhauf, A; Schweintzger, S, 2011)	0.37
"Over recent years, research on anticoagulant drugs has been guided by the requirement for convenient administration and a wide therapeutic window to allow fixed dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring."	( Oral rivaroxaban after symptomatic venous thromboembolism: the continued treatment study (EINSTEIN-extension study). Ageno, W; Donadini, MP; Romualdi, E, 2011)	0.37
"To examine medication dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia."	( Medication dosing patterns associated with duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia. Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2011)	0.37
"Among patients with fibromyalgia, duloxetine and pregabalin initiators had different dosing patterns."	( Medication dosing patterns associated with duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia. Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Clinicians are increasingly being challenged with making uncertain anticoagulant dosing decisions, as the optimal dosing strategy for most anticoagulants in the obese patient population remains unknown."	( Anticoagulating obese patients in the modern era. Arya, R; Patel, JP; Roberts, LN, 2011)	0.37
" These favourable pharmacological properties underpin the use of rivaroxaban in fixed dosing regimens, with no need for dose adjustment or routine coagulation monitoring."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic basics of rivaroxaban. Kreutz, R, 2012)	0.38
" Comprehensive time course and dose-response studies with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), non-dioxin-like 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) and their mixture were performed in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice."	( Non-additive hepatic gene expression elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) co-treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Archer, KJ; Burgoon, LD; D'Souza, ML; Harkema, JR; Kopec, AK; Mets, BD; Potter, D; Reese, SE; Sharratt, B; Tashiro, C; Zacharewski, TR, 2011)	0.37
" There was no evidence of heterogeneity in treatment effect across dosing groups."	( Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Becker, RC; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Halperin, JL; Hankey, GJ; Mahaffey, KW; Nessel, CC; Paolini, JF; Patel, MR; Piccini, JP; Singer, DE; Wojdyla, D, 2011)	0.37
" One useful alternative approach is once-daily dosing of topical antifungal agents rather than the traditional twice-daily regimen, an example of what has been called a "forgiving" regimen, designed to promote patient adherence."	( Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: once-daily therapy with sertaconazole nitrate. Koestenblatt, EK; Weinberg, JM, 2011)	0.37
"In HD patients exhibiting HTPR following standard clopidogrel treatment, prasugrel 10 mg day(-1) is significantly more efficient than doubling the clopidogrel dosage in achieving adequate platelet inhibition."	( Antiplatelet effects of prasugrel vs. double clopidogrel in patients on hemodialysis and with high on-treatment platelet reactivity. Alexopoulos, D; Davlouros, P; Fourtounas, C; Goumenos, D; Kassimis, G; Komninakis, D; Panagiotou, A; Xanthopoulou, I, 2011)	0.37
" Rivaroxaban was also effective following oral dosing at 3 mg/kg."	( Arterial antithrombotic activity of rivaroxaban, an orally active factor Xa inhibitor, in a rat electrolytic carotid artery injury model of thrombosis. Andrade-Gordon, P; Chen, C; Connelly, MA; Damiano, BP; Huang, Z; Parry, TJ; Perzborn, E, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of our study was to examine dosing patterns and pretreatment predictors of high-dose duloxetine therapy for patients with MDD in the usual clinical setting."	( Dosing patterns for duloxetine and predictors of high-dose prescriptions in patients with major depressive disorder: analysis from a United States third-party payer perspective. Ball, T; Cui, Z; Faries, DE; Johnstone, B; Liu, X; Niu, L, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing patterns and predictors of high-dose therapy with duloxetine were examined."	( Dosing patterns for duloxetine and predictors of high-dose prescriptions in patients with major depressive disorder: analysis from a United States third-party payer perspective. Ball, T; Cui, Z; Faries, DE; Johnstone, B; Liu, X; Niu, L, 2011)	0.37
" Nonblinded, flexibly dosed treatment was used to mimic clinical practice."	( A pragmatic 12-week, randomized trial of duloxetine versus generic selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of adult outpatients in a moderate-to-severe depressive episode. Edwards, SE; Greist, JH; Katon, W; Kroenke, K; Marangell, LB; Martinez, JM; Meyers, AL; Shoemaker, S; Swindle, R; Thase, ME, 2012)	0.38
" These results also demonstrate that the ongoing international trial will benefit from the inclusion of studies that are based on both acute and protracted repeat dosing schedules in conjunction with the acquisition of longitudinal data, at least until more data have been accumulated."	( Interlaboratory Pig-a gene mutation assay trial: Studies of 1,3-propane sultone with immunomagnetic enrichment of mutant erythrocytes. Avlasevich, S; Aylott, M; Bell, S; Bemis, JC; Bryce, SM; Dertinger, SD; MacGregor, JT; Mereness, JA; Phonethepswath, S; Portugal, S; Torous, DK; Weller, P, 2011)	0.37
"Study limitations include a short timeframe and using data from different dosage schemes for GBP and PGB."	( Economic evaluation of duloxetine as a first-line treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Mexico. Carlos, F; Dueñas, H; Galindo-Suárez, RM; Ramírez-Gámez, J; Ramos, E, 2012)	0.38
", dosing regimen and delivery), and other non-osteoporosis-related benefits associated with each agent."	( Individualizing osteoporosis therapy. Christiansen, C; Silverman, S, 2012)	0.38
" Whether this is worth both the risk of non-compliance with twice-a-day dosing in real-life patients lacking the same motivation as their trial-volunteer counterparts, and the 2000-fold difference in incremental cost, is the remaining matter for debate."	( Quantitative comparison of clopidogrel 600 mg, prasugrel and ticagrelor, against clopidogrel 300 mg on major adverse cardiovascular events and bleeding in coronary stenting: synthesis of CURRENT-OASIS-7, TRITON-TIMI-38 and PLATO. Davies, JE; Francis, DP; Nijjer, SS, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, we must be aware to have a deliberate evaluation for each result, even pharmacological profiles of each Xa inhibitors with a 12 hour half-life period shows similarity, the difference in twice-daily dosing with once a day, or the difference in severity of patients' atrial fibrillation risk factor each trial contains might affect the results of phase III trials."	( [Current status and future of anti-Xa inhibitors]. Nagao, T, 2011)	0.37
" In the management of bleeding ulcer patients with high-risk stigmata of recent hemorrhage, resuming antiplatelet agents at 3-5 days after the last dosing is a reasonable strategy."	( New look at antiplatelet agent-related peptic ulcer: an update of prevention and treatment. Hsu, PI, 2012)	0.38
" Its primary objective was to compare supratherapeutic repeated dosing of strontium ranelate (4 g day⁻¹ for 15 days) with placebo on the largest time-matched mean QT(c) variation, from baseline to under treatment values, in healthy subjects."	( Repeated supratherapeutic dosing of strontium ranelate over 15 days does not prolong QT(c) interval in healthy volunteers. Arezina, R; Camm, AJ; Lorch, U; Naseem, A; Taubel, J; Wang, D, 2012)	0.38
"5 years) were included to receive 1 day of placebo followed by 15 days of supratherapeutic repeated dosing of strontium ranelate (4 g day⁻¹), in a 4 month, randomized, placebo (16 days) and positive-controlled (single dose of moxifloxacin 400 mg preceded by 15 days of placebo), double-blind, double dummy, crossover design."	( Repeated supratherapeutic dosing of strontium ranelate over 15 days does not prolong QT(c) interval in healthy volunteers. Arezina, R; Camm, AJ; Lorch, U; Naseem, A; Taubel, J; Wang, D, 2012)	0.38
" Each participant underwent aqueous humor dynamics measurements at baseline and at 2 weeks of dosing in random order with latanoprost in the evening and placebo in the morning, timolol maleate twice daily, and dorzolamide hydrochloride twice daily."	( Diurnal and nocturnal variations in aqueous humor dynamics of patients with ocular hypertension undergoing medical therapy. Fan, S; Gangahar, C; Gulati, V; Maslonka, MA; Toris, CB; Zhao, M, 2012)	0.38
"To compare medication dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP)."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
" healthcare claims database, we examined the dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among commercially insured patients with DPNP aged 18 to 64 who initiated (a 90-day medication gap) duloxetine or pregabalin therapy in 2006."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
"The commercially insured patients with DPNP who initiated duloxetine or pregabalin therapy had different dosing patterns."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
" Moreover, this class of compounds possesses a generally favorable in vitro ADME profile, along with good exposure levels in plasma and brain following intraperitoneal dosing (30 mg/kg body weight) in mice."	( Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships of a novel class of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 inhibitors. Dorjsuren, D; Jadhav, A; Maloney, DJ; Rai, G; Simeonov, A; Vyjayanti, VN; Wilson, DM, 2012)	0.38
" A comprehensive, 12-concentration dose-response analysis using a cell-based assay showed aleglitazar to be highly potent, with EC(50) values of 5 nM and 9 nM for PPARα and PPARγ, respectively."	( Comparative molecular profiling of the PPARα/γ activator aleglitazar: PPAR selectivity, activity and interaction with cofactors. Benz, J; Dietz, M; Grether, U; Hartman, P; Kuhn, B; Maerki, HP; Mohr, P; Ruf, A; Wright, MB, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study is to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of different prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
"There are a growing number of patients on chronic prasugrel therapy regimens, leading to questions about the dosing regimen of prasugrel to administer if percutaneous coronary intervention is required."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
"For patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy, a 60 mg dosing strategy is associated with faster and higher platelet inhibition compared with lower doses, as assessed by P2Y(12) specific assays."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Box, LC; Charlton, RK; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Kodali, M; Seecheran, N; Tello-Montoliu, A; Tomasello, SD; Ueno, M; Zenni, MM, 2012)	0.38
" However, the reversible binding of ticagrelor to the P2Y(12) receptor requires a twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists and their clinical implications. Ferro, A; Floyd, CN; Passacquale, G, 2012)	0.38
" Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC(inf)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) of each drug."	( No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Smulders, RA; van Dijk, J; Veltkamp, SA; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" The emergence of new anticoagulants that offer equal or superior efficacy, greater safety and the convenience of fixed oral dosing may make warfarin the less preferred option."	( Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: anticoagulant and antiplatelet options. Halperin, JL; Varughese, CJ, 2012)	0.38
" once daily) dosing resulted in increased toxicity, which correlated with increased trough plasma sitaxentan concentrations."	( An overview of the preclinical toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of sitaxentan (Thelin®), a potent endothelin receptor antagonist developed for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
" The clinical pharmacology of rivaroxaban supports a convenient, oral, once-daily dosing regimen without the need for routine coagulation monitoring after THA or TKA."	( Rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: a new option for thromboprophylaxis. Kwong, LM, 2012)	0.38
" These agents promise to be more convenient to administer with fixed dosing but still have equivalent efficacy and improved bleeding risk compared to warfarin."	( Newer oral anticoagulant agents: a new era in medicine. Goel, R; Srivathsan, K, 2012)	0.38
" We here review the evidence for the efficacy of 60 mg once-daily dosing of duloxetine for chronic pain conditions."	( A review of duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Langley, P; Nalamachu, S; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Rodriguez, G; Taylor, R, 2013)	0.39
"The studies reviewed report that duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing is an effective option for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic OA pain and chronic LBP."	( A review of duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Langley, P; Nalamachu, S; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Rodriguez, G; Taylor, R, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, systemic administration improved behavioral performance at dosing shown to provide drug exposure in the brain and in vivo receptor occupancy in the hippocampus."	( Selective GABA(A) α5 positive allosteric modulators improve cognitive function in aged rats with memory impairment. Gallagher, M; Koh, MT; Rosenzweig-Lipson, S, 2013)	0.39
" It is suggested to perform EXCA tests for each individual patient to determine the real drug dosage he needs to reach 10-20% of normal EXCA for therapy or 20-40% of normal EXCA for prophylaxis."	( Determination of the anti-F10a or anti-F2a generation action of rivaroxaban or dabigatran. Stief, TW, 2012)	0.38
" The requirement for a twice-daily dosage regimen, the lack of an anticoagulation monitoring option, the relatively short duration of action and the lack of an antidote may even prove to be crucial disadvantages in clinical practice in comparison to vitamin K antagonists."	( [New oral anticoagulants for the prevention of stroke. Open questions in geriatric patients]. Berthold, HK, 2012)	0.38
" They have a slow onset and offset of action, narrow therapeutic window, marked dose-response variability, and multiple food and drug interactions, and require frequent coagulation monitoring and dose adjustments."	( Emerging anticoagulant therapies for atrial fibrillation: new options, new challenges. Mangiafico, M; Mangiafico, RA, 2012)	0.38
"05) 60 min after oral dosing (75 mg kg(-1))."	( β-D-glucosyl conjugates of highly potent inhibitors of blood coagulation factor Xa bearing 2-chorothiophene as a P1 motif. Altomare, C; Campagna, F; de Candia, M; Lograno, MD; Lopopolo, G; Panza, L; Romano, MR, 2012)	0.38
" Patients who met at least one caution or contraindication criteria were deemed "non-candidates"; potential dosage reductions of the new oral anticoagulants were not considered."	( Analysis of the projected utility of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban and their future impact on existing Hematology and Cardiology Anticoagulation Clinics at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Carter, KL; Kraus, PS; Ross, PA; Shermock, KM; Streiff, MB; Thomas, ML; Wellman, JC, 2012)	0.38
"Current anticoagulation therapy in children is less than ideal, requiring regular venous monitoring and dosing adjustments."	( The in vitro anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in children. Attard, C; Ignjatovic, V; Kubitza, D; Monagle, P, 2012)	0.38
"In vivo studies are required to confirm the consistency of dose-response across the paediatric age groups."	( The in vitro anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in children. Attard, C; Ignjatovic, V; Kubitza, D; Monagle, P, 2012)	0.38
" Sitaxentan was detected in plasma of suckling pups receiving milk from females dosed with sitaxentan."	( An evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity of sitaxentan (thelin) in rats. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
" We conclude that concomitant dosing with a cardiac stimulant and endothelin antagonist can partially reverse loss of physical performance capacity under hypobaric hypoxia, independent from improving blood oxygen saturation."	( The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude. Boico, A; Hamilton, K; Hanna, G; Irwin, D; Palmer, G; Piantadosi, CA; Radiloff, DR; Schroeder, T; Shan, S; Wu, C; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Based on the RE-LY and ROCKET AF trial results, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran (twice daily dosing of 150 mg or 110 mg based on patient age) versus rivaroxaban from a Canadian payer perspective."	( Dabigatran versus rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation in Canada. Comparative efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Bradley-Kennedy, C; Clemens, A; Kansal, AR; Monz, BU; Peng, S; Roskell, N; Sharma, M; Sorensen, SV, 2012)	0.38
" It is anticipated that these values, along with the hazard identification and dose-response modeling described herein, should be informative for risk assessors and regulators interested in setting health-protective drinking water guideline values for sulfolane."	( Development of a chronic noncancer oral reference dose and drinking water screening level for sulfolane using benchmark dose modeling. Carakostas, MC; Gaylor, DW; Haws, LC; Perry, C; Tachovsky, JA; Thompson, CM, 2013)	0.39
" These newer agents possess a highly predictable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, allowing for fixed dosing and no necessity for routine laboratory monitoring; additionally these agents have minimal drug interactions."	( New anticoagulants for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: assessing the impact on medication adherence. Kopecky, S, 2012)	0.38
"The Tekscan(®) WB measurement system was used in MIA rats to examine the acute and chronic dosing effects of drugs that targeted different mechanisms."	( Pharmacological validation of early and late phase of rat mono-iodoacetate model using the Tekscan system. Elmes, SJ; McIntosh, F; Perkins, MN; Rashid, MH; Theberge, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Once-daily dosing of ipragliflozin (0."	( Antidiabetic effects of SGLT2-selective inhibitor ipragliflozin in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Hayashizaki, Y; Imamura, M; Kihara, R; Kobayashi, Y; Kurosaki, E; Noda, A; Qun, L; Sasamata, M; Shibasaki, M; Tahara, A; Takasu, T; Tomiyama, H; Yamajuku, D; Yokono, M, 2012)	0.38
" For most interventions (95%), rotigotine dosing regimens were maintained during the perioperative period."	( Transdermal rotigotine for the perioperative management of restless legs syndrome. Bauer, L; Högl, B; Oertel, WH; Schollmayer, E, 2012)	0.38
" Linearity of dose-response and responsiveness to increasing dose in addition to standardization are other important issues to consider."	( Laboratory tests and the new oral anticoagulants. Tripodi, A, 2012)	0.38
" These results, in conjunction with its convenient once-daily dosing regimen, make rivaroxaban an attractive alternative to warfarin for stroke prevention in AF."	( Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a critical review of the ROCKET AF trial. Eikelboom, JW; Manolakos, JJ; Paikin, JS, 2012)	0.38
" The first, monitoring, implies laboratory testing to assess the drug's effect and to adjust the dosage to maintain anticoagulation within the therapeutic interval."	( The laboratory and the new oral anticoagulants. Tripodi, A, 2013)	0.39
" The choice of tests is based on such characteristics as availability, linearity of the dose-response curve, standardization, and responsiveness to increasing drug dosage."	( The laboratory and the new oral anticoagulants. Tripodi, A, 2013)	0.39
"Low intra-, but high inter-individual imprecision was found for PT displaying a linear dose-response relationship."	( Measuring Rivaroxaban in a clinical laboratory setting, using common coagulation assays, Xa inhibition and thrombin generation. Dinkelaar, J; Leyte, A; Molenaar, PJ, 2012)	0.38
" A representative compound 3t produced analgesia when dosed orally in inflammatory pain models of writhing and carrageenan-induced allodynia."	( Structure-activity relationships of 2-arylamido-5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid receptor agonists and their analgesic action. Ali Siddiki, A; Armugam, V; Bhalerao, A; Das Sarma, K; Dautzenberg, FM; Gudaghe, V; Gupta, M; Hanauer, G; Kley, HP; Mann, K; Mondal, D; Munshi, Z; Nappe, S; Ostermann, C; Pansare, N; Rayudu, P; Schaefer, M; Thur, Y; Weiss-Haljiti, C; Zitt, C, 2012)	0.38
" The comparator was standard dosage of clopidogrel."	( Comparing newer oral anti-platelets prasugrel and ticagrelor in reduction of ischemic events-evidence from a network meta-analysis. Chatterjee, S; Frankel, R; Ghose, A; Guha, G; Mukherjee, D; Sharma, A, 2013)	0.39
" Moving forward, such studies must be conducted with careful patient selection and attention to dosing in order to minimize adverse side effects."	( Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Kohan, DE; Pollock, DM, 2013)	0.39
" PTH was given as injections (SC) at a dosage of 60μg/kg/d, and SrR as 900mg/kg/d in the diet."	( PTH (1-34), but not strontium ranelate counteract loss of trabecular thickness and bone strength in disuse osteopenic rats. Andersen, JE; Brüel, A; Raffalt, AC; Thomsen, JS; Vegger, JB, 2013)	0.39
" However, in these trials patients with morbid obesity were not reported and it is unknown if the standard dosage of 20 mg rivaroxaban is sufficient for bariatric patients, especially after bariatric surgery, which may impact the resorption of rivaroxaban."	( Pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban after bariatric surgery: a case report. Beyer-Westendorf, J; Gehrisch, S; Mahlmann, A, 2013)	0.39
" Rates of change (slopes) were estimated from the fitted model and differences in the cost trajectory among dosing cohorts were tested using the F-test."	( Longitudinal analysis of healthcare costs: a case study of patients with major depressive disorder treated with duloxetine. Able, SL; Cui, Z; Faries, DE; Novick, D; Shen, W, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, subchronic toxicity of RoMS in SD rats has been characterized via intramuscular administration with RoMS (0-240 mg/kg/week) on a consecutive weekly dosing schedule for 3 months followed by 1-month recovery period."	( Three-month subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of rotigotine-loaded microspheres in SD rats. Cen, X; Du, G; Guan, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Tian, J; Ye, L; Yu, P; Yu, X; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" The optimum dosing combination of these two agents has yet to be determined however, and in many patients it is likely that greater overall survival will be achieved by using them in successive lines rather than in combination."	( New oxaliplatin-based combinations in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cassidy, J; Hochster, H, 2003)	0.32
" Although further guidance will be provided by a recently completed phase 3 study, these preliminary data suggest that dosing strategies approved for white patients with acute coronary syndromes are applicable to Asian patients."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel in healthy Korean males. Choi, HC; Gu, N; Kawakatsu, E; Kelly, RP; Park, KW; Payne, C; Pinton, P; Small, DS; Yu, KS, 2013)	0.39
" However, the increased risk of bleeding has been associated with a greater antiplatelet effect and dosing profile; this is especially the case in those patients who are at a higher risk of bleeding complications."	( The discovery and development of prasugrel. Shan, J; Sun, H, 2013)	0.39
" Rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran have different pharmacological characteristics, and guidance is needed on optimum doses and dosing intervals and the effects of renal or hepatic impairment, age, food, and other drugs."	( Novel oral anticoagulants: clinical pharmacology, indications and practical considerations. Graff, J; Harder, S, 2013)	0.39
" The full analysis set (FAS) comprised 564 patients (106 de novo; 458 pretreated [454 had complete rotigotine dosing data])."	( Effectiveness and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in a routine clinical practice setting in Germany. Bachmann, CG; Berg, D; Berkels, R; Grieger, F; Hofmann, WE; Lauterbach, T; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2013)	0.39
" Consequently, if renal function is impaired, there is a risk of drug accumulation that is highest for dabigatran followed by rivaroxaban and then apixaban and thus dosing recommendations are different."	( Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Böhm, M; Dichgans, M; Diener, HC; Ell, C; Endres, M; Epple, C; Grond, M; Laufs, U; Nickenig, G; Riess, H; Röther, J; Schellinger, PD; Spannagl, M; Steiner, T; Veltkamp, R, 2013)	0.39
" The observed pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes supports a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Gutierrez, MJ; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, PL; Rusch, S, 2013)	0.39
" Patients with moderate renal impairment receiving the reduced rivaroxaban dosage (15 mg once daily) showed a treatment effect consistent with that seen with rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily in patients with normal renal function."	( Rivaroxaban: a review of its use in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Carter, NJ; Plosker, GL, 2013)	0.39
"The dosing of anticoagulants is critical when balancing efficacy and safety."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two rivaroxaban doses in acute coronary syndrome (from ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51). Braunwald, E; Gibson, CM; Gotcheva, N; Mega, JL; Murphy, SA; Plotnikov, A; Ruda, M; Wiviott, SD, 2013)	0.39
"788) h, which provided a pharmacokinetic basis for the rational dosage regimen."	( [Simultaneous determination of erdosteine and its active metabolite in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with pre-column derivatization]. Chen, XY; Jin, J; Ma, ZY; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2013)	0.39
"The use of currently available antihyperglycemic agents can be limited by contraindications; cost; renal and hepatic dosage adjustments; dosing schedules; and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal upset, weight gain, and hypoglycemia."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Harris, KB; Riser Taylor, S, 2013)	0.39
" If transition from rivaroxaban to vitamin K antagonist is needed, timely monitoring and careful dosing should be used to ensure consistent and adequate anticoagulation."	( End of study transition from study drug to open-label vitamin K antagonist therapy: the ROCKET AF experience. Becker, RC; Berkowitz, SD; Breithardt, G; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Hacke, W; Halperin, JL; Hankey, GJ; Hannan, KL; Hellkamp, AS; Mahaffey, KW; Nessel, CC; Patel, MR; Piccini, JP; Schwabe, K; Singer, DE, 2013)	0.39
" In this review, we outline key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of each compound and provide guidance on selection and dosing of the 3 NOACs relative to warfarin when considering OAC therapy for AF patients."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Gong, IY; Kim, RB, 2013)	0.39
" If the anticoagulant dosage is not immediately available, worse propositions, based on the usual tests (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), are presented."	( Management of major bleeding complications and emergency surgery in patients on long-term treatment with direct oral anticoagulants, thrombin or factor-Xa inhibitors: proposals of the working group on perioperative haemostasis (GIHP) - March 2013. Albaladejo, P; Blais, N; Cohen, A; de Maistre, E; Fontana, P; Godier, A; Gruel, Y; Llau, JV; Mismetti, P; Pernod, G; Rosencher, N; Samama, CM; Samama, MM; Schved, JF; Sié, P; Susen, S, )	0.13
" However the choice of dosing regimens in different clinical conditions has been different for the various NOACs, and has been established on the basis of widely different considerations, including the clinical setting (venous versus arterial thrombosis), the indications (prophylaxis versus treatment), the likelihood of concomitant antiplatelet drugs, and marketing opportunities; these latter were based on the knowledge that patients' compliance is generally better with once daily than with twice daily dosing."	( The new oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: once daily or twice daily? De Caterina, R; Renda, G, )	0.13
"Different aspirin dosing regimens have been suggested to impact outcomes when used in combination with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 receptor antagonists."	( Impact of aspirin dose on adenosine diphosphate-mediated platelet activities. Results of an in vitro pilot investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Darlington, A; Desai, B; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muñiz-Lozano, A; Patel, R; Rollini, F; Tello-Montoliu, A; Thano, E; Wilson, RE, 2013)	0.39
" The treatment of osteoporosis has evolved from daily to yearly dosing thus facilitating compliance and effectiveness."	( Osteoporosis in older persons: current pharmacotherapy and future directions. Duque, G, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast, on an oral dosage basis (mg/kg), prasugrel showed more potent platelet inhibition compared to ticagrelor on ex vivo aggregation and VASP phosphorylation assays in monkeys."	( Comparison of antiplatelet effects of prasugrel and ticagrelor in cynomolgus monkeys by an ELISA-based VASP phosphorylation assay and platelet aggregation. Jakubowski, JA; Mizuno, M; Ohno, K; Sugidachi, A; Tomizawa, A, 2013)	0.39
" Duloxetine has a generally favorable side effect profile and dosing is simple."	( [Duloxetine for chronic pain management: pharmacology and clinical use]. Itoh, M; Masuda, R; Suzuki, T, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to assess the effect on cardiac repolarization (QTc interval) of repeated oral dosing of ipragliflozin at therapeutic (100 mg/d) and supratherapeutic (600 mg/d) levels in healthy subjects."	( Ipragliflozin does not prolong QTc interval in healthy male and female subjects: a phase I study. Abeyratne, A; Dietz, A; Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, W; Smulders, R; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"The objective of this study was to develop and qualify a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for rivaroxaban doses of 10 and 20 mg in adults and to scale this model to the paediatric population (0-18 years) to inform the dosing regimen for a clinical study of rivaroxaban in paediatric patients."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic properties of rivaroxaban in virtual populations of children were simulated for two body weight-related dosing regimens equivalent to 10 and 20 mg once daily in adults."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
"Simulations for AUC, C max and C 24h throughout the investigated age range largely overlapped with values obtained for the corresponding dose in the adult reference simulation for both body weight-related dosing regimens."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
"The paediatric PBPK model developed here allowed an exploratory analysis of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban in children to inform the dosing regimen for a clinical study in paediatric patients."	( Development of a paediatric population-based model of the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Becker, C; Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Edginton, A; Lippert, J; Mück, W; Siegmund, HU; Thelen, K; Willmann, S, 2014)	0.4
" These new anticoagulants do not require strict and frequent laboratory monitoring, dosing adjustments, or dietary restrictions, and they incur fewer drug-drug interactions than warfarin."	( Novel oral anticoagulants: a review of new agents. Wanat, MA, 2013)	0.39
" Further clinical evaluation is warranted to investigate whether a low dosage of these antifolates can elicit immunosuppressive effects equivalent to MTX, and whether they are superior to MTX in patients who fail to respond to MTX."	( Methotrexate analogues display enhanced inhibition of TNF-α production in whole blood from RA patients. Assaraf, YG; Dijkmans, BA; Gerards, AH; Jansen, G; Lems, WF; Oerlemans, R; Scheper, RJ; van der Heijden, JW, 2014)	0.4
" If the dosage of the drug is not immediately available, proposals only based on the usual tests, PT and aPTT, also are presented."	( [Management of major bleeding complications and emergency surgery in patients on long-term treatment with direct oral anticoagulants, thrombin or factor-Xa inhibitors. Proposals of the Working Group on Perioperative Haemostasis (GIHP) - March 2013]. Albaladejo, P; Blais, N; Cohen, A; de Maistre, E; Fontana, P; Godier, A; Gruel, Y; Llau, JV; Mismetti, P; Pernod, G; Rosencher, N; Samama, CM; Samama, MM; Schved, JF; Sié, P; Susen, S, 2013)	0.39
" Two open-label bioequivalence studies investigated the 2 mg/24 h dosage in healthy individuals (SP951, n = 52 [Clinicaltrials."	( Comparison of the bioavailability and adhesiveness of different rotigotine transdermal patch formulations. Arth, C; Bauer, L; Brunnert, M; Elshoff, JP; Komenda, M; Schmid, M; Timmermann, L, 2013)	0.39
" The authors recommend caution while dosing dabigatran in the Asian population, as the estimates of kidney functioning vary substantially depending on the formula used to estimate GFR, which may in turn lead in some cases of inadequate dosing of dabigatran."	( A comparison of methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate for a population in Hawai'i with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Azuma, S; Lum, CJ, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing is an alternative to standard clinical algorithms and new oral anticoagulants for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin therapy vs. alternative anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Hughes, DA; Lane, S; Pink, J; Pirmohamed, M, 2014)	0.4
" Dans certaines situations de risque par contre, une adaption du dosage est conseillée pour minimiser les effets secondaires négatifs: Chez les patients de plus de 75 ans, et/ou d'un poids corporel de moins de 60 kg, une réduction du dosage de prasugrel est conseillée en raison d'un risque élevé d'hémorragie."	( [Thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors: what are the risks?]. Curkovic, I; Egbring, M; Kullak-Ublick, GA, 2013)	0.39
" Dose-response experiments were performed to identify major inhibitory interactions in the most common BDS pathway, the 4S pathway."	( Exploring the mechanism of biocatalyst inhibition in microbial desulfurization. Abin-Fuentes, A; Mohamed, Mel-S; Prather, KL; Wang, DI, 2013)	0.39
" In this situation, a number of alternatives to conventional dosing of clopidogrel have been investigated, including increasing the dosage of clopidogrel, switching from clopidogrel to either prasugrel or ticagrelor, or adding cilostazol to clopidogrel therapy."	( Treatment options for patients with poor clopidogrel response. Nawarskas, JJ; Roberts, DI, )	0.13
" Concerning the emotional pain responses revealed with USVs, we assumed that the antinociceptive effects were almost completely derived from duloxetine, since celecoxib was ineffective when administered alone or reduced the dosage of duloxetine when given in combination."	( Synergistic analgesia of duloxetine and celecoxib in the mouse formalin test: a combination analysis. Dong, YL; Gu, ZX; Lu, GJ; Sun, YH; Wang, W; Wang, YT; Wu, SX; Yang, J; Zhao, GL, 2013)	0.39
"Optimal aspirin dosing after acute coronary syndromes remains uncertain."	( Discharge aspirin dose and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with prasugrel versus clopidogrel: an analysis from the TRITON-TIMI 38 study (trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibit Antman, EM; Braunwald, E; Cannon, CP; Kohli, P; Murphy, SA; Udell, JA; Wiviott, SD, 2014)	0.4
" In conclusion, in non-diabetic obese patients with CAD, standard prasugrel dosing achieved more potent PD effects than high-dose clopidogrel in the acute phase of treatment, but this was not sustained during maintenance phase treatment."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of standard dose prasugrel versus high dose clopidogrel in non-diabetic obese patients with coronary artery disease. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Darlington, A; Desai, B; Ferreiro, JL; Guzman, LA; Patel, R; Rollini, F; Tello-Montoliu, A; Ueno, M, 2014)	0.4
" The results of this study indicate that the analgesic effect of repeated dosing of AS1069562 but not duloxetine is persistent even after a 1-week drug discontinuation in STZ-induced diabetic rats."	( AS1069562, the (+)-isomer of indeloxazine, but not duloxetine has a curative-like analgesic effect in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Aoki, T; Hamakawa, N; Matsuoka, N; Murai, N; Tamura, S; Yamamoto, H, 2014)	0.4
" Advantages and disadvantages to using these newer agents are presented, as are dosing adjustments for renal and hepatic impairment."	( Outpatient management of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Manning, JA, 2013)	0.39
" However, although rivaroxaban is used as a twice-daily regimen for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes, the approved dosing is once-daily for prevention of VTE after orthopaedic surgery, long-term secondary prevention of VTE and stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation."	( A clinical and pharmacologic assessment of once-daily versus twice-daily dosing for rivaroxaban. Kreutz, R, 2014)	0.4
"Mean median daily dosage over 6 months was 53."	( Effectiveness of duloxetine compared with pregabalin and gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: results from a German observational study. Birklein, F; Boess, FG; Happich, M; Schacht, A; Schneider, E; Wilhelm, S; Ziegler, D, 2014)	0.4
" These drugs differ in a several important respects from warfarin; most notably they have a reliable dose-response effect which means they can be given without the need for monitoring."	( New oral anticoagulants: their role and future. Laffan, M; Shapiro, S, 2013)	0.39
"Clinicians may need to switch between more potent P2Y12 inhibitors because of adverse effects or switch to the use of a once-daily dosing regimen due to compliance issues."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
" Rates of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction (TESD) in the vortioxetine dosing groups were similar to placebo."	( A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced study of the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine in the acute treatment of adults with generalised anxiety disorder. Chen, Y; Jacobsen, PL; Mahableshwarkar, AR; Simon, JS, 2014)	0.4
" Here, the in vivo effects of dosing with duloxetine 60 mg once daily for 11 days in healthy subjects were assessed in 2 studies: (1) centrally (n = 11), by measuring concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), and NE in cerebrospinal fluid, and (2) versus escitalopram 20 mg/d (n = 32) in a 2-period crossover study by assessing the ΔDHPG/ΔNE ratio in plasma during orthostatic testing and by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of reuptake inhibition using subjects' serum in cell lines expressing cloned human 5-HTT or NET."	( Effects of duloxetine on norepinephrine and serotonin transporter activity in healthy subjects. Chappell, JC; Dean, RA; Detke, MJ; Eisenhofer, G; Haber, H; Iyengar, S; Knadler, MP; Lachno, DR; Lobo, ED; Mitchell, MI; Nemeroff, CB; Owens, MJ; Pangallo, B, 2014)	0.4
" The current signal produced by the released liposomal Fe(CN)6(4-), measured using square wave voltammetry, yielded a sigmoidally shaped dose-response curve that was linear over eight orders of magnitude (from 10(-11) to 10(-3)M)."	( Improved activity of immobilized antibody by paratope orientation controller: probing paratope orientation by electrochemical strategy and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Annie Ho, JA; Liao, WC, 2014)	0.4
" In the rat, compound 53 maximally reduced the blood lymphocyte count for at least 24 h after oral dosing of 3 mg/kg."	( Novel S1P(1) receptor agonists--part 3: from thiophenes to pyridines. Abele, S; Birker, M; Bolli, MH; Bravo, R; Bur, D; de Kanter, R; Grimont, J; Hess, P; Kohl, C; Lescop, C; Mathys, B; Müller, C; Nayler, O; Rey, M; Scherz, M; Schmidt, G; Seifert, J; Steiner, B; Velker, J; Weller, T, 2014)	0.66
" Its predictable pharmacokinetic profile, high oral bioavailability and once-daily dosing make rivaroxaban an optimal anticoagulant that warrants investigation in neonates."	( The in-vitro anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in neonates. Attard, C; Ignjatovic, V; Kubitza, D; Monagle, P, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate whether blood-based genotoxicity endpoints can provide temporal and dose-response data within the low-dose carcinogenic range that could contribute to carcinogenic mode of action (MoA) assessments, we evaluated the sensitivity of flow cytometry-based micronucleus and Pig-a gene mutation assays at and below tumorigenic dose rate 50 (TD50) levels."	( Pig-a gene mutation and micronucleated reticulocyte induction in rats exposed to tumorigenic doses of the leukemogenic agents chlorambucil, thiotepa, melphalan, and 1,3-propane sultone. Avlasevich, SL; Bemis, JC; Cottom, J; Dertinger, SD; Macgregor, JT; Mereness, J; Phonethepswath, S; Torous, DK, 2014)	0.4
"The use of rivaroxaban in fixed dosing regimens without need for routine coagulation monitoring may lead to the misconception that there is a minimal risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Gastrointestinal bleeding associated with rivaroxaban administration in a treated patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Battegay, M; Elzi, L; Lakatos, B; Marzolini, C; Stoeckle, M, 2014)	0.4
" In contrast to warfarin, most NOACs need dosage adjustments in renal impairment and are contraindicated in severe liver impairment, and there are no specific antidotes for treating NOAC-related over-anticoagulation."	( New oral anticoagulants in practice: pharmacological and practical considerations. Bajorek, B; Wang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" They are at least as effective and as safe as conventional therapy (heparins and vitamin-K inhibitors) and have practical advantages, such as fixed dosing and no need for laboratory monitoring."	( Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment and long-term prevention of venous thrombo-embolism. Bounameaux, H; Fontana, P; Goldhaber, SZ, 2014)	0.4
" Additionally, there is a need for further investigations to establish the optimal dosage and to better clarify the mechanism of action of SR in OA."	( What about strontium ranelate in osteoarthritis? Doubts and securities. Cheleschi, S; Fioravanti, A; Galeazzi, M; Guidelli, GM; Tenti, S, 2014)	0.4
"Two once-daily rivaroxaban dosing regimens were compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in ROCKET AF: 20 mg for patients with normal/mildly impaired renal function and 15 mg for patients with moderate renal impairment."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: results from ROCKET AF. Becker, RC; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Girgis, IG; Halperin, JL; Mahaffey, KW; Moore, KT; Nessel, CC; Patel, MR; Peters, GR, 2014)	0.4
" These methods were successfully applied to the determination of erdosteine in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different percentages of the degradation products, and pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Stability-indicating methods for the determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products. Badawey, AM; El-Aleem, Ael-A; Lamie, NT; Moustafa, NM, )	0.13
" The pharmacodynamic response to canagliflozin declines with increasing severity of renal impairment, and prescribing information should be consulted regarding dosage adjustments or restrictions in moderate to severe renal dysfunction."	( Canagliflozin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plosker, GL, 2014)	0.4
" In the studied dosing regimens, these drugs failed to show a net clinical benefit in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy."	( Direct oral anticoagulants in acute coronary syndrome. Ahrens, I; Bode, C, 2014)	0.4
" Chromogenic anti-FXa assays showed linear dose-response curves with apixaban."	( Effects of the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban on routine coagulation assays and anti-FXa assays. Baghaei, F; Berndtsson, M; Fagerberg Blixter, I; Faxälv, L; Gustafsson, KM; Hillarp, A; Lindahl, TL; Strandberg, K, 2014)	0.4
" To characterize the potential for selection of VX-222-resistant variants in HCV-infected patients, the HCV NS5B gene was sequenced at baseline and during and after 3 days of VX-222 dosing (monotherapy) in a phase 1 study."	( Genotypic and phenotypic analyses of hepatitis C virus variants observed in clinical studies of VX-222, a nonnucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor. Ardzinski, A; Bartels, DJ; Davis, A; Dorrian, J; Jiang, M; Kieffer, TL; Nelson, M; Nicolas, O; Rao, BG; Rijnbrand, R; Spanks, J; Sullivan, JC; Tigges, A; Zhang, EZ, 2014)	0.4
" The most frequent inappropriate criteria were inappropriate choice (28% of patients), wrong dosage (26%), and impractical modalities of administration (26%)."	( Appropriateness of prescribing dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a prospective study. Chatelain, C; Devalet, B; Dogné, JM; Douxfils, J; Larock, AS; Mullier, F; Sennesael, AL; Spinewine, A, 2014)	0.4
"Compared to Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) appear to be safer in terms of major bleeding risks with added advantage of having fixed dosing schedules when used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( Evaluation of Trends of Inpatient Hospitalisation for Significant Haemorrhage in Patients Anticoagulated for Atrial Fibrillation before and after the Release of Novel Anticoagulants. Aryal, MR; Badal, M; Chaudhary, A; Donato, AA; Mege, J, 2015)	0.42
"Treatment with GS-9669, a novel nonnucleoside inhibitor (site II) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5B (NS5B) polymerase, resulted in significant antiviral activity in HCV genotype (GT) 1 patients dosed at 50 and 500 mg once daily (QD) and at 50, 100, and 500 mg twice daily (BID) for 3 days."	( Clinical and in vitro resistance to GS-9669, a thumb site II nonnucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Delaney, W; Dvory-Sobol, H; Lawitz, EJ; Mabery, E; McHutchison, J; Miller, MD; Mo, H; Skurnac, T; Svarovskaia, ES; Voitenleitner, C, 2014)	0.4
"Canagliflozin increased UGE dose-dependently (∼80-120 g/day with canagliflozin ≥100 mg), with increases maintained over the 14-day dosing period with each dose."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, from a randomized study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arnolds, S; Demarest, K; Devineni, D; Ghosh, A; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Spitzer, H, 2014)	0.4
" The dosing of rivaroxaban varies and adheres to specific schedules in each of the clinical settings in which it has been investigated."	( Clinical use of rivaroxaban: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rationale for dosing regimens in different indications. Dobesh, PP; Trujillo, T, 2014)	0.4
" Coagulation biomarkers in shed blood were assessed at 3 h after monotherapy with the medicines under study, at 3 h after triple therapy dosing and at steady state trough conditions."	( Antithrombotic triple therapy and coagulation activation at the site of thrombus formation: a randomized trial in healthy subjects. Eichinger, S; Gouya, G; Kapiotis, S; Kyrle, PA; Litschauer, B; Mayer, P; Smerda, L; Weisshaar, S; Wolzt, M, 2014)	0.4
" 50% of the animals received strontium ranelate at a daily oral dosage of 900 mg per kilogramme of body weight."	( Strontium ranelate improved tooth anchorage and reduced root resorption in orthodontic treatment of rats. Kirschneck, C; Proff, P; Reicheneder, C; Roemer, P; Wahlmann, U; Wolf, M, 2014)	0.4
" The PRASugrel For Japanese PatIenTs with Coronary Artery Diseases Undergoing Elective PCI (PRASFIT-Elective) study investigated the efficacy and safety of different prasugrel dosing regimens in Japanese patients undergoing elective PCI."	( Prasugrel, a third-generation P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Ikeda, Y; Isshiki, T; Kimura, T; Kitagawa, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakamura, M; Nanto, S; Nishikawa, M; Ogawa, H; Saito, S; Takayama, M; Yokoi, H, 2014)	0.4
"These results support the risk-benefit profile of an adjusted dosing regimen of prasugrel in Japanese patients undergoing PCI."	( Prasugrel, a third-generation P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Ikeda, Y; Isshiki, T; Kimura, T; Kitagawa, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakamura, M; Nanto, S; Nishikawa, M; Ogawa, H; Saito, S; Takayama, M; Yokoi, H, 2014)	0.4
" To investigate the role of S1P in the development of microvascular permeability and peritubular capillary hypoperfusion in the kidney during CLP-induced AKI, we used a pharmacologic approach and a clinically relevant delayed dosing paradigm."	( Pharmacologic targeting of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 improves the renal microcirculation during sepsis in the mouse. Gokden, N; Mayeux, PR; Patil, NK; Sims, CR; Wang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Practical advantages of NOACs over warfarin include fixed once- or twice-daily oral dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring, and few known or defined drug or food interactions."	( Approach to the new oral anticoagulants in family practice: part 1: comparing the options. Bell, AD; Douketis, J; Eikelboom, J; Liew, A, 2014)	0.4
" Intermittent dosing schedule [1."	( Phase I study of the MEK inhibitor trametinib in combination with the AKT inhibitor afuresertib in patients with solid tumors and multiple myeloma. Aktan, G; Allred, AJ; Becerra, CR; Cornfeld, M; Ferron-Brady, G; Gauvin, J; Ibrahim, N; Motwani, M; Orford, K; Papadopoulos, KP; Patnaik, A; Rasco, DW; Tolcher, AW, 2015)	0.42
"Continuous daily dosing of trametinib/afuresertib combination was poorly tolerated."	( Phase I study of the MEK inhibitor trametinib in combination with the AKT inhibitor afuresertib in patients with solid tumors and multiple myeloma. Aktan, G; Allred, AJ; Becerra, CR; Cornfeld, M; Ferron-Brady, G; Gauvin, J; Ibrahim, N; Motwani, M; Orford, K; Papadopoulos, KP; Patnaik, A; Rasco, DW; Tolcher, AW, 2015)	0.42
" Central lead shield was used if the dose reached 30 Gy to produce a total dosage of 50 Gy."	( The role of raltitrexed/cisplatin with concurrent radiation therapy in treating advanced cervical cancer. Li, XY; Liu, L; Xie, XM; Zhou, C, 2014)	0.4
"12 mg/kg) based on VN pharmacodynamic measurements at the start of 2 dosing periods, each 14±4 days."	( Prasugrel in children with sickle cell disease: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from an open-label, adaptive-design, dose-ranging study. Heath, LE; Heeney, MM; Heiselman, D; Jakubowski, JA; Kanter, J; Moser, BA; Quinn, CT; Rana, SR; Redding-Lallinger, R; Small, DS; Styles, L; Winters, KJ; Zhou, C, 2015)	0.42
" By univariate and multivariate analysis, the patient's age, tumor origin, regimen of chemotherapy, accumulated doses of paclitaxel or carboplatin, previous medication, maintenance dosage and timing of treatment with duloxetine were found not to be associated with the effectiveness of duloxetine treatment."	( Usefulness of duloxetine for Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy treatment in gynecological cancer patients. Egawa-Takata, T; Fujita, M; Isobe, A; Kimura, T; Kobayashi, E; Mabuchi, S; Matsuzaki, S; Otake, A; Sawada, K; Ueda, Y; Yoshino, K, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing with dizocilpine (0."	( Improvement of dizocilpine-induced social recognition deficits in mice by brexpiprazole, a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator. Futamura, T; Hashimoto, K; Yoshimi, N, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with sitagliptin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg demonstrated superior diabetes-related quality measure attainment, including glycemic, BP, and weight-related quality measures; there was no difference in LDL-C quality measure attainment between either dosage of canagliflozin and the 100-mg dosage of sitagliptin."	( Diabetes-related quality measure attainment: canagliflozin versus sitagliptin based on a pooled analysis of 2 clinical trials. Bailey, RA; Blonde, L; Meininger, GE; Rupnow, MF; Vijapurkar, U, 2014)	0.4
" These findings suggest similar dosage requirements for rotigotine transdermal system in Japanese and Caucasian populations."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects following multiple-dose administration. Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR; Masahiro, T, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, prescribing information should be consulted regarding dosage adjustments or restrictions in the case of renal dysfunction for each SGLT2 inhibitor."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
"SR is expected to become a drug of osteoarthritis disease remission, but further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of SR in osteoarthritis, and finally confirm the best application dosage of SR in osteoarthritis treatment."	( [Research progress of effects of strontium ranelate on osteoarthritis]. Dai, M; Tian, F; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2014)	0.4
" Dosage of levodopa and oral DA (pramipexole ≤1."	( Rotigotine transdermal system as add-on to oral dopamine agonist in advanced Parkinson's disease: an open-label study. Bauer, L; Chung, SJ; Ikeda, J; Jeon, BS; Kim, JM; Kim, JW; Singh, P; Thierfelder, S, 2015)	0.42
") dosing with canagliflozin at the same total daily doses of 100 and 300 mg in healthy participants."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" dosing or vice versa."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" The RapidTEG activated clotting time test allowed the creation of a dose-response curve for all 3 NOACs."	( Use of Thromboelastography (TEG) for Detection of New Oral Anticoagulants. Dias, JD; Doorneweerd, DD; Norem, K; Omert, LA; Popovsky, MA; Thurer, RL, 2015)	0.42
" Six months ago, the dosage of the drug was doubled, and the patient reported a sudden onset of diarrhea."	( Celiac disease-like enteropathy due to antihypertensive therapy with the angiotensin-II receptor type 1 inhibitor eprosartan. Hehemann, K; Maier, H; Vieth, M, 2015)	0.42
"Animals treated with GNE-317 demonstrated 3-fold greater penetrance in tumor core, rim, and normal brain compared with animals dosed with GDC-0980."	( Decreased affinity for efflux transporters increases brain penetrance and molecular targeting of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in a mouse model of glioblastoma. Becker, CM; Brinkmann, DH; Elmquist, WF; Largaespada, DA; McFarren, SJ; Muldoon, DM; Oberoi, RK; Ohlfest, JR; Pafundi, DH; Pokorny, JL; Sarkaria, JN, 2015)	0.42
" Because of renal failure with a creatinine clearance of 32ml/min, a dosage of rivaroxaban 10mg/d was chosen."	( Rivaroxaban 10mg/d in severe renal failure does not prevent ischemic events in premorbid neurologic disease. Finsterer, J; Stöllberger, C, 2015)	0.42
" SR dosage was 625 mg/kg body weight/day, administered in the feed."	( The Impact of Strontium Ranelate on Metaphyseal Bone Healing in Ovariectomized Rats. Dullin, C; Ebert, J; Komrakova, M; Sehmisch, S; Stuermer, KM; Tezval, M; Weidemann, A, 2015)	0.42
"Current treatments for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are limited in their application, have undesirable dosing regimens and unsatisfactory toxicities highlighting the need for the development of a safer drug pipeline."	( Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomal activities of 2,6-disubstituted-4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiophenes. Arroo, RRJ; Bhambra, AS; Burrell-Saward, H; Edgar, M; Elsegood, MRJ; Krystof, V; Li, Y; Weaver, GW; Yardley, V, 2016)	0.65
" The median dosing period was 320 days."	( Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor, as a Second-line Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Do Not Respond to Incretin-Based Therapies Including Glucagon-like Pep Isogawa, A; Ohki, T; Tagawa, K; Toda, N, 2016)	0.43
" Long term dosing with SR9009 also suppresses orexinergic gene expression in mice."	( Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects Orexigenic Gene Expression. Amador, A; Banerjee, S; Burris, TP; Kameneka, TM; Solt, LA; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.43
") injection at a dosage of 2mg/kg."	( A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to identify the pharmacokinetics of SR8278 in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Dong, D; Li, Z; Sun, H; Wu, B; Wu, Z; Xue, Y, 2016)	0.43
" A study of the ability of the compounds to inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation in fresh rat whole blood collected 2 h after oral dosing of rats with the compounds (7."	( Significant Improvement of Metabolic Characteristics and Bioactivities of Clopidogrel and Analogs by Selective Deuteration. Fawcett, JP; Gu, J; Liu, M; Meng, X; Su, C; Wang, H; Xu, X; Yang, Y; Yang, Z; Zhao, X, 2016)	0.43
" However, dosing is occasionally reduced or discontinued after application because of several reasons such as skin reactions or unsatisfactory efficacy."	( [Continued Use of Rotigotine Transdermal Patches for Parkinson Disease]. Fujioka, S; Futagami, K; Imakyure, O; Shibaguchi, H; Tsuboi, Y; Washiyama, A; Yasutaka, Y, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to evaluate flexibly dosed brexpiprazole for early-episode schizophrenia through the assessment of efficacy, social functioning, and tolerability."	( The effect of brexpiprazole in adult outpatients with early-episode schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Baker, RA; Malla, A; Nagamizu, K; Ota, A; Perry, P; Weiller, E, 2016)	0.43
" In these studies, our aim was to further investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting the REV-ERBs for regulation of sleep by characterizing efficacy, and optimal dosing time of the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 using electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings."	( Pharmacological Targeting the REV-ERBs in Sleep/Wake Regulation. Amador, A; Burris, TP; Huitron-Resendiz, S; Kamenecka, TM; Roberts, AJ; Solt, LA, 2016)	0.43
"Compared to enoxaparin (most commonly dosed 40 mg once daily), the relative risk (RR) of VTE was lowest for edoxaban 30 mg once daily (0."	( Safety and Efficacy of New Anticoagulants for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis. Gage, BF; Ganti, BR; Lee, ED; Lin, H; Nunley, RM; Venker, BT, 2017)	0.46
" The cisplatin dosage was 14 mg/kg and for erdosteine, 500 mg/kg."	( The impact of erdosteine on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: a proteomics approach. Akinpelu, OV; Daniel, SJ; Garnier, D; Salehi, P; Waissbluth, S, 2017)	0.46
" Male rats were orally administered a single dose of each test compound, and both the RBC Pig-a and PIGRET assays were performed using flow cytometry to measure the Pig-a mutant frequency (MF) before and after dosing on Days 8, 15 and 29."	( Results of rat Pig-a/PIGRET assay with a single dose regimen of 1,3-propane sultone and 2-acetyl aminofluorene. Hamada, S; Harada, H; Ishii, N; Shigano, M; Takasawa, H; Takashima, R, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment with SrR, especially at the dosage of 2 g/day, was associated with reduced radiographic knee OA progression, and with meaningful clinical improvement."	( Strontium ranelate, a promising disease modifying osteoarthritis drug. Bai, X; Ding, C; Fan, S; Han, W, 2017)	0.46
" (+)-TRV130 was administered with acute and repeated dosing regimens, and (-)-TRV130 was also examined in the ICSS procedure to assess stereoselectivity."	( Effects of acute and repeated treatment with the biased mu opioid receptor agonist TRV130 (oliceridine) on measures of antinociception, gastrointestinal function, and abuse liability in rodents. Akbarali, H; Altarifi, AA; Blough, BE; David, B; Muchhala, KH; Negus, SS, 2017)	0.46
" Low levodopa dosing and antioxidants in the rotigotine patch matrix prevented cysteinyl-glycine fall."	( Levodopa, placebo and rotigotine change biomarker levels for oxidative stress. Herrman, L; Kinkel, M; Muhlack, S; Müller, T, 2017)	0.46
"Brexpiprazole showed efficacy for the treatment of schizophrenia in the range of 2 to 4 mg/d and as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in MDD when dosed at 2 to 3 mg/d."	( Brexpiprazole. Gallipani, A; Markovic, M; Maroney, M; Patel, KH, 2017)	0.46
" Following single dosing under fasted and fed conditions, mean peak concentrations occurred at 5 to 8 hours and subsequently declined with a half-life of 16 to 18 hours in Japanese and white subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics, Safety, and Tolerability of Avatrombopag in Healthy Japanese and White Subjects. Aluri, J; Ferry, J; Han, D; Nomoto, M; Pastino, G; Rege, B, 2018)	0.48
", switching medications within the same class when dosing is not a one-to-one ratio."	( Switching from an oral dopamine receptor agonist to rotigotine transdermal patch: a review of clinical data with a focus on patient perspective. Asgharnejad, M; Bauer, L; Benitez, A; Boroojerdi, B; Chung, SJ; Heidbrede, T; Kim, HJ; Little, A, 2017)	0.46
" Mechanical threshold was assessed by Von Frey test and synovial lavage was collected for leukocyte counting and myeloperoxidase measurement, joint tissue and trigeminal ganglion were excised for histopathological analysis (H&E) and TNF-α/IL-1β levels dosage (ELISA)."	( Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of strontium ranelate on the zymosan-induced temporomandibular joint inflammatory hypernociception in rats depend on TNF-α inhibition. Abreu, SC; Alves, SM; Bezerra, MM; Chaves, HV; Cristino-Filho, G; de Castro Brito, GA; de Paulo Teixeira Pinto, V; do Val, DR; Freitas, RS; Gomes, FIF; Lemos, JC; Pereira, KMA, 2017)	0.46
" elegans dosage compensation and demonstrated H4K20me1's pivotal role in regulating higher-order chromosome structure and X-chromosome-wide gene expression."	( Dynamic Control of X Chromosome Conformation and Repression by a Histone H4K20 Demethylase. Anderson, EC; Bian, Q; Brejc, K; King, DS; Kranzusch, PJ; Meyer, BJ; Preston, CG; Uzawa, S; Wheeler, BS, 2017)	0.46
"Since the effect of a percutaneous absorption-type dopamine agonist (DA) preparation, rotigotine patch, stably persists by once-a-day application, this dosage form is appropriate for Parkinson's disease patients showing levodopa induced wearing off phenomenon."	( [Efficacy of Topical Agents for Symptomatic Treatment of Rotigotine Patch-Induced Skin Disorders]. Fujioka, S; Hara, K; Kamimura, H; Kiyomi, F; Ogata, K; Shibaguchi, H; Tsuboi, Y; Yasutaka, Y, 2017)	0.46
" No difference was observed in maintenance dosage of rotigotine between the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of rotigotine in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison with the non-elderly: a post hoc analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Iwaki, H; Kondo, H; Nomoto, M; Sakurai, M, 2018)	0.48
" Using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model relating oliceridine plasma concentrations to its effect on pain intensity as measured by numeric pain-rating scale (NPRS) scores, we have simulated potential dosing regimens using both fixed-dose regimens and as-needed (prn) dosing regimens in which various doses of oliceridine were administered if NPRS scores indicated moderate to severe pain (≥4 on a 0-10 scale)."	( Oliceridine, a Novel G Protein-Biased Ligand at the μ-Opioid Receptor, Demonstrates a Predictable Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations and Pain Relief. II: Simulation of Potential Phase 3 Study Designs Using a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model. Burt, DA; Farrell, C; Fossler, MJ; Pitsiu, M; Sadler, BM; Skobieranda, F; Soergel, DG, 2018)	0.48
" Along time, the dosage of Rotigotine was higher in patients who did not undergo MIRT, at all observation times following T0."	( Effectiveness of Rotigotine plus intensive and goal-based rehabilitation versus Rotigotine alone in "de-novo" Parkinsonian subjects: a randomized controlled trial with 18-month follow-up. Ferrazzoli, D; Frazzitta, G; Maestri, R; Ortelli, P; Riboldazzi, G, 2018)	0.48
" The dose-response study showed significant motor improvements with the lowest-dose (0."	( Dose-response, therapeutic time-window and tPA-combinatorial efficacy of compound 21: A randomized, blinded preclinical trial in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. Ahmed, H; Eldahshan, W; Ergul, A; Fagan, SC; Fouda, AY; Ishrat, T; Pillai, B; Waller, JL, 2019)	0.51
" Frequent administration of traditional topical dosage forms may lead to patient incompliance and failure of treatment."	( Sustained ocular delivery of Dorzolamide-HCl via proniosomal gel formulation: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Abdelrehim, RT; Fouda, NH; Habib, BA; Hegazy, DA, 2018)	0.48
" The control and chemo groups were maintained without treatment, and the chemo-SrR group was intragastrically administered strontium ranelate at a dosage of 900 mg/kg/day."	( Therapeutic Effect of Strontium Ranelate on Bone in Chemotherapy-Induced Osteopenic Rats via Increased Bone Volume and Reduced Bone Loss. Li, S; Pei, Y; Qiu, E; Shang, G; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, X; Zheng, K, 2019)	0.51

Role	Description
non-polar solvent	null
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiophenes	Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.
monocyclic heteroarene
volatile organic compound	Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.9635	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743036; AID743040; AID743042
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.0181	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588532; AID720691; AID720692
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	53.2422	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552; AID1159553
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4383	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743079; AID743080
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID588543
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.6442	0.0017	23.8393	78.1014	AID743083
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0030	19.7391	45.9784	64.9432	AID1159509
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID213129	Inhibition of Thromboxane synthetase at 100 uM	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Highly selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase. 2. Pyridine derivatives.
AID19262	Aqueous solubility	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11	Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1856 (11.36)	18.7374
1990's	1519 (9.29)	18.2507
2000's	4148 (25.38)	29.6817
2010's	7582 (46.39)	24.3611
2020's	1238 (7.58)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,961 (11.53%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,947 (11.44%)	6.00%
Case Studies	630 (3.70%)	4.05%
Observational	60 (0.35%)	0.25%
Other	12,414 (72.97%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.53	2	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.44	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.1	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.69	3	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.46	2	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.99	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	17.66	126	11	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	5.42	8	2	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.78	3	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.47	22	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.68	3	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.67	3	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4.19	17	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	7.92	19	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.53	2	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	6.31	6	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.85	2	1	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	20.83	449	11	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	7.16	38	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.4	6	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.25	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.17	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.99	13	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2.03	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.51	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	9.44	37	1	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	8.57	9	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.49	7	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.45	7	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	8.62	69	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	5.05	10	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.44	4	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.06	27	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.36	7	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.48	7	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.71	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
digallic acid digallic acid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; gallate ester
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	3.32	6	0	alkane	xenobiotic
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.69	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.1	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.49	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.66	14	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	1.97	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.15	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	9.75	16	4	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.41	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	3.81	2	1	alpha-amino acid
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.07	15	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	5.54	21	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	3.12	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	3.46	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	3.46	7	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.39	30	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.79	30	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.65	26	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	11.44	69	5	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.53	15	3	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	1.94	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.08	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	4.76	7	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	19.54	141	53
histamine [no description available]	9.63	37	5	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.06	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	8.68	41	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	4.48	7	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.7	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.28	6	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	4.84	10	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.75	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.11	15	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.24	6	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	6.1	9	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.11	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.49	2	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.96	4	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.48	22	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.51	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.44	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	7.03	18	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	4.3	18	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	5.62	23	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	5.78	15	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.72	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	7.58	14	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.54	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.41	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.05	13	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	1.95	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.52	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.36	2	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	1.95	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.97	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	1.94	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	3.28	6	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.43	7	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	1.95	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.58	5	1	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.44	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.17	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	5.03	2	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.67	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.52	2	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	5.63	13	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.67	3	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.17	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	9.21	16	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	4.46	21	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	1.93	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.75	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.39	6	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.43	2	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.1	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.37	7	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.58	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.91	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.21	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	5.97	7	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	6.83	49	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
tetramethylene sulfoxide [no description available]	3.25	6	0	tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	5.22	3	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	4.77	9	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.22	17	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	10.8	47	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	11.66	43	19	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	12.47	125	6	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.02	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.42	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4.47	23	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.73	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	2.7	3	0	benzazepine
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	3.97	13	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	3.77	2	1	catecholamine
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin 2-(N-phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin: potent, specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0	tetralins
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	3.92	13	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	1.96	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.03	4	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.06	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.15	5	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	1.97	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.8	11	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	3.71	10	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.75	10	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	4.15	16	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.02	1	0	imidazoles
pd 173074 [no description available]	2.96	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	3.83	3	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.14	5	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.41	7	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.39	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.69	3	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.72	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.11	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	5.15	3	1	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	10.24	7	2	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	1.95	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	phenols
3-methoxytyrosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	tyrosine derivative
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.7	10	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	3.54	2	0
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.69	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.36	7	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.03	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.65	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.01	1	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	5.07	10	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.01	1	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.06	1	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	1.98	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.26	6	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ro 48-8071 Ro 48-8071: a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. Ro 48-8071 : An aromatic ketone that is 2-fluoro-4'-bromobenzophenone in which the hydrogen at position 4 (meta to the fluoro group) is replaced by a 6-[methyl(prop-2-en-1-yl)amino]hexyl}oxy group. An inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; bromobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.4.99.7 (lanosterol synthase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.39	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.32	2	2	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	12.39	29	6	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	12.88	58	16	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.01	1	0	acridines
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2.01	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
albendazole [no description available]	4.02	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	6.46	10	5	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	13.02	47	5	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alexidine alexidine: until June 1975 was mistakenly treated as synonym for chlorhexidine; RN given refers to parent cpd. alexidine : An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	1.97	1	0	biguanides	antibacterial agent
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	3.06	4	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.72	3	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.47	2	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.87	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.1	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
am 580 Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.	2.45	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	4.63	6	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.82	3	0	aromatic amine
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.81	3	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	4.21	5	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.88	4	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	8.84	19	6	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	3.84	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	5.99	8	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	14.24	43	6	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	6.82	7	3	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	4.85	8	1	barbiturates
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.06	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	4.08	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	3.76	3	0	methoxybenzenes
aniracetam [no description available]	2	1	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	1.96	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.08	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	10.76	17	5	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.97	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.69	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	22.77	339	96	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.39	9	5	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azasetron azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;	2.02	1	0	benzoxazine
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.05	1	0	azobenzenes
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
beta-amanitin beta-amanitin: RN given refers to L-Asp	2.41	1	0
azepexole [no description available]	3.06	1	0
baclofen [no description available]	9.63	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bencyclane Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.	1.95	1	0	benzenes
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.78	2	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benphothiamine benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.	5.22	3	1	aminopyrimidine; formamides; organic phosphate; thioester	antioxidant; immunological adjuvant; nutraceutical; protective agent; provitamin B1
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	9.25	5	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.38	2	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	3.63	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.14	16	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.44	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	4.61	1	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
berberine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.86	3	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid: inhibits AmpC beta-lactamase; structure in first source	3.4	7	0
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.94	4	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.36	2	0	propan-3-olide
betaxolol [no description available]	9.25	19	9	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.8	3	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	3.09	5	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.79	2	1	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.79	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bms 961 BMS 961: a retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist; no further info available 10/2006	2.15	1	0
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.79	3	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bumetanide [no description available]	2.43	2	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.43	2	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.07	5	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	4.01	5	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.78	12	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	3.6	9	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.98	7	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.98	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	1.94	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	4.75	5	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	9.29	23	2	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	2.41	1	0	dibenzopyran
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.73	11	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmofur [no description available]	4.35	4	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	1.97	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	4.81	7	1	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	9.24	6	1	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	8.52	13	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.51	2	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.51	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chloral hydrate [no description available]	1.94	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.55	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.88	4	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.18	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	1.94	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.08	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.76	11	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.24	6	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.4	2	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.52	2	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.7	3	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	9	12	2	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimaterol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	6.05	5	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.53	2	0
ciprofibrate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.7	10	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	16.64	71	26	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.63	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	4.44	7	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	6.67	6	1	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2.53	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	13.93	44	7	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.38	4	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.43	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.46	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopenthiazide Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.34	1	1	benzothiadiazine
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.17	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.7	3	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	8.9	21	6	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.94	4	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.71	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	1.95	1	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.44	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	3.54	2	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.05	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	9.14	19	3	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.49	8	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	5.58	7	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.53	15	4	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.98	4	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.81	3	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	10.32	341	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.07	15	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.64	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.13	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.11	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.11	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.63	3	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.06	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.99	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	3.52	8	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.46	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipivefrin dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	5.41	4	1	ethanolamines; pivalate ester	adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	10.8	40	5	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.65	3	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	4.25	5	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.8	3	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	4.63	6	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	4.11	3	1	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.3	6	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	8.01	6	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.4	2	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	6.2	43	0	thiophenes
ebastine [no description available]	3.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.4	2	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	4.65	6	1	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2	1	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.03	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.93	8	1
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	4.84	6	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethaverine ethaverine: tetraethyl homolog of papaverine; smooth muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.38	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	1.94	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	3.24	6	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	3.24	6	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	7.36	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	9.39	22	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etizolam etizolam: structure given in first source	3.33	1	1	organic molecular entity
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.91	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.68	3	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	4.32	2	2	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	5.33	10	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	2.67	3	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.49	8	2	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.86	4	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	3.44	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	18.97	176	49	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	12.71	47	8	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.68	3	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.42	2	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline [no description available]	2.45	2	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.95	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	10.27	10	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	15	54	4	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	2.04	1	0	oxazole
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.67	3	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.25	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.66	3	0
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	9.28	7	4	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.17	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.41	2	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.06	3	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.03	1	0
gr 89696 GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer	1.98	1	0	acetamides
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	7.54	16	3	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.95	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.98	4	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.14	5	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	5.29	17	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.98	4	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.13	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.21	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	2	1	0
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.44	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.15	5	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	3.97	2	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	11.06	26	17	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.92	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.52	8	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	1.95	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.2	11	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	2.03	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	11.78	21	11	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	5.95	14	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	1.97	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.7	3	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indeloxazine indeloxazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.79	3	0	indene
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.44	2	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	6.52	46	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.39	2	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	7.6	27	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
irsogladine irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt	3.09	1	0	dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.24	6	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoconazole 1-{2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.. isoconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-isoconazole. A broad-spectrum antibacterial drug used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of dermatomycoses.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	4.61	1	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.17	18	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.49	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
propyphenazone propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	pyrazolone	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	6.46	24	2	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.02	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	11.51	20	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	4.82	10	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	6.28	7	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.35	7	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.42	2	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	9.76	59	27	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	3.07	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.68	3	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	5.25	4	3	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.81	2	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2.93	4	0
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.07	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	3.08	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	12.93	57	9	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.31	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.32	6	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	1.94	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.87	4	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.39	2	0	anthracenes
mazaticol mazaticol: RN given refers to HCl salt without isomeric designation; structure	3.76	2	1	piperidines
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	3.19	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.46	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
memantine [no description available]	6.31	4	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	3.95	4	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	2.41	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	6.4	8	6	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	3.34	1	1	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	17.2	74	40	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	9	10	2	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.7	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	7.53	9	1	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	3.1	5	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	4.32	6	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	4.93	2	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.91	4	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.9	3	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	4.27	4	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.39	5	3	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.85	2	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	3.84	3	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	6.62	21	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	6.5	13	4	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	6.06	3	2	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.68	3	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	3.17	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	6.38	16	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	5.44	4	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.09	5	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	1.97	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.41	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
fidexaban Fidexaban: structure in first source	3.16	1	0
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.89	4	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	1.98	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.47	2	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.07	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.07	1	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	1.95	1	0	naphthalenes
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	3.53	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.11	1	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.65	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.44	2	0
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.7	3	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	1.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.89	4	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.98	13	3	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.35	1	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	4.3	2	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	8.72	12	3	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.07	5	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	3.23	6	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	3.81	4	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	1.98	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	4.98	12	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.97	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.99	8	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.96	4	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.59	1	1	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	4.83	6	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.35	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.73	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	6	26	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	3.86	12	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	3.38	1	1	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	17.63	76	31	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	3.06	1	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.95	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.36	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.37	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	1.93	1	0	fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.86	2	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.85	11	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	3.37	7	0	aromatic amine
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.35	7	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.55	8	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.57	9	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	5.2	4	3	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.65	3	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	4.26	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.04	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.65	18	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.95	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	3.04	5	0	aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	1.99	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	5.53	17	1	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	5.2	3	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	1.99	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	4.99	9	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	8.7	13	6	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	5.24	12	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.42	7	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.06	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.11	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.21	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.11	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.39	1	1	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0	chromones
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	7.16	11	3	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	8.2	18	2	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	4.95	3	3	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	4.65	3	2	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.42	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	4.83	4	2	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.33	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	3.48	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.88	4	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	4.29	2	2	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.01	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.35	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	9.03	40	6	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.4	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.05	1	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	1.96	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	4.84	2	1	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.68	3	0	piperazines; pyridines
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.4	2	0	quinolines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.21	1	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.68	8	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2.91	4	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	2.02	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.41	2	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.51	8	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole [no description available]	11.19	24	5	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	2.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.46	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.45	2	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	3.72	10	0	pyrroloindole
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.1	1	0	imidazoles
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.73	3	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.52	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.72	3	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.1	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.72	3	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	4.69	3	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.1	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	9.82	23	0	pyridines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	3.85	12	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.41	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.78	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.66	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.11	1	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.48	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	4.93	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.46	2	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	9.02	17	3	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.1	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.36	2	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	5.13	8	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	1.98	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	4.12	16	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94	4.14	1	0	organic molecular entity
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.01	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.71	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	4.01	4	0	azepine
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
tegafur [no description available]	9.67	16	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	4.25	5	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.04	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.75	2	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.62	7	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	1.95	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.53	2	0	thiazolidenedione
2-thiosalicylic acid 2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.	7.06	1	0	sulfanylbenzoic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic
2,2'-thiodiethanol 2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom	2.46	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; diol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; solvent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.94	4	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	1.92	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	7.26	15	8	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	25.62	804	197	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.31	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.	2.78	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	4.61	3	2	N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.05	5	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	4.89	4	2	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	1.96	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	5.24	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	1.99	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	3.82	2	1	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	4.22	5	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.41	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	4.6	6	1	amine
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	1.95	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	6.79	15	0
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.54	2	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	3.98	14	0
tyramine [no description available]	8.38	9	3	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	1.99	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	2.37	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.88	4	0	organic molecular entity
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.97	1	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.77	3	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2	1	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	3.78	3	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	2.02	1	0
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	4.73	3	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.79	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	7.64	10	1	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	4.14	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	7.53	6	1	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	8.41	18	2	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	5.07	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.21	17	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.97	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.06	5	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	4.27	19	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	6.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.42	8	2	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.63	8	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.7	3	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.94	37	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	5.83	12	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	3.62	8	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.63	9	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.47	8	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	4.28	19	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	6.08	5	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	3.13	5	0	corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	8.26	10	6	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.66	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.27	3	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.28	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	10.23	4	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.37	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.96	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.4	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	4.3	2	2	indoles
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	4.82	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	4.28	4	1	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	14.44	72	15	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.39	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.93	13	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.1	1	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	7.71	3	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.38	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2.67	3	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.37	2	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.49	8	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.05	39	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.94	12	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.45	8	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.67	6	1	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	5.41	14	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
demecarium demecarium: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search DEMECARIUM BROMIDE (65-85). demarcarium : The bis(quaternary ammonium) dication obtained by N,N'-dimethylation of the N,N'-bis[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl carbamate] derivative of 2,13-diazatetradecane.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.11	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.33	20	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.89	4	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	5.71	5	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	5.57	17	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	8	10	4	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.35	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.48	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	5.81	17	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.64	3	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.68	2	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.03	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	14.75	93	26	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	3.74	2	1	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
triphenylethylene [no description available]	1.93	1	0	stilbenoid
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.23	5	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.47	7	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	7.97	7	5	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.8	11	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.11	5	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	20.59	220	40	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	5.71	11	2	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	13.91	46	15	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.65	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	8.3	35	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.41	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	5.73	5	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	3.06	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	13.89	62	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	2	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	3.97	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	1.94	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.43	7	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	9.85	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	1.97	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.4	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	9.85	10	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.92	4	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.41	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	4.14	3	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.57	9	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.07	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	15.37	330	6	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.08	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.52	21	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.69	3	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	1.96	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	1.94	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.49	8	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.13	5	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.9	12	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sulfone
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.04	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.41	7	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	3.76	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.18	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.11	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.96	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	3.58	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.72	3	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.74	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	6.09	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	10.85	28	3	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.97	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	1.95	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.28	21	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.4	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	7.35	33	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	6.23	10	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	9.26	18	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.25	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	1.96	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	3.78	10	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.61	9	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
methylacetylene methylacetylene: structure	1.94	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.05	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.07	14	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	3.06	1	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	4.39	6	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	3.3	6	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.07	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.04	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
propyleneimine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aziridines
bromotrifluoromethane [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
methyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tribromoethanol tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)	2.13	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
trichloroacetaldehyde trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.	1.94	1	0	aldehyde; organochlorine compound	mouse metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	4.31	4	1	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.01	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane [no description available]	1.98	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; haloalkane	NMR solvent; refrigerant
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	6.94	4	3	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	4.21	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.53	16	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.31	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.07	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.76	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
propylene dichloride propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.	2.1	1	0	chloroalkane; volatile organic compound
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
3-buten-2-one buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.	1.93	1	0	enone; methyl ketone
chloroacetone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alpha-chloroketone
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.4	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.82	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	3.69	9	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
nitroethane nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	1.99	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methacrylamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	3.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.45	2	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.76	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
visnagin visnagin: from Musineon divaricatum. visnagin : A furanochromone that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one which is substituted at positions 4 and 7 by methoxy and methyl groups, respectively. Found in the toothpick-plant, Ammi visnaga.	3.07	1	0	aromatic ether; furanochromone; polyketide	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; phytotoxin; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.19	5	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.9	13	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
syrosingopine syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94	2.31	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.78	3	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.21	1	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.08	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.13	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
fluorene [no description available]	5.88	30	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	10.72	25	0	carbazole
acetopyrrothine acetopyrrothine: structure. thiolutin : A dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic that is 4,5-dihydro[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]pyrrole in which the hydrogens at positions 4,5 and 6 have been replaced by methyl, oxo and acetamido groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerases, inhibits the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and also inhibits JAMM metalloproteases.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; chelator; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor; toxin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	4.74	2	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	1.93	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.45	2	0	penicillanic acids
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2	1	0	methylbenzene
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thiophene-3-carboxylic acid thiophene-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	3.18	5	0
2-furoic acid 2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.	2.41	2	0	furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; inhibitor; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-acetylthiophene 2-acetylthiophene: structure in first source	8.53	8	0	aromatic ketone
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.42	2	0	substituted aniline
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	3.61	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-methylnaphthalene 1-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 1.	2.42	2	0	methylnaphthalene	carcinogenic agent; plant metabolite
1-chloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126	2.1	1	0
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	4.6	25	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.11	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	17.09	116	43	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	8.44	7	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	3.41	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.06	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
naphthacene tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.	2.06	1	0	acene; tetracenes
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.97	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.15	5	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.72	9	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	3.47	2	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
thianthrene thianthrene: in its electron deficient state, effects formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in process of oxidative phosphorylation; structure. thianthrene : The organosulfur heterocyclic compound that is the parent compound of the thianthrenes, a tricyclic structure comprising two benzene rings fused to the b and e sides of 1,4-dithin.	8.21	5	0	mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; thianthrenes
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
2-naphthoic acid 2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	naphthoic acid	mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
indene indene: structure in first source. 1H-indene : An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.	2.08	1	0	indene; ortho-fused bicyclic arene
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	3.21	5	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	11.34	285	1	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	3.45	7	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.25	1	0	xylene
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.76	3	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	3.58	2	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.21	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
2,4-diaminotoluene 2,4-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. 2,4-diaminotoluene : An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	aminotoluene	metabolite
2-amino-4-methylphenol 2-amino-4-methylphenol: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.	2.13	1	0	trichlorophenol
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants. 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is isopropanol in which one hydrogen of each methyl group is substituted by a chlorine. A liquid at room temperature (melting point -4degreeC, boiling point 174degreeC at 760 mm Hg), it is used as a solvent for hard resins and nitrocellulose.	2.17	1	0	organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	cross-linking reagent; protic solvent
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	2.4	2	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	1.97	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
cyclopentanol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	cyclopentanols
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.91	12	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
ethylene carbonate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carbonate ester
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	2.44	2	0	phosphonic ester
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	1.99	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.89	4	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. formylthiophene : An aldehyde that is thiophene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	4.07	14	0	aldehyde; thiophenes	metabolite
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
benzenesulfonyl chloride benzenesulfonyl chloride: structure	2.11	1	0
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.43	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	1.98	1	0	alkylbenzene
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.66	3	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.03	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-acetylanisole 4-acetylanisole: structure given in first source. 4-methoxyacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	acetophenones; monomethoxybenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.48	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	1.95	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	16.62	178	18	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
methylenebis(chloroaniline) Methylenebis(chloroaniline): Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.. 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) : A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.	2.07	1	0	chloroaniline	metabolite
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.	3.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	2.57	2	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
1,3-cyclopentadiene 1,3-cyclopentadiene: structure	2.06	1	0	cycloalkadiene
boric acid [no description available]	2.51	2	0	boric acids	astringent
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.07	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
betazole Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.	3.35	1	1	primary amino compound; pyrazoles	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug; histamine agonist
ethyl butyrate ethyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.17	1	0	butyrate ester	plant metabolite
ethyl cyanoacetate ethyl cyanoacetate: affect muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	7.8	3	0
ethyl carbonate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	carbonate ester
n-methyldiethanolamine [no description available]	2.41	1	0
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.61	1	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	3.23	1	0
4-xylene p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.51	2	0	xylene
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.21	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
allyl bromide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
acrolein [no description available]	3.26	6	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.39	2	0	alkylamine
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.55	8	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.17	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.05	1	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
methyl formate methyl formate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.	2.41	1	0	formate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	fumigant; insecticide; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	1.99	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.99	4	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.07	1	0
2-cyanoacetamide 2-cyanoacetamide: used in fluorimetric labeling of monosaccharides; structure	2.15	1	0
propylene carbonate 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
3-phenylenediamine 1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.	2.15	1	0	phenylenediamine
gamma-collidine gamma-collidine: structure	2.11	1	0	methylpyridines
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.76	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.06	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
bromobenzene [no description available]	7.43	2	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	2.71	3	0	methylpyridine
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.96	4	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	16.94	95	14	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	7.75	3	0	aryl thiol
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	methylpyridine
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.42	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	3.07	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2	1	0	acetal; diether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	14.96	275	5	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	4.77	9	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	5.23	49	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.97	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	1.97	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.1	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.43	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether bis(2-chloroethyl)ether: structure	1.96	1	0	ether
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	3.59	2	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.83	3	0	alkane	plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	7.97	10	3	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83	1.96	1	0	steroid ester
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	4.27	6	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	fluorocarbon
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.41	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.21	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.86	4	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.87	3	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	3.83	11	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	7.45	2	0	benzodioxoles
cyclopentanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cyclopentanones	Maillard reaction product
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	3.24	5	0	tertiary amine
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.48	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2	1	0
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.08	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	1.92	1	0	quinolines
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.63	2	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.99	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.	3.25	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
benzil benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	2.02	1	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.05	14	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	1.94	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diphenyl sulfide diphenyl sulfide: structure in first source. diphenyl sulfide : An aryl sulfide that consists of two phenyl groups connected by a sulphur atom.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide
benzyl acetate benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.	2.15	1	0	acetate ester; benzyl ester	metabolite
cyacetacide cyacetacide: structure	2	1	0
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	2.07	1	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.44	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.54	2	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	3.01	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	1.99	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	3.28	6	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	5.54	13	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.07	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	4.16	5	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.98	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	1.94	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.53	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.15	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	human metabolite; mutagen
benzo(c)phenanthrene benzo[c]phenanthrene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene resulting from the symmetrical fusion of the C1-C2 bonds of two naphthalene units.	2.05	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; ortho-fused polycyclic arene
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	4.15	15	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	3.15	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzotriphenylene [no description available]	2	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	3.55	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	2.42	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
benzo(h)quinoline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene [no description available]	2.9	4	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	22.88	538	130	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.44	7	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure	2.42	2	0	dibenzodioxine; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; oxacycle; polycyclic heteroarene
phenoxathiin phenoxathiin: structure given in first source	2	1	0
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	5.47	19	0	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	4.44	20	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	6.59	15	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.79	10	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.08	41	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	18.8	210	32	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	15.57	96	23	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	19.03	332	13	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	3.13	5	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	5.53	12	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	19.84	408	41	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.77	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.95	1	0
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	3.24	6	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	7.03	32	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.41	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	3.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
paraoxon [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.98	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	4.53	7	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.26	4	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	1.97	1	0	ether
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.05	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.1	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
diethyl sulfide ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	ethyl sulfide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.52	2	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	7.06	31	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	10.29	23	9	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.11	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	3.12	5	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
4-fluorophenol 4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.	2.48	2	0	fluorophenol; monofluorobenzenes
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	4.11	4	0	monocarboxylic acid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid: structure. 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid : A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyrazoles	metabolite
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.03	1	0	organosilicon compound
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	4.86	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	4.06	4	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	1.95	1	0
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.48	2	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.1	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	2.41	2	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.99	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	6.65	16	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	7.48	2	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	1.95	1	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
propiolic acid propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.	2.07	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
thiazosulfone thiazosulfone: structure	1.97	1	0	sulfonamide
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthazarin naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.32	6	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	3.05	1	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.05	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
retene retene: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	3.79	2	1	phthalazines
cytisine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.92	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
9-fluorenone fluoren-9-one : The simplest member of the class fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluorene bearing an oxo substituent at position 9.	2.05	1	0	fluoren-9-ones	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.23	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.11	1	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.11	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	7.01	7	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	1.97	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	7.52	2	0	indoles
dithiol dithiol: structure	7.98	4	0
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.9	2	0	butenolide
2-norbornene norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.	2.21	1	0
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.31	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
biphenylacetylene biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.52	2	0	arylacetylene; benzenes	fluorochrome
cycloheptanone cycloheptanone: structure	2.21	1	0
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.64	2	0	epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	7.38	32	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	7.56	13	2	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	1.98	1	0	dithiane
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.05	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.96	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	1.95	1	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	6.96	9	3	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.72	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	1.95	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.38	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.93	4	0
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	3.07	1	0	furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
thiophene-2-carboxylate thiophene-2-carboxylic acid : A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2.	6.75	32	2	thiophenecarboxylic acid
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	4.59	8	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	6.61	7	3	methoxybenzenes; phenols
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.46	2	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	4.66	24	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
benzyl sulfide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-chloroacetanilide 4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; monochlorobenzenes
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2	1	0
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.13	1	0
1,2-ethanedithiol 1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9	2.08	1	0
isovaleramide isovaleramide: inhibits liver alcohol dehydrogenases	1.96	1	0
maleimide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.11	1	0	dichlorobenzene
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.66	46	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.73	3	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.16	5	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	11.23	72	7
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.4	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.69	2	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	1.96	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.48	2	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
methyl isothiocyanate methyl isothiocyanate: structure. methyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a methyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is also the active nematicide of the pronematicide metam-sodium.	2.07	1	0	isothiocyanate	fumigant; lachrymator; nematicide
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
formestane [no description available]	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
benzene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid benzene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid: structure given in first source; inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	2.48	2	0
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.69	2	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	4.84	7	1	bis(azo) compound
2,3-dichlorophenol dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.	2	1	0
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.21	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.31	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.05	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	5	7	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.17	1	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.75	3	0	organic sulfide
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester
1,1-dimethylurea [no description available]	1.98	1	0
9-nitroanthracene 9-nitroanthracene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 5 position	2.21	1	0	anthracenes
1-methylindole 1-methylindole: SKATOLE refers to 3-methylindole; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylindole : Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.	2.11	1	0
4-chloro-1-naphthol 4-chloro-1-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants	2.17	1	0
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	3.61	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	1.98	1	0	anthracenamine
2-iodobenzenamine 2-iodobenzenamine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	9.38	35	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	3.12	5	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.69	2	0
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.67	3	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
n-phenylpyrrole N-phenylpyrrole: structure in first source	6.93	1	0
phytane [no description available]	2.01	1	0	diterpene
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.64	3	2	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.91	4	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.38	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.1	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.49	2	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.67	3	0
dimethyl methylphosphonate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	7.28	4	4	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
propylnitrosourea [no description available]	2.17	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
vinylene carbonate [no description available]	2.39	2	0
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.25	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
1-acetonaphthone [no description available]	2.6	1	0
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.59	2	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	14.03	68	8	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	5.19	11	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.36	2	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.95	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source. pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde : A pyrrole carrying a formyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.97	4	0	1,3-thiazole-2-carbaldehyde; pyrroles
dibenzothiophene 5-oxide dibenzothiophene 5-oxide: dibenzothiophene degradation product. dibenzothiophene 5-oxide : A member of the class of dibenzothiophenes that is the 5-oxo derivative of dibenzothiophene.	5.15	14	0	dibenzothiophenes	metabolite
quinacridone quinacridone: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
acetylhydrazine acetylhydrazine: metabolite of isoniazid in animals and humans; RN given refers to parent cpd. acetohydrazide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide; carbohydrazonic acid	drug metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.14	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
1,3-propane sultone 1,3-propane sultone: sultone is usually defined as a derivative of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid; structure	6.61	39	0	sultone
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
1,8-octanedithiol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkanethiol
citiolone citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	6.65	53	1	N-acyl-amino acid
fenchone, (+-)-isomer fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).	2.06	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; fenchane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
2,2'-dipyridylamine dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	5.16	10	1
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.49	2	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.01	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	4.11	14	0	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	vanadium oxide
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.06	1	0
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sulfide salt
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.57	8	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.09	15	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.04	1	0
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.42	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
picolinamide picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.	2.31	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
3-methylpyrazole 3-methylpyrazole: methyl can be in 3 or 5 position	2.15	1	0
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	4.04	2	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
nereistoxin nereistoxin: toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa; RN given refers to parent cpd. nereistoxin : Toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa. It is also the active insecticide of the proinsecticide thiocyclam.	2.38	2	0	dithiolanes	insecticide; toxin
butanesultone [no description available]	1.95	1	0
laudanosine laudanosine: opium alkaloid	2.11	1	0	isoquinolines
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: 0	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent	2.1	1	0
4-nitrothiophenolate 4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
2-hydroxyethyl disulfide 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide: reversible inactivator of aldehyde dehydrogenase	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.42	2	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.47	2	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.68	6	1	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.98	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.11	5	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.13	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.7	3	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
phenylguanidine phenylguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	4.89	11	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes; polychlorobiphenyl
n-methylisatin N-methylisatin: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	2.03	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.09	1	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	1.99	1	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid 1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid: structure	5.76	10	0	dithiolanecarboxylic acid; dithiolanes; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.42	2	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	6.58	9	6	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	3.84	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.34	1	1	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
dodine dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.	2.08	1	0	acetate salt; aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical
2-methylphenanthrene [no description available]	2.01	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	7.18	4	3	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
polyethylene glycol 300 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	poly(ethylene glycol)
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	1.97	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acadesine [no description available]	4.74	5	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.	2.05	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	2	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	2.05	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
clopidol pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79	3.17	1	0	chloropyridine
ici resin fs3798 [no description available]	2	1	0
benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-quinone benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-quinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	primary alcohol
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	3.38	2	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.78	3	0	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	2.17	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	8.21	5	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.25	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.04	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	1.99	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
methyl vinyl sulfone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.39	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
2,4,5-trichlorothiophenol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	4.35	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.56	8	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.02	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.47	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
pn 401 uridine triacetate: A uridine prodrug that is used in the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria.. uridine triacetate : An acetate ester that is uracil in which the three hydroxy hydrogens are replaced by acetate group. A prodrug for uridine, it is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria and for management of fluorouracil toxicity.	3.27	1	0	acetate ester; uridines	neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	3.45	1	1
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	6.05	9	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	substituted aniline
1,3-dithiolane [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dithiolane
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	3.34	1	1	catecholamine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	4.72	9	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	1.95	1	0
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.44	2	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.	2.36	2	0	anilide fungicide; anilide; enamide; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
octyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	2.35	2	0
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	3.33	1	1	indene
n-methylacridine N-methylacridine: RN given refers to acridinium parent cpd	2.25	1	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.49	8	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
3-thiophene acetic acid 3-thiophene acetic acid: structure in first source	3.47	7	0
levodopa methyl ester levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer	2.42	2	0	tyrosine derivative
talopram talopram: putative PET ligand for the norepinephrine transporter; structure in first source	2.38	2	0
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	8.47	7	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.49	8	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	9.39	19	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	4	13	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	3.8	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.03	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.2	102	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	5.56	21	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	4.09	4	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.59	8	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.45	20	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	12.83	31	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.02	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.45	2	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.61	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	8.28	48	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.75	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
actinium Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; scandium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
arsine arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.	2.21	1	0	arsanes; arsine; mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.99	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.77	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	8.31	6	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.04	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.74	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.56	95	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.55	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	4.97	2	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.48	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.33	1	1	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	3.8	1	1	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	4.5	6	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.1	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.48	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.39	2	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.77	3	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.08	4	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.41	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	16.82	92	22	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.44	7	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.83	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.92	13	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	3.33	1	1	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.46	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.54	2	0	calcium phosphate
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	1.99	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.95	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.1	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.81	11	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.77	32	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.6	9	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
silver chloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.39	2	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.46	2	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
cupric bromide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	1.99	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.1	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	6.81	3	3
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	5.7	6	1
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	2.55	2	0	organosiloxane
sizofiran Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.	2.95	4	0
hymexazol hymexazol: a chemical used to sterilize soil; structure in first source. hymexazol : A member of the class of isoxazoles carrying hydroxy and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively. It is used worldwide as a systemic soil and seed fungicide for the control of diseases caused by Fusarium, Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Corticium spp. in rice, sugarbeet, fodderbeet, vegetables, cucurbits, and ornamentals.	2.1	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; isoxazoles	antifungal agrochemical
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	6.11	8	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.03	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.1	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
magnesium nitrate magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.	2.03	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; magnesium salt	fertilizer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	7.14	11	2
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	3.5	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.48	2	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.73	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.64	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.	2.01	1	0
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	2	0	pyrenes
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	4.74	28	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	5.44	2	0	anthraquinone
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	2.06	1	0	sulfur oxoacid
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	menthone
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	1.95	1	0	aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.66	8	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	2.02	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	4.36	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.78	3	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	6.83	11	7	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
devrinol devrinol: structure. napropamide : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.. N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; naphthalenes
thiamphenicol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	11.3	93	32	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.37	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	10.5	44	25	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
1,4-thioxane 1,4-thioxane: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	4.74	2	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.41	23	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	1.96	1	0
fluoroboric acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	boron fluoride
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.82	3	0
fluorides [no description available]	6.68	18	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.46	2	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	epoxide
metizoline metizoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.33	1	1	1-benzothiophenes
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	1.99	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.46	2	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.05	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
4-nitrobenzylamine 4-nitrobenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
molybdenum dioxide [no description available]	2.48	2	0
iodine [no description available]	3.91	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.67	3	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	5.41	4	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.67	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	9.13	88	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.45	2	2	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.1	1	0	beta-diketone
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.76	3	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
sulfolane sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.	7.57	68	0	sulfone; tetrahydrothiophenes	polar aprotic solvent
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant	1.96	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.52	2	0
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	1.95	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.73	3	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	8.31	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.78	3	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.72	2	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.94	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
carticaine Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.	10.4	34	10	thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.57	2	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	1.99	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
alkenes [no description available]	4.59	25	0
talsupram talsupram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.77	11	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.74	26	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	3.5	2	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.09	5	0
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.	2.06	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
amoscanate amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.	3.98	2	0	C-nitro compound; isothiocyanate; secondary amino compound	schistosomicide drug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.89	4	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.68	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.48	21	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.46	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	7.08	7	4	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	21.23	340	167	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.95	1	0	tryptamines
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.8	9	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	1.98	1	0	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	2.07	1	0	vanadium oxide
benthiocarb Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.76	2	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.21	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
2-aminotetralin 2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	tetralins
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.09	5	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	1.95	1	0
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.21	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	2.03	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11.5	31	4	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5 15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.	2.06	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide [no description available]	2.72	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.38	6	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.48	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	2.66	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
tertatolol tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	13.17	126	29	thiochromane
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	4.08	3	1	ethanolamines
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	9.79	12	5	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	3.43	2	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
octachlorodibenzofuran octachlorodibenzofuran: structure	2.04	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	4.01	4	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.99	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
tricyclazole tricyclazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricyclazole : A triazolobenzothiazole that is [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole which is substituted at position 5 by a methyl group. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.1	1	0	triazolobenzothiazole	antifungal agrochemical; melanin synthesis inhibitor
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	5.17	6	2
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.99	4	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	1.99	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	5.84	8	3	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.97	4	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
isoprothiolane isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.	4.69	28	0	dithiolanes; isopropyl ester; malonate ester	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; insecticide; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.9	12	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran: toxic product which was generated in Italy due to an explosion in a plant manufacturing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol	2	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	1.97	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
tiamenidine [no description available]	8.07	17	3	organochlorine compound
thidiazuron [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ureas
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.7	3	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	2.01	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.55	2	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	3.41	1	1	epoxide	intercalator
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	4.09	2	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	7.08	7	4	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.93	1	0
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	2.31	1	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.39	2	0
nafazatrom [no description available]	5.65	3	1
eniluracil eniluracil: structure in first source; inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	5.49	5	0	pyrimidone
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.96	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	5.87	6	4	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	2.02	1	0	pyridines
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	1.98	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	12.82	40	10	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-benzoylhydrazono-1,3-dithiolane [no description available]	1.97	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	6.39	15	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2.66	3	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	16.9	322	24	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	2	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.05	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	3.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.39	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.48	2	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
1-octanesulfonic acid 1-octanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	organosulfonic acid	local anaesthetic
trioxifene trioxifene: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	5	0
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.42	2	0	oligopeptide
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.72	3	0	isoquinolines
doxofylline doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.	2.07	1	0	oxopurine	anti-asthmatic drug; antitussive; bronchodilator agent
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.06	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	3.06	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	8.34	25	1	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.04	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
eltenac eltenac: structure given in first source	5.91	9	3
fenticonazole fenticonazole: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenticonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenticonazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-{[4-(phenylsulfanyl)benzyl]oxy}ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-{[4-(phenylsulfanyl)benzyl]oxy}ethyl group at position 1.	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
sulfometuron methyl sulfometuron methyl: structure given in first source. sulfometuron methyl : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of 2-{[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.42	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.16	5	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.69	10	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	3.12	1	0	aromatic ketone
n-nitrosobis(2-oxobutyl)amine N-nitrosobis(2-oxobutyl)amine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
stepronin [no description available]	7.22	23	5	N-acyl-amino acid
loceryl amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.	2.04	1	0	morpholine antifungal drug; tertiary amino compound	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	4.62	3	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	5.41	11	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	3.29	6	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.49	8	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.42	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazaquin imazaquin: RN given refer to parent cpd. imazaquin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazaquin. It is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds.. 2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	imidazolone; monocarboxylic acid; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.16	5	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	2.06	1	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	3.44	7	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	15.56	87	4	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	4.03	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.27	6	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.72	6	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
pirmagrel pirmagrel: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
spiradoline spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
chlorimuron ethyl chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines; sulfamoylbenzoate	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
pravadoline [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bmy 25067 N-7-(2-(nitrophenyldithio)ethyl)mitomycin C: better antitumor activity than mitomycin C. BMY-25067 : An organic disulfide that is mitomycin C in which the amino group at position 7 is replaced by a {2-[(4-nitrophenyl)disulfanyl]ethyl}amino group. It is a derivative of mitomycin C with activity against a range of tumour cell lines and xenografts.	3.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic disulfide	antineoplastic agent
ipsapirone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.99	1	0
ablukast [no description available]	1.98	1	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	2.43	2	0	quinazolines
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.42	2	0	salicylamides
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	3.08	5	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cy 208-243 CY 208-243: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	phenanthridines
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	22.14	389	92	tetralins
tepoxalin tepoxalin : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid with the amino group of N-methylhydroxylamine. It is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation caused by musculoskeletal disorders such as hip dysplasia and arthritis in dogs.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antipyretic; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tibenelast tibenelast: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	4.46	5	1
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	3.35	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.15	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aromasil [no description available]	4.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulofenur sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea	1.98	1	0
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	8.12	5	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	25	578	156	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.46	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
besipirdine besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease	2.06	1	0
sezolamide sezolamide: decreases intraocular pressure, topically in vivo; inhibits carbonic anhydrase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	10.08	39	18
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	5	7	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	3.5	2	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	12.34	44	8	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
enadoline enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer	4.47	7	0
dup 532 DuP 532: angiotensin I receptor antagonist	3.08	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	12.16	37	3	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	5.96	4	1	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.73	7	3	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.96	4	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	27.3	1,178	303	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	16.48	85	20	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	9.12	22	2	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
draflazine draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer	2.68	3	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	9.47	15	1
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	4.13	4	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	1.98	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	6.17	3	1	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	8.97	26	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	20.84	274	27	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n,n-diethylethylenediamine N,N-diethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.06	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.31	6	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.97	1	0
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	2.02	1	0
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	2.58	2	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.68	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.8	3	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	2.25	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.07	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
2-butene 2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	but-2-ene
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	3.52	8	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium: RN given refers to chloride	2.07	1	0
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	15.96	79	9	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.39	6	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
hx-ch 44bs HX-CH 44BS: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-) - isomer	1.98	1	0
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	2.03	1	0	quinazolines
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.01	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	23.13	356	109	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	carbonyl compound
2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available]	1.93	1	0
irganox 1010 pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate): has antioxidant activity	2.11	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
sulfametrole N1-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)sulfanilamide: structure in first source. sulfametrole : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with the amino group of 4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-amine.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; thiadiazoles
iodonitrotetrazolium iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.	2.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	histological dye
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	3.48	1	1	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.95	4	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	3.51	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	4.61	1	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.41	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
2'-deoxyuridylic acid 2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.8	11	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.46	1	1	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	6.97	94	0	terthiophene
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.46	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
1,3-oxathiolane 1,3-oxathiolane: structure	3.88	12	0
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
6-sulfatoxymelatonin 6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	1	1	acetamides
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.03	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	5.69	23	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitro-alpha-acetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone 4-nitro-alpha-acetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone: inhibitory agent for the differentiation of mammalian tuberculosis strains from other Mycobacteria	1.97	1	0
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	3.13	1	0	steroid ester
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	deoxyribonucleoside
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	1.99	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	4.12	3	1	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.5	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.93	4	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate: deprotecting cpd for peptides	2.11	1	0
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	3.1	5	0	purine nucleoside
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.6	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.69	9	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound
iprazochrome [no description available]	3.34	1	1
erdosteine [no description available]	15.61	150	27	N-acyl-amino acid
tenilsetam tenilsetam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.28	11	1
tiflucarbine tiflucarbine: structure given in first source; calmodulin antagonist	3.23	6	0
flutonidine flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.46	2	0
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	9.98	30	0	acetamides
midesteine midesteine: a cyclic thiolic neutrophil elastase inhibitor	4.62	6	1
esreboxetine esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether
sertaconazole sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.	13.89	103	24	1-benzothiophenes; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	1.98	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.38	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; morpholines; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
abecarnil [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tallimustine tallimustine: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
linotroban linotroban: structure in first source; a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	10.72	22	3	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
boron nitride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nitride
allyl methyl sulfide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	organic sulfide
cetiedil cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.66	10	0	azepanes
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	3	4	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.67	9	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	boronic acids
porphine porphine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.49	2	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.96	13	0	phenanthroline
naphtho(2,3-b)thiophene naphtho(2,3-b)thiophene: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
piaselenole piaselenole: for determination of traces of selenium; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	5.51	19	0
bicyclo(3.1.0)hexane [no description available]	2.1	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	16.38	120	18	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; triazine
4-trifluoromethylphenol 4-trifluoromethylphenol: metabolite of fluoxetine; structure in first source. 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is p-cresol in which the methyl group is perfluorinated. It is a metabolite of the drug fluoxetine.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; phenols	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	3.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
rubrene [no description available]	2.46	2	0
thioindigo [no description available]	2	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.97	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	8.12	98	0	1,2-dithiole
2(3h)-benzofuranone 2(3H)-benzofuranone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
isobutyramide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	carboximidic acid
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.17	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.53	2	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	7.71	10	2	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	1.98	1	0	isourea
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	2.15	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	7.97	13	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
talinolol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ureas
11-bromovincamine 11-bromovincamine: RN given refers to (3alpha,14beta,16alpha)-isomer	3.11	1	0	alkaloid
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.41	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	14.4	60	25	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	3.54	2	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
3-nitrobenzyl alcohol [no description available]	3.35	6	0	C-nitro compound
triheptanoin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
5-fluoropyrimidine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.	1.99	1	0
cyclopropylamine cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.	2.05	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzenethiol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1H-1lambda~6~-benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dione [no description available]	2.31	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	2.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
2-methyl-2-oxazoline 2-methyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source. 2-methyl-2-oxazoline : A 5-membered heterocyclic compound, which is substituted in the 2-position with a methyl group and which is often used as a monomer in polymerisation reactions.	2.41	1	0	oxazoline
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.72	3	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.9	4	0
moprolol moprolol: (-)-moprolol is beta-blocker & anti-hypertensive agent; (+)-moprolol is inactive; SD 1601 refers to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6316	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	3.25	1	0
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.94	2	1	naphthalenes
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.35	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	tocol
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	3.44	1	1	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	5.56	4	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	carbazoles
mdl 11939 alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	primary amine
butoprozine butoprozine: benzoylindolizine derivative related to amiodarone	1.96	1	0
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	3.6	2	0	benzamides
siguazodan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyridazinone
tioxaprofen tioxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
gr 117289 GR 117289: angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. zolasartan : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 3-bromo-1-benzofuran which is substituted by a 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl group at position 2 and by a (2-butyl-5-carboxy-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl group at position 5. It is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist and was in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans; biaryl; imidazolyl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; tetrazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
timoprazole timoprazole: gastric acid secretion inhibitor	3.11	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	3.35	2	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.69	3	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	3.16	5	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.21	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
honokiol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	biphenyls
thiarubrine a thiarubrine A: dithiin polyacetylene; bioactive constituent of Aspilia (Asteraceae); structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound
9-aminocamptothecin [no description available]	3.09	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
phleomycins Phleomycins: Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.. phleomycin : A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus whose components all contain a thiazolinylthiazole moiety and can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. (Bleomycins are very similar to phleomycins, but have a bithiazole moiety in place of the thiazolinylthiazole moiety).	1.96	1	0
thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide thiophene-2-carbohydrazide: structure in first source	4.28	19	0
5-diazouracil 5-diazouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.43	2	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	3.67	9	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	3.15	5	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
carbohydrazide carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.	2.75	3	0	carbohydrazide; one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	5.54	12	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.07	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
methyl gentisate methyl gentisate: skin lightening agent; structure in first source	2	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.1	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite	2	1	0	bisphenol
2-aminoindan [no description available]	2.11	1	0
2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine 2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
3-acetylcoumarin 3-acetylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 3-acetylcoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.11	1	0	coumarins
phenylheptatriyne phenylheptatriyne: structure	2.88	4	0	benzenes
rivastigmine [no description available]	4.75	2	1	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.86	10	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.17	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
4-(2-thienyl)butyric acid 4-(2-thienyl)butyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 2-thienyl group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	hapten
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.61	2	0
2-bromopalmitate 2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; bromo fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid	fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
bexarotene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	7.26	12	0	acetamides
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	3.88	3	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
acetaminophen sulfate ester acetaminophen sulfate ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. paracetamol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is paracetamol in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfooxy group.	2.01	1	0	acetamides; aryl sulfate	drug metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	2.4	2	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	4.82	2	1	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	7.48	4	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-aminoquinazoline 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.49	2	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tetraphenylbenzidine tetraphenylbenzidine: used as label in photoelectron microscopy; has low ionization potential; structure	2	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
raptors imazamox: an experimental imidazolinone herbicide; structure in first source. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.. imazamox : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.	2.06	1	0	ether; imidazolines; imidazolone; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	2.55	2	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thifluzamide thifluzamide: a fungicide; structure in first source. thifluzamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.	3.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; aromatic ether; dibromobenzene; organofluorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.41	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	6.23	10	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
2-acetylbenzothiophene 2-acetylbenzothiophene: metabolite of zileuton; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	7.27	24	5	iditol	fungal metabolite
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	2.11	1	0	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
2-thienylalanine 2-thienylalanine: potent inhibitor of phenylalanine absorption in intestine which promotes its excretion by the kidney; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ALANINE/AA (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.94	1	0
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.83	3	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	5.98	5	2	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	5.44	8	2	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.1	1	0
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	2.66	3	0
pretilachlor [no description available]	2.42	2	0	anilide
diflufenican diflufenican : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; pyridinecarboxamide	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dimethenamid dimethenamid: structure in first source. dimethenamid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dimethenamid. A herbicide, it is applied to the soil for the control of various broad-leaved weeds and grasses. Only the S enantiomer (generally known as dimethenamid-P) is active.. 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl and a 1-methoxypropan-2-yl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; ether; organochlorine compound; thiophenes
sulcotrione sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclohexanones; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	4.53	7	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	4.61	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	3.03	1	0	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.49	2	0
aminozolamide aminozolamide: used in therapy of ocular hypertension	1.97	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.13	1	0	arabinitol
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.41	7	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
benzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid benzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid: for prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
5-iodotubercidin 7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase	2.39	2	0	organoiodine compound
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.86	3	0
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.15	5	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	2.47	2	0
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
thiophene a thiophene A: RN not in Chemline 4/87; RN from Chem Abstracts Index Guide 1986; structure given in first source	3.64	9	0
10-deazaaminopterin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
serine hydroxamate serine hydroxamate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. serine hydroxamate : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of serine with the amino group of hydroxylamine.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; serine derivative	EC 6.1.1.11 (serine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.04	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
octaethylporphyrin octaethylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.08	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.23	17	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	5.83	11	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
uftoral UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol	4.01	2	0
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.13	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
aflatoxin b1-2,3-oxide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aflatoxin	human metabolite
aflatoxin q1 aflatoxin Q1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at the pro-3S position is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	4.17	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	3.9	3	0
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	3.11	5	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.16	5	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	1.93	1	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.97	4	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
sr141716 [no description available]	7.97	4	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.23	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	14.45	59	8	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.49	2	0
ly 117018 LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.	9.01	99	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2.47	2	0
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.05	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	8.23	6	0
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine: legal replacement for MDMA; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine : A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.	2.41	1	0	benzodioxoles; secondary amino compound
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	1.99	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.61	2	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	3.77	11	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.54	2	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	2.38	2	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2.38	2	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	5.19	3	1	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	benzodiazepine
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.07	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	2.59	2	0	benzazepine
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	7.41	34	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	3.26	6	0	N-arylpiperazine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.96	4	0	alpha-amino acid
ml 9 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	germacranolide
tamibarotene tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; retinoid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
carboxyamido-triazole carboxyamido-triazole: structure given in first source; coccidiostat; U.S. patent No. 4,590,201	3.5	2	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.01	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	6.66	17	1	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	6.59	9	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	3.08	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.02	9	1
tadalafil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
indolo(3,2-b)carbazole indolo(3,2-b)carbazole: potent inducer of cytochrome P-4501A1-dependent monooxygenase	2.05	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.45	2	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	5.17	11	1
pd 123177 PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor	3.48	2	0	diarylmethane
monobutyryl cyclic amp monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; butanamides	protein kinase agonist
quadazocine quadazocine: RN given refers to (2 alpha,6 alpha,11S*)-(+-)-isomer	1.98	1	0
trypanothione trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.	2.13	1	0	organic disulfide
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0	piperazines
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
tifluadom tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	benzodiazepine
2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran: orally active & competitive receptor antagonist of platelet activating factor; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	2.31	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	3.78	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
tagetitoxin tagetitoxin: chlorosis-inducing phytoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis; inhibits RNA synthesis directed by chloroplast RNA polymerase	3.12	1	0
cp 65,526 azidoprazosin: labeled with 125I	2.07	1	0
duocarmycin sa duocarmycin SA: structure similar to CC-1065 and yatakemycin, composed of a pyrrolo-indole plus an indole; isolated from Streptomyces	2.42	2	0
2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	7.55	21	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
nitroaspirin nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor	3.14	1	0	carbonyl compound
janus green janus green: RN given refers to Cl	1.97	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
silicon phthalocyanine pc4 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
6-fluoromevalonolactone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	delta-lactone
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
afdx 384 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.16	5	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	thiadiazole
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.21	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	3.58	8	0	xanthones
n-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine N-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine: used to demonstrate the specific binding of chemotactic peptides to receptors in rabbit neutrophils	2.03	1	0
n'-(2-chloroethyl)-n-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-n'-nitrosourea N'-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-N'-nitrosourea: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	12.17	27	5	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
lexitropsin lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide	2.02	1	0
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.07	1	0
2-hydroxydesipramine 2-hydroxydesipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	1	1	dibenzoazepine
sr 46349b SR 46349B: potent & selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.53	2	0
(20s)-20-hydroxycholesterol 20-hydroxycholesterol: RN given refers to (20S)-isomer. 20-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.03	1	0	20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.71	3	0
pd 81723 PD 81723: adenosine binding enhancer; structure given in first source	4.92	36	0
pd 117302 PD 117302: RSD-921 is the ((+)-trans)-isomer	6.24	46	0
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	5.1	5	0
kadsurenone kadsurenone: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2s-(2alpha,3beta,3aalpha))-isomer	1.96	1	0	benzofurans
l 659989 L 659989: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor receptor antagonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
rti 121 RTI 121: structure given in first source; selectively binds to dopamine transporters	2.03	1	0
ru 24926 RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine: formed by Maillard recaction of bovine serum albumin with glucose; RN refers to (S)-isomer. 1-(L-norleucin-6-yl)pyrraline : An N-substituted pyrraline formed via Maillard reaction of L-lysine with glucose.. pyrraline : A pyrrole having formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively; useful as indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, which produces advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).	1.99	1	0	L-lysine derivative; N-substituted pyrraline; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
butyryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2	1	0	butanoyl-CoAs	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	3.31	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
pd 128042 PD 128042: structure given in first source	2	1	0	anilide
n,n-dimethyl-2-((4'-(thien-2''-yl)pyrimidin-2'-yl)thio)ethylamine N,N-dimethyl-2-((4'-(thien-2''-yl)pyrimidin-2'-yl)thio)ethylamine: phleomycin amplifier; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.57	8	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.62	5	1	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	8.44	105	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	6.49	7	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	3.19	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	6.72	5	2	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1h)-one 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2--(di-n-propylamino)tetralin methyl ether UH 232: RN given refers to cis-isomer; RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	2.05	1	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	2.38	2	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	3.83	2	1	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	3.04	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.25	1	0
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	3.81	2	1	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: potent reversible inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; structure. 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hacing chloro substituents at the 7- and 8-positions.	1.95	1	0	isoquinolines; organochlorine compound
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate: used as a cross-linking agent to study ribosomal proteins, by making disulfide linkages; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound; oxoacid derivative
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.02	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
neurokinin a (4-10), beta-ala(8)- neurokinin A (4-10), beta-Ala(8)-: selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor	2.03	1	0
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	3.11	5	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
amdoxovir amdoxovir: structure in first source; RN given refers to (2R-cis)-isomer	2.01	1	0
crezacin crezacin: a 1:1 mixture of 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and triethanolamine	1.96	1	0
ly 206130 LY 206130: a serotonin 5-HT1A antagonist	1.99	1	0
5-((5-methyl-3-thienyl)oxy)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone 5-((5-methyl-3-thienyl)oxy)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone: structure given in first source	2.73	3	0
teloxantrone teloxantrone: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.17	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
3-iodo-n(6)-4-aminobenzyladenosine 3-iodo-N(6)-4-aminobenzyladenosine: labeled with 125I for radioligand assay of adenosine receptors; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
4-amino-3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)butyric acid 4-amino-3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)butyric acid: binds GABA receptors; RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene: inhibits tubulin polymerization; RN & structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.67	3	0
cp 46665 CP 46665: immunomodulator; RN given refers to di-HCl	2.38	2	0
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	2	1	0
sb 200646 N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt	2.68	3	0	indoles
rwj 26629 RWJ 26629: structure given in first source; RN refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer	3.08	5	0
methotrexate [no description available]	11.3	59	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	10.43	11	1	aromatic ether
ono 6240 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-methyl-4,6-bis(n,n-dimethylaminophenyl)pyrylium 2-methyl-4,6-bis(N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)pyrylium: RN refers to iodide; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
esonarimod esonarimod: suppresses lymphocyte activating factor activity or biosynthesis; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
n 0734 N 0734: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
l 656224 L 656224: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	3.27	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine: an oltipraz metabolite; also called metabolite III; structure given in first source	5.02	3	1
dau 6285 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n-ethylhomocholine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
3-mercapto-3,3-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
5'-o-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine-3'-o-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) succinate 5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine-3'-O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) succinate: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
esterbut-3 esterbut-3: stabilizes butyric acid as a potent inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation in vivo; RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	2	1	0
talotrexin N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	2.72	3	0
wl 19 WL 19: structure given in first source; angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagoinst	2.38	2	0
exp7711 EXP7711: to search, use E#P7711(nm); angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.95	4	0	biphenyls
ym 529 YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0
org 9935 [no description available]	5.48	15	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.13	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4h-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1h)-one 5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source; U 86170F is the monohydrobromide hydrate	1.98	1	0
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	amino acid amide
1-((4-fluorobenzoylamino)ethyl)-4-(7-methoxy-1-naphthyl)piperazine hydrochloride 1-((4-fluorobenzoylamino)ethyl)-4-(7-methoxy-1-naphthyl)piperazine hydrochloride: a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; RN given for HCl salt. 4-fluoro-N-{2-[4-(7-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}benzamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 4-fluoro-N-{2-[4-(7-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}benzamide with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. Highly potent selective 5-HT1A receptor full agonist (pKi values are 9.0, 6.6, 7.5, 6.6 and < 6.0 for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors respectively). Possibly binds between the agonist binding site and the G protein interaction switch site, affecting the activation mechanism, and may display positive cooperativity. Anxiolytic following central administration in vivo.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist
s 14671 S 14671: serotonin receptor agonist; RN from toxlit	3.08	5	0
sk&f 104976 SK&F 104976: structure given in first source	3.51	1	0
ly 293284 LY 293284: a conformationally restricted tryptamine derivative; a 5-HT 1A receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.43	2	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
t 588 T 588: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	6.36	30	0
ici d8731 ICI D8731: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	3.08	1	0
forasartan forasartan: structure given in first source; an angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist; angiotensin II receptor antagonist; used in treatment of congestive heart failure. forasartan : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by o-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl and (3,5-dibutyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups, respectively. It is a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, type 1 (AT1) receptors, used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.5	2	0	benzenes; pyridines; tetrazoles; triazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
thrombin receptor peptide sfllrnp thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP: a synthetic peptide that induces early events of T cell activation and synergizes with TCR cross-linking for CD69 expression & interleukin-2 production; thrombin receptor agonist; do not confuse with TRAP peptide	3.42	1	1
af-cx 921xx [no description available]	2.88	4	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	4.49	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
u-91356 5-propylamino-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo(4,5,1-ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: an imidazoquinolinone dopamine D2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
embusartan [no description available]	2	1	0
ws 79089b WS 79089B: isolated from Streptosporangium roseum; FR901533 is the sodium salt; structure in first source	2	1	0
4-hydroxyclomiphene 4-hydroxyclomiphene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
ro 22-0654 Ro 22-0654: inhibits lipid synthesis	5.95	8	1
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	3.27	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	2.46	2	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	3.74	2	1	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	2.39	2	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.95	4	0	D-xylose
cd 437 CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.	2	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; phenols	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
fulvene fulvene: structure. fulvene : An organic cyclic compound that consists of cyclopentadiene bearing a methylene substituent. The parent of the class of fulvenes.	2.05	1	0	fulvenes
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.03	1	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	3.04	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	3.65	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.36	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-quinolinecarboxamide 2-quinolinecarboxamide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
4-(3-(bis(beta-hydroxyphenethyl)amino)butyl)benzamide 4-(3-(bis(beta-hydroxyphenethyl)amino)butyl)benzamide: structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd	3.35	1	1
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	2.31	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
ici 118233 ICI 118233: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
l 650719 [no description available]	4.27	4	1
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)	2.08	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.71	15	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
bdp 12 1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine	2.41	2	0	N-acylpiperidine
diquafosol diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist. P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.06	1	0
aclacinomycin aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.01	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tetracenequinones; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.1	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
3-deoxyglucose [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cilomilast [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	3.11	1	0
vatalanib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione 1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
phenyl di-n-pentylphosphinate phenyl di-n-pentylphosphinate: inhibitor of neuropathy target esterase (neurotoxic esterase)	2.1	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	7.78	7	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
bazedoxifene [no description available]	10.27	16	0	phenylindole
cyanopindolol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	indoles
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.39	2	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	6.44	7	2	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.57	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
ertiprotafib ertiprotafib: a hypoglycemic agent; structure in first source	4.54	5	1
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.32	6	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.01	1	0
naphthalenediimide naphthalenediimide: structure in first source	3.04	4	0
lubiprostone [no description available]	2.06	1	0
bis(4-piperidinophenol)diimidonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dibenzosulfoethylate ritetronium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.52	2	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	3.13	1	0	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.76	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2	1	0	camphor
tipifarnib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
cdri 85-287 CDRI 85-287: structure given in first source; an antiestrogen and antiimplantation agent	1.97	1	0
sdz 64-412 SDZ 64-412: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
ci 949 CI 949: antiallergic cpd; interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 antagonist	1.97	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.33	18	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
timepidium bromide timepidium bromide: structure	3.05	5	0	organic molecular entity
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.05	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.48	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.42	2	0	carbodiimide
cannabidiolic acid cannabidiolic acid: structure. cannabidiolic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a 3-p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl (limonene) group.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide; resorcinols
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	sulfonium betaine
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.49	2	0	C-nitro compound
iodonium thiophene iodonium thiophene: inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; RN given for parent compound; structure given in first source	3.62	9	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	2.72	2	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
2-carboxyarticaine 2-carboxyarticaine: structure given in first source	4.27	4	0
5-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-thiophenesulfonamide [no description available]	3.4	7	0
fk 3311 FK 3311: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
ici 211965 ICI 211965: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
5-(saenta-x8)fluorescein 5-(SAENTA-x8)fluorescein: structure given in first source; used for the flow cytometric quantitation of nucleoside transporter expression on leukemic cells	2	1	0
isoindigotin isoindigotin: used in treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia; structure given in first source	3.09	4	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	3.74	2	1
silver fluoride [no description available]	2.02	1	0	fluoride salt; silver salt
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	5.79	9	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.06	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	6.65	23	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bw 501c [no description available]	2.39	2	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	12.75	91	13	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
lixivaptan [no description available]	2	1	0
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
sk&f 75670 SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393	2.66	3	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	5.6	24	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.8	3	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.5	7	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indoles; maleimides
enzastaurin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indoles; maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	5.27	4	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
helioxanthin helioxanthin: structure in first source. helioxanthin : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-7(9H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at posiiton 10. It is a inhibitor of HBV, HCV and HSV-1 viruses.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; furonaphthodioxole; lignan	anti-HBV agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lu 135252 [no description available]	4.34	3	0
agn 193109 AGN 193109: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	2.04	1	0
propoxycarbazone [no description available]	2.15	1	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	4.29	18	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.03	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
alnespirone alnespirone: S 20499 is the (+)-enantiomer; S 20500 is the (-)-enantiomer	1.98	1	0
quizalofop quizalofop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P of and (S)-quizalofop. Quizalofop is used (commonly as the corresponding ethyl ester, known as quizalofop-ethyl) as a selective post-emergence herbicide against annual and winter-hard grasses. The active isomer is the R enantiomer, which is known as quizalofop-P.. 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
ly 353381 LY 353381: structure in first source	15.14	68	12
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	1.94	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
esketamine esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.	3.35	1	0	ketamine	analgesic; intravenous anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	3.08	1	0
topsentin a topsentin A: number of carbony group = 1 for topsentin A and no carbonyl group for nortopsentin B and D; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
rs 67333 RS 67333: 5-HT(4) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone
tak 779 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
melagatran [no description available]	2.48	2	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	8.06	30	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
sdz ens 163 SDZ ENS 163: a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist and M2 receptor antagonist	4.46	5	1
oxytocin, asp(5)- [no description available]	1.94	1	0
3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane 3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane: 7-aza analog of azabicyclane; structure	2.11	1	0
beta-naphthamidine beta-naphthamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
ferroporphyrin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	6.14	5	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
3-((benzyl)(methylaminocarbonyl)methylaminocarbonyl)n-hydroxy-5-methylhexanamide 3-((benzyl)(methylaminocarbonyl)methylaminocarbonyl)N-hydroxy-5-methylhexanamide: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
pipethiaden pipethiaden: used in treatment of migraine; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sb 205384 SB 205384: structure in first source	3.53	8	0	thienopyridine
razaxaban razaxaban: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	4.39	3	0	1,3-oxazoles
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.86	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source	4.61	4	0
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	4.04	2	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	2.59	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.38	2	0
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.	2.17	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.48	2	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	21.54	518	12	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	18.22	147	31	benzodioxoles
sorafenib [no description available]	2.61	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
lasofoxifene Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	7.71	11	0	aromatic ether; N-alkylpyrrolidine; naphthols; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	4.04	2	0	isoquinolines
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	1.99	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.69	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P	2.5	2	0
ferrocene dicarboxylic acid ferrocene dicarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2.05	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.74	3	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-benzothiophen-2-yl-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol 1-benzothiophen-2-yl-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol: suppresses Jak2-mediated pathologic cell growth; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	2.06	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.77	3	0
lanosterol [no description available]	3.51	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gant58 GANT58: inhibits hedgehog signalling; structure in first source	5.06	11	0	pyridines
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.21	1	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	9.98	121	0
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.07	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
4-amino-1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid 4-amino-1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.94	4	0
4,4'-bis(2-di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-4-(3-sulphophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-6-ylamino)stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid 2,5-bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene: a fluorescent brightener, as well as a photoinitiator of polymerization; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	3.03	4	0	ureas
wortmannin [no description available]	3.56	8	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	6.99	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.79	3	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
bonellin bonellin: green pigment from Bonellia viridis	1.96	1	0
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.07	1	0
acronine Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.	2.06	1	0	acridone derivatives; alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
2'-fluorothymidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	5.44	4	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
halenaquinone halenaquinone: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl-2-thienyl)furan [no description available]	2.69	3	0	thiophenes
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.13	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	5.92	12	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.21	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	7.76	6	2	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	3.11	4	0
5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile 5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile: structure given in first source	3.54	8	0
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.64	9	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.9	4	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
gant 61 GANT 61: a sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor and Gli inhibitor; structure in first source. GANT61 : An aminal that is hexahydropyrimidine which is substituted on each nitrogen by a 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl group, and at the aminal carbon by a pyridin-4-yl group. A Hedgehog signaling pathway and Gli protein inhibitor.	2.84	3	0	aminal; dialkylarylamine; pyridines; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.3	6	0
carboplatin [no description available]	7.61	5	2
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.44	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.44	7	0
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	5.22	11	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	7.68	16	2	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.06	1	0
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	6.57	4	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	4.35	4	1	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.36	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	3.08	5	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.08	4	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.67	3	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.1	5	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.15	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.57	9	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.99	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.39	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.68	3	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.39	2	0
glutathionylspermidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	glutathione derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2	1	0	limonene	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.06	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.04	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.71	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
mycothiol mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.	2.31	1	0
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.42	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	1.98	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	1.94	1	0	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	3.04	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	3.47	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
saponarin saponarin: structure in first source. 7-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)isovitexin : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.11	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.25	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
linezolid [no description available]	3.43	7	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	2.11	1	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.57	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
cyclopamine [no description available]	5.2	14	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.15	5	0
bispyribac bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; pyrimidines	herbicide
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	3.57	2	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.94	4	0	tripeptide
sb 243213 SB 243213: a 5-HT2c inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.04	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	7.84	10	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	4.66	3	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.27	17	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.91	4	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
tapi-2 TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group	2.4	2	0
ergosterol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.74	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.82	19	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	7.08	26	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
elinafide elinafide: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.06	1	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.01	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2.4	2	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	5.34	9	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.3	6	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	2.06	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.55	8	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.79	7	3	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.38	2	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.47	22	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	3.1	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.48	2	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
cgs 27023a CGS 27023A: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	4.35	6	0
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.31	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.72	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.98	2	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.68	3	0
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.88	3	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	3.12	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.8	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	3.17	1	0
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.25	1	0
hts 466284 HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; quinolines	TGFbeta receptor antagonist
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.78	3	0	aromatic amide
n(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane N(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane: inhibits deoxyhypusine synthase. 2-(7-aminoheptyl)guanidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which the imino hydrogen of guanidine itself has been replaced by a 7-aminoheptyl group. It is an inhibitor of deoxyhypusine synthase activity (GO:0034038).	2.25	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.46 (deoxyhypusine synthase) inhibitor
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	5.35	13	1	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	4.32	6	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	3.21	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
eptifibatide [no description available]	4.59	4	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.05	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	5.56	23	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.44	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
3-hydroxyhippuric acid 3-hydroxyhippuric acid: a kynureninase inhibitor; structure in first source. m-hydroxyhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	N-acylglycine; phenols	metabolite
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.01	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.73	3	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
furimidazoline furimidazoline: structure in first source	2	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.41	2	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.45	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.98	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.17	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.94	4	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.09	5	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.3	6	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.06	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prinomastat prinomastat: a diazepine-based hydroxamic acid inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor; angiogenesis inhibitor;. prinomastat : A hydroxamic acid that is (3S)-N-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylthiomorpholine-3-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the thiomorpholine nitrogen has been replaced by a [4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)phenyl]sulfonyl group. It is a selective inhibitor with of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 3, 9, 13, and 14.	4.3	3	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; pyridines; sulfonamide; thiomorpholines	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.35 (gelatinase B) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.1	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	2.17	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.39	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2'-c-methyladenosine 2'-C-methyladenosine: antiviral	2.1	1	0
evp 4593 EVP 4593: an NF-kappaB pathway inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
potassium nitrite [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.99	4	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	1.95	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	oxazolidine
thiacremonone thiacremonone: results suggest that a sulfurocompound from garlic inhibited colon cancer cell growth through induction of apoptotic cell death by modulating of NF-kappaB; structure in first source	4.7	10	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.43	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
thiophene-3-boronic acid thiophene-3-boronic acid: structure in first source	2.99	4	0
2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ck-0944636 CK-0944636: structure in first source	3.19	5	0
ck-0944666 CK-0944666: structure in first source. CK-666 : A member of the class of indoles that is 2-methyltryptamine in which a hydrogen attached to the primary amino group has been replaced by a 2-fluorobenzoyl group. It is a cell-permeable inhibitor of actin assembly mediated by actin-related protein Arp2/3 complex which works by binding to Arp2/3 complex, stabilising the inactive state of the complex and preventing its movement into the active conformation.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; indoles; organofluorine compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
perhydrotriphenylene [no description available]	2.06	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.23	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
deformylflustrabromine deformylflustrabromine: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Flustra folicea; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	tryptamines
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.47	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	3.12	5	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	9.39	18	3
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	4.05	14	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.47	2	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.17	31	1	isomethyleugenol
1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene: structure in first source. [8]annulene : An antiaromatic annulene that is cyclooctane having four double bonds at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7.	2.08	1	0
crotononitrile crotononitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	nitrile
phenyllithium phenyllithium: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	7.15	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.17	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.15	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	8.38	7	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	7.12	29	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
thiopyran thiopyran: structure in first source	7.51	2	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.65	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.61	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	3.08	5	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	4.11	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	1.97	1	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	4.74	2	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
sea 0400 SEA 0400: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.34	2	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.25	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	3.35	6	0	benzamides
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S))-isomer. sphinganine 1-phosphate : A sphingoid 1-phosphate that is the monophosphorylated derivative of sphinganine.	2.52	2	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.1	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.03	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.69	3	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.17	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	3.61	9	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	6.44	12	0
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	1.96	1	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.37	2	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
ax 20017 AX 20017: a protein kinase PknG inhibitor; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	3.1	5	0
sch-202676 SCH-202676: An allosteric modulator of both agonist and antagonist binding to G protein-coupled receptors; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.11	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
vanilmandelic acid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid: used in hypertensive patients	3.4	1	1
phenylalanine methyl ester phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-phenylalanine derivative
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene: an allosteric adenosine modulator	2.94	4	0
3-amino-n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno(2,3-b)pyridine-2-carboxamide 3-amino-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno(2,3-b)pyridine-2-carboxamide: structure in first source	3.6	8	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	5.52	6	3	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.9	10	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhi002 RHI002: an RNase H2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.83	3	0
eggmanone eggmanone: a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.08	4	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.5	2	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene [no description available]	5.09	13	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	5.36	5	3	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.39	14	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.98	4	0
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	3.05	1	0	imidazoles
terbinafine [no description available]	4.55	7	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	2.17	1	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.78	3	0
caryophyllene oxide caryophyllene oxide: has butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; structure in first source. epoxide : Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.	2.11	1	0	epoxide	metabolite
zln024 ZLN024: an AMP-activated protein kinase activator; structure in first source	2.63	2	0
cct007093 [no description available]	2.77	3	0
sr 3335 SR 3335: a retinoic acid receptor-related receptor alpha (RORalpha) inverse agonist; structure in first source	4.72	9	0	sulfonamide
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.66	3	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidines
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.69	3	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	5.35	17	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	2.96	4	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.09	18	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine 4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd	2.15	1	0
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	4.21	5	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.06	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.37	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	8.46	10	5	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor	2.66	2	0	toluenes
bml 241 BML 241: inhibits increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration; conflicting evidence of whether it acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors	3.58	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.5	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	12.41	82	2	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.	2.45	2	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.77	3	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.45	2	0
3-pyridinylboronic acid 3-pyridinylboronic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
nadp [no description available]	4.29	19	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.76	3	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.05	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
rubeanic acid rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure	1.96	1	0
stattic [no description available]	2.41	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
sc 514 SC 514: inhibits IkappaB kinase-2; structure in first source	5.07	39	0	ring assembly; thiophenes
p5091 P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source	4.33	16	0
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
sirtinol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
4,6-dimorpholino-n-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine 4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine: an mTOR activator; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
ace-011 ACE-011: a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the human ActRIIA linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 and may be an effective therapy in a variety of diseases involving bone loss	3.19	1	0
kl001 KL001: inhibits degradation of the cryptochrome; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
nsc 727447 NSC 727447: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.94	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.06	5	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.66	5	4	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
maraviroc [no description available]	2.41	1	0	tropane alkaloid
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.31	3	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	2.08	1	0
telaprevir [no description available]	7.71	5	4	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.8	3	0
6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylate 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid: associated with penicillin V from Penicillium chrysogenum; structure given in first source. 6-ketopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid : A delta-lactam that is piperidine-2-carboxylic acid substituted at position 6 by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0	delta-lactam; monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
2-(allylthio)pyrazine 2-(allylthio)pyrazine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.94	4	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	9.63	26	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.07	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.61	4	1	nitrogen oxide
nitromifene Nitromifene: A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.	3.76	3	0
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.38	2	0
fremy's salt Fremy's salt: mild reagent for conversion of phenols to quinones; structure	2.05	1	0	aminoxyls; potassium salt
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.17	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	3.05	1	0	imidazoles
tinofedrine tinofedrine: D 8955 & novocebrin refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.61	10	2	alkylbenzene
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.68	3	0	salicylamides
decyl glucoside decyl glucoside: a non-ionic surfactant used in rinse-off products	2.15	1	0
tamoxifen aziridine tamoxifen aziridine: estrogen receptor inactivator; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
rp 40749 RP 40749: structure given in first source	6.85	13	6
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	3.51	2	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.81	3	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
mitragynine [no description available]	3.41	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
deoxy-4-thiothymidine 4-thiothymidine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.44	2	0
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
tat 59 TAT 59: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aryl phosphate
boc-tyr(s03)-nle-gly-trp-nle-asp-2-phenylethyl ester JMV 180: distinguishes high-affinity cholecystokinin receptors from low-affinity cholecystokinin receptors; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.08	1	0
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
mdl 72527 MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	2.02	1	0	peptide
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	3.41	7	0
asperlicin asperlicin: cholecystokinin antagonist; isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source	3.08	1	0
(5-(3-thienyl)tetrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (5-(3-thienyl)tetrazol-1-yl)acetic acid: structure given in first source	3.69	10	0
ci 628m [no description available]	1.97	1	0
l 652343 L 652343: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
cystine [no description available]	3.24	6	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	4.12	16	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ospemifene Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.	4.07	2	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.13	1	0	benzazepine
ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative	3.21	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
sdz 216-525 SDZ 216-525: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
milfasartan milfasartan: angiotensin I receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	2.07	1	0	benzamides
rasagiline [no description available]	3.6	2	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
robalzotan robalzotan: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.77	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.17	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
ethylphenidate ethylphenidate: structure given in first source	2.57	2	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	3.66	9	0
ly 368975 thionisoxetine: norepinephrine inhibitor; an analog of nisoxetine; (R)-enantionmer is significantly more potent than (S)-enantiomer	2.43	2	0
sanorg 34006 idraparinux: a synthetic analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence in heparins	6.7	10	0
albomycin albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.	2.83	3	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.42	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.77	3	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.54	2	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.08	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
via 2291 atreleuton: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
nih-12848 NIH-12848: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase gamma; structure in first source	2.91	3	0
24,25-epoxycholesterol 24,25-epoxycholesterol: Rn given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer; structure given in first source. 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is desmosterol in which the double bond at position 24-25 has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the 24S diastereoisomer). It is an oxysterol agonist of the liver X receptor.	2.25	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; cholestanoid; epoxy steroid	liver X receptor agonist
sb 258585 SB 258585: is a high affinity ligand at 5-HT(6) receptors; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	piperazines
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.48	2	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.1	15	0
sw033291 SW033291: inhibits 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH)	3.62	7	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.95	13	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.8	3	0	naphthoic acid
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.21	1	0	oligosaccharide
rn 1734 RN 1734: a TRPV4 antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-amino-4-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	4-nitrophenols
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.93	4	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	3.11	5	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cp 94253 [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.77	11	0
sew2871 SEW2871: structure in first source	8.89	86	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.35	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	9.92	11	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	3.3	6	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	4.08	3	1
pd 407824 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	7.88	14	1	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.69	3	0
3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: structure in first source	4.4	18	0
reductone [no description available]	6.93	1	0	carbonyl compound
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.07	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.11	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2h)-furanone 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-furanone : A member of the class of furans that is 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran with a hydroxy group at position 4 and a keto group at position 3.	2	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	metabolite
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.32	6	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ro 60-0175 Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.	2.69	3	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	7.06	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.13	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
cinnamamide cinnamamide: structure in first source. cinnamamide : The simplest member of the class of cinnamamides that consists of acrylamide bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position.. trans-cinnamamide : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamamide.	2.17	1	0	cinnamamide
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	3.09	4	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	8	62	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.2	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	6.75	10	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.53	59	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	8.23	20	5	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.08	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	2.67	3	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.75	3	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.44	2	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	5.19	11	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	19.44	130	34
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.17	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	5.52	16	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.4	2	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	8.55	20	1	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	2.15	1	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.68	3	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.6	1	0
alprostadil [no description available]	3.71	10	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.69	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.25	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	8.1	11	3	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.17	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	3.45	1	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.33	6	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	2.38	2	0	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	1.96	1	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.4	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	1.97	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.8	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.49	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.03	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.94	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	2.1	1	0	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	19.11	257	77	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
paricalcitol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.31	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.67	3	0	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.53	2	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	4.61	1	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	1.99	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	1.98	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.1	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.04	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	3.49	2	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
curacin a curacin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	thiazoles
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	5.04	13	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
uf 021 isopropyl unoprostone: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug. isopropyl unoprostone : The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.	6.51	5	3	isopropyl ester; ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	10.92	19	7	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	4.09	3	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.08	1	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.46	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.44	2	0
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.68	3	0	cinnamic acids
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	11.43	52	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.15	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	2.07	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin e2 17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin E2: an EP1 receptor agonist. 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is 18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	alicyclic ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; olefinic compound; oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	human metabolite; prostaglandin receptor agonist
prostaglandin f2 isopropyl ester prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect	2.02	1	0	prostanoid
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	2.05	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.58	19	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.21	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.13	5	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.61	1	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	7.14	42	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
purmorphamine purmorphamine: structure in first source. purmorphamine : A member of the class of purines that is purine substituted at C-2 by a 1-naphthyloxy group, at C-4 by a 4-morpholinophenylamino group, and at N-9 by a cyclohexyl group.	4.3	5	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; purines; secondary amino compound	osteogenesis regulator; SMO receptor agonist
sag compound SAG1.3: small molecule smoothened agonist and a partial agonist of FZD6. 3-chloro-N-[trans-4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl]-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 3-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide in which the amide nitrogen is substituted by trans-4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl and 3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl groups. A smoothened (Smo) receptor agonist that antagonizes cyclopamine action at the Smo receptor. Activates the Hedgehog signaling pathway in a Patched independent manner.	2.25	1	0
codeine [no description available]	3.77	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
di-allate di-allate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	tertiary amine
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.95	4	0	hydrochloride
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.86	3	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	22.97	646	239	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.18	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	3.2	6	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	7.45	22	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	5.35	6	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.35	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.49	2	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	10	14	4	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	5.09	2	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	4.32	3	0
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	4.16	3	1	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.03	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	3.53	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	5.25	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
topiroxostat FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor	3.27	1	0
gw 5638 3-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic acid: exhibits estrogen agonist activity in bone and estrogen antagonist activity in uterus; structure in first source	3.51	2	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	13.02	66	7	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.41	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
trans-metanicotine metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
ah 23848 AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.	2.07	1	0	(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.08	1	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	12.08	23	9	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
bw 723c86 1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist	5.21	47	0
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	1.98	1	0	monoterpenoid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	12.22	32	14	prostanoid
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.8	2	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
ly 344864 LY 344864: has selective affinity for the 5-HT1F receptor; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	carbazoles
fluprostenol fluprostenol: synthetic prostaglandin F 2 alpha analog used as an abortifacient; RN given refers to ((1alpha(Z),2beta(1E,3R*),3alpha,5alpha)-(+-))-isomer. fluprostenol : An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea.	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	abortifacient; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; female contraceptive drug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	3.41	1	1	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.24	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	1.98	1	0
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	18.49	151	69	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
taprostene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.08	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.8	3	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	5.55	21	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.38	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.4	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049 Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.49	2	0
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.97	1	0
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	3.6	8	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rimexolone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
ro 41-5253 Ro 41-5253: a synthetic retinoid with antiviral activity; a selective RAR alpha antagonist; structure given in first source. Ro 41-5253 : A thiochromane that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyran S,S-dioxide in which the hydrogens at position 4 are both replaced by methyl groups, the hydrogens at position 7 is replaced by a heptyloxy group, while the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a 1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl group, the phenyl group of which is substituted at the para position by a carboxy group. It is a selective antagonist for retinoic acid receptor alpha.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; sulfone; thiochromane	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	2	1	0	monoterpenoid
ro 4-6790 Ro 4-6790: structure in first source	2.72	3	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	5.11	42	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.03	1	0	prostanoid
ethyl caffeate (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.	2.11	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; ethyl ester; hydroxycinnamic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
thebaine Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	4.67	6	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.42	2	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.44	2	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.63	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.32	6	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	6.22	9	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.5	2	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.02	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.27	6	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	3.79	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.45	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.9	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
styrylquinoline styrylquinoline: structure in first source	1.94	1	0	2-styrylquinoline
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.41	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.94	12	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
6-chloropurine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	purines
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	9.01	36	6	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.44	4	1	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	2.35	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.97	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.47	4	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	9.77	7	1	boron group element atom
2-amino-6-chloropurine 6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source. 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	2-aminopurines; organochlorine compound
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	5.58	13	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.41	1	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.83	2	1	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.47	2	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	15.2	308	6	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	10.36	267	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	3.12	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.54	2	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	10.45	25	13	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	5.09	10	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.61	50	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	5.31	16	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.86	7	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	8.43	7	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.48	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
metkephamid metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer	1.98	1	0
2,3-dehydrosilybin dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	flavonolignan
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	2.66	3	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.4	2	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	7.42	16	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
bb 2116 [no description available]	3.5	2	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.38	7	0	isoquinolines
pd 144795 [no description available]	3.09	5	0
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	3.41	7	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	16.01	77	8	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.56	2	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
vx680 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
otamixaban otamixaban: structure in first source	5.18	4	0
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.97	4	0	N-acylsphingosine
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.75	3	0	dichlorobenzene
epicinchonine epicinchonine: structure in first source. cinchonine : Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.04	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.63	2	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.84	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	3.21	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	4	4	0	indoles
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.25	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.13	1	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mastoparan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.72	10	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.48	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	4.19	17	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.	2.05	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	3.88	11	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
selenourea [no description available]	3.41	1	0
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.41	1	1
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	1.99	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
selenocyanic acid [no description available]	2.61	2	0	organic radical
agn 191659 AGN 191659: a retinoid x receptor pan-agonist; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	3.36	1	1
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.1	15	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	4.09	16	0	amidobenzoic acid
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.53	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
zoniporide zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)	2.05	1	0
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	3.12	1	0	azoxy compound
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	1.98	1	0	polyterpene
luprostenol luprostenol: RN given refers to 1S-(1alpha(Z),2beta(*R),3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.06	1	0
9-cis-retinal 9-cis-retinal : A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.	2.17	1	0	retinal
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.9	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
carboprostacyclin carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
rhizoxin rhizoxin: from Rhizopus chinensis; causal agent of rice seedling blight; structure given in first source. rhizoxin : An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.	1.98	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	1.98	1	0
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	2.41	2	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.37	2	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.01	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
agn 191701 AGN 191701: retinoid X receptors agonist; RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
brl 26830a BRL 26830A: structure given in first source	3.35	1	1
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	2.39	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases	1.98	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
2-cyano-3-(1-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate 2-cyano-3-(1-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate: inhibits pyruvate transport into mitochondria	2.15	1	0
bw a1433 BW A1433: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
l 689660 [no description available]	2.89	4	0
2,3,22,23-dioxidosqualene [no description available]	1.98	1	0
agn 190121 [no description available]	2	1	0
tiaprost [no description available]	4.98	9	1	prostanoid
everolimus [no description available]	8.71	8	3	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
nb 598 NB 598: decreases serum total & LDL-cholesterol levels; structure given in first source; inhibits squalene epoxidase	6.13	24	0
axitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
indiplon indiplon: structure in first source	11.02	31	7	pyrimidines
pai 039 tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1	2.04	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	2.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
salacinol salacinol: a sulfated thiosugar from Salacia reticulata (CELASTRACEAE); structure in first source	3.56	2	0
rilpivirine [no description available]	3.58	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2	1	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	3.23	1	0	piperidines
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
ix 207-887 IX 207-887: inhibits the release of IL-1alpha & beta from cultured murine macrophages or human mononuclear cells	4.87	8	1
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
isbogrel isbogrel: specific thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor	1.96	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.99	4	0
a 77636 A 77636: structure given in first source; a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist. (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol : An isochromene that is 3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol bearing additional aminomethyl and 1-adamantyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively (the 1R,3S-diastereomer). Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2	1	0	adamantanes; catechols; isochromenes; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
mdl 105519 MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source	2	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.07	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.99	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	6.64	5	1
n,n'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	aryl sulfide
lactacystin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	1.97	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide 6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	3.41	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	4.03	3	1
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	8.7	20	5	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.72	3	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
songorine songorine: RN given refers to parent cpd; diterpene alkaloid from Aconitum karakolicum Rap.	2.11	1	0
mdl 201053 MDL 201053: Immunosuppressive Agent; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.38	2	0
edatrexate edatrexate: structure given in first source	5.57	7	0	glutamic acid derivative
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane 2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
u 62840 U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	4.9	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist
fedotozine fedotozine: affects gastrointestinal motility in dogs	1.98	1	0
flibanserin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzimidazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
adrogolide hydrochloride adrogolide hydrochloride: the diacetyl prodrug of A-86929; structure given in first source	4.29	4	1
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	4.83	3	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
vofopitant [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bay 12-9566 Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity	4.31	3	0	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
bn 80933 BN 80933: structure in first source	4.86	6	0
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	11.53	29	2	diarylmethane
n-(2,5-dibromo-3-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-3-piperazin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide N-(2,5-dibromo-3-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-3-piperazin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide: structure in first source	2	1	0
6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thio-1-(thiazol-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-2-benzothiophen-4(5h)-one 6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thio-1-(thiazol-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-2-benzothiophen-4(5H)-one: a GABA-A alpha5 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.8	3	0
sb 399885 SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	2.96	4	0
diglycyl-histidine diglycyl-histidine: tripeptide complexed with cupric ion designed to mimic specific Cu(II) transport site of ascorbate on albumin molecule; glycylglycylhistamine is An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
valylleucine valylleucine: RN given refers to all L-isomer. Val-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-leucine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	2.21	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.82	11	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.42	2	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	4.76	2	1	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.03	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	3.53	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.4	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	1.94	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1	0
guanoxabenz [no description available]	1.96	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.35	2	0
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.1	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
org 30029 ORG 30029: no other info available 3/90	1.99	1	0
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	2.25	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
poloxin poloxin: a polo-box domain inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 5-position.	2.11	1	0	glycerophosphoinositol phosphate
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.41	2	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
radafaxine radafaxine: a bupropion metabolite; radafaxine is a (+)-isomer of hydroxybupropion	3.43	1	1
b 428 4-iodine-benzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxamidine: structure in first source	4.9	11	0
r 115866 R 115866: structure in first source. talarozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-talarozole. It is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne.. N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; benzothiazoles; secondary amino compound; triazoles
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	8.38	9	1
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.05	1	0
bms-262084 BMS-262084: an azetidinone-based tryptase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	4.72	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
l-826266 L-826266: a prostanoid EP3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
tabimorelin tabimorelin: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2	1	0
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
rwj 52353 RWJ 52353: an alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor ligand; structure in first source	2	1	0
s 22153 [no description available]	4.95	14	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.06	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
arl 17477 ARL 17477: a potent & selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor	3.1	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.46	2	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
ro 28-2653 Ro 28-2653: a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival in a prostate cancer standard rat model	2.42	2	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.99	4	0	oligopeptide
racivir [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.5	2	0	alkylbenzene
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	2.68	3	0
2-propyl-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1-ena(c)phenanthrene-9,10-diol A 86929: a selective dopamine D1 agonists; structure given in first source	5.26	12	1
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.48	2	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.13	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
dc 107 leinamycin: a thiazole containing macrolide characterized by an unusual 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro fused to an 18 member macrolactam ring; isolated from Streptomyces; MF C22-H26-N2-O6-S3; possible DNA alkylator; the leinamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140 consists of two polyketide synthases genes	1.99	1	0	dithiolanes
ave 0991 AVE 0991: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
ag 331 AG 331: structure given in second source	5.03	5	0
akr 501 avatrombopag: enhances megakaryocytopoiesis; structure in first source	14.66	44	10
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	4.82	5	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	6.15	10	1	organic molecular entity
biln 2061 BILN 2061: a macrocyclic NS3 protease inhibitor and antiviral agent; structure in first source	4.41	1	1
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	13.61	48	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
agn 194204 AGN 194204: a retinoid X receptor ligand; structure in first source	2	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.03	39	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
agn 194310 4-((4-(4-ethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(2H)-thiochromen-6-yl)ethynyl)benzoic acid: structure in first source	3.52	8	0
mk-0524 MK-0524: a potent orally active human prostaglandin D(2) receptor 1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
remimazolam remimazolam: sedative; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
osi 930 OSI 930: inhibits both receptor tyrosine kinase Kit and kinase insert domain receptor; structure in first source	6.78	12	2	aromatic amide
sabiporide sabiporide: a NHE-1 inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
rep8839 REP8839: Antibacterial; a topical synthetic fluorovinylthiophene-containing diaryldiamine that inhibits bacterial methionyl tRNA synthetase; structure in first source	4.26	5	0
tafluprost tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	5.34	4	1	isopropyl ester; organofluorine compound; prostaglandins Falpha	prostaglandin receptor agonist
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	20.59	220	27	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
eprosartan mesylate dihydrate eprosartan mesylate dihydrate: structure in first source	3.16	5	0
t 98475 T 98475: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	isopropyl ester; thienopyridine
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	27.18	1,185	203	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
men 11420 [no description available]	2.47	2	0
sb 3ct compound SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
pi103 PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; morpholines; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
org 41841 Org 41841: structure in first source	2.94	4	0	pyrimidines; thienopyrimidine
dapagliflozin [no description available]	13.99	46	2	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
s 24795 S 24795: acetylcholine agonist	2.21	1	0
fauc 346 FAUC 346: a D3 dopamine receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	2.01	1	0
2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide 2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide: an IKK-2 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	5.18	42	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
ro 31-9790 Ro 31-9790: hydroxamic acid derivative	2.4	2	0
piperacillin 5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
darexaban [no description available]	5.87	7	0
avosentan Avosentan: structure in first source	4.09	2	0
n-((2s)-2-mercapto-1-oxo-4-(3,4,4- trimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)butyl)-l-leucyl-n,3- dimethyl-l-valinamide N-((2S)-2-mercapto-1-oxo-4-(3,4,4- trimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)butyl)-L-leucyl-N,3- dimethyl-L-Valinamide: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	4.31	3	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	4.96	2	1	fatty acid ester
st 1936 2-(5-chloro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine: a 5-HT6 receptor agonist	2.06	1	0
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.21	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ly 392098 LY 392098: structure in first source	5.42	11	0
ly 404187 LY 404187: structure in first source	3.13	5	0
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	4.29	17	0	monocarboxylic acid
bay-68-4986 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
eht 1864 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
terutroban terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist	4.06	2	0
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	2.05	1	0
ly517717 LY517717: an oral anticoagulant	4.56	4	0
zaragozic acid b zaragozic acid B: structure given in first source; a fungal metabolite	1.99	1	0
s 5682 S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside	2.1	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	3.84	11	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone [no description available]	2.42	2	0
me 3277 ME 3277: structure in first source	2.7	3	0
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.8	3	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
l-161982 L-161982: A prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist	4.56	23	0	biphenyls
azd 0837 AZD 0837: anticoagulant prodrug of AR-H067637	3.16	1	0
vortioxetine Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.	10.04	9	6	aryl sulfide; N-arylpiperazine	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	5	12	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	4.08	2	0
kb r8301 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	2.04	1	0
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	8.68	14	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
bx795 BX795: structure in first source	4.87	29	0	ureas
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.76	3	0
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.13	1	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.48	2	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cuprous sulfide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	copper sulfide
5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1h-indole 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole: a 5-HT6 agonist; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	indoles
am 1241 AM 1241: a CB(2) receptor-selective agonist; no further information available 11/2001	2.08	1	0
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	3.61	2	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	26.22	821	219
cp-673,451 CP-673,451: is a potent inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) kinase; structure in first source	2.96	1	0	aminoquinoline
darexaban glucuronide darexaban glucuronide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
af 150 1-methylpiperidine-4-spiro-(2'-methylthiazoline): a selective and efficacious M1 agonist no further information	3.51	2	0
apixaban [no description available]	19.61	391	4	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bibw 2992 [no description available]	2.61	2	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
jte 013 JTE 013: an Edg-5 antagonist. JTE-013 : A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM).	4.43	6	0	chloropyridine; pyrazolopyridine	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; osteogenesis regulator; pro-angiogenic agent; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist
ar c155858 AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source	6.39	18	0
tiodonium chloride [no description available]	5.41	8	2
aleglitazar aleglitazar: a dual peroxisome PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonist for type 2 diabetes	14.19	40	19
betrixaban betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	6.34	10	0	benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
pik 75 PIK 75: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
fauc 365 FAUC 365: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	12.06	72	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.27	5	0
gm 1489 GM 1489: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
kaspar kaspar: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
crenolanib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
azd3965 AZD3965: a monocarboxylate transporter-1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	9.86	29	1
n-((3s)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl)-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride N-((3S)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
cur 61414 CUR 61414: inhibits the hedehog signaling pathway; structure in first source	3.15	1	0
r-138727 R-138727: an active metabolite of CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315) and P2Y12 receptor inhibitor; structure in first source	8.51	19	5	organofluorine compound
sb 215505 SB 215505: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.04	1	0
ipragliflozin [no description available]	18.94	167	43	glycoside
e 5555 E 5555: a 2-iminopyridine derivative and platelet aggregation inhibitor	5.18	4	0	aromatic ketone
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	4.74	8	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	11.68	124	1
s 3304 S 3304: structure in first source	6.9	4	4
bis(pyridine)iodonium(i) tetrafluoroborate bis(pyridine)iodonium(I) tetrafluoroborate: an iodinating reagent for peptides	2.03	1	0
4'-thiothymidine 4'-thiothymidine: RN & structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.01	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.44	2	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
molybdenum carbide molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils	2.07	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.44	2	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
fenprostalene fenprostalene: RN given refers to (1R,2R,3R,5S)-(E)-(3R*)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	5.9	8	0
krp-203 KRP-203: a synthetic immunosuppressant that prolongs graft survival and attenuates chronic rejection in rat skin and heart allografts; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
regorafenib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sumanene sumanene: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ethaboxam ethaboxam: a fungicide; structure in first source. ethaboxam : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-ethaboxam. A fungicide used to control Oomycetes in vines and late potato blight. It is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic species, honey bees and earthworms.. N-[cyano(2-thienyl)methyl]-4-ethyl-2-(ethylamino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide : A member of the class of aromatic amides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-ethyl-2-(ethylamino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of amino(2-thienyl)acetonitrile.	3.47	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; aromatic amine; nitrile; secondary amino compound; thiophenes
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol: a selective estrogen receptor modulator	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
abt-737 [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
phenylnitrene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	16.69	98	44
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	5.35	8	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.57	2	0
eluxadoline [no description available]	3.25	1	0	amino acid amide; benzamides; imidazoles; L-phenylalanine derivative; methoxybenzoic acid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; gastrointestinal drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist
auy 954 AUY 954: an S1P(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source	5.06	15	0
begacestat [no description available]	4.25	5	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.66	3	0	nystatins
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
nu 7441 8-dibenzothiophen-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-chromen-4-one: structure in first source	3.86	3	0	dibenzothiophenes
sexithiophene sexithiophene: structure in first source	8.85	11	0
thiopyrylium thiopyrylium: structure in first source	3.46	7	0
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.11	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ponesimod ponesimod: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
bi 2536 [no description available]	4.3	5	0
brimonidine tartrate, timolol maleate drug combination Brimonidine Tartrate, Timolol Maleate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate. The combined ADRENERGIC ALPHA2 RECEPTOR AGONIST and ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONIST activity of these drugs reduce INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE in GLAUCOMA patients.	3.16	1	0
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	5.8	24	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
(5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine: KR-32570 possesses potent cardioprotective effects in perfused rat hearts, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of NHE-1, preservation of high-energy phosphates, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2.03	1	0
mesosulfuron-methyl mesosulfuron-methyl: an herbicide	2.48	2	0
a 784168 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide: a TRPV1 antagonist	2.08	1	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.08	4	0	stilbenoid
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	3.51	1	1	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
nvp-aew541 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
abt 869 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; indazoles; phenylureas	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
methiozolin [no description available]	3.49	7	0
kr-33028 N-(4-cyano-benzo(b)thiophene-2-carbonyl)guanidine: a cardioprotective agent for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury; structure in first source	3.54	8	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	3.4	6	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ibodutant 6-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (1-(2-phenyl-((1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)ethylcarbamoyl)cyclophenyl)amide: a tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	7.27	11	1
anacetrapib [no description available]	2.05	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	3.19	1	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
a-841720 A-841720: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
hcv 796 HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
VPC 23019 VPC23019: inhibits S1P3 receptor; structure in first source. VPC 23019 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of O-phospho-D-serine with the amino group of m-octylaniline. An analogue of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), it is a potent antagonist for both S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. It can inhibit S1P-induced migration of thyroid cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, and neural stem cells.	2.54	2	0	aromatic amide; D-serine derivative; organic phosphate; phosphoric ester; secondary carboxamide	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 antagonist
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	14.5	30	26
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.31	1	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	quinolines
gw 2580 5-(3-methoxy-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)benzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a cFMS kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
pd 0348292 N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidiine-1,2-dicarboxamide: structure in first source. eribaxaban : A member of the class of pyrrolidines that is (2R,4R)-N(1)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamide in which the nitrogen of the 2-carbamoyl group has been substituted by a 2-fluoro-4-(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl group. It is a synthetic organic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; pyridone; pyrrolidines; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	4.54	3	0
n-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: sedaxane is the (trans)-isomer; structure in first source. sedaxane : A diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of the two possible cis-isomers as well as the two possible trans-isomers of sedaxane. Used in seed treatment for the control of pathogens such as Ascomycetes and Oomycetes species in crops such as fruit and wheat.. N-{2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.	3.41	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; ring assembly
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	3.12	1	0
trametinib [no description available]	5.37	4	1	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ponkoranol ponkoranol: isolated from the plant Salacia reticulata; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.02	1	0
corannulene corannulene: structure in first source	3.89	3	0
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	11.34	31	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
ly2603618 [no description available]	2.54	2	0	ureas
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.61	9	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.52	2	0
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	3.25	1	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.95	4	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	5.77	3	2	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	6.51	25	2
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.25	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
cs-2100 [no description available]	2.48	2	0
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	20.2	166	38	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.59	2	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	2.35	2	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	2.41	2	0
amlodipine, atorvastatin drug combination [no description available]	3.12	1	0
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.11	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	2.25	1	0
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	15.49	54	15
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	2.01	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	4.01	4	0
rifamycins [no description available]	4.69	3	0
ent-dextilidine Tilidine: An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097). ent-dextilidine : An ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that has R configuration at the carbon bearing the phenyl group and S configuration at the carbon bearing the dimethylamino group. It is the enantiomer of dextilidine; the opioid analgesic tilidine is the racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextilidine and ent-dextilidine.. tilidine : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of the two trans diastereoisomers of ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate, namely dextilidine and ent-dextilidine. It is used (commonly as the hydrochloride hemihydrate) as an opioid analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. A prodrug, it is metabolised in the body to nortilidine, which is responsible for the analgesic activity; virtually all of the opioid activity resides in the (1S,2R) isomer.	2.08	1	0	ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	8.67	9	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.65	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.86	12	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.98	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.58	2	0
gonadotropin-releasing hormone [no description available]	2.1	1	0
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	1.94	1	0
taraxasteryl acetate taraxasteryl acetate: from Inula britannica; an anti-hepatitis substance; do not confuse with psi-taraxasterol acetate	2.01	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
silver carbonate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ci 959 CI 959: antiallergy compound; inhibits thromboxanes	3.99	14	0
ly 164846 LY 164846: effective against respiratory and dermal bacterial isolates; RN given is for (1:6R 2:6A,7B(R*)) isomer	2.37	2	0
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.77	3	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.17	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	4.06	4	0
jaw [no description available]	3.59	2	0	indolecarboxamide
dragmacidin d dragmacidin D: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cyclosporin o cyclosporin O: isolated from Cylindrocarpon lucidum and Tolypocladium inflatum; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
tosedostat [no description available]	2.96	1	0	carboxylic ester; hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.93	4	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.57	26	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	3.37	1	1	aromatic amino acid
rrx-001 RRx-001: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
gsk 461364 GSK 461364: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits polo-like kinase 1	6.79	20	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
macitentan [no description available]	2.87	3	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; ring assembly; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist; orphan drug
duotrav Duotrav: combination of travoprost and timolol	3.59	2	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.86	11	0
hbx 41108 HBX 41,108: inhibits USP7 ubiquitin protease; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
elinogrel elinogrel: a P2Y12 inhibitor and platelet aggregation inhibitor	6.82	10	0
fluxapyroxad fluxapyroxad: carboxamide; succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. fluxapyroxad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl-2-amine. Used to control a number of cereal fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes families.	4.01	3	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; biphenyls; pyrazoles; trifluorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
nosiheptide nosiheptide: from Streptomyces actuosus; structure	3.51	1	0	polyol
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	4.33	6	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.53	2	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.04	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	11.83	22	4	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	6.82	12	6	polypeptide
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	2.31	1	0
fullerene c70 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	fullerene
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.41	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	6.51	8	2
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.39	6	2	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.44	2	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.1	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.39	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	6.68	19	1
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	2.04	1	0
liraglutide [no description available]	2.72	2	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	5.68	6	1
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	3.15	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
th9507 tesamorelin: a peptide; a stabilized analogue of the growth hormone releasing factor; aimed at reducing excess abdominal fat or VAT in lipodystrophy and HIV patients. tesamorelin : A polypeptide that is a synthetic analogue of human GRF (Growth Releasing Factor) comprised of the 44 amino-acid sequence of human GRF with a hex-3-enoyl moiety attached to the tyrosine residue at the N-terminal part of the molecule. It is used to stimulate human GRF receptors.	3.17	1	0
hirudin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	3.04	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	8.02	6	6
e 7107 E 7107: has antineoplastic activity	2.17	1	0
idrabiotaparinux idrabiotaparinux: a biotinylated form of idraparinux with anticoagulant properties	4.7	3	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.33	18	2	glycoside
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	3.68	8	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	12.89	33	5
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.58	9	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	4.61	3	2	21-hydroxy steroid
mk-8776 MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
ridinilazole ridinilazole: antibiotic	3.25	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.37	7	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	2.92	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate 4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography	2.92	1	0
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	2.53	2	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
gsk690693 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; acetylenic compound; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; imidazopyridine; piperidines; primary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rep 3123 REP 3123: structure in first source	4.93	6	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2.41	1	0
jsh 23 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene-1,2-diamine: structure in first source. JSH-23 : A diamine that is 1,2-phenylenediamine carrying a methyl substituent at position 4 and a 3-phenylpropyl substituent at position N1.	2.05	1	0	diamine; substituted aniline	NF-kappaB inhibitor
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	4.68	8	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.44	7	0
sr 1078 SR 1078: a RORalpha and RORgamma agonist; structure in first source	3.84	3	0
n-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide N-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.03	12	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.41	1	0
n-(2-methylbenzyl)linoleamide N-(2-methylbenzyl)linoleamide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.7	3	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.07	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.08	1	0
5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone 5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone: from the Yucatec Mayan plant Casimiroa tetrameria; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	1.99	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	6.95	20	1
umirolimus umirolimus: sirolimus derivative from a biodegradable polylactic acid polymer; possesses enhanced anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity with an improved pharmacokinetic profile; structure in first source	4.41	1	1	lactam; macrolide
2,6-bis(4-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)thiopyrylium 2,6-bis(4-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)thiopyrylium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	2.92	4	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.11	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.01	1	0
tegobuvir tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor	2.1	1	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.11	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.97	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
rs 5186 RS 5186: structure given in first source	4.33	20	0
tert-butoxide, potassium [no description available]	2.31	1	0
lithium perchlorate lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound	2	1	0
osteum [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.46	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, 2-butyl-3-((2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-, sodium salt 2-butyl-3-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: an angiotensin II-receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.08	1	0
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.52	2	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	3.56	1	1	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.45	2	0
pyrithiobac sodium [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
r 59274 R 59274: RN given refers to Na salt; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.96	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.92	4	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
olaparib [no description available]	3.41	6	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.91	4	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	3.85	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
gdc-0068 ipatasertib: an Akt kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.78	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
valbenazine valbenazine: inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2); used to treat tardive dyskinesia; structure in first source	3.68	2	0
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	8.11	8	4	thiophenecarboxylic acid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.69	3	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	21.47	174	67	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	3.27	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.83	10	0	piperazines
tak-875 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	biphenyls
cgi 1746 CGI 1746: inhibits Bruton's protein kinase (Btk); structure in first source	2.11	1	0
dienestrol diacetate dienestrol diacetate: a derivative of the synthetic non-steroid phenolic compound, DIENESTROL, which exhibits estrogenic activities	1.96	1	0
sb 290157 SB 290157: an anaphylatoxin C3a receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	2.25	1	0	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	3.69	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax [no description available]	4.73	4	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	2.4	2	0
vu0357017 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
ipi-926 IPI-926: a semisynthetic derivative of cyclopamine that is a smoothened inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.15	1	0	piperidines
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	4.92	9	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	10.78	17	4	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	7.16	11	1
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	1.98	1	0
pf-04418948 1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(((6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)oxy)methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.26	5	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	7.01	7	1	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	2.21	1	0
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	4.83	2	1	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
alexa fluor 546 Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye	2.06	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	fluorochrome
gs-9451 [no description available]	8.16	7	6
6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine: inhibits glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase; has antimalarial activity	2.17	1	0
gne 477 GNE 477: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR; structure in first source	2.79	3	0
adenosine diphosphate glucose Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.	1.99	1	0	NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-); ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)	human metabolite
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
kotalanol Kotalanol: a sulfated thiosugar from Salacia plant genus; alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline-2,3-dione [no description available]	2.21	1	0
lff571 LFF571: an antibacterial agent; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether
GDC-0623 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
n,n-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio)benzylamine N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio)benzylamine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	5.67	5	1
beta-sultam beta-sultam: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
v158411 V158411: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	19.15	337	82
pht 427 4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	3.69	2	0
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	sulfonamide
cadazolid cadazolid: for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
ly2811376 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
cay 10580 CAY 10580: a E-prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist. 2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidineheptanoic acid : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by 6-carboxyhexyl and 3-hydroxyoctyl groups at positions 1 and 2, respectively. It is a potent prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (Ki=35 nM).	2.11	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary alcohol	prostaglandin receptor agonist
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.09	1	0
(4-(n-hydroxyamino)-2r-isobutyl-3s-methylsuccinyl)-l-phenylglycine-n-methylamide KB R7785: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.45	20	2
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
pf-4778574 PF-4778574: structure in first source	3.01	4	0
siponimod siponimod: S1P receptor modulator	2.61	2	0
thiopental sodium [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; piperazines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	3.23	1	0
formylchromone formylchromone: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	8.76	9	7	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
abemaciclib [no description available]	2.21	1	0
pf 3084014 nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.	3.14	1	0
gsk0660 GSK0660: PPAR antagonist; structure in first source	6.03	39	0	sulfonamide
surotomycin [no description available]	3.25	1	0
afuresertib [no description available]	9.7	13	5	amphetamines
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
jnj38877605 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	quinolines
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone 1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source	4.25	15	0
chymostatin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gyy 4137 GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	3.21	1	0	organic molecular entity
nms p937 NMS P937: a polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
aripiprazole lauroxil [no description available]	4.19	2	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; dodecanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	H1-receptor antagonist; prodrug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	2.13	1	0	dipeptide
lusutrombopag lusutrombopag: a thrombopoietin receptor agonist; structure in first source	5.7	6	0	cinnamic acids
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	7.09	20	1	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
gsk4112 GSK4112: a Rev-erbalpha agonist; structure in first source	4.07	13	0
ve 821 3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.53	2	0	aromatic amide
pf-4989216 PF-4989216: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
gsk2141795 GSK2141795: an Akt inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.74	3	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.63	2	0	imidazoquinoline
b355252 [no description available]	2.83	3	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.05	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	3.82	2	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
gs-9669 [no description available]	10.51	13	8
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	6.58	10	5	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	6.03	8	1
ml253 ML253: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
sr 8278 SR 8278: structure in first source	4.18	14	0
3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid 3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid: W146 is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
gsk2656157 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	biaryl; indoles; methylpyridines; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; PERK inhibitor
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine 7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source	3.31	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.93	2	1
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.49	2	0
1,4-bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)-benzene 1,4-bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)-benzene: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.83	33	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.74	5	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.94	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.42	2	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.17	17	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	3.07	5	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	4.88	6	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	10.3	13	7	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.85	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.02	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	22.86	372	70	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
metastat tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source	3.53	2	0
gimeracil gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU	3.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	9.43	12	2	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	1.96	1	0
glucoascorbic acid glucoascorbic acid: homolog of ascorbic acid, toxic to mice fed highly purified low fiber diet; structure	1.98	1	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.02	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tetronothiodin tetronothiodin: from Streptomyces sp. NR0489; structure given in first source; cholecystokinin receptor antagonist	4.46	7	0
pf 00868554 filibuvir: inhibits HCV RNA replicase	5.31	4	1	triazolopyrimidines
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	3.59	1	1
ati 5923 tecarfarin: a vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	2.21	1	0	tetracyclines
byl719 [no description available]	3.64	2	0	proline derivative
copper indium diselenide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
dorzolamide-timolol combination dorzolamide-timolol combination: for glaucoma/ocular hypertensive patients; a fixed combination of timolol (Adrenergic beta-Antagonists) and dorzolamide (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor)	15.92	81	31
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.16	16	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.34	2	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	8.27	5	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	6.5	22	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.44	2	0
miravirsen miravirsen: has antiviral activity; a 15-nucleotide locked nucleic acid-modified antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits miR-122	4.41	1	1
2-oxo-clopidogrel 2-oxo-clopidogrel: metabolite of clopidogrel	2.48	2	0
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.21	1	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	2.31	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vu0364572 VU0364572: muscarinic agonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
sr9009 [no description available]	6.53	49	0
sr9011 SR9011: a REV-ERB agonist; structure in first source	3.83	10	0
AKB48 N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide: a synthetic cannabinoid; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
4-(((r)-1-(benzo(b)thiophene-3-carbonyl)-2-methyl-azetidine-2-carbonyl)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-amino)-butyric acid 4-(((R)-1-(benzo(b)thiophene-3-carbonyl)-2-methyl-azetidine-2-carbonyl)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-amino)-butyric acid: structure in first source	4.8	6	1
azd1208 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
a-1155463 A-1155463: a Bcl-X(L) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.61	2	0
vx-970 berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0	sulfonamide
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.98	4	0
gsk2194069 GSK2194069: a beta-ketoacyl reductase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
erdafitinib erdafitinib: inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors	3.82	2	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	8.66	8	7	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gne-317 GNE-317: an mTOR inhibitor also; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	4.37	1	1	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.66	2	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.68	3	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.13	1	0
n-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide: a cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
n-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid N-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid: inhibits anoctamin-1; structure in first source	2.54	2	0
sar405 SAR405: a Vps34 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	12.02	27	4
imetelstat [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.68	9	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	1.94	1	0
petrosaspongiolide m petrosaspongiolide m: isolated from the caledonian marine sponge Petrosaspongia nigra; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.03	1	0
onc201 TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.1	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.42	2	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.31	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.86	4	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.43	2	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
duramycin duramycin: from Streptomyces cinnamoneus; contains rare amino acids such as lanthionine & lysinoarginine. lancovutide : A 19-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneus. It exhibits antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis in tumour cells and has been used for treatment of cystic fibrosis.	3.25	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.52	2	0
s-nitroglutathione S-nitroglutathione: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.4	7	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.49	2	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	6.47	13	1	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.56	1	1
sbi-0206965 SBI-0206965: inhibits ULK1 kinase; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.1	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.96	1	0
alfaprostol alfaprostol: RN given refers to 1R-(1alpha(Z),2beta(S*), 3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.74	3	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.76	2	1
bb 1101 BB 1101: a matrix metalloproteinase-specific inhibitor	2.03	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.54	2	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.41	1	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.87	2	1
s 8932 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.27	6	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	2.57	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.2	18	3
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.14	5	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.05	1	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.31	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.04	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.08	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.17	1	0
ganfort Ganfort: combination of bimatoprost and timolol	3.16	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.17	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.61	1	1
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	2.05	1	0
carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.1	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	6.87	20	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	5.02	9	1
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	3.64	1	1
lewis y antigen [no description available]	2	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.86	11	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	8.28	8	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.93	2	1
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.01	1	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	2.04	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	3.69	2	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.52	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
stf 083010 STF 083010: inhibits Ire1 endonuclease; structure in first source	6.88	24	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	15.95	63	29	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.27	12	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.89	4	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.99	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate glucose guanosine diphosphate glucose: acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer. GDP-alpha-D-glucose : A GDP-D-glucose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.99	1	0	GDP-D-glucose
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.49	8	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	11.51	53	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.27	6	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.21	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	15.17	53	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.73	10	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.31	1	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.98	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	7.44	13	4	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	6.63	15	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.81	3	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.7	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	5.99	19	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.68	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
chir-124 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
raltitrexed [no description available]	22.72	494	128	N-acyl-amino acid
nolatrexed nolatrexed: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	6.22	14	0
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer	2.67	3	0	benzamides; methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
ici 198583 ICI 198583: RN & structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
ro 3306 RO 3306: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
2-aminopurine dioxolane (4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
zinc08438472 ZINC08438472: a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.5	21	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.37	2	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.38	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	7.92	81	0
1843u89 1843U89: structure given in first source; a folate analog	6.53	16	0
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	10.04	45	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
nn 414 NN 414: a hypoglycemic agent with insulin release modulating and potassium channel activating activities; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	7.39	15	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	8.49	20	1	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
hymenialdisine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	2.11	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.98	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
ci 972 CI 972: structure given in first source	3.59	9	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	1.99	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	3.41	1	1	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.03	1	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	8.64	19	1
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.89	4	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.74	3	0	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.5	2	0	dibenzodiazepine
coelenterazine coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.	2.45	2	0
amg531 [no description available]	5.58	8	0
t16ainh-a01 T16AInh-A01: a TMEM16A inhibitor	3.25	5	0
9-deazaguanine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ag 2034 AG 2034: inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.07	1	0
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
9-deaza-9-(3-thienylmethyl)guanine [no description available]	3.08	5	0
nbi 31772 NBI 31772: an insulin-like growth factor-binding protein ligand; structure in first source. NBI-31772 : An isoquinoline substituted by 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl, carboxy, hydroxy, and hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6, and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 binding protein (IGFBP).	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenediols; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tetrol	insulin-like growth factor-binding protein inhibitor
2,3-dihydro-2-(n(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin b1 2,3-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1: aflatoxin-guanine adduct in urine of aflatoxin B1 treated rats; RN given refers to (6aS-(6aalpha,8beta,9alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	3.49	2	0
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.15	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
pf-477736 PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).	3.49	7	0
opicapone opicapone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
2-desamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazaisofolic acid 2-desamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazaisofolic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0
olanzapine-fluoxetine combination olanzapine-fluoxetine combination: used to treat bipolar depression	3.48	1	1
thiotetromycin thiotetromycin: from Streptomyces sp. OM-674; structure given in first source	3.5	8	0
4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one [no description available]	2	1	0
eye [no description available]	12.67	51	19
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.61	1	1
abaloparatide abaloparatide: synthetic analog of human PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein)	9.22	8	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	5.81	6	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.72	10	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.75	3	0
yo-pro 1 YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye	2.11	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.4	2	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.01	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.23	6	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.15	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	5.1	9	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	13.59	139	4
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	9.34	19	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	20.83	585	85
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	16.79	156	18
Ache [description not available]	20.51	207	72
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.79	156	18
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	20.51	207	72
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.69	27	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	6.58	11	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	8.69	27	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	11.35	81	4
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	11.45	25	14
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	20.65	210	72
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	11.35	81	4
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	11.45	25	14
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	20.65	210	72
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.38	18	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.38	18	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	28.8	1,172	816
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	28.8	1,172	816
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.57	20	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	6.2	6	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	7.57	20	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	6.2	6	2
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	19.05	120	19
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	19.05	120	19
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	25.4	517	202
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	25.4	517	202
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	9.83	29	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	9.31	19	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	9.83	29	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	9.31	19	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	15.32	83	13
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.69	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	17.25	212	36
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.88	41	1
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.49	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	8.54	26	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.88	41	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.02	14	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	22.23	459	245
Bilharziasis [description not available]	8.56	22	5
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	8.56	22	5
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	7.6	10	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	20.36	273	88
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	20.36	273	88
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	7.6	10	2
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	3.95	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	13.81	32	16
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	13.81	32	16
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	3.95	2	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	11.44	17	6
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	6.21	6	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	6.21	6	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	14.59	99	8
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	14.59	99	8
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	9.29	23	3
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	14.29	23	3
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	2.5	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.78	10	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	3.78	10	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	27.78	891	551
Embolus [description not available]	24.78	543	506
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	27.78	891	551
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	24.78	543	506
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.31	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	14.98	54	8
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	14.98	54	8
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.72	10	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.33	6	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.41	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	2.41	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	14.95	51	10
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	14.95	51	10
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	9.93	40	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.36	24	2
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	8.36	24	2
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.55	5	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.55	5	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	13.3	34	4
Chronic Illness [description not available]	18.22	108	48
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	11.96	30	3
Thrombopenia [description not available]	13.74	52	12
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	13.22	23	10
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	18.22	108	48
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	11.96	30	3
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	13.74	52	12
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	13.22	23	10
Nerve Pain [description not available]	21.86	191	61
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	21.86	191	61
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	8.02	37	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	8.08	82	1
Allodynia [description not available]	9.74	60	1
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	4.42	3	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	10.51	22	4
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	10.51	22	4
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	10.04	65	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	18.86	119	68
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	10.04	65	2
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	3.8	1	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	19.7	213	146
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	19.7	213	146
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	6.15	4	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	11.41	13	8
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	6.15	4	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	11.41	13	8
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	2.41	1	0
Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis [description not available]	6	15	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.9	8	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	4.9	8	1
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	3.39	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	6.14	11	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3	4	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.14	13	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	4.14	13	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	5.73	12	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	3.66	3	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	6.34	4	2
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	6.34	4	2
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.28	6	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	6.68	8	7
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	6.68	8	7
Breast Cancer [description not available]	22.57	178	20
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	8.18	43	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	17.57	178	20
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	22.91	334	72
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	22.91	334	72
Cirrhosis [description not available]	5.63	26	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.39	20	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	5.63	26	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.39	20	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	12.95	54	16
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	12.95	54	16
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	20	158	94
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	15.67	106	19
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	3.09	4	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	7.89	22	2
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.89	22	2
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	5.14	3	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	5.14	3	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	14.41	59	8
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	14.41	59	8
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	8.07	21	2
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	8.07	21	2
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	19.39	105	14
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	25.58	607	415
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	17.05	194	16
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	11.67	35	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	25.58	607	415
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	17.05	194	16
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	19.39	105	14
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	6.58	10	2
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	6.58	10	2
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	7.41	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	10.8	29	6
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	10.8	29	6
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	16.82	73	34
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	16.82	73	34
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	8.82	16	6
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.84	4	1
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Congenital [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.84	4	1
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	5.27	11	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	5.27	11	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	8.69	9	3
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	12.17	25	19
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6.29	12	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	6.29	12	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	5.58	14	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	5.58	14	1
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.86	25	4
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	8.13	34	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.86	25	4
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	4.53	9	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.92	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	8.13	34	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	20.1	183	60
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	20.1	183	60
Affective Disorders [description not available]	6.41	6	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	6.41	6	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	21.87	93	3
Anasarca [description not available]	8.82	55	4
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.82	55	4
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	4.4	4	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.41	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	2.41	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.41	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	10.22	13	9
Lassitude [description not available]	14.24	40	30
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	14.24	40	30
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.35	6	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	7.77	14	5
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.77	14	5
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	4.38	21	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.73	3	0
Ciliary Dyskinesia [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Ciliary Motility Disorders Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.	3.8	1	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	3.51	8	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	5	14	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	5	14	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	7.84	10	3
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	3.13	5	0
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	4.63	9	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	5	8	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	5	8	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.55	17	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	6.55	17	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	8.85	10	6
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	14.28	83	20
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.85	10	6
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	14.28	83	20
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	14	31	17
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	14	31	17
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.53	2	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	12.3	15	11
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	24.82	470	193
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	24.82	470	193
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	12.3	15	11
Polyarthritis [description not available]	8.47	13	4
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.47	13	4
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	13.23	47	8
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	13.23	47	8
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	7.9	6	4
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	7.9	6	4
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	12.1	39	5
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	12.1	39	5
Psychoses [description not available]	6.52	10	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	6.52	10	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	10.64	14	6
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	17.92	54	13
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	12.92	54	13
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	14.44	37	17
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	14.44	37	17
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	10.51	20	9
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	13.08	50	7
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	4.8	5	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	8.23	15	3
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	4.8	5	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	8.23	15	3
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	5.24	6	2
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	6.11	11	3
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	3.8	1	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	10.65	24	4
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	10.65	24	4
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.05	15	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.05	15	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	4.41	20	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	14.96	53	25
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	14.96	53	25
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	7.61	23	7
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	7.61	23	7
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.99	13	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.99	13	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	4.62	5	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	4.62	5	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	9.82	20	4
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	7.74	27	7
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	14.14	100	12
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	9.82	20	4
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.74	27	7
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	14.14	100	12
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	11.5	26	10
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	11.5	26	10
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	9.13	17	7
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	9.13	17	7
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	4.31	17	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	4.31	17	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	10.86	41	4
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	10.86	41	4
Micrometastases, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	3.97	10	0
Black Fever [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	3.97	10	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.52	4	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	9.85	10	9
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	9.85	10	9
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	14.04	83	25
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	14.04	83	25
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.18	4	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.18	4	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	9.45	10	5
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	9.45	10	5
Anoxemia [description not available]	8.24	30	4
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	8.24	30	4
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	17.7	85	26
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	17.7	85	26
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.6	1	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	3.12	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	11.67	40	8
Eye Diseases, Hereditary Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.	3.38	6	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	11.67	40	8
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	4.45	7	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	5.96	8	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	5.96	8	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	5.18	3	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	15.55	49	21
Emesis [description not available]	11.73	21	12
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.18	3	1
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	5.25	4	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	13.4	39	15
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	15.55	49	21
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	11.73	21	12
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	4.51	1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	20.06	229	84
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.34	2	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.7	10	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	5.12	3	1
Neonatal Death The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.	3.12	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.78	3	0
Debility [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3.12	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.59	33	8
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	6.65	6	1
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	18.1	91	35
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	5.31	4	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	9.4	8	5
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.12	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	3.12	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.12	1	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.12	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	8.64	14	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	12.59	33	8
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	6.65	6	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	18.1	91	35
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	5.01	3	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.34	2	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.99	5	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	3.45	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	5.31	4	1
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	9.4	8	5
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	3.12	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.9	4	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	6.06	10	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	6.06	10	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	19.14	143	28
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.99	39	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	4.99	39	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	7.65	18	2
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	7.65	18	2
Asialia [description not available]	13.48	44	11
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	13.48	44	11
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.01	4	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	5.78	11	2
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	5.14	10	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	5.14	10	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	11.5	33	3
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	11.5	33	3
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	6.59	6	3
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.5	2	0
Varices [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	4.17	5	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	17.31	75	66
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	17.31	75	66
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	5.04	9	1
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	5.04	9	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	5.5	5	1
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	5.5	5	1
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.63	18	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	22.16	213	77
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	6.63	18	1
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.25	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.25	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.43	7	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.44	2	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	5.58	5	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	5.58	5	1
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	7.21	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.8	12	2
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	6.8	12	2
Amentia [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.18	5	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.38	14	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.38	14	1
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	5.24	6	2
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	9.09	47	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	16.74	161	35
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	6.09	11	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	5.99	9	3
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	5.99	9	3
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	14.02	36	25
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	6.08	6	2
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	6.08	6	2
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	5.56	15	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.25	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	4.27	6	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	4.27	6	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	8.5	23	4
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	5.16	4	2
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	7.64	6	2
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.16	5	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.69	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.79	3	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	20.04	261	170
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	20.04	261	170
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	7.14	9	4
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	7.14	9	4
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	15.53	99	17
ACD-MPV [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	15.53	99	17
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	2.25	1	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	12.98	49	5
Bleeding [description not available]	29.49	1,358	997
Blood Clot [description not available]	25.04	478	291
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	29.49	1,358	997
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	25.04	478	291
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.55	24	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.56	12	5
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	7.56	12	5
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.25	1	0
Hyperlactatemia Increase in blood LACTATE concentration often associated with SEPTIC SHOCK; LUNG INJURY; SEPSIS; and DRUG TOXICITY. When hyperlactatemia is associated with low body pH (acidosis) it is LACTIC ACIDOSIS.	3.17	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	3.17	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	6.08	10	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	6.08	10	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.52	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.95	13	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.95	13	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	3.14	5	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	3.4	6	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	3.69	3	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	12.15	17	11
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.28	6	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.25	1	0
Frigidity [description not available]	6.42	8	2
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	2.39	2	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	6.42	8	2
Minimally Conscious State [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	9.1	27	0
Akinetic Autism [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	9.1	27	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.44	24	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.79	24	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	4.94	2	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	10.22	16	3
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	10.22	16	3
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.3	6	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.25	1	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.7	1	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.49	5	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.14	5	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	4.14	5	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	19.35	135	86
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	5.94	5	1
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	10.74	25	5
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.78	5	5
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.95	27	4
Bone Fractures [description not available]	16.23	103	14
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	8.42	15	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	5.14	3	1
Atheroma [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.83	2	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	12.11	89	47
Amaurosis [description not available]	5.31	4	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	14.03	80	7
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	8.39	22	2
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	8.49	10	4
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	7.53	22	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	5.32	2	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Exanthem [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.35	8	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	12.42	24	12
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	8.64	12	4
Metastase [description not available]	15.88	71	27
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	6.94	14	2
Prediabetes [description not available]	5.65	3	2
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	9.45	10	5
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	6.82	14	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	5.33	4	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.02	10	2
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	6.83	5	2
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	6.77	5	3
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	22.07	284	46
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	19.27	109	14
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	4.88	2	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	5.22	4	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.77	7	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	12.11	89	47
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	5.31	4	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	8.39	22	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	8.49	10	4
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	5.32	2	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	5.62	3	2
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.43	1	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	5.47	5	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.35	8	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	12.42	24	12
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	8.64	12	4
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	12.82	29	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	15.88	71	27
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.1	3	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	6.94	14	2
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	9.74	9	9
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.65	3	2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	5.46	5	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	9.45	10	5
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.43	1	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	6.82	14	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	5.33	4	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.02	10	2
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	6.83	5	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	6.77	5	3
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	22.07	284	46
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	19.27	109	14
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	7.55	4	4
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.43	1	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	5.94	5	1
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	4.87	2	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.95	27	4
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	16.23	103	14
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	8.42	15	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.83	2	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	4.43	1	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	13.87	35	28
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	13.87	35	28
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Chrysomya bezziana Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	6.48	9	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	19.54	154	11
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	19.54	154	11
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.61	2	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	8.62	16	4
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	8.62	16	4
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	2.25	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.25	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.25	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.25	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.25	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	6.25	13	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	6.25	13	1
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.25	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.69	2	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	8.99	11	4
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	8.99	11	4
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	4.79	6	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	6.52	3	2
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	6.52	3	2
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	4.54	5	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	13.66	47	16
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.96	14	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.72	3	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.96	14	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	10.37	31	10
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	10.37	31	10
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	17.92	147	33
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	17.92	147	33
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	9.64	76	1
Central Pontine Myelinolysis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	11.5	27	3
Dysarthria, Pseudobulbar [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	2.58	2	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	10	11	10
Cerebromedullospinal Disconnection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Type 1 von Willebrand Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.82	3	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	10	11	10
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.57	8	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	3.51	2	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.25	1	0
Itching [description not available]	7.71	14	5
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	7.71	14	5
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.5	26	5
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.5	26	5
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	2.25	1	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	2.25	1	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.25	1	0
Hypomania [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.41	2	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	2.25	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	6.12	3	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	3.19	5	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.75	3	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	3.87	4	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.21	3	1
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	3.8	3	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	3.8	3	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	24.03	350	248
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	11.45	18	7
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	11.45	18	7
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.79	4	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.79	4	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.91	3	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.94	4	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.83	3	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	3.94	2	1
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	2.54	2	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.75	3	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	2.25	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	2.25	1	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.57	2	0
Cyst [description not available]	4.33	7	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	6.6	10	2
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	3.5	7	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	2.86	3	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.4	5	1
Pediculosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	2.31	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.85	12	0
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	5.55	3	1
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	5.55	3	1
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.61	2	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	8.15	17	2
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	8.15	17	2
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	6.1	15	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.86	4	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.31	1	0
Hiccough [description not available]	4	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.4	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	6.72	9	1
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.31	1	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	2.39	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	4.3	4	1
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	2.4	2	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	5.13	11	1
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.31	1	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	2.31	1	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	2.31	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	16.45	74	1
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.31	1	0
Acariasis [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	4.4	4	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.81	3	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	3.82	2	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	12.69	30	7
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	23.5	362	106
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	23.5	362	106
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.53	2	0
Drooling [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	2.15	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	26.72	689	367
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.38	21	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.38	21	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	3.53	1	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	15.34	45	23
Weight Reduction [description not available]	13.76	34	17
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	13.76	34	17
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	7.14	8	2
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.99	4	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	7.14	8	2
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.5	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	5.41	13	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	5.41	13	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.98	4	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	2.15	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.17	1	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	2.15	1	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Aura [description not available]	4.41	8	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	4.41	8	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	11.94	18	6
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	12.81	26	7
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.94	9	2
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	9.15	18	6
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.33	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.41	2	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	2.15	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	10.71	12	8
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	10.71	12	8
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.05	9	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.05	9	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	3.89	4	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.38	6	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	2.15	1	0
Acne [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	6.05	10	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.48	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	6.05	10	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	5.26	4	1
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.17	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.83	12	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.83	12	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.17	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.15	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	3.89	2	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	3.89	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	5.97	3	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	6.11	29	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	6.11	29	1
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.27	6	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	3.32	6	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.17	1	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.17	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.17	1	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	13.5	31	10
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.17	5	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	13.5	31	10
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	5.61	3	2
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.54	2	0
Retinal Dystrophies A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.	3.04	4	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hallux Abductovalgus [description not available]	5.42	2	2
Hallux Valgus Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.	5.42	2	2
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.4	5	0
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.59	2	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	3.39	2	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	5.13	6	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	7.76	15	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	10.86	47	3
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	7.76	15	2
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	10.86	47	3
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	17.63	143	11
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.17	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.46	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	21.69	210	135
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	21.69	210	135
Hyperdactyly [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	6.02	6	1
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	5.13	3	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	5.16	10	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	5.16	10	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.17	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.81	3	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	3.34	6	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	3.95	2	1
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	3.95	2	1
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	5.95	5	1
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	5.95	5	1
Low Bone Density [description not available]	8.73	18	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	8.73	18	1
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.17	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	16.88	69	33
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	16.88	69	33
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.78	3	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.72	3	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.39	7	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	3.88	2	1
Drug Bombing [description not available]	2.17	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	5.49	5	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	5.49	5	1
Acute Chest Syndrome Respiratory syndrome characterized by the appearance of a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray, accompanied by symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, tachypnea, or DYSPNEA, often seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. Multiple factors (e.g., infection, and pulmonary FAT EMBOLISM) may contribute to the development of the syndrome.	2.17	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	9.59	9	4
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	9.59	9	4
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	4.11	3	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	4.11	3	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.55	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	7.06	7	3
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.06	7	3
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	3.62	9	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	3.2	5	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.79	4	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	2.21	1	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	2.17	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	7.43	10	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	7.43	10	1
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.17	1	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.17	1	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.86	13	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.86	13	0
Bone Stress Reaction [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.49	2	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.17	1	0
Nevus Flammeus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Port-Wine Stain A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)	2.17	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	2.53	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.8	3	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	14.74	44	26
Hypertensive Retinopathy Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.	2.17	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	5.7	7	3
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.7	7	3
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	19.48	131	45
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	19.48	131	45
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	6.4	5	3
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	6.4	5	3
Brain Injuries, Penetrating [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.83	3	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.21	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	4.27	4	1
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	9.76	16	6
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	3.12	1	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	3.12	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	3.12	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	4.11	5	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.21	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	6.34	14	3
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	6.34	14	3
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	19.12	112	62
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	19.12	112	62
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	6.62	6	3
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.95	4	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.25	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.77	3	0
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).	2.21	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Polysyndactyly [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction A chronic dysfunction of MEIBOMIAN GLANDS characterized by altered tear film stability and function due to a decrease or alteration in lipid quality/content in meibum. It is often associated with evaporative-type DRY EYE SYNDROME.	2.21	1	0
Collagenous Colitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.	2.07	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	13.19	34	12
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	13.19	34	12
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.52	2	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	18.06	98	40
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	18.06	98	40
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.08	1	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	10.17	31	5
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	10.17	31	5
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	2.08	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	3.81	2	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	3.81	2	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.97	5	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	7.08	6	2
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	7.08	6	2
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	2.08	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	4.81	2	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	4.81	2	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	13.93	32	9
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	13.93	32	9
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	2.08	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	21.45	216	104
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	21.45	216	104
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	13.06	22	7
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	7.61	11	2
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	7.61	11	2
Uterine Rupture A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.	2.08	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.79	12	2
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	3	1	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	3	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	5.72	7	1
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.72	7	1
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	20.82	127	39
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	20.82	127	39
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	5.06	3	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	3	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.62	3	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.48	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	11.37	22	5
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	11.37	22	5
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.46	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	6.43	15	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	6.43	15	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.14	5	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	7.5	9	6
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	7.5	9	6
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	5.65	3	2
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	5.65	3	2
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	6.14	4	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	7.12	4	3
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	3.93	13	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	3.93	13	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	6.99	12	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	5.77	7	1
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	5.77	7	1
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	11.53	30	3
Brain Emboli [description not available]	9.01	12	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	11.53	30	3
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.7	10	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	13	26	9
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	13	26	9
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	13.46	95	50
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	6.75	4	2
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	13.46	95	50
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	6.75	4	2
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	10.44	36	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	10.44	36	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	6.85	24	1
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.73	3	0
Diathesis [description not available]	4.55	3	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	7.46	10	2
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	7.46	10	2
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.08	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.49	2	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.38	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	4.33	4	1
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	9.28	13	2
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	16.94	69	29
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	5.46	14	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.98	9	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.98	9	1
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)	2.78	3	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	13.7	28	11
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	13.7	28	11
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	6.29	9	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.49	5	1
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.08	1	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	3.4	2	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.39	4	1
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.08	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	12.49	23	6
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	12.49	23	6
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	7.94	4	3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	7.94	4	3
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.04	5	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.74	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	2.08	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	3.6	9	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Forearm Injuries Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.	3	1	0
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	2.75	3	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	2.79	3	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.46	2	0
Dysarthosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	3	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	3	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.99	4	0
Postthrombotic Syndrome A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.	3.01	1	0
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	7.17	11	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	7.17	11	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	8.08	10	6
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	8.08	10	6
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	8.36	7	6
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	7	6	3
Neurocutaneous Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	7	6	3
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	2.08	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	7.93	14	4
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	7.93	14	4
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	12.01	27	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.48	1	1
Epiphora [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.95	4	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	2.08	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Encephalitis, Limbic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	4.05	5	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	5.03	6	0
ADDH [description not available]	8.37	12	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	8.37	12	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.22	4	3
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.42	2	2
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.86	2	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.22	4	3
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.42	2	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	8.9	12	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	8.9	12	2
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.1	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.48	2	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.1	1	0
Acne Inversa [description not available]	3	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	3	1	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	3.81	4	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.47	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.96	4	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	5.53	3	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	6.57	6	2
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	6.57	6	2
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	5.58	3	2
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	3.39	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.1	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	4.75	2	1
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.44	2	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.28	6	0
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	3.92	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ankle Fractures Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.	2.1	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	4.3	4	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.77	3	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	5.86	8	3
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.1	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	8.2	12	6
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	8.2	12	6
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	3.4	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.74	3	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	15.53	70	66
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	15.45	66	65
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	15.53	70	66
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	3.18	5	0
Asystole [description not available]	4.51	5	1
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	4.51	5	1
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.1	1	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	3.93	4	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	3.93	4	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	6.3	5	3
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	6.3	5	3
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.1	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.	2.1	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.98	4	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	6.41	5	1
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.1	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	6.41	5	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	2.1	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	6.14	7	1
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	6.14	7	1
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	3.56	8	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.1	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.1	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.1	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	2.1	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.71	3	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	2.38	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	13.94	49	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	5.55	3	2
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	3	4	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	3	4	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	5.75	4	1
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	5.75	4	1
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.5	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.5	2	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.4	7	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.75	3	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.1	1	0
CHARGE Association [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.1	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.11	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.1	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.39	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	5.76	8	1
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.1	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	9.34	19	2
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	9.34	19	2
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	5.28	4	1
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	5.28	4	1
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.1	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	6.74	4	2
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	6.74	4	2
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.31	6	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.95	4	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.1	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	2.1	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	3.89	2	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	3.89	2	1
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	9.81	21	3
Injuries, Wrist [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	9.81	21	3
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	5.37	8	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.5	2	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	7.92	10	2
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	7.92	10	2
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	11.5	31	4
Black Death [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	2.1	1	0
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	2.1	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.11	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	7.89	9	2
Patent Foramen Ovale [description not available]	5.6	4	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	7.89	9	2
Foramen Ovale, Patent A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.	5.6	4	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	2.5	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	4.39	8	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	4.39	8	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	9.88	17	4
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	3.38	2	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.42	2	0
Activated Protein C Resistance A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.	2.48	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	2.4	2	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	8.93	12	5
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	4.61	3	2
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.1	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.1	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Drusen, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.12	6	2
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	7.12	6	2
Deafness-Retinitis Pigmentosa Syndrome [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	10.52	20	7
Anaplasmataceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.	2.1	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	4.41	1	1
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	4.41	1	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.52	2	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.52	2	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.11	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	7.38	8	2
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	3.48	1	1
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	2.43	2	0
Ejaculatio Praecox [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Premature Ejaculation The emission of SEMEN and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration.	3.5	1	1
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	2.1	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.11	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.52	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	2.53	2	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.11	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	5.05	3	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.11	1	0
Autism [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.11	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.76	3	0
Astroviridae Infections Infections with ASTROVIRIDAE, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.	2.11	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.39	2	0
Urge Incontinence [description not available]	8.36	8	2
Urinary Incontinence, Urge Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).	8.36	8	2
Post-Dural Puncture Headache A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.	2.11	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.11	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.11	1	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.11	1	0
Antithrombin 3 Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Antithrombin III Deficiency An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.	2.11	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.52	2	0
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Vascular Fistula An abnormal passage between two or more BLOOD VESSELS, between ARTERIES; VEINS; or between an artery and a vein.	2.11	1	0
Sturge-Weber Syndrome A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.	2.11	1	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.11	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.38	2	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.11	1	0
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.	2.11	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.11	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.11	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Aspirin Induced Asthma [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	4.5	9	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	4.82	4	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	3.5	1	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	3.5	1	1
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.51	1	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.51	1	1
Fracture Malunion [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.3	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	5.24	4	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	4.5	5	1
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.44	2	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2.74	3	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.01	5	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.11	1	0
Bites [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	4.77	7	1
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	2.11	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.11	1	0
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	2.11	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.23	6	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.49	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.72	3	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	3.46	2	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	3.28	6	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.13	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.76	3	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.64	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.64	4	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	7.01	8	4
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	7.01	8	4
Fibroid [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.48	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.63	3	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.13	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	2.13	1	0
Alstrom Syndrome Rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. The key clinical features include retinal degeneration (NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. Endocrinologic complications include TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPERINSULINEMIA; ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. The disease is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene.	2.13	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	5.66	19	1
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	5.66	19	1
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	2.13	1	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	2.13	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.53	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.39	2	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Microglossia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.13	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.13	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.13	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	2.13	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.78	3	0
Ulna Fractures Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.	2.13	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.13	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	3.39	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	3.38	2	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.39	2	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	2.13	1	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	2.13	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.09	5	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	5.08	3	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.15	1	0
Hand Deformities Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.	2.15	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.49	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.15	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.69	3	0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	3.33	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Severe Dengue A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.	3.06	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	3.61	9	0
Bone Spur [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	2.15	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.15	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.15	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.76	3	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	6.33	5	3
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	6.33	5	3
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.96	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.04	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	8.3	7	3
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.04	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	5.18	4	1
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	3.44	1	1
Dysthymia [description not available]	6.84	5	3
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3.37	7	0
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	6.84	5	3
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	5.49	3	1
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	2.04	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	6.91	5	2
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	6.91	5	2
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.04	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.46	2	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.04	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	5.27	4	1
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.04	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.04	1	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	2.04	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	4.12	3	1
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.96	1	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.05	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.05	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.43	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.78	2	1
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	4.08	3	1
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.92	4	0
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	2.05	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.05	1	0
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.	2.05	1	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	2.05	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cyclitis, Chronic [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Uveitis, Intermediate Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.	3.81	2	1
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	4.74	2	1
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.04	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	7.92	15	2
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	7.92	15	2
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	2.96	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	4.68	3	2
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	4.68	3	2
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	3.37	2	0
Acquired Neuromyotonia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	9.24	20	11
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.05	1	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	2.41	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.53	9	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	4.76	7	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.53	9	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	4.76	7	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.91	4	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	4.88	4	2
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	4.88	4	2
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	7.01	7	2
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	7.01	7	2
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	2.05	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	5.85	8	3
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	5.85	8	3
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.91	4	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.67	6	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.43	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	5.06	3	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Paraparesis Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.	2.05	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.05	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	2.05	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	5.91	9	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	5.91	9	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.47	2	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	3.38	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.46	2	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.87	4	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.05	1	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.45	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.82	2	1
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	2.73	3	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	4.87	4	2
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	4.87	4	2
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.24	6	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.05	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	4.77	2	1
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	3.83	2	1
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	2.05	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.46	2	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	5.06	3	1
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	3.44	1	1
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	6.64	4	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	2.05	1	0
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.05	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	2.05	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.05	1	0
Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).	2.47	2	0
Hip Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.	2.97	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.05	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	2.05	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	2.48	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.71	3	0
Rida [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.68	3	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.72	3	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.46	8	0
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.06	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	6.64	7	1
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	6.64	7	1
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	2.06	1	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	2.07	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	6.16	11	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	6.16	11	1
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.6	3	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	3.64	3	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	2.47	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	4.51	5	1
Icterus [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.06	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	2.48	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	3.65	3	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	2.06	1	0
Body Dysmorphic Disorders Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.	2.06	1	0
Infection [description not available]	7.49	4	4
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	7.49	4	4
Compression Fractures [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.71	3	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	2.98	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.06	1	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.76	3	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.68	10	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	6.68	4	1
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	7.49	4	4
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	7.49	4	4
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	4.37	1	1
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.	2.06	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.46	2	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	3.84	2	1
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	2.06	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Periostitis Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.07	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.25	6	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	3.77	2	1
Progressive Tapetochoroidal Dystrophy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Choroideremia An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.	2.07	1	0
Basal Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.67	19	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	4.37	1	1
Vulvitis Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.	4.37	1	1
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	4.7	2	1
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.99	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	3.77	2	1
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.44	2	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.07	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.07	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.43	2	0
Apraxia, Ideokinetic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.07	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.07	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	3.84	2	1
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	5.04	3	1
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.07	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	2.07	1	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.07	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	4.72	2	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.64	3	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.07	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	4.69	2	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.77	2	1
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity.	2.46	2	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.08	1	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.84	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	3.84	2	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	2.06	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.48	2	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.07	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.07	1	0
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	2.07	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.07	1	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	11.94	25	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	11.94	25	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	3.46	1	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.07	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Blue Tongue [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adynamia Episodica Hereditaria [description not available]	4.37	1	1
Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)	4.37	1	1
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	3.37	2	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.04	3	1
Microscopic Colitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Colitis, Microscopic A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.	2.08	1	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	2.99	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	3.32	2	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)	2.07	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	3.47	1	1
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	3.47	1	1
Buphthalmos [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.01	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	2.01	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	3.79	2	1
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.01	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.4	2	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	2.01	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.01	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.62	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.01	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.01	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	2.01	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.01	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.15	6	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	3.77	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.93	1	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Carcinoma, Islet Cell A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.	3.32	2	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	3.03	5	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	1.93	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	1.93	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	2.63	3	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	1.94	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.94	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	1.94	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.36	2	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	1.93	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	6.11	6	2
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	2.01	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	2.01	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.7	3	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.37	7	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.93	1	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.02	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.02	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.02	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	2.02	1	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.02	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.02	1	0
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm A type of automatic, not reentrant, ectopic ventricular rhythm with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with DIGITALIS toxicity. The ventricular rate is faster than normal but slower than tachycardia, with an upper limit of 100 -120 beats per minute. Suppressive therapy is rarely necessary.	2.02	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	4.37	2	2
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.37	2	2
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.73	7	1
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	3.8	2	1
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	3.8	2	1
Marasmus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.39	2	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.9	4	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	3.34	2	0
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.	2.02	1	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	2.94	1	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	2.43	2	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.38	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	8.1	5	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	3.1	5	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.42	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	3.77	2	1
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.02	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.03	1	0
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	2.03	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.94	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.94	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.94	1	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	2.94	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Dissociation [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.03	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	6.4	12	4
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	6.4	12	4
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	2.42	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.42	2	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.37	2	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.03	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	3.3	2	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.92	4	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.03	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.42	2	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.42	1	1
Ectropion The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.34	1	1
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	2.03	1	0
BOOP [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.03	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.03	1	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	4.63	6	1
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	2.03	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	5.91	5	2
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	5.91	5	2
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.03	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.03	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	2.03	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.66	3	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.04	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.44	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.42	2	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.04	1	0
Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.03	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	2.03	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.04	1	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	2.05	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Periocular [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Perioral A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.04	1	0
Postphlebitic Disease [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.04	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.04	1	0
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)	2.04	1	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.05	5	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	6.05	18	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.55	3	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	2.34	2	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	2.34	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	10.15	32	10
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	6.54	5	4
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	1.95	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	6.43	10	5
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	6.43	10	5
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	5.85	13	2
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	5.85	13	2
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	6.31	11	4
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	6.31	11	4
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	4.95	9	1
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.96	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Thalassemias [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	3.35	1	1
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.37	2	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	1.96	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	1.96	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	2.36	2	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	1.96	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.37	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.96	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	4.3	2	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	4.3	2	2
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	4.82	4	2
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	4.82	4	2
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	3.34	1	1
Buerger Disease [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	3.34	1	1
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	1.96	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.36	2	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	1.96	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	1.96	1	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Hives [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	4.04	3	1
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.37	2	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	1.98	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	1.98	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.23	6	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	3.37	1	1
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.98	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1.98	1	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	1.98	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	5.94	5	2
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	5.94	5	2
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.9	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	9.4	7	6
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	9.4	7	6
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	1.98	1	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	1.99	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.38	2	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.99	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.76	2	1
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	4.99	3	1
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	3.38	1	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	1.99	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	1.99	1	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	4.29	1	1
Corridor Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	1.99	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.4	2	0
Ametropia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	2.41	2	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	3.32	2	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2.91	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	3.38	1	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	5.56	3	2
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2	1	0
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.	2	1	0
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	2	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2	1	0
Fat Necrosis A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.	2.67	3	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	6.51	9	6
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	6.51	9	6
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	2	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.01	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.29	2	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	2.01	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	1.95	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	5.29	7	2
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	5.28	7	2
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	1.95	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	5.28	7	2
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	1.95	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	5.51	3	2
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	5.5	9	2
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	5.5	9	2
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	1.95	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	3.34	1	1
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	4.95	3	3
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	4.95	3	3
Paranoia [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	5.9	7	4
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	5.9	7	4
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.64	3	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	6.19	13	3
Agranulocytosis, Feline [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.95	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	5.91	5	2
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	4.04	3	1
Histomoniasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	3.74	2	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	3.75	2	1
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	1.98	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.98	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	1	1
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	3.36	1	1
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.36	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	1.97	1	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.	1.96	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.97	1	0
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.36	1	1
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	1.97	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	3.76	2	1
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.56	3	0
Porphyria [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	1.96	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	1.96	1	0
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	1.94	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	1.95	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	1.95	1	0
Cranial Nerve I Injury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Alastrim [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.35	2	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.33	1	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	3.04	5	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	3.33	7	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	3.04	5	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.35	2	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.94	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	3.33	1	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	1.95	1	0
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	3.74	2	1
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bends [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	1.94	1	0
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.95	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	3.73	2	1
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.95	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	1.94	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.33	1	1
Complications, Labor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	1.94	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	1.94	1	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	1.94	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	1.94	1	0
Scleroma, Nasal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rhinoscleroma A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.	1.94	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.94	1	0

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