oxyntomodulin profile

Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	121494088
MeSH ID	M0483763

Synonym
oxyntomodulin ,
unii-v2r9i80984
glucagon-like peptides
proglucagon (33-69)
enteroglucagonoid
glucagon-37
gut glucagon
bioactive enteroglucagon
v2r9i80984 ,
unii-lv7elh7v16
enteroglucagon
lv7elh7v16 ,

Excerpt	Reference
"Oxyntomodulin is a gut peptide that activates the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and reduces bodyweight by increasing energy expenditure and reducing energy intake in humans."	( BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Augustin, R; Baader-Pagler, T; Bajrami, B; Drucker, DJ; Haebel, P; Hamprecht, D; Klein, H; Neubauer, H; Reindl, W; Rist, W; Santhanam, R; Simon, E; Thomas, L; Uphues, I; Zimmermann, T, 2022)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is an endogenous peptide hormone secreted from the intestines following nutrient ingestion that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors. "	( Emerging roles of oxyntomodulin-based glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon co-agonist analogs in diabetes and obesity. Bhawal, R; Chen, W; Jing, H; Lidan, S; Qiang, Z; Qianqian, Z; Wenxi, W; Zhihong, Y, 2023)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is an endogenous gastrointestinal hormone, which activates both the Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). "	( Novel glucagon- and OXM-based peptides acting through glucagon and GLP-1 receptors with body weight reduction and anti-diabetic properties. Avraham, Y; Bi, X; Cai, X; Dai, Y; He, L; Huang, W; Li, C; Liu, C; Qian, H; Sun, L; Tong, J; Wang, Y; Zhou, J, 2020)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is an intestinal peptide hormone that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon (GCG) receptors. "	( New Generation Oxyntomodulin Peptides with Improved Pharmacokinetic Profiles Exhibit Weight Reducing and Anti-Steatotic Properties in Mice. Amso, Z; Huang, D; Lee, C; Nguyen-Tran, VTB; Schultz, PG; Shen, W; Woods, AK; Yang, PY; Zou, H, 2020)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a proglucagon-derived peptide that suppresses hunger in humans. "	( Oxyntomodulin induces satiety and activates the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Japanese quail. Chowdhury, VS; Cline, MA; Gilbert, ER; Halter, B, 2020)
"Oxyntomodulin is a promising biomarker to guide the differential diagnosis of new-onset diabetes after acute pancreatitis. "	( Oxyntomodulin May Distinguish New-Onset Diabetes After Acute Pancreatitis From Type 2 Diabetes. Alarcon Ramos, GC; Bharmal, SH; Cho, J; Ko, J; Petrov, MS; Stuart, CE, 2020)
"Oxyntomodulin is a product of the glucagon precursor, proglucagon, produced and released from the endocrine L-cells of the gut after enzymatic processing by the precursor prohormone convertase 1/3. "	( Oxyntomodulin: Actions and role in diabetes. Albrechtsen, NJW; Gabe, MBN; Holst, JJ; Rosenkilde, MM, 2018)
"Oxyntomodulin (Oxm) is a 37-amino acid peptide linked to alleviation of obesity-diabetes through a dual mode of action mediated at both glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. "	( A novel GIP-oxyntomodulin hybrid peptide acting through GIP, glucagon and GLP-1 receptors exhibits weight reducing and anti-diabetic properties. Bhat, VK; Flatt, PR; Gault, VA; Kerr, BD, 2013)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM1-37) is an anorectic gut-secreting peptide with a promise to treat obesity, but its needle-free delivery has yet to be successful."	( Pulmonary delivery of anorectic oxyntomodulin in rats: food intake suppression, reduced body weight gain and pharmacokinetics. Costanzo, RM; Halquist, MS; Karnes, HT; Nadkarni, PP; Sakagami, M, 2015)
"Oxyntomodulin is a hormone and a growth factor. "	( Neuroprotective effects of an oxyntomodulin analogue in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Hölscher, C; Jalewa, J; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, W; Saunders-Wood, T, 2015)
"Oxyntomodulin seems to be a potent inhibitor of amylase release, potentially making it a safer antiobesity agent regarding pancreatitis, compared with GLP-1 agonists."	( Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Do Not Significantly Affect Acute Exocrine Pancreas in Rats. Akalestou, E; Bloom, SR; Christakis, I; Minnion, JS; Rutter, GA; Solomou, AM, 2016)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a proglucagon-derived peptide that co-activates the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR)."	( Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of oxyntomodulin in neuronal cells and a rat model of stroke. Greig, NH; Li, Y; Tamargo, IA; Wang, Y; Wu, KJ; Yu, SJ, 2017)
"Oxyntomodulin (Oxm) is an intestinal peptide that inhibits food intake and body weight in rodents and humans. "	( Investigation of structure-activity relationships of Oxyntomodulin (Oxm) using Oxm analogs. Beale, KE; Bloom, SR; Druce, MR; Field, BC; Ghatei, MA; Minnion, JS; Murphy, KG; Patel, SR; Shillito, JC; Tilby, M, 2009)
"Oxyntomodulin is an anorexic peptide hormone released from L cells in the gut."	( Hypothalamic injection of oxyntomodulin suppresses circulating ghrelin-like immunoreactivity. Bewick, GA; Bloom, SR; Campbell, D; Cooke, JH; Ghatei, MA; Greenwood, HC; Murphy, KG; Patel, NA; Patel, SR; Patterson, M, 2009)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist peptide that reduces body weight in obese subjects through increased energy expenditure and decreased energy intake. "	( Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Adams, JR; Bianchi, E; Capito', E; Carrington, PE; Chicchi, GG; Du, X; Eiermann, G; Jiang, G; Lassman, ME; Liu, F; Marsh, DJ; Miller, C; Pessi, A; Petrov, A; Pocai, A; Santoprete, A; SinhaRoy, R; Sountis, MM; Thornberry, N; Tota, LM; Wright, M; Zhang, X; Zhou, G; Zhu, L, 2009)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide released from the gut and attenuates food intake by acting on hypothalamus. "	( Oxyntomodulin reduces expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor in the brainstem of chickens. Jonaidi, H; Mahani, MT; Moghaddam, AG; Sepehri, H; Yaghoobi, MM, 2010)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a gut hormone released from intestinal L cell. "	( Bifidobacterium as an oral delivery carrier of oxyntomodulin for obesity therapy: inhibitory effects on food intake and body weight in overweight mice. Chen, LY; Guo, J; Huang, QS; Lin, YZ; Long, RT; Luo, SQ; Zeng, WS, 2010)
"Oxyntomodulin (Oxm) is a hormone which has been shown to exhibit a range of potentially beneficial actions for alleviation of obesity-diabetes. "	( (D-Ser2)Oxm[mPEG-PAL]: a novel chemically modified analogue of oxyntomodulin with antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and anorexigenic actions. Flatt, PR; Gault, VA; Kerr, BD, 2010)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide secreted postprandially from the L-cells of the gut that has a weak affinity for both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). "	( The glucagon receptor is involved in mediating the body weight-lowering effects of oxyntomodulin. Bianchi, E; Cao, J; Carrington, PE; Chicchi, GG; Hubert, J; Kosinski, JR; Marsh, DJ; Miller, C; Mu, J; Pessi, A; Pocai, A; Sinharoy, R, 2012)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide secreted from the L cells of the gut following nutrient ingestion. "	( Unraveling oxyntomodulin, GLP1's enigmatic brother. Pocai, A, 2012)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a product of proglucagon processing in the intestine and the central nervous system. "	( Repeated ICV administration of oxyntomodulin causes a greater reduction in body weight gain than in pair-fed rats. Bloom, SR; Dakin, CL; Ghatei, MA; Park, AJ; Seth, A; Small, CJ, 2002)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a circulating gut hormone released post prandially from cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa. "	( Peripheral oxyntomodulin reduces food intake and body weight gain in rats. Batterham, RL; Bloom, SR; Cohen, MA; Dakin, CL; Ghatei, MA; Neary, NM; Patterson, M; Small, CJ, 2004)
"Oxyntomodulin is a gut hormone that is produced by the L cells in the small intestine and reduces food intake."	( Oxyntomodulin : a novel potential treatment for obesity. Bloom, SR; Druce, MR, 2006)
"Oxyntomodulin is a proglucagon-derived gut hormone that reduces food intake and body weight, thus represents a potential therapy for obesity. "	( Crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of anti-obesity peptide hormone oxyntomodulin. Dimarchi, RD; Li, P; Rogers, T; Smiley, D; Zhang, F, 2008)
"Oxyntomodulin (Oxm) is a hormone, released from the intestine during digestion. "	( Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by oxyntomodulin and its 19-37 fragment in the conscious rat. Audousset-Puech, MP; Bataille, D; Blache, P; Carles-Bonnet, C; Jarrousse, C; Kervran, A; Martinez, J; Niel, H; Sabatier, R, 1993)
"Oxyntomodulin is a peptide isolated from porcine intestine which consists of the whole glucagon sequence extended at its C-terminal part by a basic octapeptide. "	( Solid-phase peptide synthesis of human(Nle-27)-oxyntomodulin. Preliminary evaluation of its biological activities. Audousset-Puech, MP; Bataille, D; Castro, B; Dufour, M; Jarrousse, C; Kervran, A; Martinez, J, 1986)
"Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide isolated from porcine intestine which consists of the whole glucagon sequence with a basic octapeptide (KA8) at its C-terminal end. "	( Oxyntomodulin (glucagon-37) and its C-terminal octapeptide inhibit gastric acid secretion. Audousset-Puech, MP; Bataille, D; Dubrasquet, M; Jarrousse, C; Martinez, J; Niel, H, 1985)

Excerpt	Reference
"Oxyntomodulin treatment resulted in weight loss and a change in the levels of adipose hormones consistent with a loss of adipose tissue."	( Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Bloom, SR; Ellis, SM; Frost, GS; Ghatei, MA; Meeran, K; Murphy, KG; Park, AJ; Patterson, M; Small, CJ; Wren, AM; Wynne, K, 2005)
"treatment with oxyntomodulin during the second, but not the first phase."	( Antinociceptive profiles and mechanisms of centrally administered oxyntomodulin in various mouse pain models. Hong, JW; Jang, SP; Lee, HJ; Lee, JR; Park, SH; Suh, HW, 2018)

Excerpt	Reference
" Over 52 weeks, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting were the most common adverse events; incidences were similar between dulaglutide and metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide monotherapy versus metformin in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-3). Pechtner, V; Pérez Manghi, F; Shurzinske, L; Tofé Povedano, S; Umpierrez, G, 2014)
" The most common gastrointestinal adverse events for dulaglutide were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1). Arakaki, R; Atisso, C; Blevins, T; Colon, G; Garcia, P; Kuhstoss, D; Lakshmanan, M; Wysham, C, 2014)
"The dulaglutide single-dose pen was found to be a safe and effective device for use by patients with T2D who were injection-naïve."	( Safe and Effective Use of the Once Weekly Dulaglutide Single-Dose Pen in Injection-Naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Ignaut, DA; Matfin, G; Threlkeld, R; Van Brunt, K; Zimmermann, AG, 2015)
"5 mg, compared with daily insulin glargine without forced titration, demonstrated greater HbA1c reduction and weight loss, with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and a lower risk of hypoglycemia."	( Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Dulaglutide Versus Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Metformin and Glimepiride (AWARD-2). Benroubi, M; Giorgino, F; Pechtner, V; Sun, JH; Zimmermann, AG, 2015)
" The most frequent adverse events with dulaglutide treatment were nasopharyngitis and gastrointestinal symptoms."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide in combination with sulphonylurea and/or biguanide compared with once-daily insulin glargine in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority study. Araki, E; Imaoka, T; Inagaki, N; Oura, T; Takeuchi, M; Tanizawa, Y, 2015)
" The main adverse effects of treatment included gastrointestinal and injection site reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were nasopharyngitis and gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation, diarrhea, and nausea."	( A 1-year safety study of dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes on a single oral hypoglycemic agent: an open-label, nonrandomized, phase 3 trial. Emoto, M; Imaoka, T; Oura, T; Ozeki, A; Takeuchi, M; Terauchi, Y, 2015)
"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but consideration of benefits and potential adverse events is required."	( Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Update of Safety and Efficacy. Drab, SR, 2016)
" This meta-analysis revealed the use of dulaglutide as a monotherapy or an add-on to OAM and lispro appeared to be effective and safe for adults with T2DM."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Tong, N; Zhang, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2016)
" The primary measure was a 4-component major adverse CV event (4-component MACE) composite endpoint of death due to CV causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina."	( Cardiovascular safety for once-weekly dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a pre-specified meta-analysis of prospectively adjudicated cardiovascular events. Atisso, CM; Botros, FT; Ferdinand, KC; Sager, PT, 2016)
" The most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive review of the dulaglutide clinical data focusing on the AWARD phase 3 clinical trial program. Blevins, T; Botros, FT; Giorgino, F; Grunberger, G; Hietpas, RT; Jendle, J, 2016)
" A similar incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events was observed in each age group with both dulaglutide doses."	( Similar efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥65 and <65 years. Boustani, MA; Juneja, R; Pittman, I; Thieu, VT; Varnado, OJ; Yu, M, 2016)
" Dulaglutide can be considered a safe and effective treatment option for use in older adults."	( Similar efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥65 and <65 years. Boustani, MA; Juneja, R; Pittman, I; Thieu, VT; Varnado, OJ; Yu, M, 2016)
" Our main end-points were control of glycaemia, body weight, hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide and liraglutide in type 2 diabetes: a systemic review of randomised controlled trials. Liu, F; Ren, Z; Xue, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, A; Zhang, W, 2016)
"Hispanic/Latino data at Week 26 were pooled across studies for each dulaglutide dose to analyze the change from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), percent to HbA1c goal, and adverse events (AEs)."	( EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DULAGLUTIDE IN HISPANIC/LATINO PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE AWARD CLINICAL PROGRAM. Davidson, JA; Landó, LF; Linetzky, B; Manghi, FP; Yu, M, 2016)
"AE = adverse event AWARD = Assessment of Weekly AdministRation of dulaglutide in Diabetes BID = twice daily CARMELA = The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation of Latin America CI = confidence interval GLP-1 RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin T2D = type 2 diabetes."	( EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DULAGLUTIDE IN HISPANIC/LATINO PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE AWARD CLINICAL PROGRAM. Davidson, JA; Landó, LF; Linetzky, B; Manghi, FP; Yu, M, 2016)
"The RCTs in the present analysis show that all GLP-1RAs improve glycaemic control, reduce body weight and increase the risk of adverse gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Davies, MJ; Htike, ZZ; Khunti, K; Papamargaritis, D; Webb, DR; Zaccardi, F, 2017)
" Treatment with the GLP-1RA lixisenatide has been shown to be safe in patients with type 2 diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome."	( Cardiovascular safety and benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Brønden, A; Dalsgaard, NB; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2017)
" Most discontinuations were due to adverse events-mostly gastrointestinal with semaglutide, and others such as skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, rash, pruritus, and urticaria) with insulin glargine."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily insulin glargine as add-on to metformin (with or without sulfonylureas) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, mul Aroda, VR; Axelsen, M; Bain, SC; Cariou, B; DeVries, JH; Piletič, M; Rose, L; Rowe, E, 2017)
" In all treatment groups, the incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events tended to be greater among females than among males."	( Analysis of efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 0.75 mg stratified by sex in patients with type 2 diabetes in 2 randomized, controlled phase 3 studies in Japan. Iwamoto, N; Matsui, A; Matsuura, J; Onishi, Y; Oura, T, 2017)
" The primary endpoint was number of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) after 30 weeks."	( Safety and efficacy of semaglutide once weekly vs sitagliptin once daily, both as monotherapy in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes. Abe, N; Kaneko, S; Nishida, T; Osonoi, T; Seino, Y; Terauchi, Y; Yabe, D; Zacho, J, 2018)
"0 mg groups were attributable to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of semaglutide once weekly vs sitagliptin once daily, both as monotherapy in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes. Abe, N; Kaneko, S; Nishida, T; Osonoi, T; Seino, Y; Terauchi, Y; Yabe, D; Zacho, J, 2018)
" Although dulaglutide increased gastrointestinal adverse events compared with glargine in both subgroups, all gastrointestinal events of diarrhea, nausea, constipation, and vomiting in dulaglutide-treated patients were mild in intensity and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of subgroup analysis stratified by baseline HbA1c in a Japanese phase 3 study of dulaglutide 0.75 mg compared with insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kaneko, S; Matsui, A; Oura, T; Shingaki, T; Takeuchi, M, 2017)
" The primary endpoint was number of adverse events (AEs) after 56 weeks."	( Safety and efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide vs additional oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese people with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Abiko, A; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Nishida, T; Watada, H; Yamada, Y; Zacho, J, 2018)
" Adverse events were in line with those observed for other GLP-1 receptor agonists and no safety concerns were identified."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)
" Outcome variables will be assessed included glycemic control indexes (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]%, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMPG], postprandial self-monitoring of blood glucose [PSMPG]), blood pressure indexes (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and pulse rate), body weight control indexes (body weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference), and any adverse events (including adverse events [AEs] varying degrees and AEs occurring in ≥5% patients by preferred term or other of clinical interest)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cui, M; Gu, ZC; Li, H; Liu, XY; Shi, FH; Zhang, ZL, 2018)
"This review will evaluate glycemic, blood pressure, body weight control, and any adverse events of semaglutide as compared with other therapies."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cui, M; Gu, ZC; Li, H; Liu, XY; Shi, FH; Zhang, ZL, 2018)
" Reported adverse events were in line with those observed for other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment. Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)
" The most common drug-related adverse events in both dulaglutide groups (≥5% of patients) included diarrhoea, nausea, increased lipase, decreased appetite, abdominal distension and vomiting."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide monotherapy compared with glimepiride in East-Asian patients with type 2 diabetes in a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm, active comparator, phase III trial. Chen, YH; Cho, YM; Gu, L; Huang, CN; Li, P; Wang, F; Wang, WQ; Yang, J, 2018)
" A post hoc composite endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving the primary composite endpoint without moderate or severe GI adverse events (AEs)."	( Achieving glycaemic control without weight gain, hypoglycaemia, or gastrointestinal adverse events in type 2 diabetes in the SUSTAIN clinical trial programme. Bellary, S; Desouza, C; DeVries, JH; Hansen, OKH; Unger, J; Woo, V; Zacho, J, 2018)
" However, there are key differences within this class of drugs in macrovascular, microvascular, gastrointestinal and injection-site reaction adverse events, and these should be considered when healthcare providers are prescribing therapy."	( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frias, JP, 2018)
" Gastrointestinal adverse events, including diarrhoea and nausea, were the most frequently reported for patients taking dulaglutide."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in mainly Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin and/or a sulphonylurea: A 52-week open-label, randomized phase III trial. Filippova, E; Gu, L; Li, P; Nevárez, L; Song, KH; Tao, B; Wang, F; Wang, W; Yang, J, 2019)
" Gastrointestinal adverse events (e."	( Glycemic Efficacy, Weight Effects, and Safety of Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Cannon, A; Handelsman, Y; Schneider, D; Shannon, M; Wyne, K, 2018)
" Semaglutide once-weekly is compared to placebo and active comparators for T2DM in the SUSTAIN clinical trial series, with outcomes of: glycemic control, weight loss, major adverse cardiovascular events, and adverse effects."	( Semaglutide once-weekly: improved efficacy with a new safety warning. Coon, SA; Crannage, EF; Guyton, JE; Kerwin, LC, 2018)
"Oral semaglutide was safe and well-tolerated in both trials."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)
" Expert opinion: Exenatide QW is an efficacious and safe treatment for T2D."	( The efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. Brønden, A; Dejgaard, TF; Heimbürger, SM; Johansen, NJ; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2019)
" The most frequent gastrointestinal drug-related adverse events with dulaglutide were diarrhea, abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide monotherapy compared with glimepiride in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: Post-hoc analyses of a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Chen, LL; Du, LY; Li, QM; Li, YB; Liu, XM; Ma, JH; Shi, LX; Shi, YQ; Wang, F, 2020)
" One patient had gastrointestinal adverse events and discontinue dulaglutide within the first month."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in patients with absolute insulin deficiency. Hayashi, J; Kuto, AN; Kutoh, E, 2019)
"The results indicate that dulaglutide is effective in patients with T1DM or T2DM with absolute insulin deficiency, though gastrointestinal adverse events might be of concern."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in patients with absolute insulin deficiency. Hayashi, J; Kuto, AN; Kutoh, E, 2019)
" Adverse events with semaglutide were consistent with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist class, with gastrointestinal events the most common."	( Impact of baseline characteristics and beta-cell function on the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous once-weekly semaglutide: A patient-level, pooled analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-5 trials. Aroda, VR; Bain, SC; Capehorn, MS; Chaykin, L; Frias, JP; Lausvig, NL; Lüdemann, J; Macura, S; Madsbad, S; Rosenstock, J; Tabak, O; Tadayon, S, 2020)
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in similar proportions of subjects across trials."	( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SUSTAIN Trials. Cariou, B; DeSouza, C; Fonseca, V; Garg, S; Lausvig, N; Navarria, A, 2020)
" The safety profile was consistent with GLP-1RAs, with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders being the most common treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of once-monthly efpeglenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results of a phase 2 placebo-controlled, 16-week randomized dose-finding study. Del Prato, S; Derwahl, M; Kang, J; Sorli, CH; Soto, A; Stewart, J; Trautmann, ME; Yoon, KH, 2020)
" Glucose reductions in an oral glucose tolerance test were significant at day 3 postdose without severe gastrointestinal adverse events and pulse rate changes in healthy subjects."	( A glycosylated Fc-fused glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exhibits equivalent glucose lowering to but fewer gastrointestinal side effects than dulaglutide. An, IB; Byun, MS; Choi, Y; Jang, HC; Sung, YC; Woo, JW; Yang, SI, 2020)
" The primary endpoint was the number of treatment-emergent adverse events over 57 weeks."	( Safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 10): an open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial. Deenadayalan, S; Gislum, M; Inagaki, N; Kaneto, H; Nakamura, J; Navarria, A; Yabe, D, 2020)
" Adverse events occurred in 101 (77%) of 131 patients with oral semaglutide 3 mg, 106 (80%) of 132 with oral semaglutide 7 mg, 111 (85%) of 130 with oral semaglutide 14 mg, and 53 (82%) of 65 with dulaglutide."	( Safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 10): an open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial. Deenadayalan, S; Gislum, M; Inagaki, N; Kaneto, H; Nakamura, J; Navarria, A; Yabe, D, 2020)
" The cardiovascular (CV) outcome trial (SUSTAIN 6) showed CV superiority and its adverse event profile is as expected for the GLP-1RA class with predominantly gastrointestinal side-effects."	( Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes. Bain, SC; Peter, R, 2020)
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."	( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management. Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."	( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management. Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)
" Extracted safety data included gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs), hypoglycaemia, injection-site reactions, pancreatitis, neoplasms, gallbladder events, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and/or its complications (DRCs)."	( Safety and tolerability of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Trujillo, J, 2020)
"Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are the most common AEs with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)."	( Superior weight loss with once-weekly semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists is independent of gastrointestinal adverse events. de la Rosa, R; Hansen, T; Lingvay, I; Macura, S; Marre, M; Nauck, MA; Wilding, J; Woo, V; Yildirim, E, 2020)
" Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7."	( Efficacy and safety of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ge, J; He, K; Jing, Z; Li, C; Li, J, 2021)
" This can help ensure that patients achieve optimal response, that those experiencing adverse events are appropriately managed, and that treatment is tailored for those with pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in patients with T2D."	( Cardiovascular outcomes, safety, and tolerability with oral semaglutide: insights for managed care. Dougherty, T; Lingvay, I; Taddei-Allen, P, 2020)
"Dulaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the Researching Cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes (REWIND) trial."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide in Older Patients: A post hoc Analysis of the REWIND trial. Atisso, CM; Cushman, WC; Franek, E; Gerstein, HC; Konig, M; Lakshmanan, M; Leiter, LA; Raha, S; Raubenheimer, PJ; Riddle, MC; Varnado, OJ; Xavier, D, 2021)
" But it is also associated with adverse outcomes such as hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide compared with glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Xia, J; Xu, J; Yao, D, 2021)
"5 mg groups than in insulin glargine group,whereas dulaglutide had a statistically higher gastrointestinal adverse events incidence than insulin glargine."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide compared with glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Xia, J; Xu, J; Yao, D, 2021)
"8), there were fewer first major adverse CV events with semaglutide vs."	( Cardiovascular Safety and Benefits of Semaglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6. Nauck, MA; Quast, DR, 2021)
" We sought to assess the risk of semaglutide in leading to various serious adverse events (SAEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Comprehensive analysis of the safety of semaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the SUSTAIN and PIONEER trials. Ding, LL; Duan, XY; Qiu, M; Yin, DG; Zhou, HR, 2021)
" In the current review we discuss the occurrence of adverse events associated with semaglutide focusing on hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal side effects, pancreatic safety (pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer), thyroid cancer, gallbladder events, cardiovascular aspects, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy (DRP) complications and injection-site and allergic reactions and where available, we highlight potential underlying mechanisms."	( Safety of Semaglutide. Smits, MM; Van Raalte, DH, 2021)
" Adverse events (AEs) were analysed descriptively."	( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 1, 3, 4 and 8 trials. Araki, E; Christiansen, E; Deenadayalan, S; Horio, H; Kadowaki, T; Terauchi, Y; Watada, H, 2021)
" Across treatment arms, adverse events generally occurred in greater proportions of patients aged ≥65 versus <65 years."	( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by baseline age in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 9 and 10 Japan trials. Hertz, CL; Horio, H; Nakamura, J; Nielsen, AM; Seino, Y; Yabe, D; Yamada, Y, 2022)
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) with oral semaglutide was similar to that with comparators and was consistent across subgroups."	( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by subgroups of patient characteristics in the PIONEER phase 3 programme. Aroda, VR; Bauer, R; Christiansen, E; Haluzík, M; Kallenbach, K; Meier, JJ; Montanya, E; Rosenstock, J, 2022)
" Treatments were well tolerated - the incidence of adverse events was similar across groups (73-90%) and most events were gastrointestinal in nature."	( Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised, open-label phase II trial. Alkhouri, N; Balendran, C; Billin, AN; Buchholtz, K; Damgaard, LH; Hassanein, T; Herring, R; Huss, RS; Kabler, H; Kayali, Z; Kjær, MS; Kohli, A; Loomba, R; Myers, RP; Noureddin, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)
" This trial showed that the use of 3 different types of drugs, namely semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat, in combination was safe and may offer additional benefits over treatment with semaglutide alone."	( Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised, open-label phase II trial. Alkhouri, N; Balendran, C; Billin, AN; Buchholtz, K; Damgaard, LH; Hassanein, T; Herring, R; Huss, RS; Kabler, H; Kayali, Z; Kjær, MS; Kohli, A; Loomba, R; Myers, RP; Noureddin, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)
" However, GLP-1RAs treatments had more gastrointestinal adverse events (such as nausea and vomiting) than placebo and Met."	( The Antiobesity Effect and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Overweight/Obese Patients Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gong, F; Guo, X; Lyu, X; Pan, H; Wang, L; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhou, Z; Zhu, H, 2022)
" The adverse events were comparable to placebo; however, gastrointestinal adverse events were highly recorded in tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide groups."	( Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes. Abdel-Aziz, W; Aladwan, H; Ali, AS; Elkady, S; Elmegeed, AA; Elshahawy, IM; Elshanbary, AA; Gbreel, MI; Hamdallah, A; Hasabo, EA; Helmy, SK; Nourelden, AZ; Rabie, S; Ragab, KM; Sayed, AK; Zaazouee, MS, 2022)
" Moreover, semaglutide was safe and well-tolerated."	( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for the Management of Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure in Real-World Clinical Practice. Avilés-Bueno, B; Bernal-López, MR; Cobos-Palacios, L; García de Lucas, MD; Gómez-Huelgas, R; Jansen-Chaparro, S; López-Sampalo, A; Miramontes-González, JP; Pérez-Belmonte, LM; Pérez-Velasco, MA; Ricci, M; Sanz-Cánovas, J, 2022)
"In obese patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure, the use of once-weekly semaglutide was safe and clinically efficacious, improving health and functional status."	( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for the Management of Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure in Real-World Clinical Practice. Avilés-Bueno, B; Bernal-López, MR; Cobos-Palacios, L; García de Lucas, MD; Gómez-Huelgas, R; Jansen-Chaparro, S; López-Sampalo, A; Miramontes-González, JP; Pérez-Belmonte, LM; Pérez-Velasco, MA; Ricci, M; Sanz-Cánovas, J, 2022)
" In the Japanese subpopulation, no new safety concerns were identified with once-weekly semaglutide, and there were no adverse events leading to death or severe hypoglycemic episodes."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes in the SUSTAIN 1, 2, 5 and 9 trials: Post-hoc analysis. Araki, E; Harashima, S; Nakamura, J; Nishida, T, 2022)
" The most common adverse events reported in STEP 1-5 were gastrointestinal events, which were transient, mild-to-moderate in severity, and typically resolved without permanent treatment discontinuation."	( Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for weight management: evidence from the STEP program. Amaro, A; Sugimoto, D; Wharton, S, 2022)
" Versus placebo, CVOTs showed a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events with subcutaneous semaglutide and non-inferiority criteria were met with oral semaglutide."	( Safety and tolerability of semaglutide across the SUSTAIN and PIONEER phase IIIa clinical trial programmes. Abildlund, MT; Aroda, VR; Erhan, U; Husain, M; Jelnes, P; Meier, JJ; Pratley, R; Vilsbøll, T, 2023)
" The adverse events profile was consistent with other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs); gastrointestinal adverse events were most frequent in all three studies."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly efpeglenatide in people with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: The AMPLITUDE-D, AMPLITUDE-L and AMPLITUDE-S randomized controlled trials. Aroda, VR; Baek, S; Choi, J; Denkel, K; Espinasse, M; Frias, JP; Guo, H; Ji, L; Lingvay, I; Nguyên-Pascal, ML; Niemoeller, E, 2023)
" The primary endpoint was the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious AEs in patients who received ≥1 dose of dulaglutide, for up to 24 weeks."	( Safety and effectiveness of dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a real-world setting: A prospective, observational post-marketing study. Chen, J; Guo, L; Li, L; Wang, H; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Xi, Y; Xu, J; Yu, Q, 2023)
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events with dulaglutide/glargine were decreased appetite (22."	( Efficacy and safety of adding once-weekly dulaglutide to basal insulin for inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients (AWARD-CHN3): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Cheng, Z; Deng, Y; Ma, J; Wang, R; Wang, W; Yan, X; Zhang, Q; Zhu, D, 2023)
"This database study examines the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists (eg, semaglutide, liraglutide) used for weight loss and reports of gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Risk of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss. Etminan, M; Kezouh, A; Rezaeianzadeh, R; Sodhi, M, 2023)

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" The increase in potency appears to be related in part to a decrease in the metabolic clearance rate in vivo (6-fold) and, in vitro, to an increase in half-life (3-fold) when incubated with rat liver plasma membranes."	( N-acetyl oxyntomodulin30-37: pharmacokinetics and activity on gastric acid secretion. Bataille, D; Carles-Bonnet, C; Jarrousse, C; Martinez, J; Niel, H; Rolland, M, 1992)
"The half-life (t1/2) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of exogenous natural porcine oxyntomodulin (porcine OXM) and the synthetic analog of rat oxyntomodulin, [Nle27]-OXM (rat OXM), were compared with that of glucagon in control, sham-operated and acutely nephrectomized rats using the primed-continuous infusion technique."	( Metabolic clearance rates of oxyntomodulin and glucagon in the rat: contribution of the kidney. Bataille, D; Blache, P; Dubrasquet, M; Kervran, A; Martinez, J, 1990)
"7 ml kg-1 min-1 and the half-life in plasma was 12 +/- 1 min."	( Oxyntomodulin: a potential hormone from the distal gut. Pharmacokinetics and effects on gastric acid and insulin secretion in man. Baldissera, FG; Christiansen, J; Holst, JJ; Mortensen, PE; Schjoldager, BT, 1988)
" However, the development of a GLP-1-based pharmaceutical agent has a severe limitation due to its very short half-life in plasma, being primarily degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme."	( Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies of PEGylated glucagon-like peptide-1. Byun, Y; Chae, SY; Lee, KC; Lee, S; Lee, SH; Na, DH; Youn, YS, )
"The pharmacokinetics of dulaglutide were assessed throughout clinical development, including conventional pharmacokinetic analysis in clinical pharmacology studies and population pharmacokinetic analyses of data from combined phase 2 and phase 3 studies in patients with T2D."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Analyses of Data from Clinical Trials. Chien, JY; Cui, X; de la Peña, A; Geiser, JS; Heathman, MA; Loghin, C; Martin, J, 2016)
"Dulaglutide gradually reached the maximum concentration in 48 h and had a terminal elimination half-life of 5 days."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Analyses of Data from Clinical Trials. Chien, JY; Cui, X; de la Peña, A; Geiser, JS; Heathman, MA; Loghin, C; Martin, J, 2016)
" The pharmacokinetic findings suggest that dose adjustment is not necessary on the basis of body weight, sex, age, race or ethnicity or site of injection."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Analyses of Data from Clinical Trials. Chien, JY; Cui, X; de la Peña, A; Geiser, JS; Heathman, MA; Loghin, C; Martin, J, 2016)
"No clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were identified and no new safety issues observed with combined treatment with semaglutide."	( Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Anderson, TW; Derving Karsbøl, J; Golor, G; Hausner, H; Holst, AG; Jacobsen, JB; Wagner, FD, 2017)
" Similarly, there was no apparent effect of renal impairment on the semaglutide half-life (geometric mean range 152-165 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)
"5 hours) or half-life (geometric mean range 142-156 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment. Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)
"A single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial investigated pharmacokinetic interactions of oral semaglutide with omeprazole (40 mg once-daily) in 54 healthy subjects."	( A randomized study investigating the effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide. Breitschaft, A; Bækdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Navarria, A, 2018)
"5 or 1 mg, semaglutide has a half-life of 7 days; therefore, it would reach steady state in 4-5 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications of Semaglutide: A New Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)-1 Receptor Agonist. Clements, JN; Hall, S; Isaacs, D, 2018)
" The half-life of semaglutide was approximately 1 week in all groups."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)
" The pharmacokinetic results supported that oral semaglutide is suitable for once-daily dosing."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)
"The absorption, distribution and elimination of oral semaglutide, the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for treating type 2 diabetes, was investigated using a population pharmacokinetic model based on data from clinical pharmacology trials."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)
"A previously developed, two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, based on subcutaneous and intravenous semaglutide, was extended to include data from six oral semaglutide trials conducted in either healthy volunteers or subjects with renal or hepatic impairment."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)
" Within-subject variability in bioavailability was 137%, which with once-daily dosing and a long half-life translates into 33% within-subject variability in steady-state exposure."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)
" The objective of the current analysis was to evaluate the effects on the gastric emptying rate caused by semaglutide on pharmacokinetic model parameters of paracetamol and atorvastatin in healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide. Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)
"To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of tirzepatide, a novel dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist, compared with dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Change in pharmacodynamic variables following once-weekly tirzepatide treatment versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS J-mono substudy). Kawamori, D; Oura, T; Seino, Y; Takeuchi, M; Yabe, D, 2023)
" Citrulline was included as a pharmacodynamic biomarker."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"From a comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters following subcutaneous versus intravenous dosing, it is concluded that the pharmacokinetics of glepaglutide following subcutaneous dosing are primarily determined by slow release of the two main glepaglutide metabolites from a subcutaneous depot."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"Slow release of active metabolites following subcutaneous dosing leads to a significantly protracted pharmacokinetic profile for glepaglutide."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"Slow release of active metabolites following subcutaneous dosing leads to a significantly protracted pharmacokinetic profile for glepaglutide."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)

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" We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide with that of insulin glargine, both combined with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Once-weekly dulaglutide versus bedtime insulin glargine, both in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Blonde, L; Fahrbach, JL; Gross, J; Jendle, J; Jiang, H; Milicevic, Z; Woo, V, 2015)
"Dulaglutide in combination with lispro resulted in a significantly greater improvement in glycaemic control than did glargine and represents a new treatment option for patients unable to achieve glycaemic targets with conventional insulin treatment."	( Once-weekly dulaglutide versus bedtime insulin glargine, both in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Blonde, L; Fahrbach, JL; Gross, J; Jendle, J; Jiang, H; Milicevic, Z; Woo, V, 2015)
"75 mg and glargine, all in combination with prandial insulin lispro."	( Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in combination with prandial insulin lispro: an AWARD-4 substudy. Jendle, J; Jiang, H; Martin, S; Milicevic, Z; Testa, MA, 2016)
"In combination with prandial lispro, treatment with dulaglutide and glargine resulted in similar proportions of glucose values in the normoglycaemic range, but dulaglutide provided an improved balance between the proportion of values within the near-normoglycaemia range and values within the hypoglycaemic range."	( Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in combination with prandial insulin lispro: an AWARD-4 substudy. Jendle, J; Jiang, H; Martin, S; Milicevic, Z; Testa, MA, 2016)
" Moreover, LM06 also could accelerate diabetic skin wound closure in combination with low-intensity ultrasound."	( Novel peptidic dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist alleviates diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound. Ding, WX; Peng, LJ; Wang, HY; Yuan, S; Zhang, F; Zhao, LH, 2020)
"LM06, as a long-acting dual GLP-1R/GcgR agonist, exerts potential as a once-weekly therapeutic candidate against diabetes-related complication in combination with low-intensity ultrasound."	( Novel peptidic dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist alleviates diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound. Ding, WX; Peng, LJ; Wang, HY; Yuan, S; Zhang, F; Zhao, LH, 2020)
"Semaglutide was used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with NAFLD mice for 12 weeks."	( Semaglutide May Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis in T2DM Combined with NFALD Mice via miR-5120/ABHD6. Fang, P; Hu, K; Kong, D; Li, L; Li, R; She, D; Xu, W; Xue, Y; Ye, Z; Zhang, K; Zhou, Y; Zong, G, 2022)
"Our data revealed that Semaglutide administration significantly improved liver function and hepatic steatosis in T2DM combined with NAFLD mice."	( Semaglutide May Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis in T2DM Combined with NFALD Mice via miR-5120/ABHD6. Fang, P; Hu, K; Kong, D; Li, L; Li, R; She, D; Xu, W; Xue, Y; Ye, Z; Zhang, K; Zhou, Y; Zong, G, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
" These results suggest that poorly absorbed fermentable dietary carbohydrate stimulates postprandial plasma enteroglucagon and inhibits serum gastrin release in the rat."	( Fermentable carbohydrate modulates postprandial enteroglucagon and gastrin release in rats. Gee, JM; Johnson, IT; Lee-Finglas, W, 1996)
"l-1, consistent with a relative bioavailability of 7% versus intravenous injection and 47% versus subcutaneous injection."	( Potential therapeutic levels of glucagon-like peptide I achieved in humans by a buccal tablet. Ahrén, B; Gutniak, MK; Heiber, SJ; Holst, JJ; Juneskans, OT; Larsson, H, 1996)
"The effect of semaglutide, a once-weekly human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog in development for type 2 diabetes (T2D), on the bioavailability of a combined oral contraceptive was investigated."	( Semaglutide, a once-weekly human GLP-1 analog, does not reduce the bioavailability of the combined oral contraceptive, ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Flint, A; Hartvig, H; Jensen, CB; Jensen, L; Kapitza, C; Nosek, L, 2015)
" Its lung absorption was fast, elevating the systemic level rapidly, yet the bioavailability was low at 13%."	( Pulmonary delivery of anorectic oxyntomodulin in rats: food intake suppression, reduced body weight gain and pharmacokinetics. Costanzo, RM; Halquist, MS; Karnes, HT; Nadkarni, PP; Sakagami, M, 2015)
" We also demonstrate that the potency of semaglutide allows the formulation to be cost effective, and less potent drugs will require increased oral bioavailability to make a cost effective oral formulation."	( Quantifying the Value of Orally Delivered Biologic Therapies: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Oral Semaglutide. Abramson, A; Halperin, F; Kim, J; Traverso, G, 2019)
" This is an important feature of the pharmacology of this drug class that needs to be considered alongside selectivity, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics for rational optimization of new therapeutics."	( Evaluation of biased agonism mediated by dual agonists of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Chang, R; Dai, A; Darbalaei, S; Sexton, PM; Wang, MW; Wootten, D; Yang, D; Yuliantie, E; Zhao, P, 2020)
" Semaglutide has been coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate to improve bioavailability of semaglutide following oral administration."	( Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists. Kane, MP; Solis-Herrera, CD; Triplitt, CL, 2021)
" Nevertheless, co-formulation of oral semaglutide with an absorption enhancer has shown to increase its bioavailability and has made its oral absorption possible."	( A Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide. Choksi, R; Goldfaden, RF; Hardy, J; Niman, S; Reid, J; Sheikh-Ali, M; Sutton, D, 2021)
" Within-individual variation of oral bioavailability was relatively high, but reduced considerably at steady state."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)
" Like other long-acting GLP-1 analogues, semaglutide reduces gastric emptying and, potentially, alters the rate of absorption of orally co-administered drugs."	( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide. Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
" On histamine-stimulated secretion, the differences between the acetylated and the free octapeptides were that the former displayed a dose-response curve parallel to that of oxyntomodulin and a 4-fold higher potency."	( N-acetyl oxyntomodulin30-37: pharmacokinetics and activity on gastric acid secretion. Bataille, D; Carles-Bonnet, C; Jarrousse, C; Martinez, J; Niel, H; Rolland, M, 1992)
" Bolus dosing significantly increased parameters of mucosal mass along the length of the small intestine in association with an increase in two hour accumulation of vincristine arrested metaphases in small intestinal crypts."	( Effects of bolus doses of fat on small intestinal structure and on release of gastrin, cholecystokinin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and enteroglucagon. Bloom, SR; Ghatei, MA; Jenkins, AP; Thompson, RP, 1992)
" The dose-response curves for oxyntomodulin and oxyntomodulin-(19-37) were parallel."	( Oxyntomodulin and its (19-37) and (30-37) fragments inhibit histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat. Bataille, D; Carles-Bonnet, C; Jarrousse, C; Martinez, J; Niel, H, 1991)
" GLP-1-related peptides were administered in a dosage of 400 pmol within 10 min into the pancreatic artery during glucose or arginine infusion and the changes in plasma insulin and glucagon in the pancreatic vein were studied."	( The structure-function relationship of GLP-1 related peptides in the endocrine function of the canine pancreas. Kawai, K; Koizumi, F; Ohashi, S; Ohneda, A; Ohneda, K; Ohneda, M; Suzuki, S, 1991)
" In this study we have produced vincristine-induced constipation in rats at a dosage comparable with that employed in the treatment of human subjects."	( Vincristine-induced abnormalities of gastrointestinal regulatory peptide cells of the rat. An immunocytochemical study. Buchanan, KD; Johnston, CF; Shaw, C, 1985)
" The binding of 125I-GLP-1(7-36)amide and the intensity of the cross-linked band were similarly inhibited in a dose-response manner by increasing concentrations of unlabeled GLP-1(7-36)amide."	( Structural characterization by affinity cross-linking of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide receptor in rat brain. Blázquez, E; Calvo, JC; Mora, F; Yusta, B, 1995)
" The octapeptide may be simplified by deleting the two C-terminal amino acids while keeping its efficacy and the slope of the dose-response curve."	( H-Lys-Arg-Asn-Lys-Asn-Asn-OH is the minimal active structure of oxyntomodulin. Aumelas, A; Bataille, D; Carles-Bonnet, C; Jarrousse, C; Martinez, J; Niel, H, 1996)
" Analysis of glucose-insulin dose-response curves revealed a marked improvement of glucose sensitivity of the NOD endocrine pancreas in the presence of GLP-1 (half-maximal insulin output without GLP-1 15."	( Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (7-36) amide improves glucose sensitivity in beta-cells of NOD mice. Federlin, K; Göke, B; Linn, T; Schneider, K, 1996)
" In the genetically obese Zucker rat, chronic dosing with GLP-1 (30 microg icv) once a day for 6 days caused significant reductions in food consumption each day and a reduction in body weight."	( Effect of chronic central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on food consumption and body weight in normal and obese rats. Compton, DS; Davis, HR; France, CF; Graziano, MP; Hoos, LM; Mullins, DE; Pines, JM; Strader, CD; Sybertz, EJ; Van Heek, M, 1998)
"Reciprocal dose-response curves for the effects of the two hormones in intestine and liver were demonstrated: glucagon 37 was one order of magnitude more potent than glucagon 29 in increasing intestinal absorption of glucose via the SGLT1."	( Enteric glucagon 37 rather than pancreatic glucagon 29 stimulates glucose absorption in rat intestine. Hunger, A; Jungermann, K; Scholtka, B; Stümpel, F, 1998)
" This study was designed to examine the effect of systemically administered GLP-2 on intestinal absorptive function and mucosal mass, and determine the in vivo dose-response curves for this new peptide."	( Glucagonlike peptide-2 enhances small intestinal absorptive function and mucosal mass in vivo. Kato, Y; Schwartz, MZ; Yu, D, 1999)
" L-168,049 increases the apparent EC50 for glucagon stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human glucagon receptor and decreases the maximal glucagon stimulation observed, with a Kb (concentration of antagonist that shifts the agonist dose-response 2-fold) of 25 nM."	( Characterization of a novel, non-peptidyl antagonist of the human glucagon receptor. Ber, E; Cascieri, MA; Chicchi, GG; de Laszlo, SE; Hacker, C; Hagmann, WK; Koch, GE; Louizides, D; MacCoss, M; Sadowski, SJ; Vicario, PP, 1999)
" Increasing doses of GLP-2 (3-33) (10(-7)-10(-5) M) caused a shift to the right in the dose-response curve of GLP-2 (1-33)."	( The truncated metabolite GLP-2 (3-33) interacts with the GLP-2 receptor as a partial agonist. Hartmann, B; Hastrup, S; Holst, JJ; Jeppesen, PB; Kissow, H; Knudsen, LB; Poulsen, SS; Thulesen, J; Ørskov, C, 2002)
" Dose-response curve revealed that the half-maximal effective dose (ED(50)) of VAPG was about 55 nm (25 nm for native GLP-1)."	( Synthesis, bioactivity and specificity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37)/polymer conjugate to isolated rat islets. Bae, YH; Kim, S; Wan Kim, S, 2005)
" A controlled study with a more robust design is ongoing in order to determine the optimal dosage of teduglutide for SBS patients to achieve the maximal effect and utility of this drug in clinical practice."	( Teduglutide (ALX-0600), a dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, improves intestinal function in short bowel syndrome patients. Buchman, A; Gregory, J; Holst, J; Howard, L; Jeppesen, PB; Mortensen, PB; Sanguinetti, EL; Scolapio, JS; Tappenden, KA; Ziegler, TR, 2005)
" The metabolic effects of these two peptides with respect to weight loss, caloric reduction, glucose control, and lipid lowering, were compared upon chronic dosing in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Adams, JR; Bianchi, E; Capito', E; Carrington, PE; Chicchi, GG; Du, X; Eiermann, G; Jiang, G; Lassman, ME; Liu, F; Marsh, DJ; Miller, C; Pessi, A; Petrov, A; Pocai, A; Santoprete, A; SinhaRoy, R; Sountis, MM; Thornberry, N; Tota, LM; Wright, M; Zhang, X; Zhou, G; Zhu, L, 2009)
" We also investigated the dose-response effects of OXM on the secretion of insulin and glucose in 8 Holstein steers (401 +/- 1 d old, 398 +/- 10 kg BW)."	( Oxyntomodulin increases the concentrations of insulin and glucose in plasma but does not affect ghrelin secretion in Holstein cattle under normal physiological conditions. Ishikawa, T; Kuwayama, H; ThanThan, S; Yannaing, S; Zhao, H, 2010)
" These effects were seen after the first dose and were sustained through the weekly dosing cycle."	( A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Barrington, P; Chien, JY; Cui, S; Ellis, B; Hardy, TA; Schneck, K; Showalter, HD; Tibaldi, F, 2011)
"This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial randomized 167 patients who were anti-hyperglycaemic medication-naïve or had discontinued metformin monotherapy [mean baseline HbA(1c) 59 ± 8 to 61 ± 8 mmol/mol (7."	( Monotherapy with the once-weekly GLP-1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose-dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Botros, FT; Bsharat, R; Chang, A; Garcia Soria, G; Grunberger, G; Milicevic, Z, 2012)
" Following a complete validation, the method was applied to show utility using rat plasma samples that were intravenously dosed with oxyntomodulin."	( Determination of oxyntomodulin, an anorectic polypeptide, in rat plasma using 2D-LC-MS/MS coupled with ion pair chromatography. Halquist, MS; Karnes, HT; Sakagami, M, 2012)
" Novo Nordisk has conducted extensive toxicology studies, including data on pancreas weight and histology, in Cynomolgus monkeys dosed with two different human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists."	( The human GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide: absence of histopathological effects on the pancreas in nonhuman primates. Gotfredsen, CF; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, MO; Mølck, AM; Nyborg, NC; Salanti, Z; Thorup, I, 2014)
"Dulaglutide is a novel glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with a unique structure that supports once-weekly dosing in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), most of whom have a big pill burden."	( Dulaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Amblee, A, 2014)
" It is an attractive option because it is dosed once-weekly, provides A1C lowering similar to liraglutide, weight reduction similar to exenatide, and has an adverse effect profile similar to exenatide and liraglutide."	( Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM, 2015)
" This study represents a comprehensive evaluation of the monkey thyroid C cells after dosing with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, with a large group size, and measurement of multiple relevant parameters."	( Effects of Dulaglutide on Thyroid C Cells and Serum Calcitonin in Male Monkeys. Blackbourne, JL; Byrd, RA; Martin, JA; Pienkowski, T; Rosol, TJ; Ryan, T; Smith, HW; Sorden, SD; Vahle, JL; Wijsman, JA, 2015)
" These data reveal that chronic dosing of nondiabetic primates with dulaglutide does not induce inflammatory or preneoplastic changes in exocrine pancreas."	( Effects of the GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide on the Structure of the Exocrine Pancreas of Cynomolgus Monkeys. Blackbourne, JL; Byrd, RA; Klöppel, G; Martin, JA; Pienkowski, T; Rosol, TJ; Ryan, T; Snyder, PW; Sorden, SD; Vahle, JL, 2015)
"0 mg/kg/dose (corresponding human plasma exposures following twice-weekly dosing are 3-, 8-, and 30-fold, respectively) for 13 weeks or to vehicle control."	( An Investigative Study of Pancreatic Exocrine Biomarkers, Histology, and Histomorphometry in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats Given Dulaglutide by Subcutaneous Injection Twice Weekly for 13 Weeks. Blackbourne, JL; Byrd, RA; Martin, JA; Meehan, J; Poitout-Belissent, F; Prefontaine, A; Sullivan, J; Usborne, A; Vahle, JL, 2015)
" dosing to mini-pigs."	( Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. Bloch, P; Gram, DX; Knudsen, LB; Knudsen, SM; Kofoed, J; Kruse, T; Lau, J; Madsen, K; McGuire, J; Nielsen, FS; Pettersson, I; Reedtz-Runge, S; Schäffer, L; Spetzler, J; Steensgaard, DB; Strauss, HM; Thygesen, P, 2015)
"To investigate the dose-response relationship of semaglutide versus placebo and open-label liraglutide in terms of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly Human GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Atkin, SL; Courrèges, JP; Jensen, CB; Lindegaard, ML; Mannucci, E; Nauck, MA; Petrie, JR; Sesti, G, 2016)
"We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing any GLP-1 RA licensed for once-weekly dosing (albiglutide, dulaglutide or exenatide extended release) with placebo or other antidiabetic agents."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)
"Given their dosing scheme and overall efficacy and safety profile, once-weekly GLP-1 RAs are a convenient therapeutic option for use as add-on to metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)
" Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days after the last dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)
" Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days post-last dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment. Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)
" The favorable safety profiles of OW GLP-1 RAs, added to their efficacy and the favorable weekly dosing regimen, make these agents appropriate options for patients with T2D."	( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frias, JP, 2018)
" Given the recommended dosing for each GLP-1RA, pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated based on published population pharmacokinetic models and exposure was adjusted by the relative potencies to ensure that model predictions matched the effects observed in clinical trials."	( Impact on HbA1c and body weight of switching from other GLP-1 receptor agonists to semaglutide: A model-based approach. Lindberg, SØ; Overgaard, RV; Thielke, D, 2019)
" Average daily/weekly dosage (ADD/AWD) was calculated during persistence."	( Utilization patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany: a retrospective cohort study. Jung, H; Lebrec, J; Myland, M; Norrbacka, K; Otto, T; Richter, H, 2019)
" Semaglutide was initiated at 3 mg/d and escalated every 4 weeks, first to 7 mg/d then to 14 mg/d, until the randomized dosage was achieved."	( Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Allison, D; Birkenfeld, AL; Blicher, TM; Davies, M; Deenadayalan, S; Jacobsen, JB; Rosenstock, J; Serusclat, P; Violante, R; Watada, H, 2019)
" PIONEER 9 aimed to assess the dose-response of oral semaglutide and to compare the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide with placebo and a subcutaneous GLP-1 receptor agonist in a Japanese population."	( Dose-response, efficacy, and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 9): a 52-week, phase 2/3a, randomised, controlled trial. Deenadayalan, S; Hamamoto, Y; Katagiri, H; Navarria, A; Nishijima, K; Seino, Y; Yamada, Y, 2020)
" Such considerations include dosing conditions and use of concomitant medications."	( Practical guidance for use of oral semaglutide in primary care: a narrative review. Morales, J; Shubrook, JH; Skolnik, N, 2020)
" The weight loss resulting from dosing with the bivalently conjugated dual agonist was significantly greater than for the monomeric analog, clearly demonstrating translation of the measured in vitro avidity to in vivo pharmacology."	( Conjugation of a peptide to an antibody engineered with free cysteines dramatically improves half-life and activity. Camacho, RC; Case, MA; Chi, E; Connor, J; D'Aquino, KE; Dinh, T; Edavettal, S; Edwards, W; Gunnet, J; Hunter, M; Jian, W; Kang, L; Lanter, J; Leonard, JN; Li, J; Li, W; Littrell, J; MacDonald, M; Patch, R; Qi, JS; Steiner, D; Swanson, RV; Tat, T; Wang, LY; Wang, Y; You, S; Zhang, R; Zhang, YM, )
" Those managing patients should be aware of the potential impact of these dosing conditions on concomitant medications."	( Integrating oral semaglutide into clinical practice in primary care: for whom, when, and how? Brunton, SA; Mosenzon, O; Wright, EE, 2020)
" The purpose of this article was to review the pharmacology, clinical trials, safety profile, along with recommended dosing and costs, of oral semaglutide used for managing patients with T2DM."	( Oral Semaglutide: The First-available Noninjectable Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist. Piszczatoski, C; Powell, J; Taylor, JR, 2020)
" Articles were selected if they were related to the approval of oral semaglutide or provided novel clinical information regarding this drug entity in its oral dosage formulation."	( Oral Semaglutide: The First-available Noninjectable Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist. Piszczatoski, C; Powell, J; Taylor, JR, 2020)
"A total of 30 trials were identified for inclusion; eight were head-to-head trials involving another GLP-1 RA; of these, six compared GLP-1 RAs with different dosing regimens (QW vs once-daily or twice-daily), and two were direct QW vs QW GLP-1 RA comparisons."	( Safety and tolerability of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Trujillo, J, 2020)
" Nevertheless, 8-week subcutaneously dosed LM06 in db/db mice achieved prominent efficacies on glucostasis, weight-lowering, pancreatic function and adipogenesis via activating GLP-1R and GcgR."	( Novel peptidic dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist alleviates diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound. Ding, WX; Peng, LJ; Wang, HY; Yuan, S; Zhang, F; Zhao, LH, 2020)
" It is important for pharmacists to counsel patients prescribed oral semaglutide about optimal oral dosing, why correct dosing conditions are necessary, expected therapeutic response, and effective strategies to mitigate potential gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists. Kane, MP; Solis-Herrera, CD; Triplitt, CL, 2021)
" However, medications in this class differ considerably in their dosing frequency, which may impact adherence."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)
" Studies of adults with T2D were included if they compared adherence (as measured by proportion of days covered [PDC]) to injectable GLP-1RAs dosed once weekly vs once daily."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)
"Once weekly dosing of injectable GLP-1RAs was associated with better adherence vs once daily dosing among patients with T2D."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)
"8% when oral semaglutide was dosed using the recommended dosing conditions (30 min post-dose fasting time, administered with ≤ 120 mL of water), increasing with a longer post-dose fasting time and decreasing with higher water volume."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)
"Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is available as monotherapy in both subcutaneous as well as oral dosage form (first approved oral GLP-1 receptor agonist)."	( Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes. Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)
"0% with oral semaglutide 7 mg, oral semaglutide 14 mg, flexibly dosed oral semaglutide (flex) and comparators were assessed across baseline subgroups (age, race, ethnicity, diabetes duration, body mass index and HbA1c) from the PIONEER programme."	( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by subgroups of patient characteristics in the PIONEER phase 3 programme. Aroda, VR; Bauer, R; Christiansen, E; Haluzík, M; Kallenbach, K; Meier, JJ; Montanya, E; Rosenstock, J, 2022)
"Semaglutide, a peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been clinically approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is available in subcutaneous and oral dosage form."	( Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that stable steady-state concentrations could be achieved with once-daily dosing owing to the long half-life of oral semaglutide."	( A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Aroda, VR; Blonde, L; Pratley, RE, 2022)
"Glepaglutide is a novel, long-acting, glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue in a stable aqueous formulation for subcutaneous dosing to treat patients with short bowel syndrome."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"In this open-label, partially randomised, parallel-group study, healthy subjects were evenly randomised to glepaglutide 5 or 10 mg dosed subcutaneously once weekly for 6 weeks or to a single intravenous infusion of glepaglutide 1 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"From a comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters following subcutaneous versus intravenous dosing, it is concluded that the pharmacokinetics of glepaglutide following subcutaneous dosing are primarily determined by slow release of the two main glepaglutide metabolites from a subcutaneous depot."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"Slow release of active metabolites following subcutaneous dosing leads to a significantly protracted pharmacokinetic profile for glepaglutide."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
"Slow release of active metabolites following subcutaneous dosing leads to a significantly protracted pharmacokinetic profile for glepaglutide."	( Pharmacokinetics of Glepaglutide, A Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analogue: A Study in Healthy Subjects. Agersnap, MA; Berner-Hansen, M; Knudsen, CB; Knudsen, KM; Sonne, K, 2022)
" In vivo pharmacological studies were performed using acute and subchronic dosing regimens to demonstrate target engagement for the GCGR and GLP-1R, and weight lowering efficacy."	( BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Augustin, R; Baader-Pagler, T; Bajrami, B; Drucker, DJ; Haebel, P; Hamprecht, D; Klein, H; Neubauer, H; Reindl, W; Rist, W; Santhanam, R; Simon, E; Thomas, L; Uphues, I; Zimmermann, T, 2022)
"BI 456906 is a potent, acylated peptide containing a C18 fatty acid as a half-life extending principle to support once-weekly dosing in humans."	( BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Augustin, R; Baader-Pagler, T; Bajrami, B; Drucker, DJ; Haebel, P; Hamprecht, D; Klein, H; Neubauer, H; Reindl, W; Rist, W; Santhanam, R; Simon, E; Thomas, L; Uphues, I; Zimmermann, T, 2022)
" The most severe reported cases were primarily gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic, and nutritional disorders, eye disorders, renal and urinary disorders and cardiac disorders, with an evident higher prevalence of adverse gastrointestinal events both in oral and injectable dosage form (N = 133, 50."	( Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database. Cabral Lopes, A; Herdeiro, MT; Lourenço, O; Morgado, M; Roque, F, )
" This trial compared the recommended dosing schedule with alternative schedules."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)
" Subjects (n = 156) were randomised to five dosing schedules: 2-, 4-, or 6-h pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (treatment arms: 2 h-30 min, 4-30 min, 6 h-30 min); 2-h pre-dose fast followed by an overnight post-dose fast (treatment arm: 2 h-night); or overnight pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (reference arm: night-30 min)."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)
"This trial supports dosing oral semaglutide in accordance with prescribing information, which requires dosing in the fasting state."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)
" This study investigates whether different dosing schedules for oral semaglutide could potentially offer more flexibility to patients in the timing of their oral semaglutide dosing."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)
"This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 study evaluating five different dosing regimens."	( Orforglipron (LY3502970), a novel, oral non-peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: A Phase 1b, multicentre, blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, multiple-ascending-dose study in people with type 2 diabetes. Benson, C; Coskun, T; Haupt, A; Liu, R; Ma, X; Pratt, E; Robins, D; Sloop, KW, 2023)
") semaglutide dosing patterns in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK and Germany as well as oral semaglutide in the UK."	( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)
"5-mg dosage formulation was the most common for both cohort 1 (65."	( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)
"Based on population PK, exposure levels over time consistently explained the weight-loss trajectories across trials and dosing regimens."	( A model-based approach to predict individual weight loss with semaglutide in people with overweight or obesity. Horn, DB; Larsen, MS; Overgaard, RV; Rubino, D; Strathe, A; Sørrig, R; Tran, MTD; Wharton, S, 2023)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	351 (16.90)	18.7374
1990's	453 (21.81)	18.2507
2000's	334 (16.08)	29.6817
2010's	447 (21.52)	24.3611
2020's	492 (23.69)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	268 (12.47%)	5.53%
Reviews	393 (18.28%)	6.00%
Case Studies	34 (1.58%)	4.05%
Observational	26 (1.21%)	0.25%
Other	1,429 (66.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	3.73	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.42	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.01	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	4.29	1	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.62	2	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.89	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.4	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.29	4	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.48	2	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	4.11	16	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	4.05	3	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.02	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.96	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	1.98	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
spermine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.18	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	1.96	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.09	7	3	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	5.83	4	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
berberine [no description available]	2.53	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	3.8	1	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	1.99	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.98	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.02	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.89	4	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	1.97	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.62	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.14	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	6.05	2	2	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	7.4	5	5	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.76	7	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.77	11	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.89	4	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.02	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	18.23	72	35	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.96	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	1.98	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.01	3	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.99	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.6	1	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	7.31	7	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.34	1	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.99	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.9	4	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.42	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.14	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.99	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.91	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2	1	0
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.14	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
corticosterone [no description available]	8.12	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	3.08	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.68	10	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.31	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	1.96	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.31	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.4	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	6.43	4	3	guanidines
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	4.68	2	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.4	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	5.7	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.02	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	5.81	6	4	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	6.23	3	2	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.37	7	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	1.98	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.92	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.9	4	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.38	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.17	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.78	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2	1	0	lactose
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.4	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.98	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	2	1	0	isoindoles
mannitol [no description available]	2.4	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.37	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.66	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.41	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	1.96	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.51	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.76	20	2	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.01	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.03	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.02	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.21	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	3.34	1	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.92	4	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.18	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	4.4	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	4.07	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.53	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.14	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	6.44	3	2	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	9.45	8	3	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	4.72	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.17	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.63	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.21	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.17	1	0	thiazolidine
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	1.96	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	6.23	3	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.58	2	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.31	1	0	tertiary amine
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.37	2	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.02	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.03	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	1.97	1	0	manganese group element atom
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.92	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	2.11	1	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.42	2	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.68	3	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone neohesperidin dihydrochalcone : A member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.	2.05	1	0	dihydrochalcones; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.17	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.38	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.14	5	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.88	4	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.37	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
substance p [no description available]	7.17	27	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.32	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.96	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.34	20	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	1.97	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
loxtidine loxtidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parenet cpd. loxtidine : A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; primary alcohol; triazoles	H2-receptor antagonist
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.99	1	0
atorvastatin [no description available]	9.31	9	7	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
irinotecan [no description available]	2.92	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.96	1	0
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	1.98	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.39	1	1	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.84	24	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.21	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	9.75	9	3	1,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.41	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.14	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrosyltyrosine tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.	5.06	5	0	tyrosyltyrosine	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.59	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
diprotin a [no description available]	2.4	2	0	peptide
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	1.97	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	1.97	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
sr141716 [no description available]	8.54	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	2.01	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.68	3	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	8.65	6	3	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.11	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2	1	0
glicentin Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.	13.64	68	7
methotrexate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.38	2	0	D-xylose
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.64	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.39	2	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
inositol 2-monophosphate 1D-myo-inositol 2-phosphate : A myo-inositol monophosphate in which the phosphate group is located at the 2-position.. 1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 5 by a phosphate group.	1.97	1	0
(de-nh2)phe(19)-ala(24)-pro(26)psi(ch2nh)-phe(27)-grp (19-27) BW 10: potently inhibits bombesin evoked release of gastrointestinal hormones in vitro & in vivo	1.99	1	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	1.97	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.97	1	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.3	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
wortmannin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	8.26	6	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	5.38	11	0
bradykinin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.72	9	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	3.1	1	0
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.69	3	0
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.38	1	1	cyclodextrin
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.07	5	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.67	3	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	1.99	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
valine-pyrrolidide valine-pyrrolidide: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	3.35	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.7	3	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.01	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.98	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.98	4	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	3.21	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
glycosides [no description available]	3.34	1	1
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.03	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.41	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	1.98	1	0	phosphocholines	detergent
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.81	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	9.77	9	9	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	1.98	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nadp [no description available]	1.97	1	0
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	3.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.97	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	5.43	4	1	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
glucagon (19-29) [no description available]	4.72	5	0
bilirubin [no description available]	2	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	1.98	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	1.98	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.41	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	3.14	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	1.99	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.37	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	2	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	1.97	1	0	polypeptide
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.02	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.4	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	5.94	2	2	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
neuromedin c neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
uroguanylin uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)	2.15	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	2.15	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.4	2	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.12	1	0
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2.9	4	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.38	2	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
vildagliptin [no description available]	4.07	2	0	amino acid amide
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	1.97	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.01	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	5.25	12	1	oligopeptide
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	8.03	21	4	organic molecular entity
ozenoxacin ozenoxacin: an antibacterial for treatment of impetigo; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	quinolines
dapagliflozin [no description available]	4.73	4	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
shu 9119 SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	4.42	3	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.21	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	3.77	2	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	2.38	2	0
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	3.18	1	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	3.21	1	0	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
olodaterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	15.16	37	17
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.97	2	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	9.67	22	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	3.21	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.67	3	0	benzoxazole
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	4.37	6	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	16.99	69	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.05	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	11.92	46	6
ganirelix [no description available]	3.35	1	0	polypeptide
xenin 25 xenin 25: 25 amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.54	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37) [no description available]	3.85	12	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	20.78	346	54
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	14.3	117	6
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	23.16	819	77	peptide hormone
glucagon (1-21) glucagon (1-21): RN given refers to all-L isomer	2.66	3	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	5.97	14	0
heliodermin heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties	2.39	2	0
helospectin i helospectin I: 38 residue peptide from Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) venom; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.07	1	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	4.84	6	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.01	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) [no description available]	10.11	54	2
liraglutide [no description available]	20.16	168	27	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	24.45	723	120
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.52	2	0
alx-0600 ALX-0600: glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog. teduglutide : A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.	9.81	10	2	polypeptide	antioxidant; glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist; metabolite; protective agent
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	15.18	49	6
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	13.21	57	30
gastrin 17 gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.69	3	0	gastrin	antineoplastic agent
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	8.17	31	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.46	5	1	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.32	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.02	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.37	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
osteum [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
lactisole lactisole: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.99	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	6.81	6	1	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.21	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	17.31	66	3	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
mannans [no description available]	4.74	7	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.35	3	0
pf 04971729 ertugliflozin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	17.86	105	16
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	1.99	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	17.03	57	2
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	1.97	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.02	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	9.77	9	9	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	7.23	17	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	8.09	5	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)- vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.2	6	0
semaglutide [no description available]	25.6	613	143	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
somatostatin 25 somatostatin 25: extracted from ovine hypothalamus; more potent inhibitor of in vitro growth hormone secretion than somatostatin-14	1.97	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.41	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.4	2	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2	1	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	1.99	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
carboxypeptidase b Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.	1.97	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	11.47	7	2
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	16.02	164	4
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	3.59	2	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.76	2	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	15.66	51	35
insulin degludec [no description available]	6	2	1
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	5.03	5	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.21	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	16.36	107	12
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.02	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	1.97	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	1.97	1	0
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.67	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.67	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.39	2	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.99	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	8.47	13	2
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.02	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	30.36	1,948	530
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	7.61	6	2
Weight Reduction [description not available]	23.39	333	221
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	30.36	1,948	530
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	7.61	6	2
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	28.39	333	221
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	19.42	124	79
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	23.93	363	185
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	14.32	44	8
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	14.32	44	8
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	10.52	27	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.54	16	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	10.52	27	3
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	8.58	46	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.43	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	7.06	30	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	12.88	37	11
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	12.88	37	11
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	6.33	7	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	6.33	7	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	22.71	323	115
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	14.96	42	16
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	14.96	42	16
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	14.77	56	10
Prediabetes [description not available]	19.56	40	26
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	14.56	40	26
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	14.77	59	49
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	4.06	3	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.03	4	0
Ache [description not available]	4.33	3	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	9.33	3	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	17.92	81	60
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	17.92	81	60
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	20.69	167	63
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	25.69	167	63
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.55	9	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	24.37	673	77
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	13.19	43	3
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.11	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	18.09	86	43
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	5.88	6	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	8.08	31	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	8.08	31	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.59	10	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.59	10	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	14.69	32	25
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.88	3	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.15	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	19.69	32	25
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	2.08	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	5.09	6	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	7.38	10	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	7.38	10	1
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	10.09	6	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	4.72	4	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.63	3	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.96	1	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	3.9	4	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.96	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	4.72	4	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.32	7	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	4.78	32	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	4.78	32	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	5.21	4	1
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	10.71	7	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	5.06	7	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	10.06	7	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.99	9	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	5.94	16	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	10.94	16	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	5	3	1
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.97	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	5.29	13	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	5.29	13	0
Duodenal Reflux [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Polydipsia, Primary [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	7.82	16	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	2.63	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	17.59	98	59
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.83	5	3
Atherogenesis [description not available]	6.7	9	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	6.7	9	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	8.01	6	4
Aura [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.8	11	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.31	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.8	11	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.01	6	4
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	16.05	47	37
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.94	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.29	6	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.8	1	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.41	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	7.33	8	2
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	10.28	17	6
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	10.28	17	6
Anasarca [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.69	2	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.41	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.42	2	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.41	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.41	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.42	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	5.28	4	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	5.28	4	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	12.86	29	4
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	12.86	29	4
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.41	8	4
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.41	8	4
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	2.41	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	7.71	5	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.25	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.25	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	7.71	5	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	6.97	7	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	6.97	7	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.41	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.41	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	5.68	19	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.31	7	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.31	7	2
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	6.16	12	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	13.23	36	5
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	7.19	8	3
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	7.19	8	3
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	3.3	3	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.72	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.21	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	9.09	10	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.42	6	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	3.62	3	0
Atheroma [description not available]	6.03	4	2
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.64	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.2	4	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	6.2	4	1
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.66	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	15.75	45	38
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	15.75	45	38
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	3.23	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	3.46	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	7.12	4	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.12	4	0
Diabetes Insipidus and Mellitus with Optic Atrophy and Deafness [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Wolfram Syndrome A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein.	2.25	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.78	3	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.29	4	1
Indigestion [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	6.95	8	0
Emesis [description not available]	13.05	29	28
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.29	4	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	14.7	69	28
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.25	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	6.95	8	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	13.05	29	28
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	3.77	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.78	3	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.7	1	1
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	2.41	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.66	2	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	14.35	27	25
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	14.35	27	25
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	3.57	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	5.02	2	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	5.02	2	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	5.9	2	2
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	5.9	2	2
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.15	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.42	2	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.15	1	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	4.96	6	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	2.15	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.15	1	0
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	2.15	1	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	2.46	2	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	4.96	6	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.15	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.06	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	16.74	76	74
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	16.74	76	74
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	3.09	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5 [description not available]	4.25	3	1
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.	4.25	3	1
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.17	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	6.96	6	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	6.96	6	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	2.17	1	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	2.21	1	0
Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.21	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.21	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	3.12	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.12	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6.24	9	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	6.24	9	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	2.1	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.11	1	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	3.5	1	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.94	14	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	5.67	3	2
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	3.51	1	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.04	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	3.44	1	1
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.73	3	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.58	3	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.4	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.07	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.44	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.01	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.37	7	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.4	1	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6.29	5	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	5.38	5	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	6.29	5	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	5.38	5	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.39	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.24	6	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	3.34	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.33	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	3.07	5	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	4.49	9	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.02	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.94	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.94	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.41	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.02	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	5.93	14	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.94	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.89	4	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.89	4	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.03	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.94	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.03	1	0
Apudoma A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification.	1.96	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	1.96	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.79	4	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Metastase [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.45	5	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.21	6	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	1.96	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.96	3	1
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.96	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	1.96	1	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	1.96	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	1.96	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	1.96	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	5.88	3	1
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	5.88	3	1
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.26	4	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.26	4	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.58	3	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.96	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.96	1	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.37	2	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.96	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.98	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	3.32	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	4.59	4	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	4.29	4	1
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	1.99	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	4.99	3	1
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	1.99	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	1.99	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	1.99	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	1.99	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.92	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.92	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2.01	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.01	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.01	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.36	2	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	3.97	5	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	4.04	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.04	3	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	4.04	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.04	3	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	3.28	2	0
Achalasia [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.	2.87	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	2.87	1	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	2.87	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	2.87	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.87	1	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	2.87	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.87	1	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.89	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.98	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.98	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	1.98	1	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.97	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.97	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.96	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.96	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.88	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.88	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	1.97	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.37	2	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1.96	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	1.96	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	1.96	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.96	1	0

oxyntomodulin

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