cellulose profile

DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16211032
CHEBI ID	156274
MeSH ID	M0003790

Synonym
9004-34-6
CELLULOSE ,
express-ion(tm) exchanger?? d free base, 60-130 mum
diethylaminoethyl-sephacel(r), aqueous ethanol suspension, 40-160 mum (wet), exclusion limit ~1,000,000 da
CHEBI:156274
deae-cellulose
diethylaminoethyl cellulose
AKOS015895024
(5s)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-{[(2s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane-2,3,4-triol
cellulosepulver
diethylaminoethyl-sephacel(r)
deae-sephacel(r)
(6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
(6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{[(3s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}oxane-3,4,5-triol
EN300-381040

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nanocellulose is a versatile material and show pertinence towards variety of applications such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, medicines, textiles, barrier, reinforcing polymers etc."	( State of Art Manufacturing and Producing Nanocellulose from Agricultural Waste: A Review. Kaur, M; Kumari, S; Sharma, P, 2021)	1.36
"Nanocellulose is an emerging sustainable material possessing marvellous features."	( Utilization of Agricultural Waste from Paddy (Rice) Fields for the Synthesis of Nanocellulose. Kaur, M; Kumari, S; Sharma, P, 2021)	1.33
"Cellulose is a most abundant natural biopolymer, however, the strong hydrogen bonding system makes cellulose hard to dissolve, limiting its further applications. "	( Modification of cellulose from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse pulp by cold plasma: Dissolution, structure and surface chemistry analysis. Cheng, JH; Han, Z; Sun, DW; Zhu, H, 2022)	2.51
"Nanocellulose is a renewable and biocompatible nanomaterial that evokes much interest because of its versatility in various applications. "	( Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from Agave gigantea by chemical-mechanical treatment. Amanda, P; Ilyas, RA; Mahardika, M; Sari, NH; Syafri, E, 2022)	1.56
"Cellulose is a renewable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and biodegradable biopolymer present in almost every plant cell wall."	( Cellulose: a fascinating biopolymer for hydrogel synthesis. Bhaladhare, S; Das, D, 2022)	2.89
"Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities."	( Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: A review. Hassan, MZ; Ismail, Z; Noremylia, MB, 2022)	1.42
"Cellulose nanopaper is an attractive film material exhibiting huge potential in various fields, while its terrible water stability greatly hinders practical applications. "	( Multivalent Metal Ion Cross-Linked Lignocellulosic Nanopaper with Excellent Water Resistance and Optical Performance. Chen, G; Lei, C; Liu, Y; Qian, Y; Qiu, G; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Cellulose is a long chain molecule of glucose requiring a small number of enzymes for degradation due to its simple structure while lignin is a complex polymer of phenylpropane making its biochemical decomposition difficult."	( Lignocellulosics in plant cell wall and their potential biological degradation. Asgari Lajayer, B; Astatkie, T; Hemati, A; Nazari, M; Smith, DL, 2022)	1.44
"Nanocelluloses are a very promising material that has been widely explored for the most diverse applications. "	( Nanocelluloses: Production, Characterization and Market. Ferreira, PJT; Lourenço, AF, 2022)	1.84
"Nanocellulose is an emerging material for which several food-related applications are foreseen, for example, novel food, functional food, food additive or in food contact materials. "	( Overview of potential adverse health effects of oral exposure to nanocellulose. Brand, W; Oomen, AG; Swart, E; van Kesteren, PCE, 2022)	1.51
"Cellulose-based paper is an alternative substitution for petroleum-based polymers for packaging applications, but its mechanical performance is poor when in contact with water. "	( Chitosan coating for the preparation of multilayer coated paper for food-contact packaging: Wettability, mechanical properties, and overall migration. Malila, Y; Srimarut, Y; Tanpichai, S; Woraprayote, W, 2022)	2.16
"Cellulose is a polysaccharide that displays chirality across different scales, from the molecular to the supramolecular level. "	( Bottom-Up Approach to Understand Chirality Transfer across Scales in Cellulose Assemblies. Delbianco, M; Fittolani, G; Ogawa, Y; Seeberger, PH; Vargová, D, 2022)	2.4
"Nanocellulose is a promising stabilizer for industrial emulsions that offers the advantages of sustainability, biodegradability and nontoxicity. "	( Stabilization of Pickering emulsions via synergistic interfacial interactions between cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals. Chen, R; Han, Y; Li, Y; Ma, Z; Sun, G; Wang, Q; Wang, X, 2022)	1.5
"Cellulose is a kind of renewable linear polysaccharide with good safety, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability and has become a commonly used chromatographic medium for biological separation and purification. "	( Preparation of cellulose-based chromatographic medium for biological separation: A review. Du, K; Gan, Y; Qiao, L; Song, J; Yao, T, 2022)	2.52
"Cellulose is a major component of dietary fiber and it is proved to influence starch digestibility. "	( Influence of native cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and soluble cellodextrin on inhibition of starch digestibility. Li, Y; Liu, S; Ren, F; Tong, Y; Wang, P; Wen, P; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.49
"Cellulose is a critical component of plant cell walls. "	( Regulation of cellulose synthesis via exocytosis and endocytosis. McFarlane, HE; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.52
"Cellulose is a renewable biopolymer, abundant on Earth, with a multi-level supramolecular structure. "	( Structural Insights into Cellulose-Coated Oil in Water Emulsions. Alfassi, G; Cohen, Y; Hamal, EK; Khalfin, R; Rein, DM, 2022)	2.47
"Cellulose is a kind of natural polymer material with certain chiral recognition ability."	( Construction of cellulose-based highly sensitive extended-gate field effect chiral sensor. Dai, HT; Li, HC; Wang, SY; Wang, Y; Zhang, JJ, 2023)	1.98
"Cellulose is a promising food packaging material, but it usually lacks sufficient ultraviolet (UV) shielding property and mechanical strength."	( Fabrication of cellulose/rectorite composite films for sustainable packaging. He, M; Huang, Y; Jin, L; Tian, H; Wang, J; Xu, J; Yang, Q; Yao, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.98
"Cellulose is a structural linear polysaccharide that is naturally produced by plants and bacteria, making it the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. "	( Unraveling the Supramolecular Structure and Nanoscale Dislocations of Bacterial Cellulose Ribbons Using Correlative Super-Resolution Light and Electron Microscopy. Babi, M; Bassim, ND; Grandfield, K; Moran-Mirabal, JM; Reid, M; Williams, A, 2023)	2.58
"Nanocellulose is a well-known stabilizer for several colloidal dispersions, including emulsions and solid nanoparticles, replacing surfactants, polymers, and other additives, and therefore providing more minimalistic and eco-friendly formulations. "	( Stabilizing both oil droplets and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aqueous dispersion with nanofibrillated cellulose. Bernardes, JS; Loh, W; Silva, CEP, 2023)	1.68
"Nanocellulose is a remarkable biomaterial. "	( Size distributions of cellulose nanocrystals in dispersions using the centrifugal sedimentation method. Iizumi, Y; Kato, Y; Kobashi, K; Morimoto, T; Okazaki, T; Sato, Y; Sugino, T; Tateno, H, 2023)	1.78
"Cellulose is a plentiful, biodegradable, renewable, and natural polymer in the world that can be widely utilized in the production of polymer nanocomposites. "	( Recent advances in the hybridization of cellulose and semiconductors: Design, fabrication and emerging multidimensional applications: A review. Choi, HY; Govinda, V; Jeong, SG; Madkhali, N; Malkappa, K; Prasad, C, 2023)	2.62
"Cellulose acetate is a biopolymer obtained by acetylation of cellulose and has characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and high transparency."	( Improved performance of metal-organic frameworks loaded cellulose acetate based film for packaging application. Ananthi, P; Hemkumar, K; Pius, A; Subasini, S, 2023)	1.88
"Cellulose is a promising feedstock for the production of sustainable materials. "	( Efficient Cellulose Dissolution and Film Formation Enabled by Superbase Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. Gao, X; Ge, W; Shuai, J; Wang, X; Zhang, F; Zhao, J, 2023)	2.76
"Cellulose is a popular biological separation medium due to its abundant hydroxyl group on the surface, easy modification and, weak non-specific adsorption."	( Application of cellulose to chromatographic media: Cellulose dissolution, and media fabrication and derivatization. Du, K; Gan, Y; Hong, Y; Ren, X; Song, J; Yao, T, 2023)	1.98
"Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls and an economically important source of food, paper, textiles, and biofuel. "	( CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post-translational modification of cellulose synthase. Gu, Y; Lei, L; Li, S; Wallace, IS; Wei, D; Xin, X; Zheng, H, 2023)	2.61
"Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. "	( Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field. Harun, MY; Kong, YL; Leong, MY; Looi, CY; Wong, WF, 2023)	1.78
"Cellulose is an abundant cell wall component of land plants. "	( Insights into substrate coordination and glycosyl transfer of poplar cellulose synthase-8. Ho, R; Kwansa, AL; Verma, P; Yingling, YG; Zimmer, J, 2023)	2.59
"Cellulose is an economical, biodegradable, widely available, and eco-friendly natural macromolecule. "	( Readily soluble cellulose-based fluorescent probes for the detection and removal of Fe Cheng, X; Ma, Y, 2023)	2.7
"Cellulose is an abundant source of carbon, accounting for more than 50% of foliage and 90% of woody tissues of plants. "	( Biofilm Improves Isopod Growth Independent of the Dietary Cellulose Content. Bauchinger, U; Horváthová, T, )	1.82
"Cellulose II aerogels are a highly porous class of biobased ultra-light-weight materials. "	( Insight into the nanostructure of anisotropic cellulose aerogels upon compression. Bernstorff, S; Fitzka, M; Lichtenegger, HC; Liebner, FW; Nedelec, JM; Plappert, SF; Rennhofer, H, 2019)	2.21
"Cellulose is a by-product of agricultural production and an abundant waste. "	( In Ganoderma lucidum, Glsnf1 regulates cellulose degradation by inhibiting GlCreA during the utilization of cellulose. Hu, S; Hu, Y; Lian, L; Ren, A; Shi, L; Xu, W; Zhao, M; Zhu, J, 2020)	2.27
"Cellulose fiber is a key and characteristic component in PPMS."	( Understanding the role of cellulose fiber on the dewaterability of simulated pulp and paper mill sludge. Weng, L; Wu, A; Wu, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, WH, 2020)	1.58
"Nanocellulose is an excellent carrier to deliver drugs, as the material is biocompatible and has a desirable non-spherical shape. "	( Photo-Induced Modification of Nanocellulose: The Design of Self-Fluorescent Drug Carriers. Batchelor, R; Khine, YY; Raveendran, R; Stenzel, MH, 2020)	1.4
"Cellulose acetate is an ideal drug carrier with excellent biocompatibility and can be easily fabricated into nanofibers via electrospinning."	( Synergistic enhancement of cytotoxicity against cancer cells by incorporation of rectorite into the paclitaxel immobilized cellulose acetate nanofibers. Deng, H; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, Q; Zhou, X, 2020)	1.49
"Cellulose acetate (CA) is a remarkable biomaterial most extensively used in biomedical applications due to their properties. "	( A review on the properties of electrospun cellulose acetate and its application in drug delivery systems: A new perspective. Mohd Bohari, SP; Nayan, NHM; Razak, SIA; Shahir, S; Wsoo, MA, 2020)	2.27
"Cellulose is a well-known natural biopolymer that has multiple advantages including low cost, renewability, easy processability, and biodegradability, as well as appealing mechanical performance, dielectricity, piezoelectricity, and convertibility."	( Cellulose-Based Flexible Functional Materials for Emerging Intelligent Electronics. Chen, W; Cheng, W; Wu, Y; Yu, H; Zhao, D; Zhu, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Lignocellulose is a widely available renewable carbon source and a promising feedstock for the production of various chemicals in biorefineries. "	( Impacts of biofilms on the conversion of cellulose. Brethauer, S; Shahab, RL; Studer, MH, 2020)	1.34
"Cellulose is an abundant feedstock with renewability and biodegradability. "	( A facile strategy towards heterogeneous preparation of thermoplastic cellulose grafted polyurethane from amorphous regenerated cellulose paste. Hou, DF; Liu, ZY; Tan, H; Yang, MB; Yang, W; Zhou, L, 2020)	2.24
"Cellulose is a natural material with dissolution-regeneration property and numerous hydrogen bonds in the molecule. "	( Preparation of cellulose-coated cotton fabric and its application for the separation of emulsified oil in water. Chen, JT; Hao, B; Ma, PC; Wang, R; Zhang, YR, 2020)	2.35
"Cellulose is a naturally existing element in the plant's cell wall and in several bacteria. "	( Plant- vs. Bacterial-Derived Cellulose for Wound Healing: A Review. Bt Hj Idrus, R; Fauzi, MB; Naomi, R, 2020)	2.29
"Nanocellulose is a renewable and sustainable polymer that possesses a modifiable surface, excellent mechanical strength, and high aspect ratio, and it is nontoxic."	( Nanocellulose: a promising green treasure from food wastes to available food materials. Hu, X; Liao, X; Lu, S; Ma, T; Song, Y, 2022)	1.76
"Lignocellulose is an abundant substrate for biogas production; however, for efficient utilization, proper pre-treatment is required to enhance the biomethane yield and hydrolysis rate significantly. "	( The effects of solid lignin on the anaerobic digestion of microcrystalline cellulose and application of smoothing splines for extended data analysis of its inhibitory effects. Dąbrowska, M; Lisowski, A; Piątek, M, 2021)	1.37
"Lignocellulose fractionation is a primary treatment to enhance cellulose accessibility and multi-component use. "	( One-pot fractionation of corn stover with peracetic acid and maleic acid. Chen, X; Han, L; Lyu, Q; Xiao, W; Yu, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.14
"Cellulose is a β-1,4 linked glucose polymer that is synthesized by higher plants, algae and even by some bacteria and animals, making it the most abundant polymer on earth. "	( A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Allen, H; Gu, Y; Li, S; Wei, D, 2021)	2.32
"Cellulose is a widespread component of bacterial biofilms, where its properties of exceptional water retention, high tensile strength, and stiffness prevent dehydration and mechanical disruption of the biofilm. "	( Structure of the Bacterial Cellulose Ribbon and Its Assembly-Guiding Cytoskeleton by Electron Cryotomography. Ghosal, D; Jensen, GJ; Meyerowitz, EM; Nicolas, WJ; Tocheva, EI, 2021)	2.36
"Cellulose is a natural polymer; it enjoys better biocompatibility, cellular mimicking, and hydrophilic properties than its proportionate analog."	( Regenerated cellulose nanofibers from cellulose acetate: Incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Akram, T; Jadhav, AH; Shabir, N; Sheikh, FA; Sofi, HS; Vasita, R, 2021)	1.72
"The cellulose acts as a photonic solar reflector and thermal emitter, enabling a material that can accomplish 24-h continuous cooling with an average dT of 6 and 8 °C during day and night, respectively."	( Cellulose-Based Hybrid Structural Material for Radiative Cooling. Chen, Y; Dang, B; Fu, J; Li, C; Li, H; Sun, Q; Wang, C, 2021)	2.54
"Cellulose is a kind of natural polymer with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, low cost and other advantages, which has been widely used in many fields, such as energy, biological scaffolds, medicine, paper making, cosmetics, and template materials. "	( Highly stretchable composites based on cellulose. Chen, X; Wang, K; Wang, Z; Yang, T; Zeng, H; Zhang, X, 2021)	2.33
"Cellulose hydrolysis is an extensively studied process due to its relevance in the fields of biofuels, chemicals production, and renewable nanomaterials. "	( Visualizing Degradation of Cellulose Nanofibers by Acid Hydrolysis. Awais, M; Kontturi, E; Pääkkönen, T; Pitkänen, L; Spiliopoulos, P; Spirk, S; Svedström, K; Viljanen, M, 2021)	2.36
"Ethylcellulose is a biocompatible polymer attracting increasing interest for biomedical applications. "	( Ethylcellulose nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsion templates as new folate binding haemocompatible platforms. Calderó, G; García-Celma, MJ; Leitner, S; Melgar-Lesmes, P; Morral-Ruíz, G; Solans, C, 2021)	1.65
"Cellulose is a widespread macromolecule in terrestrial environments and a major architectural component of microbial biofilm. "	( Bacterial Cellulose Retains Robustness but Its Synthesis Declines After Exposure to a Mars-like Environment Simulated Outside the International Space Station. Azevedo, V; Barh, D; Brenig, B; de Vera, JP; Ghosh, P; Góes-Neto, A; Khirunenko, L; Kozyrovska, N; Kukharenko, O; Kumavath, R; Orlovska, I; Podolich, O; Reva, O; Rogalsky, S; Tiwari, S; Zaets, I; Zmejkoski, D, 2021)	2.47
"Nanocellulose is a promising "green" nanomaterial that has recently gained scientific interest because of its excellent characteristics, such as less risks of toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, recyclability, and tunable surface features. "	( Engineered nanocellulose-based hydrogels for smart drug delivery applications. Basharat, K; Bilal, M; Liu, S; Qamar, M; Qamar, SA, 2021)	1.53
"Cellulose is a very abundant polymer that is found in nature. "	( Immobilization of cellulase enzymes on nano and micro-materials for breakdown of cellulose for biofuel production-a narrative review. Balaji, R; Chandrasekar, N; Datta, S; John J, A; Jose, S; Rajnish, KN; Samuel, MS; Selvarajan, E, 2021)	2.29
"Cellulose is a naturally occurring organic polymer extracted mainly from lignocellulosic biomass of terrestrial origin. "	( Seaweed-based cellulose: Applications, and future perspectives. Baghel, RS; Reddy, CRK; Singh, RP, 2021)	2.42
"Nanocellulose is an attractive tunable biological material that has not been employed to this application."	( Incorporating nanocrystalline cellulose into a multifunctional hydrogel for heart valve tissue engineering applications. Butcher, JT; Cheung, DY; Ma, N, 2022)	1.49
"Cellulose is a major component of Salmonella EM."	( Balance between bacterial extracellular matrix production and intramacrophage proliferation by a Salmonella-specific SPI-2-encoded transcription factor. Echarren, ML; Figueroa, NR; García-Del Portillo, F; Pucciarelli, MG; Soncini, FC; Vitor-Horen, L, 2021)	1.34
"Cellulose is an economically important material, but routes of its industrial processing have not been fully explored. "	( The plant cell-wall enzyme AtXTH3 catalyses covalent cross-linking between cellulose and cello-oligosaccharide. Igarashi, K; Nishitani, K; Shinohara, N; Sunagawa, N; Tamura, S; Ueda, M; Yokoyama, R, 2017)	2.13
"Cellulose is a major component of the cell wall and cellulose synthesis is pivotal to plant cell growth, and its regulation is poorly understood."	( Cellulose Synthesis and Cell Expansion Are Regulated by Different Mechanisms in Growing Arabidopsis Hypocotyls. Apelt, F; Flis, A; Fünfgeld, M; Ivakov, A; Kragler, F; Persson, S; Scherer, U; Stitt, M; Suslov, D; Vissenberg, K, 2017)	2.62
"Cellulose degradation is an important part of the global carbon cycle, and β-glucosidases complete the final step of cellulose hydrolysis by converting cellobiose to glucose."	( The distribution of active β-glucosidase-producing microbial communities in composting. Fan, Y; Li, H; Liu, J; Liu, M; Wang, H; Xing, E; Xu, X; Zang, X; Zhang, H, 2017)	1.18
"Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer and a prominent constituent of plant cell walls. "	( Three AtCesA6-like members enhance biomass production by distinctively promoting cell growth in Arabidopsis. Ding, SY; Fan, C; Feng, S; Hu, H; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Peng, L; Persson, S; Schneider, R; Wang, Y; Xia, T; Zhang, R, 2018)	1.92
"Cellulose is an important environmentally-friendly renewable polymer on the earth. "	( Cellulose-based Nanocarriers as Platforms for Cancer Therapy. Ma, MG; Meng, LY; Wang, B; Zhu, JF, 2017)	3.34
"Cellulose is a highly available and renewable carbon source in nature. "	( Construction of a cellulose-metabolizing Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) by co-expressing glucanases and β-glucosidase. Glieder, A; Kickenweiz, T; Wu, JC, 2018)	2.26
"Cellulose is a major contributor to the chemical and mechanical properties of plants and assumes structural roles in bacterial communities termed biofilms. "	( Phosphoethanolamine cellulose: A naturally produced chemically modified cellulose. Cegelski, L; Hadjineophytou, C; Hengge, R; Possling, A; Serra, DO; Thongsomboon, W, 2018)	2.25
"Cellulose is a major component of the primary and secondary cell walls in plants. "	( Cellulose degradation in Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): functional characterization of two CAZymes belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 45 reveals a novel enzymatic activity. Busch, A; Kunert, G; Pauchet, Y; Wielsch, N, 2018)	3.37
"Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls and is necessary for plant morphogenesis and biomass. "	( Ectopic expression of GhCOBL9A, a cotton glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein encoding gene, promotes cell elongation, thickening and increased plant biomass in transgenic Arabidopsis. Fang, S; Guo, W; Niu, E; Shang, X, 2018)	1.92
"Cellulose is a very slowly degradable substrate that in traditional wastewater characterisation methods would be characterised partly as slowly biodegradable and partly as inert material."	( Incorporating the influent cellulose fraction in activated sludge modelling. Giorgi, S; Hurkmans, C; Pérez, J; Reijken, C; van Loosdrecht, MCM, 2018)	1.5
"Cellulose hydrolysis is a synergetic process performed sequentially by different cellulolytic enzymes including endoglucanases, exoglucanases and glucosidases. "	( Engineering Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 with the overexpression of egl1 at the ace1 locus to relieve repression on cellulase production and to adjust the ratio of cellulolytic enzymes for more efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Bai, FW; Liu, CG; Meng, QS; Zhao, XQ, 2018)	1.92
"Cellulose is an insoluble plant polysaccharide produced from soft-wood pulp. "	( Occupational asthma associated with bleached chlorine-free cellulose dust in a sanitary pad production plant. Jeebhay, MF; Knight, D; Lopata, AL; Nieuwenhuizen, N, 2018)	2.17
"Cellulose is an important biocompatible and nontoxic polymer widely used in numerous biomedical applications. "	( Phospholipid-Cellulose Interactions: Insight from Atomistic Computer Simulations for Understanding the Impact of Cellulose-Based Materials on Plasma Membranes. Gurtovenko, AA; Karttunen, M; Kostritskii, AY; Mukhamadiarov, EI, 2018)	2.29
"Cellulose is an important factor of Escherichia coli biofilm and contributes to building a protective shield around bacterial cells upon the host immune response."	( Hydrogen peroxide stimulates uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains to cellulose production. Adamus-Białek, W; Janik, K; Vollmerhausen, TL, 2019)	1.47
"Cellulose is a renewable natural fiber, which has gained enormous and significant research interest and evolved as the prime and promising candidate for replacing synthetic fibers. "	( Cellulose an ageless renewable green nanomaterial for medical applications: An overview of ionic liquids in extraction, separation and dissolution of cellulose. Al-Kindy, SMZ; Bhat, AH; Khan, I; Umapathi, R; Usmani, MA, 2019)	3.4
"Nanocelluloses are a new family of renewable materials that demonstrate amphiphilicity."	( Inhibiting Ice Recrystallization by Nanocelluloses. Li, T; Wu, T; Zhao, Y; Zhong, Q, 2019)	1.26
"Nanocellulose is a promising bio-nanomaterial with attractive properties suitable for multiple industrial applications. "	( Cellulose nanocrystals modulate alveolar macrophage phenotype and phagocytic function. Alswady-Hoff, M; Ellingsen, DG; Ervik, TK; Samulin Erdem, J; Skare, Ø; Zienolddiny, S, 2019)	2.51
"Cellulose is an essential morphogenic polysaccharide that is central to the stability of plant cell walls and provides an important raw material for a range of plant-based fiber and fuel industries. "	( Cellulose Synthesis - Central Components and Their Evolutionary Relationships. Bowman, JL; Flores-Sandoval, E; Lampugnani, ER; Mutwil, M; Persson, S; Tan, QW, 2019)	3.4
"Cellulose is a kind of natural polymer material, which is composed of bundle-like fibrils. "	( Preparation of nanocellulose and its potential in reinforced composites: A review. He, H; Jin, T; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wang, J, 2019)	2.29
"Cellulose is a natural homopolymer, composed of β-1,4- anhydro-d-glucopyranose units. "	( The remarkable three-dimensional network structure of bacterial cellulose for tissue engineering applications. Ahmad, I; Grassi, G; Grassi, M; Halib, N, 2019)	2.2
"Cellulose is a biologically derived material with excellent wound-healing properties. "	( Synthesis and properties of regenerated cellulose-based hydrogels with high strength and transparency for potential use as an ocular bandage. Elisseeff, JH; Graham, JL; Maranchi, JP; McCally, R; Patchan, M; Schein, O; Trexler, MM; Xia, Z, 2013)	2.1
"Cellulose is a linear extracellular polysaccharide. "	( BcsA and BcsB form the catalytically active core of bacterial cellulose synthase sufficient for in vitro cellulose synthesis. Bulone, V; Mazur, O; Mélida, H; Narahari, A; Omadjela, O; Strumillo, J; Zimmer, J, 2013)	2.07
"Cellulose is an important component of cell wall, yet its location and function in pollen tubes remain speculative. "	( 2, 6-Dichlorobenzonitrile causes multiple effects on pollen tube growth beyond altering cellulose synthesis in Pinus bungeana Zucc. Chen, T; Fan, L; Hao, H; Li, R; Wang, X, 2013)	2.05
"Cellulose fabric is an important printing substrate. "	( Printing properties of the red reactive dyes with different number sulfonate groups on cotton fabric. Gao, A; Li, M; Wang, X; Xie, K, 2014)	1.85
"Cellulose is a ubiquitous natural fiber used in various industrial materials and applications. "	( Preparation of cellulose particles using an ionic liquid. Kono, K; Minami, H; Shimomura, K; Suzuki, T, 2014)	2.2
"Cellulose is an important constituent of plant cell walls in a biological context, and is also a material commonly utilized by mankind in the pulp and paper, timber, textile and biofuel industries. "	( The trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex in higher plants. Bashline, L; Gu, Y; Li, S, 2014)	2.16
"Nanocellulose from wood is a promising material with potential in various technological areas. "	( Pretreatment-dependent surface chemistry of wood nanocellulose for pH-sensitive hydrogels. Chinga-Carrasco, G; Syverud, K, 2014)	1.21
"A cellulose plate is a porous plate made of nanofibrous crystaline cellulose."	( Combination cellulose plate (non-agar solid support) and agar plate method improves isolation of fungi from soil. Masuma, R; Nonaka, K; Ōmura, S; Todaka, N, 2014)	1.34
"Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. "	( Indaziflam herbicidal action: a potent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. Barrett, M; Brabham, C; DeBolt, S; Gu, Y; Lei, L; Stork, J, 2014)	2.11
"Cellulose is a biopolymer of considerable economic importance. "	( Plant cellulose synthesis: CESA proteins crossing kingdoms. Kumar, M; Turner, S, 2015)	2.34
"Cellulose is a major and important component of the extracellular matrix during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. "	( Cross-species functional complementation of cellulose synthase during the development of cellular slime molds. Kuwayama, H; Tohyama, T; Urushihara, H, 2014)	2.11
"Lignocellulose decomposition is a natural process involving the cooperative action of various glycosyl hydrolases (GH) on plant cell wall components. "	( Identification of glycosyl hydrolases from a metagenomic library of microflora in sugarcane bagasse collection site and their cooperative action on cellulose degradation. Champreda, V; Eurwilaichitr, L; Kanokratana, P; Pootanakit, K, 2015)	1.13
"Lignocellulose is a term for plant materials that are composed of matrices of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. "	( Bacterial biodegradation and bioconversion of industrial lignocellulosic streams. Grunden, AM; Mathews, SL; Pawlak, J, 2015)	0.93
"Nanocellulose is a relatively inexpensive, highly versatile bio-based renewable material with advantageous properties, including biodegradability and nontoxicity. "	( Enhanced materials from nature: nanocellulose from citrus waste. Durán, N; Lopes da Silva, L; Mariño, M; Tasic, L, 2015)	1.25
"Nanocellulose is an emerging sustainable biomaterial with exceptional physicochemical properties. "	( A Mini Review on Plant-based Nanocellulose: Production, Sources, Modifications and Its Potential in Drug Delivery Applications. Pachuau, LS, 2015)	1.26
"Nanocellulose is a bionanomaterial with many promising applications, but high energy use in production has been described as a potential obstacle for future use. "	( Life cycle assessment of cellulose nanofibrils production by mechanical treatment and two different pretreatment processes. Arvidsson, R; Nguyen, D; Svanström, M, 2015)	1.28
"Hemicelluloses removal is a prerequisite for the production of high-quality cellulose (also known as dissolving pulp), and further recovery and utilization of hemicelluloses, which can be considered as a typical Integrated Forest Biorefinery concept. "	( Mechanical pretreatment improving hemicelluloses removal from cellulosic fibers during cold caustic extraction. Duan, C; Li, J; Liu, Y; Ni, Y; Zhang, H, 2015)	1.25
"Cellulose is a fundamentally important component of cell walls of higher plants. "	( A Genome-Wide Association Study for Culm Cellulose Content in Barley Reveals Candidate Genes Co-Expressed with Members of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A Gene Family. Burton, RA; Dhugga, KS; Fincher, GB; Houston, K; Mather, DE; Rafalski, AJ; Steffenson, BJ; Sznajder, B; Taylor, J; Waugh, R, 2015)	2.13
"Cellulose is a major component of plant biomass and could be applied in the production of biofuels, especially bioethanol. "	( Wheat straw degradation and production of alternative substrates for nitrogenase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Dziga, D; Jagiełło-Flasińska, D, 2015)	1.86
"Cellulose is a promising renewable material, but cannot easily be processed homogeneously owing to the stiffness of the molecules and the dense packing of its chains, due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds. "	( Cellulose Dissolution and In Situ Grafting in a Reversible System using an Organocatalyst and Carbon Dioxide. Liu, E; Song, L; Xie, H; Yang, Y, 2015)	3.3
"Cellulose sulfate is a semi-synthesized polysaccharide sulfate with a relatively simple chain structure and unique biological properties and its biological applications have been explored in research and clinical trials."	( Review on biomedical and bioengineering applications of cellulose sulfate. Lin, D; Yao, S; Zhang, Q, 2015)	1.38
"Cellulose is a principal component of the cell wall and is synthesized by microtubule-guided cellulose synthase enzymes at the plasma membrane."	( A Mechanism for Sustained Cellulose Synthesis during Salt Stress. Endler, A; Froehlich, A; Funke, N; Ivakov, A; Kesten, C; Persson, S; Schneider, R; Zhang, Y, 2015)	1.44
"Cellulose biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that is performed by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs)."	( CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 Is Required for Fast Recycling of Cellulose Synthase Complexes to the Plasma Membrane in Arabidopsis. Bashline, L; Gu, Y; Lei, L; Li, S; Singh, A; Yingling, YG, 2015)	2.58
"Lignocellulose fractionation is a key biorefinery process that need to be understood. "	( Modeling of biomass fractionation in a lab-scale biorefinery: Solubilization of hemicellulose and cellulose from holm oak wood using subcritical water. Cabeza, A; García-Serna, J; Piqueras, CM; Sobrón, F, 2016)	1.17
"Nanocellulose from wood is a novel biomaterial, which is highly fibrillated at the nanoscale. "	( An investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth on novel nanocellulose fibre dressings. Chinga-Carrasco, G; Hill, KE; Khan, S; Powell, LC; Thomas, DW; Wright, CJ, 2016)	1.23
"Cellulose dissolution is a challenging process which is typically very sensitive to the solvent characteristics such as pH, temperature or presence of additives. "	( The role of cyclodextrin-tetrabutylammonium complexation on the cellulose dissolution. Alves, L; Antunes, FE; Duarte, H; Medronho, B; Romano, A; Valente, AJ, 2016)	2.12
"Lignocellulose is an abundant renewable biomaterial present on the earth."	( Recent Developments in Using Advanced Sequencing Technologies for the Genomic Studies of Lignin and Cellulose Degrading Microorganisms. Kameshwar, AK; Qin, W, 2016)	1.11
"Cellulose is a linear glucose polymer synthesized and secreted by a membrane-integrated cellulose synthase."	( Observing cellulose biosynthesis and membrane translocation in crystallo. Chen, HM; Fischer, M; McNamara, JT; Morgan, JL; Rich, J; Withers, SG; Zimmer, J, 2016)	1.56
"Hemicelluloses are a vast group of complex, non-cellulosic heteropolysaccharides that are classified according to the principal monosaccharides present in its structure. "	( Insights into the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan. Filho, EX; Moreira, LR, 2016)	0.99
"Cellulose is a biodegradable, renewable, non-meltable polymer which is insoluble in most solvents due to hydrogen bonding and crystallinity. "	( Cellulose: A review as natural, modified and activated carbon adsorbent. Carrott, PJ; Chaudhary, M; Gupta, VK; Kushwaha, S; Singh, R, 2016)	3.32
"Cellulose is a natural linear biopolymer, which is constituted of an assembly of cellulose nanofibrils in a hierarchical order. "	( Nanocellulose and its Composites for Biomedical Applications. Dumanli, AG, 2017)	2.46
"The cellulose-rich residue is an ideal feedstock for established biorefining processes."	( Effective Release of Lignin Fragments from Lignocellulose by Lewis Acid Metal Triflates in the Lignin-First Approach. Boot, MD; Hensen, EJ; Huang, X; Korányi, TI; Zhu, J, 2016)	1.17
"Cellulose is an attractive feedstock for biofuel production because of its abundance, but the cellulose polymer is extremely stable and its constituent sugars are difficult to access. "	( The rosettazyme: a synthetic cellulosome. Chan, SL; Kagawa, H; Li, Y; Mitsuzawa, S; Paavola, CD; Trent, JD, 2009)	1.8
"Cellulose biosynthesis is a vital but yet poorly understood biochemical process in Oomycetes. "	( Identification of the cellulose synthase genes from the Oomycete Saprolegnia monoica and effect of cellulose synthesis inhibitors on gene expression and enzyme activity. Arvestad, L; Bouzenzana, J; Bulone, V; Djerbi, S; Ezcurra, I; Fugelstad, J; Guerriero, G; Teeri, TT, 2009)	2.11
"Cellulose is a heterogeneous polysaccharide, and its enzymatic hydrolysis requires endoglucanase, exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase), and beta-glucosidase to work together. "	( Cellulase assays. Hong, J; Ye, X; Zhang, YH, 2009)	1.8
"Cellulose is a major source of glucose because it is readily available, renewable, and does not compete with the food supply. "	( Acid hydrolysis of cellulose as the entry point into biorefinery schemes. Rinaldi, R; Schüth, F, 2009)	2.12
"Lignocellulose is a promising starting material for bioproducts, ranging from biofuels to specialty chemicals; however, lignocellulose is resistant to enzymatic degradation. "	( Lignin extraction from straw by ionic liquids and enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic residues. Fu, D; Mazza, G; Tamaki, Y, 2010)	0.87
"Cellulose is a renewable and widely available feedstock. "	( Which controls the depolymerization of cellulose in ionic liquids: the solid acid catalyst or cellulose? Meine, N; Palkovits, R; Rinaldi, R; Schüth, F; vom Stein, J, 2010)	2.07
"Cellulose is an excellent matrix for immobilization purposes because it does not require chemical modifications and is commercially available in many different forms at low price."	( Immobilization of Lactococcus lactis to cellulosic material by cellulose-binding domain of Cellvibrio japonicus. Alakuijala, U; Kylä-Nikkilä, K; Saris, PE, 2010)	1.32
"Cellulose esters are an important class of functional biopolymers with great interest in the chemical industry. "	( Direct enzymatic acylation of cellulose pretreated in BMIMCl ionic liquid. Gremos, S; Kekos, D; Kolisis, F; Zarafeta, D, 2011)	2.1
"Cellulose/KI is a very active, selective, stable, and recyclable catalyst for the cycloaddition reactions of CO(2) and epoxides due to the excellent synergetic effect of cellulose and KI. "	( Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides over cellulose/KI. Han, B; Jiang, T; Liang, S; Liu, H; Song, J; Yang, G, 2011)	2.04
"Cellulose is a crystalline polymer of β1,4-D-glucose that is difficult to deconstruct to sugars by enzymes. "	( Molecular-level origins of biomass recalcitrance: decrystallization free energies for four common cellulose polymorphs. Beckham, GT; Bomble, YJ; Crowley, MF; Himmel, ME; Matthews, JF; Peters, B, 2011)	2.03
"Cellulose is an important biopolymer with applications ranging from its use as an additive in pharmaceutical products to the development of novel smart materials. "	( Nanomechanical and structural properties of native cellulose under compressive stress. Dmitriev, V; McMillan, PF; Meersman, F; Quesada Cabrera, R, 2011)	2.06
"Cellulose is a biopolymer which has a major contribution to cell wall formation during cell expansion and elongation."	( Brassinosteroids can regulate cellulose biosynthesis by controlling the expression of CESA genes in Arabidopsis. Wang, X; Xie, L; Yang, C, 2011)	1.38
"Cellulose is an abundant and renewable biopolymer that can be used for biofuel generation; however, structural entrapment with other cell wall components hinders enzyme-substrate interactions, a key bottleneck for ethanol production. "	( High-temperature enzymatic breakdown of cellulose. Lee, D; Mort, A; Pappan, K; Prade, R; Segato, F; Squina, F; Wang, H, 2011)	2.08
"Cellulose nanofibers are an attractive component of a broad range of nanomaterials. "	( Investigating the interaction of cellulose nanofibers derived from cotton with a sophisticated 3D human lung cell coculture. Clift, MJ; Foster, EJ; Gehr, P; Rothen-Rutishauser, B; Studer, D; Vanhecke, D; Weder, C; Wick, P, 2011)	2.09
"Cellulose triacetate is a plastic material manufactured from cellulose."	( Cellulose triacetate as a high-performance membrane. Masuda, T; Sunohara, T, 2011)	2.53
"Biocellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose, produced in the form of a swollen membrane, with several applications in the biomedical area. "	( Biocellulose membranes as supports for dermal release of lidocaine. Almeida, IF; Costa, P; Duarte, IF; Freire, CS; Neto, CP; Rosado, CF; Silva, NH; Silvestre, AJ; Trovatti, E, 2011)	1.61
"Cellulose production is a crucial aspect of plant growth and development. "	( The missing link: do cortical microtubules define plasma membrane nanodomains that modulate cellulose biosynthesis? Barton, DA; Fujita, M; Lechner, B; Overall, RL; Wasteneys, GO, 2012)	2.04
"Cellulose is an easily renewable and highly occurring resource. "	( Screening for cellulases with industrial value and their use in biomass conversion. Ilmberger, N; Jüergensen, J; Streit, WR, 2012)	1.82
"Cellulose is a biopolymer that can be made electrically conducting by cellulose regeneration in Au NP dispersions."	( High magnetic field quantum transport in Au nanoparticle-cellulose films. Kozlova, NV; Li, M; Liu, Z; Makarovsky, O; Mann, S; Patanè, A; Turyanska, L, 2012)	1.35
"Cellulose is a major component of landfill waste and its degradation is therefore a key feature of the anaerobic microbial decomposition process."	( The microbial ecology of anaerobic cellulose degradation in municipal waste landfill sites: evidence of a role for fibrobacters. Allison, HE; Houghton, JN; McCarthy, AJ; McDonald, JE; Rooks, DJ, 2012)	1.38
"Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose that packs tightly into crystalline fibrils that make up a substantial proportion of plant cell walls."	( X-ray coherent diffraction imaging of cellulose fibrils in situ. Harder, R; Lal, J; Makowski, L, 2011)	1.36
"Cellulose fiber is a tremendous natural resource that has broad application in various productions including the textile industry. "	( 3D-QSPR method of computational technique applied on red reactive dyes by using CoMFA strategy. Ali, SI; Ambreen, N; Khan, KM; Mahmood, U; Parveen, R; Perveen, S; Rashid, S; Voelter, W, 2011)	1.81
"Cellulose-builder is a user-friendly program that builds crystalline structures of cellulose of different sizes and geometries. "	( Cellulose-builder: a toolkit for building crystalline structures of cellulose. Gomes, TC; Skaf, MS, 2012)	3.26
"Cellulose is an attractive supporting matrix for diverse biotechnological applications, including chromatography, diagnostics, and tissue replacement/scaffolding, due to its renewable resource status, low cost, and low non-specific interaction with biomolecules. "	( A general route to xyloglucan-peptide conjugates for the activation of cellulose surfaces. Araújo, AC; Brumer, H; Gatenholm, P; Nakhai, A; Ruda, M; Slättegård, R, 2012)	2.05
"Cellulose nanowhiskers is a kind of renewable and biocompatible nanomaterials evoke much interest because of its versatility in various applications. "	( Cellulose nanowhiskers extracted from TEMPO-oxidized jute fibers. Al-Deyab, SS; Cao, X; Ding, B; Yu, J, 2012)	3.26
"Cellulose is an important biopolymer primarily stored as plant cell wall material. "	( Imaging cellulose using atomic force microscopy. Ding, SY; Liu, YS, 2012)	2.26
"The cellulose structure is a factor of major importance for the strength properties of wood pulp fibers. "	( Characterization of the crystalline structure of cellulose using static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy. Akerholm, M; Hinterstoisser, B; Salmén, L, 2004)	1.14
"Lignocellulose hydrolysate is an abundant substrate for bioethanol production. "	( Fermentation performance of engineered and evolved xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Boles, E; Gorwa-Grauslund, MF; Hahn-Hägerdal, B; Jeppsson, M; Larsson, C; Olsson, L; Sauer, U; Sonderegger, M; Spencer-Martins, I, 2004)	0.84
"Cellulose sulfate (CS) is a noncytotoxic antifertility agent that exhibits in vitro antimicrobial activity against sexually transmitted pathogens, including HIV."	( Fourteen-day safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate gel: a randomized double-blind Phase I safety study. Ballagh, SA; Brache, V; Callahan, M; Creinin, MD; Fichorova, RN; Hillier, SL; Lai, JJ; Mauck, C; Schwartz, JL; Weiner, DH, 2006)	1.31
"Cellulose sulfate (CS) is a promising vaginal microbicide. "	( Safety trial of the vaginal microbicide cellulose sulfate gel in HIV-positive men. Buvé, A; Jespers, V; Van Damme, L, 2007)	2.05
"Cellulose sulfate (CS) is an antimicrobial and contraceptive agent. "	( A randomized controlled safety trial of the diaphragm and cellulose sulfate microbicide gel in sexually active women in Zimbabwe. Cheng, H; Chipato, T; Depineres, T; Dhlakama, P; Hammond, N; Mauck, C; Napierala, S; Padian, N; Thompson, M; van der Straten, A, 2007)	2.03
"Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, and is the world's most abundant biopolymer."	( Cellulose biosynthesis and deposition in higher plants. Taylor, NG, 2008)	2.51
"Cellulose is a linear homopolymer of beta 1-4 linked glucose residues. "	( Chitin binding by Thermobifida fusca cellulase catalytic domains. Li, Y; Wilson, DB, 2008)	1.79
"Cellulose degradation is a rare trait in bacteria. "	( Bacterial cellulose hydrolysis in anaerobic environmental subsystems--Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium stercorarium, thermophilic plant-fiber degraders. Schwarz, WH; Zverlov, VV, 2008)	2.19
"Cellulose acetate is a versatile material for evaluating cells grown under identical conditions by various morphological techniques. "	( Versatile method for evaluating a cell culture by various morphological techniques. Craft, J; Ishii, Y; Lahav, M; Tauber, J, 1982)	1.71
"Cellulose is a linear homopolymer made up of microfibrils that form a para-crystalline structure stabilised by hydrogen bridges."	( Composition of plant cell walls. Guillén, R; Heredia, A; Jiménez, A, 1995)	1.01
"Cellulose is a simple polymer, but it forms insoluble, crystalline microfibrils, which are highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis."	( The biological degradation of cellulose. Aubert, JP; Béguin, P, 1994)	1.3
"Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, but identification of the enzymes that synthesize it has proven difficult. "	( Cloning in silico. Cutler, S; Somerville, C, 1997)	1.74
"Cellulose is an attractive matrix and cellulose-binding domain (CBD) an excellent affinity tag protein for the purification and immobilization of many of these proteins."	( Immobilization of recombinant heparinase I fused to cellulose-binding domain. Avraham, A; Dekel, M; Efroni, G; Eshel, A; Goldlust, A; Shoseyov, O; Shpigel, E, 1999)	1.28
"Cellulose is a major component of the extracellular matrices formed during development of the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. "	( The cellulose synthase gene of Dictyostelium. Blanton, RL; Fuller, D; Grimson, MJ; Iranfar, N; Loomis, WF, 2000)	2.31
"Cellulose is a major component of the extracellular coat that surrounds the terminally-differentiated spore of Dictyostelium. "	( Spore coat formation and timely sporulation depend on cellulose in Dictyostelium. Blanton, RL; Loomis, WF; McGlynn, AC; West, CM; Zhang, P, 2001)	2
"Cellulose is a linear homopolymer of glucose, which when properly processed will yield glucose, a valuable sugar because it can be added directly to human diets."	( Enzyme conversion of lignocellulosic plant materials for resource recovery in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System. Brewer, MA; Hendrickson, RL; Kohlmann, KL; Ladisch, MR; Sarikaya, A; Velayudhan, A; Weil, J; Westgate, P, 1996)	0.92
"Cellulose is an important component of the cell walls of higher plants and the world's most abundant organic compound. "	( The regulation of metabolic flux to cellulose, a major sink for carbon in plants. Delmer, DP; Haigler, CH, 2002)	2.03
"Cellulose sulfate (CS) is a non-cytotoxic antifertility agent that also exhibits in vitro antimicrobial activity against sexually transmitted pathogens, including HIV."	( Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of cellulose sulfate gel: a Phase I safety and colposcopy study. Archer, DF; Ballagh, S; Callahan, M; Creinin, M; Lai, JJ; Mauck, C; Pymar, H; Schwartz, J; Weiner, DH, 2001)	1.29
"Cellulose xanthate is a cheap, easily prepared matrix which permits a simple coupling reaction."	( The use of cellulose xanthate for the immobilisation of biological molecules. Kennedy, JF; Zamir, A, 1975)	1.37

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lignocellulose biomass has a tremendous potential as renewable biomaterials for fostering the "bio-based society" and circular bioeconomy paradigm. "	( Electron tomography unravels new insights into fiber cell wall nanostructure; exploring 3D macromolecular biopolymeric nano-architecture of spruce fiber secondary walls. Auer, M; Daniel, G; Fernando, D; Guindos, P; Kowalczyk, M, 2023)	1.42
"Cellulose has a long history dating back to ancient times in the evolution of humanity. "	( Cellulose-based biogenic supports, remarkably friendly biomaterials for proteins and biomolecules. Chibac-Scutaru, AL; Coseri, S; Culica, ME; Mohan, T, 2021)	3.51
"The cellulose surface has a non-uniform shape in particular, with consequent impacts on cellulase adsorption and activity."	( Surface structural dynamics of enzymatic cellulose degradation, revealed by combined kinetic and atomic force microscopy studies. Bubner, P; Eibinger, M; Ganner, T; Nidetzky, B; Plank, H, 2014)	1.15
"Nanocellulose has a variety of advantages, which make the material most suitable for use in biomedical devices such as wound dressings. "	( 3D Bioprinting of Carboxymethylated-Periodate Oxidized Nanocellulose Constructs for Wound Dressing Applications. Chinga-Carrasco, G; Gethin, DT; Hill, KE; Powell, LC; Rees, A; Syverud, K; Thomas, DW, 2015)	1.22
"Cellulose pulp has a visible market share in personal hygiene products such as sanitary napkins and baby diapers. "	( Biological evaluation of nanosilver incorporated cellulose pulp for hygiene products. Kavitha Sankar, PC; Ramakrishnan, R; Rosemary, MJ, 2016)	2.13
"Cellulose bolster has a variable appearance on follow-up CT exams. "	( CT appearances following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma using a rolled cellulose bolster. Cohan, RH; Ellis, JH; Francis, IR; Korobkin, M; Pai, D; Schipper, M; Willatt, JM; Wolf, JS, 2010)	2.02
"Nanocellulose hydrogels have been demonstrated to sustainably deliver various kinds of drugs via different routes of administration, in which nanocellulose significantly improves the hydrogel properties and tunes the drug releasing profile."	( Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile drug delivery vehicles: A review. Chen, Z; Dai, L; He, P; Li, J; Ni, Y; Wei, J; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.76
"Nano-cellulose has been employed in the fields of electronics, cosmetics, drug delivery, scaffolds, fillers, packaging, and engineering structures."	( Valorization of nano-based lignocellulosic derivatives to procure commercially significant value-added products for biomedical applications. Andaluri, G; As, V; Dey, N; K, A; Karunakaran, R; Kumar, G; Lin, YC; Patel, AK; Ponnusamy, VK; S, T; Santhana Raj, D, 2023)	1.37
"Nanocellulose application has been increasing owing to its appealing physicochemical properties. "	( Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanospheres: A comparative study of cytotoxicity and macrophage polarization potential. Dutta, SD; Ganguly, K; Lim, KT; Patel, DK; Patil, TV, 2023)	2.91
"Nanocellulose has been proposed by many researchers as a suitable bio-reinforcement material for the development of sustainable bio-nanocomposites in advanced applications due to its excellent properties. "	( An efficient approach to extract nanocrystalline cellulose from sisal fibers: Structural, morphological, thermal and antibacterial analysis. Gupta, MK; Trivedi, AK, 2023)	1.72
"Lignocellulose has been used for production of sustainable biofuels and value-added chemicals. "	( Precise promoter integration improves cellulose bioconversion and thermotolerance in Clostridium cellulolyticum. Kempher, ML; Liu, J; Tao, X; Xu, T; Zhou, J, 2020)	1.34
"Cellulose nanofiber has been prepared by acid hydrolysis of cotton cellulose and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential and X-ray diffraction analysis."	( Preparation, Characterization and Brandão, HM; Brayner, R; Ferreira, AP; Gern, JC; Gouveia, ACC; Martins, MA; Munk, M; Oliveira, V; Raposo, NRB, 2020)	1.28
"Cellulose valorisation has been successfully addressed for years. "	( Assessment of different Bacillus coagulans strains for l-lactic acid production from defined media and gardening hydrolysates: Effect of lignocellulosic inhibitors. Cubas-Cano, E; González-Fernández, C; Tomás-Pejó, E; Venus, J, 2020)	2
"Cellulose nanofibers have been widely applied in many fields because of its unique advantages. "	( One-step electrospinning cellulose nanofibers with superhydrophilicity and superoleophobicity underwater for high-efficiency oil-water separation. Cheng, B; Shu, D; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xi, P; Yan, X; Yang, L, 2020)	2.3
"Nanocellulose biomaterials have been commercialised, representing the material of new generation."	( Eco-friendly nanocellulose and its biomedical applications: current status and future prospect. Chauhan, RP; Nehra, P, 2021)	1.44
"New cellulose products have been developed to address these shortcomings."	( Comparison of Four Beddings for Ammonia Control in Individually Ventilated Mouse Cages. Buckmaster, CA; Schwiebert, RS; Swennes, AG; Tataryn, NM, 2021)	1.1
"Cellulose has been extracted from a wide range of land resources, whereas it has been scarcely exploited from marine resources. "	( Green seaweeds ulvan-cellulose scaffolds enhance in vitro cell growth and in vivo angiogenesis for skin tissue engineering. Ait Arsa, I; Bhaw-Luximon, A; Gimié, F; Goonoo, N; Madub, K; Schönherr, H, 2021)	2.38
"Cellulose fibers have been one of the most common fibers due to their biodegradability, excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, high absorption ability, cheapness and renewability. "	( Solution blowing spinning technology and plasma-assisted oxidation-reduction process toward green development of electrically conductive cellulose nanofibers. El-Metwaly, NM; El-Sayed, R; Katouah, HA, 2021)	2.27
"Cellulose has been used as a raw material for production of biofuels for many years."	( Immobilization of cellulase enzymes on nano and micro-materials for breakdown of cellulose for biofuel production-a narrative review. Balaji, R; Chandrasekar, N; Datta, S; John J, A; Jose, S; Rajnish, KN; Samuel, MS; Selvarajan, E, 2021)	1.57
"Cellulose has been widely used as feedstocks for the synthesis of biomaterials, biofuels and biochemicals."	( Cellulose-based Nanocarriers as Platforms for Cancer Therapy. Ma, MG; Meng, LY; Wang, B; Zhu, JF, 2017)	2.62
"Cellulose has been widely used in the biomedical field. "	( Morphological, Release and Antibacterial Performances of Amoxicillin-Loaded Cellulose Aerogels. He, S; Jiang, L; Shao, W; Su, C; Wen, Y; Ye, S; Zhu, Z, 2018)	2.15
"Cellulose derivatives have been extensively developed for drug manufacturing to facilitate its delivery. "	( Biopolymer Substrates in Buccal Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Trend. He, Z; Kong, F; Sain, M; Sun, B; Wang, W; Zhang, M, 2020)	2
"Cellulose powder (CP) has been reported as a safe and effective complementary treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). "	( Effect of Cellulose Powder on Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Activity and Ciliary Beat Frequency. Cao, YJ; Chen, Y; Guan, WJ; Jiang, LJ; Lai, YY; Liu, C; Luo, X; Shi, JB; Wang, D; Xu, ZF; Yang, F; Zheng, R; Zhou, M; Zuo, KJ, )	1.98
"Nanocellulose hydrogels have been demonstrated for 3D cell culture, mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) properties with low cytotoxicity."	( Engineering nanocellulose hydrogels for biomedical applications. Curvello, R; Garnier, G; Raghuwanshi, VS, 2019)	1.34
"Nanocellulose has been demonstrated as a suitable material for cell culturing, given its similarity to extracellular matrices. "	( Acetylated Nanocellulose for Single-Component Bioinks and Cell Proliferation on 3D-Printed Scaffolds. Ajdary, R; Grande, R; Huan, S; Rojas, OJ; Santos, HA; Xiang, W; Zanjanizadeh Ezazi, N, 2019)	1.42
"Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. "	( A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates. Abushammala, H; Mao, J, 2019)	1.34
"Cellulose fiber has been modified by mechanical and chemical means in order to improve paper properties, which respond to moisture and temperature. "	( Chemical modification of cellulosic fibers for better convertibility in packaging applications. Heikkinen, H; Johansson, LS; Laatikainen, E; Retulainen, E; Saharinen, E; Vuoti, S, 2013)	1.83
"Cellulose accessibility has been proposed as a key factor in the efficient bio-conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. "	( Recent advances in understanding the role of cellulose accessibility in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Meng, X; Ragauskas, AJ, 2014)	2.1
"Here cellulose-directed CBMs have been used to visualize and quantify crystallinity changes in cellulose II-based polymers following NaOH treatment."	( Analysis of crystallinity changes in cellulose II polymers using carbohydrate-binding modules. Bechtold, T; Benians, TA; Blackburn, RS; Paul Knox, J; Russell, SJ; Široký, J, 2012)	1.11
"Pure cellulose has been successfully isolated from tomato peels by either acidified sodium chlorite or chlorine-free alkaline peroxide routes, at 10.2-13.1% yields. "	( Cellulose nanocrystal isolation from tomato peels and assembled nanofibers. Hsieh, YL; Jiang, F, 2015)	2.37
"Cellulose has been long sought as a chiral inducer in enantioselective catalysis."	( Cellulose Nanocrystals as Chiral Inducers: Enantioselective Catalysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy 3D Characterization. Basu, K; Benoit, C; Cirtiu, CM; Kaushik, M; Moores, A; Vali, H, 2015)	2.58
"Cellulose acetate (CA) has been studied for use in scaffolds owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good thermal stability."	( Regulation of astrocyte activity via control over stiffness of cellulose acetate electrospun nanofiber. Ju, JH; Jung, SM; Kwon, YS; Min, SK; Shin, HS; Yoon, GH, 2015)	1.38
"Cellulose biosynthesis has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and more recently in the mucilage-producing epidermal cells of the seed coat."	( Sticking to cellulose: exploiting Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage to understand cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall polysaccharide interactions. Griffiths, JS; North, HM, 2017)	1.56
"Hemicellulose has been extracted from birch (Betula pendula) sawdust by formic acid aided hot water extraction. "	( Formic acid aided hot water extraction of hemicellulose from European silver birch (Betula pendula) sawdust. Ahola, J; Goldmann, WM; Mikola, M; Tanskanen, J, 2017)	1.27
"Cellulose gel membranes have been prepared by a pre-gelation method employing cellulose solutions in aqueous NaOH-thiourea obtained at low temperature. "	( High-strength cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) gels. Liang, S; Tian, H; Wu, J; Xu, J; Zhang, L, 2008)	2.15
"Cellulose has been directly converted into environmentally friendly alkyl glycoside surfactants in a one pot transformation. "	( One pot catalytic conversion of cellulose into biodegradable surfactants. Corma, A; Villandier, N, 2010)	2.09
"Cellulose has been used in two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs), but power densities were low. "	( Pre-acclimation of a wastewater inoculum to cellulose in an aqueous-cathode MEC improves power generation in air-cathode MFCs. Cheng, S; Kiely, P; Logan, BE, 2011)	2.07
"The cellulose biosorbent has been successfully tested to study the removal of chromium as its dithizone complex from synthetic and real waste water samples."	( A preliminary spectroscopic investigation on the molecular interaction of metal-diphenylthiocarbazone complex with cellulose biopolymer and its application. Kalidhasan, S; KrishnaKumar, AS; Rajesh, N; Rajesh, V, 2011)	1.06
"Ethylcellulose has been recently shown to be an excellent organogelator for vegetable oils. "	( Mechanical properties of ethylcellulose oleogels and their potential for saturated fat reduction in frankfurters. Barbut, S; Marangoni, AG; Zetzl, AK, 2012)	1.18
"Cellulose III(I) has been the focus of wide interest in the field of cellulosic biofuels, as it can be efficiently hydrolyzed to readily fermentable glucose (its enzymatic degradation rates are up to 5-fold higher than those of cellulose Iβ)."	( Coarse-grained model for the interconversion between native and liquid ammonia-treated crystalline cellulose. Bellesia, G; Chundawat, SP; Dale, BE; Gnanakaran, S; Langan, P; Redondo, A, 2012)	1.32
"Hemicelluloses have been found to be physical barriers in the hydrolysis of cellulose, and prevent the access of enzymes to cellulose surface. "	( Xylans inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials by cellulases. Tang, M; Viikari, L; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.94
"Cellulose nanocrystals have been prepared by acid hydrolysis of Luffa cylindrica fibers. "	( Thermal and mechanical properties of bio-nanocomposites reinforced by Luffa cylindrica cellulose nanocrystals. Belbekhouche, S; Bras, J; Dufresne, A; Follain, N; Marais, S; Siqueira, G, 2013)	2.06
"Cellulose acetate (CA) has been a material of choice for spectrum of utilities across different domains ranging from high absorbing diapers to membrane filters. "	( Electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers: the present status and gamut of biotechnological applications. Karak, N; Konwarh, R; Misra, M, )	1.95
"Cellulose has been demonstrated to be dissolved in 7 wt% NaOH/12 wt% urea aqueous solution pre-cooled to -12 °C, as a result of the formation of inclusion complexes (ICs) associated with cellulose, urea and NaOH. "	( Stability of inclusion complex formed by cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution at low temperature. Cai, J; Lu, A; Qin, X; Zhang, L, 2013)	2.1
"Cellulose has been used in a variety of applications ranging from coatings and films to pharmaceutical preparations, and therefore DNA aptamers that bind cellulose might enable new applications."	( In vitro selection and characterization of cellulose-binding DNA aptamers. Boese, BJ; Breaker, RR, 2007)	1.32
"Cellulose ethers have been increasingly used in the formulation of controlled release dosage forms; among them, compressed hydrophilic matrices for the oral route of administration are of special importance. "	( Towards elucidation of the drug release mechanism from compressed hydrophilic matrices made of cellulose ethers. I. Pulse-field-gradient spin-echo NMR study of sodium salicylate diffusivity in swollen hydrogels with respect to polymer matrix physical stru Doelker, E; Ferrero, C; Jeannerat, D; Massuelle, D, 2008)	2.01
"Cellulose columns have been used to separate erythrocytes into deformability classes, but recoveries have been variable and incomplete. "	( Modified celluloses for erythrocyte deformability fractionation. Acquaye, C; Johnson, RM, 1993)	2.15
"Cellulose synthase has been purified from bacteria, but not from plants."	( Cellulose microfibrils in plants: biosynthesis, deposition, and integration into the cell wall. Brett, CT, 2000)	2.47

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cellulose plays an important role in maintaining or improving soil carbon (C) cycling and soil fertility of paddy field. "	( Effects of fertilizer practice on fungal and actinobacterial cellulolytic community with different humified particle-size fractions in double-cropping field. Cheng, K; Li, C; Li, W; Shi, L; Tang, H; Wen, L; Xiao, X; Xu, Y, 2021)	2.06
"Cellulose emulsion can increase the dispersion and improve the stability of thyme oil."	( Effect of microcrystalline cellulose under different hydrolysis durations on the stability of thyme oil emulsion. Du, Y; Feng, ZJ; Hu, D; Ma, S; Niu, F; Pan, W; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.74
"Hemicellulose plays a vital role in nature wood matrix. "	( Hemicellulose-rich transparent wood: Microstructure and macroscopic properties. Chen, G; Huang, Q; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Rong, X; Wang, L; Wang, S; Weng, M; Zhang, M, 2022)	1.84
"Cellulose plays building blocks, that are critical for polymer products and their engineering applications."	( Challenges associated with cellulose composite material: Facet engineering and prospective. Aziz, T; Bokhari, A; Chuah, LF; Faisal, S; Farid, A; Haq, F; Kiran, M; Mubashir, M; Show, PL; Ullah, A; Ullah, N, 2023)	1.93
"Nanocelluloses (NC) increase mechanical and barrier paper properties allowing the use of paper in applications actually covered by other materials. "	( Industrial Application of Nanocelluloses in Papermaking: A Review of Challenges, Technical Solutions, and Market Perspectives. Balea, A; Blanco, A; Campano, C; Fuente, E; Merayo, N; Monte, MC; Negro, C, 2020)	1.4
"Cellulose displays a promising application in biosensors which could be used to detect different bio-molecules such as glucose, lactate, urea, gene, cell, amino acid, cholesterol, protein and hydroquinone. "	( Cellulose-based Biosensor for Bio-molecules Detection in Medical Diagnosis: A Mini-Review. Chang, M; He, B; Lin, Q; Liu, X; Ren, J; Song, T, 2020)	3.44
"Nanocellulose displays better properties as compared to the native cellulose fibre."	( Eco-friendly nanocellulose and its biomedical applications: current status and future prospect. Chauhan, RP; Nehra, P, 2021)	1.44
"Cellulose plays a significant role in diffusion and adsorption in the cuticle and the cuticle surfaces."	( Dynamics of moisture diffusion and adsorption in plant cuticles including the role of cellulose. Farquhar, GD; Tredenick, EC, 2021)	1.57
"Cellulose promotes the ordering of micro-scale structure and the uniformity of both anthracite and bituminous char, while the negative synergetic effect was observed during gasification of co-pyrolysis char."	( Physico-chemical properties and gasification reactivity of co-pyrolysis char from different rank of coal blended with lignocellulosic biomass: Effects of the cellulose. Chen, L; Luo, Z; Meng, H; Wang, S; Wu, Z; Zhao, J, 2017)	1.37
"Celluloses with lower DP were prepared using a three-step process, and their solubilities were tested in NaOH solution."	( The Solubility of Microcrystalline Cellulose in Sodium Hydroxide Solution Is Inconsistent with International Specifications. Akiyama, H; Kamei, I; Kodama, H; Sato, K; Tamura, Y, 2017)	1.45
"The cellulose-induced increase in digesta viscosity may delay glucose diffusion in the lumen, as found in our previous study."	( Crystalline cellulose reduces plasma glucose concentrations and stimulates water absorption by increasing the digesta viscosity in rats. Goto, M; Karita, S; Ogawa, N; Takahashi, T, 2005)	1.19

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The cellulose content of pretreated biomass reached 49.6% w/w."	( Organosolv fractionation of spruce bark using ethanol-water mixtures: Towards a novel bio-refinery concept. Christakopoulos, P; Hrůzová, K; Matsakas, L; Rova, U, 2021)	1.1
"Cellulose was treated with supercritical water at 668 K and 25 MPa for 0.04 s in this study. "	( Dissolution of cellulose into supercritical water and its dissolving state followed by structure formation from the solution system. Hirase, R; Miyamoto, H; Yamane, C; Yuguchi, Y, 2022)	2.52
"When cellulose fibers were treated with mixtures under mixing, the non-ideality of the choline chloride-urea mixture and the absence of water were found to be advantageous; however, aqueous mixtures efficiently increased the diameters of cellulose fibers in the absence of mixing, and water-containing mixtures appeared to be appealing systems for cellulose pretreatments."	( Insights into the role of molar ratio and added water in the properties of choline chloride and urea-based eutectic mixtures and their cellulose swelling capacity. Haataja, R; Kantola, AM; Liimatainen, H; Sirviö, JA; Suopajärvi, T, 2022)	1.38
"Cellulose-based paper treated with starch-modified methyltrimethoxysilane showed potential as a packaging material due to its reduced water uptake."	( High hydrophobic silanized paper: Material characterization and its biodegradation through brown rot fungus. Mazela, B; Perdoch, W; Tavakoli, M; Treu, A, 2023)	1.63
"The cellulose-rich pretreated solids present high saccharification yields (up to 61% w/w) making them ideal for subsequent bioconversion processes."	( Lignin-first biomass fractionation using a hybrid organosolv - Steam explosion pretreatment technology improves the saccharification and fermentability of spruce biomass. Christakopoulos, P; Matsakas, L; Olsson, E; Olsson, L; Persson, G; Raghavendran, V; Rova, U; Yakimenko, O, 2019)	0.99
"The cellulose is pretreated with the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium dimethylphosphate to reduce its crystallinity."	( Membrane-based recovery of glucose from enzymatic hydrolysis of ionic liquid pretreated cellulose. Abels, C; Spiess, AC; Thimm, K; Wessling, M; Wulfhorst, H, 2013)	1.09
"Cellulose fibres were treated by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in pulp suspension."	( Cellulose fibre networks reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan complex layer-by-layer. Farnood, R; Wu, T, 2014)	2.57
"The cellulose in the pretreated wood flour becomes far less crystalline without undergoing solubilization."	( Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Doherty, TV; Dordick, JS; Lee, SH; Linhardt, RJ, 2009)	1.05
"The cellulose pulp was pretreated by diluted acid and then prepared by high pressure homogenization."	( [Spectral property of one-dimensional rodlike nano cellulose]. Li, S; Qin, Z; Qu, P; Sun, SQ; Tang, HW; Zhang, LP, 2011)	1.1
"Cellulose is pretreated with BMIM Cl."	( Enhanced stability and activity of cellulase in an ionic liquid and the effect of pretreatment on cellulose hydrolysis. Barnes, CA; Bose, S; Petrich, JW, 2012)	1.32
"The cellulose membrane was treated and purified with a 0.1 M NaOH solution at 90 degreesC for 30 min and dried by a freeze- drier at -40 degreesC to obtain BC."	( Study of nano-fiber cellulose production by Glucanacetobacter xylinum ATCC 10245. Akbarzadeh, A; Chiani, M; Farahnak, M; Farhangi, A; Ghassemi, S; Mehrabi, MR; Norouzian, D; Saffari, Z; Tolooei, S, 2011)	1.17
"Cellulose samples treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and carbon dioxide in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. "	( FTIR analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. Oh, SY; Seo, G; Shin, Y; Yoo, DI, 2005)	2.11
"Cellulose was treated with different extracellular microbial enzymes. "	( Improvement of alkali solubility of cellulose with enzymatic treatment. Cao, Y; Tan, H, 2006)	2.05
"Cellulose-treated animals had decreased distensibility, normal S/V ratio, and significant numbers of granulomata with patchy areas of thickened interalveolar septa."	( Toxicity of intratracheally instilled cotton dust, cellulose, and endotoxin. Feldman, HA; Godleski, JJ; Greaves, IA; Milton, DK, 1990)	1.25
"Treated cellulose/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogel composites show reinforced microstructural systems that enhance the mechanical property of the aerogels."	( Microstructural architecture and mechanical properties of empowered cellulose-based aerogel composites via TEMPO-free oxidation. Ahmad, H; Anguilano, L; Fan, M, 2022)	1.36
"Treatment of cellulose fibers and lignin by laccase-mediator system was conducted to enhance the binding efficiency of natural fibers and lignin compounds into cassava starch composite matrix. "	( Thermo-molded biocomposite from cassava starch, natural fibers and lignin associated by laccase-mediator system. Narkchamnan, S; Sakdaronnarong, C, 2013)	0.76
"AKD-treated cellulose and nanocellulose films were sequentially extracted with chloroform, hot water, and dioxane/water."	( Formation of nanosized islands of dialkyl β-ketoester bonds for efficient hydrophobization of a cellulose film surface. Isogai, A; Saito, T; Takeuchi, M; Yang, Q, 2014)	0.98
"The treated cellulose and poly(L-lactide) films were hot-pressed, and the resulting bi-layer laminates were subjected to a peel test."	( Improvement of the interfacial compatibility between cellulose and poly(L-lactide) films by plasma-induced grafting of L-lactide: the evaluation of the adhesive properties using a peel test. Baldo, A; Couturaud, B; Mas, A; Robin, JJ, 2015)	1.03
"Pretreatment of cellulose with ionic liquids (ILs) can improve the efficiency of the hydrolysis by increasing the surface area of the substrates accessible to solvents and cellulases. "	( Separation of ionic liquid [Mmim][DMP] and glucose from enzymatic hydrolysis mixture of cellulose using alumina column chromatography. Feng, D; Li, L; Tan, W; Xian, M; Yang, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, G; Zou, H, 2011)	0.94
"Pretreatment of cellulose with an industrial cellulosic solvent, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, showed promising results in increasing the rate of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. "	( Kinetic modeling of rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after pretreatment by NMMO. Jeihanipour, A; Karimi, K; Khodaverdi, M; Taherzadeh, MJ, 2012)	0.97
"Pretreatment with cellulose drastically reduced ribosome binding to chimera-containing but not wild-type vesicles."	( Membrane binding of ribosomes occurs at SecYE-based sites in the Archaea Haloferax volcanii. Eichler, J; Ring, G, 2004)	0.65
"The treatment of cellulose with the enzymes can improve alkaline solubility."	( Improvement of alkali solubility of cellulose with enzymatic treatment. Cao, Y; Tan, H, 2006)	0.94
"Pretreated lignocellulose is formed into handsheets, which are then used to prepare small disks that are easily dispensed into microtiter plates."	( A rapid microassay to evaluate enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Berlin, A; Bura, R; Gilkes, N; Kang, KY; Maximenko, V; Saddler, J, 2006)	0.67
"Untreated cellulose was directly and quickly dissolved in NaOH/thiourea/urea aqueous solution. "	( Direct dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/thiourea/urea aqueous solution. Gu, L; Jin, H; Zha, C, 2007)	1.06
"Pretreatment of cellulose or cellulosic materials by grinding or by swelling with phosphoric acid gave rise to increased hydrolysis by the enzyme."	( Effect of Myrothecium sp. cellulase on different types of cellulose and cellulosic materials. Kassim, EA, 1983)	0.84
"The treatment of cellulose triacetate membranes reduced both the initial flux and the extent of water fouling."	( Phospholipid coatings for the prevention of membrane fouling. Dudley, LY; Hawes, C; Morgan, NL; Perl, O; Reuben, BG; Stratford, P, 1995)	0.62
"The treatment of a cellulose pulp bleaching effluent with DHBs/Fe(III)/H2O2 was evaluated by analyzing their depolymerization at pH 4 and 7 through molecular mass distribution determinations."	( Dihydroxybenzenes: driven Fenton reactions. Baeza, J; Freer, J; Parra, C; Rodríguez, J, 2001)	0.63
"1. Treatment of cellulose acetate gel strips by boron trifluoride in methanol has been shown previously to produce a material suitable for isoelectric focusing. "	( Further observations on isoelectric focussing of serum proteins using modified cellulose acetate gel membranes, and direct isoenzyme staining. Ambler, J, 1978)	0.83
"Untreated cellulose filters adsorbed only small amounts of poliovirus 1, echovirus 5, coxsackievirus B5, or bacteriophage MS2 that were added to tap water or to solutions of imidazole-glycine buffer at pH 5 to 7. "	( Concentration of viruses from water by using cellulose filters modified by in situ precipitation of ferric and aluminum hydroxides. Farrah, SR; Preston, DR, 1985)	0.93

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The most striking side effect was an excessive hyperoxaluria, necessitating withdrawal of the drug in 8 patients."	( Calcium oxalate stone disease: effects and side effects of cellulose phosphate and succinate in long-term treatment of absorptive hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria. Hautmann, R; Hering, FJ; Lutzeyer, W, 1978)	0.5
" As long as the problem persists whether persorption is a normal, everyday process or a process which is detrimental in the long run, the statement that the use of greater amounts of microcrystalline cellulose for foods and pharmaceutical products is absolutely safe should be carefully examined."	( [Safe use of microcrystalline cellulose in low-calorie foods]. Seidemann, J, 1976)	0.73
" No adverse effects were found on reproduction or neonate development in rats and mice."	( The toxicity of purified cellulose in studies with laboratory animals. Anderson, RL; Owens, JW; Timms, CW, 1992)	0.59
" The evaluation of physical observations, ophthalmology, body weight, food consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry, organ-to-body-weight ratios, gross pathology and histopathology revealed no evidence of an adverse effect related to treatment with cellulose acetate."	( Subchronic oral toxicity of cellulose acetate in rats. Auletta, CS; Baarson, KA; Daly, IW; McConnell, RF; McGrath, LF; Thomas, WC, 1991)	0.76
" To determine whether CA swabs also inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, we carried out a series of experiments using either CA swabs that were toxic or nontoxic in a cell culture cytotoxicity assay or nontoxic rayon or cotton swabs."	( Toxic effect of calcium alginate swabs on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lauer, BA; Masters, HB, 1988)	0.27
" This biotest based on quenching the luminescence of bacteria under the action of a toxic agent is rapid and highly reproducible."	( [Bioluminescent method of assessing the toxicity of colored substances in waste waters from celluose sulfate manufacture]. Gil', TA; Novikova, LN; Rudykh, AR; Stom, DI, )	0.13
"Of the 14 adverse events in 11 patients, only five, which included mild diarrhea and nausea, were considered related to the contrast agent."	( Safety and efficacy of a new oral contrast agent for sonography: a phase II trial. Barone, AE; Chong, WK; Goldberg, BB; Langer, JE; Lev-Toaff, AS; Rubin, DL; Zelch, JV, 1999)	0.3
"SonoRx is a safe and well-tolerated contrast agent that improves the sonographic evaluation of the upper abdomen, with significant improvement in imaging the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas."	( Safety and efficacy of a new oral contrast agent for sonography: a phase II trial. Barone, AE; Chong, WK; Goldberg, BB; Langer, JE; Lev-Toaff, AS; Rubin, DL; Zelch, JV, 1999)	0.3
" Given the nature of these findings and the lack of effects on any other parameter measured in this study, they were not considered adverse effects of treatment."	( Developmental toxicity study of Aquacoat ECD ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion administered orally to rats. Freeman, C; Kotkoskie, LA; Palmieri, MA, 2000)	0.56
" No serious adverse events were observed; three patients injected with hylan B gel had temporary inflammation at the injection site, which resolved without sequelae."	( Cross-linked hyaluronan used as augmentation substance for treatment of glottal insufficiency: safety aspects and vocal fold function. Dahlqvist, A; Hallén, L; Hertegård, S; Laurent, C; Lindström, E; Olofsson, K; Testad, P, 2002)	0.31
" In contrast, amendments of natural humus shifted the partitioning of hoth Cd and Cu toward greater concentrations in sediment and lesser concentrations in pore water and significantly reduced toxic effects of both metals."	( Effects of organic amendments on the toxicity and bioavailability of cadmium and copper in spiked formulated sediments. Besser, JM; Brumbaugh, WG; Ingersoll, CG; May, TW, 2003)	0.32
"Modified intravesical oxybutynin is an effective and relatively safe option of therapy for overactive bladder patients."	( Urodynamic effects and safety of modified intravesical oxybutynin chloride in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: 3 years experience. Miyagawa, I; Otsubo, K; Saito, M; Satoh, K; Tabuchi, F; Watanabe, T, 2004)	0.32
" There were no signs of intimal thickening or of adverse reactions in nervous tissue."	( A novel coating biomaterial for intracranial aneurysms: effects and safety in extra- and intracranial carotid artery. Ishikawa, T; Iwasaki, Y; Kuroda, S; Nagashima, K; Nanba, R; Shinya, N; Terasaka, S; Yasuda, H, 2005)	0.33
" Clinical observations, ophthalmology, body weight and food consumption, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, functional observational assessments, motor activity, organ weights and ratios and macroscopic and microscopic observations did not reveal any significant, consistent, dose-dependent test article-related adverse effects."	( A subchronic toxicity study in rats and genotoxicity tests with an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion. Borzelleca, JF; DeMerlis, CC; Schoneker, DR, 2005)	0.56
" Colposcopy and magnetic resonance imaging were performed to detect adverse effects and spread of CAP, respectively."	( Safety and distribution of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP), a candidate anti-HIV microbicide in rhesus macaques. Blanchard, J; Cheng-Mayer, C; Gettie, A; Malenbaum, S; Neurath, AR; Ratterree, M; Williams, V, 2005)	0.63
"CAP is safe for repeated use and exhibits a favorable distribution profile, showing no evidence of penetration into cells that line the vaginal epithelium."	( Safety and distribution of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP), a candidate anti-HIV microbicide in rhesus macaques. Blanchard, J; Cheng-Mayer, C; Gettie, A; Malenbaum, S; Neurath, AR; Ratterree, M; Williams, V, 2005)	0.63
" Safety was assessed by symptoms and signs (including colposcopy) of genital irritation, review of adverse events, and by changes in vaginal health as assessed by microscopy."	( Expanded Phase I safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate vaginal gel. Ali, MM; Callahan, M; Chitlange, S; Hazari, K; Malonza, IM; Mirembe, F; Nakabiito, C; Odusoga, LO; Osinupebi, OA; Van Damme, L, 2005)	0.58
"A vaginal application of 6% cellulose sulfate twice daily for seven consecutive days is as safe and well tolerated as a similar regimen of K-Y Jelly."	( Expanded Phase I safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate vaginal gel. Ali, MM; Callahan, M; Chitlange, S; Hazari, K; Malonza, IM; Mirembe, F; Nakabiito, C; Odusoga, LO; Osinupebi, OA; Van Damme, L, 2005)	0.87
"001; chi-square test) with no differences in frequency of adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of Eudragit-L-coated mesalazine tablets with ethylcellulose-coated mesalazine tablets in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Bátovský, M; Fixa, B; Florin, TH; Gabalec, L; Gibson, PR; Greinwald, R; Pekárková, B; Radford-Smith, G; Tibitanzl, J, 2006)	0.56
"CS gel was safe with no reported severe or life-threatening adverse events (AE)."	( Safety and acceptability of cellulose sulfate as a vaginal microbicide in HIV-infected women. Absalon, J; El-Sadr, WM; Gai, F; Hoesley, C; Justman, J; Kwiecien, A; Maslankowski, L; Mâsse, B; Mauck, C; Mayer, KH; Morrow, K; Soto-Torres, L, 2006)	0.63
" The (-)-trichloronate was 8-11 times more toxic to the test organisms than its (+)-form, while the racemate showed intermediate toxicity."	( Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of the organophosphorus insecticide trichloronate. Gan, J; Lin, K; Liu, W, 2006)	0.33
"CS was safe for twice-daily use for 14 days."	( Fourteen-day safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate gel: a randomized double-blind Phase I safety study. Ballagh, SA; Brache, V; Callahan, M; Creinin, MD; Fichorova, RN; Hillier, SL; Lai, JJ; Mauck, C; Schwartz, JL; Weiner, DH, 2006)	0.59
"Cellulose sulfate appeared safe when used for 6 months alone or with a diaphragm."	( A randomized controlled safety trial of the diaphragm and cellulose sulfate microbicide gel in sexually active women in Zimbabwe. Cheng, H; Chipato, T; Depineres, T; Dhlakama, P; Hammond, N; Mauck, C; Napierala, S; Padian, N; Thompson, M; van der Straten, A, 2007)	2.03
" Safety and acceptability appeared similar among the 3 study groups and no serious adverse events related to the study products were reported."	( Phase I safety trial of two vaginal microbicide gels (Acidform or BufferGel) used with a diaphragm compared to KY jelly used with a diaphragm. Ballagh, SA; Barnhart, K; Bell, AJ; Creinin, MD; Jamieson, DJ; Newman, DR; Weiner, DH; Williams, DL, 2007)	0.34
"Acidform and BufferGel compared to KY Jelly, when used with diaphragm daily for 14 days, appeared to be safe and acceptable in a small study of low-risk abstinent women."	( Phase I safety trial of two vaginal microbicide gels (Acidform or BufferGel) used with a diaphragm compared to KY jelly used with a diaphragm. Ballagh, SA; Barnhart, K; Bell, AJ; Creinin, MD; Jamieson, DJ; Newman, DR; Weiner, DH; Williams, DL, 2007)	0.34
" OBJECTIVE To review the use of injectable PLLA, specifically regarding optimal injection technique that can reduce adverse events (AEs) and enhance out comes."	( Minimizing adverse events associated with poly-L-lactic acid injection. Narins, RS, 2008)	0.35
" On the basis of the bioavailability model, it was estimated that approximately 17-22% and 13-18% of BkF-HA complex contributed to the bioaccumulation and/or to the induced toxic effect, correspondingly."	( Influence of humic acid on bioavailability and toxicity of benzo[k]fluoranthene to Japanese medaka. Chen, S; Ke, R; Khan, SU; Wang, Z; Zha, J, 2008)	0.35
"The tested silver-loaded seaweed fibre can be regarded as safe and seams to be suited for application in bio-active textiles in atopic dermatitis based on its positive in vivo activity."	( Silver-loaded seaweed-based cellulosic fiber improves epidermal skin physiology in atopic dermatitis: safety assessment, mode of action and controlled, randomized single-blinded exploratory in vivo study. Bauer, A; Bossert, J; Breternitz, M; Elsner, P; Fluhr, JW; Hipler, UC; Kowatzki, D, 2010)	0.36
" The safety of DCWB was demonstrated in 12 patients with only a low frequency of mild and transient adverse effects (4%)."	( The first results demonstrating efficiency and safety of a double-column whole blood method of LDL-apheresis. Groisne, L; Hequet, O; Jaeger, S; Le, QH; Mekhloufi, F; Moulin, P; Rigal, D; Sassolas, A, 2010)	0.36
"Effluents originated in cellulose pulp manufacturing processes are usually toxic and recalcitrant, specially the bleaching effluents, which exhibit high contents of aromatic compounds (e."	( Toxicity and recalcitrant compound removal from bleaching pulp plant effluents by an integrated system: anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor and ozone. Botta, CM; Chaparro, TR; Pires, EC, 2010)	0.67
" The main objective of this study is to assess the safety of Glipizide (GZ) loaded polymeric nanoparticle systematically and to observe the toxic effects of nanoparticles on the functions of various tissues and organs in rats."	( Sub acute toxicity assessment of glipizide engineered polymeric nanoparticles. Kishore, N; Lekshmi, UM; Reddy, PN, 2011)	0.37
" In the present investigations, potential adverse effects, if any, of IGOB131 were investigated in dose-response 90-day study and genotoxicity studies."	( Subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity/genotoxicity studies of Irvingia gabonensis extract (IGOB131). Gavara, S; Kothari, SC; Shivarudraiah, P; Soni, MG; Venkataramaiah, SB, 2012)	0.38
" In particular, conversion of amorphous silica to crystalline forms during burning may provide a source of toxic particles."	( The surface reactivity and implied toxicity of ash produced from sugarcane burning. Corazzari, I; Dunster, C; Fubini, B; Gazzano, E; Ghigo, D; Grendene, F; Horwell, CJ; Le Blond, JS; Murphy, F; Oppenheimer, C; Tomatis, M; Turci, F; Williamson, BJ, 2014)	0.4
" These results suggest that sifuvirtide gel is an effective, safe and stable product, and should be further tested as a vaginal or rectal microbicide in pre-clinical model or clinical trial for preventing HIV sexual transmission."	( Efficacy, stability, and biosafety of sifuvirtide gel as a microbicide candidate against HIV-1. Ben, Y; Jiang, S; Li, L; Xu, J; Yuan, S; Zhang, X, 2012)	0.38
" The results revealed a toxic effect of the effluent, with inhibition of meristem growth and generally lower values of metaphase, anaphase and telophase indices at pH 10."	( Genotoxicity and toxicity evaluations of ECF cellulose bleaching effluents using the Allium cepa L. test. Roa, O; Venegas, W; Yeber, MC, 2012)	0.64
" The shorter chain length surfactant (C(6)) was shown to be less cytotoxic than sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and all the lysine-derived surfactants were less toxic than the cationic cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of a thermoresponsive gel system combining ethyl(hydroxyethyl) cellulose and lysine-based surfactants. Araújo, MJ; Calejo, MT; Cardoso, AM; de Lima, MC; Jurado, AS; Kjøniksen, AL; Marques, EF; Nyström, B; Sande, SA, 2013)	0.61
" Evaluation of the panel of products showed Gynol II (a spermicidal gel containing 2% nonoxynol-9), KY Jelly, and Replens were toxic to Lactobacillus."	( Is wetter better? An evaluation of over-the-counter personal lubricants for safety and anti-HIV-1 activity. Brown, ER; Cost, M; Dezzutti, CS; Kunjara Na Ayudhya, RP; Leblanc, MA; Moncla, B; Pickett, J; Pryke, K; Rohan, LC; Russo, J; Uranker, K; Wang, L, 2012)	0.38
" Endpoints included immune biomarkers in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and endocervical cytobrushes, inflammatory infiltrates in vaginal biopsies, epithelial integrity by naked eye, colposcopy, and histology, CVL anti-HIV activity, vaginal microflora, pH, and adverse events."	( Toward early safety alert endpoints: exploring biomarkers suggestive of microbicide failure. Archer, DF; Callahan, MM; Chandra, N; Creinin, MD; Dezzutti, CS; Doncel, GF; Fichorova, RN; Hillier, SL; Lai, JJ; Mauck, CK; Schwartz, JL; Weiner, DH, 2013)	0.39
" Results of acute oral toxicity tests on ICR mice suggested that the hydrogels are nontoxic up to 2000 mg/kg when administered orally, as no toxic response or histopathological changes were observed in comparison to control mice."	( Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model. Amin, MC; Mohamad, N; Pandey, M, 2014)	0.8
"8%) were discontinued due to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.4
"This study demonstrated, in real-life conditions and on a large sample, that PLLA injections were feasible, efficient, and safe when performed by trained physicians."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.4
" Although it is difficult to prove that the search is complete, and it is possible that side-effects remain unreported, the combination of glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose and purified water is considered to be safe for intrauterine application and tubal patency testing, indicating an optimal risk-benefit ratio in clinical use."	( Safety aspects and side-effects of ExEm-gel and foam for uterine cavity distension and tubal patency testing. Emanuel, MH; Exalto, N; Stassen, M, 2014)	0.6
" Although nanocellulose is presently produced only on a small scale, its possible toxic effects should be investigated at this early stage."	( Genotoxic and immunotoxic effects of cellulose nanocrystals in vitro. Alenius, H; Catalán, J; Hannukainen, KS; Ilves, M; Järventaus, H; Kontturi, E; Norppa, H; Savolainen, KM; Vanhala, E, 2015)	1.05
" We compared changes generated with N9 and BZK treatment to the changes generated in response to tenofovir gel, a candidate microbicide that holds promise as a safe and effective microbicide."	( New candidate biomarkers in the female genital tract to evaluate microbicide toxicity. D'Andrea, A; Fields, S; Fong, J; Mirsalis, J; Rasoul, B; Shew, K; Song, B; Works, MG; Yiu, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of the present study was to determine whether applying obstetric gel, a noninvasive method of pain management that is safe both for the mother and the child, during labor influences delivery satisfaction by facilitating pain management and decreasing exhaustion."	( Searching for Medical Substances Safe for Mother and Child, Facilitating the Delivery of Pain Management and Decreasing Exhaustion--Evaluation of Obstetric Gel by Pregnant Women. Kwasniewska, A; Makara-Studzinska, M; Rolinska, AA; Tomasz, G, 2015)	0.42
" The results demonstrated that CNCs were not significantly toxic at concentrations at or below 250 mg/L."	( Biological toxicity of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) against the luxCDABE-based bioluminescent bioreporter Escherichia coli 652T7. Arnholt, K; Du, L; Liang, C; Ripp, S; Sayler, G; Wang, J; Wang, S; Zhuang, J, 2015)	0.73
" For the in vitro cytotoxic test with L929 mouse fibroblast cells, our novel dressing was not toxic to the cells and also promoted cell migration as good as the commercially available dressing, possibly due to the component of sericin released."	( The safety and efficacy of bacterial nanocellulose wound dressing incorporating sericin and polyhexamethylene biguanide: in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Aramwit, P; Napavichayanun, S; Yamdech, R, 2016)	0.7
" However, ACPB-AgNP showed environmental risks, with toxic effect to the aquatic organism Hydra attenuata (i."	( Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse: Silver nanoparticle modification and ecotoxicity assessment. Castro, VL; Clemente, Z; Delite, FS; Gonçalves, SPC; Martinez, DST; Strauss, M, 2016)	0.43
" The overall aim was to end up with a selection of safe polymer coated liposomes with promising mucoadhesive properties for drug delivery to the oral cavity."	( Polymer coated liposomes for use in the oral cavity - a study of the in vitro toxicity, effect on cell permeability and interaction with mucin. Hiorth, M; Jacobsen, J; Kjøniksen, AL; Klemetsrud, T; Smistad, G, 2018)	0.48
" xylinus strains that are used as cellulose producers to obtain safe biomaterials in the context of low cytotoxicity and macrophage induction."	( Correlation between type of alkali rinsing, cytotoxicity of bio-nanocellulose and presence of metabolites within cellulose membranes. Bartoszewicz, M; Chodaczek, G; Dziadas, M; Fijałkowski, K; Junka, A; Mikołajewicz, K; Młynarz, P; Sedghizadeh, PP; Smutnicka, D; Szymczyk, P; Ząbek, A; Żywicka, A, 2017)	0.97
" Our results showed that NCF were more toxic compared to CNC particles with respect to cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses."	( Fibrillar vs crystalline nanocellulose pulmonary epithelial cell responses: Cytotoxicity or inflammation? Beezhold, D; Fadeel, B; Farcas, MT; Fournier, PM; Friend, S; Iavicoli, I; Kisin, ER; Menas, AL; Russo, M; Shurin, GV; Shvedova, AA; Star, A; Vogel, UB; Yanamala, N, 2017)	0.75
" Results also demonstrated that Ag nanorods have not merely remarkably antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but safe for using in human life, which exhibited no effect on eukaryotic cells."	( Green approach for one-pot synthesis of silver nanorod using cellulose nanocrystal and their cytotoxicity and antibacterial assessment. Fouda, A; Shaheen, TI, 2018)	0.72
" We confirmed that PHB, CNWs and the reinforced blends (PHB/CNWs) are safe and lack cytotoxicity in human cells, which make them good candidates for implant materials."	( Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of biomaterials based in polyhydroxybutyrate reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers determined in human peripheral leukocytes. Juárez, E; López, UF; Morales, AG; Torres, M; Vieyra, H, 2018)	0.7
" We conclude that CNF displays a low toxic potential to filter-feeding organisms and the expected environmental risks are low."	( Multi-level toxicity assessment of engineered cellulose nanofibrils in Daphnia magna. Breitholtz, M; Edlund, U; Ek, K; Gorokhova, E; Könnecke, O; Liewenborg, B; Linde, M; Navarro, JRG; Ogonowski, M, 2018)	0.74
" No sign of infection or adverse event was observed after treatment with both dressings."	( Inflammatory reaction, clinical efficacy, and safety of bacterial cellulose wound dressing containing silk sericin and polyhexamethylene biguanide for wound treatment. Ampawong, S; Angspatt, A; Aramwit, P; Harnsilpong, T; Napavichayanun, S, 2018)	0.72
" Further studies utilizing other specific tests, such as corneal lineage are required before safe and efficient ophthalmologic use."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.76
"All low-sodium sausage types tested are suggested to be safe in terms of subacute toxicity."	( Subacute feeding toxicity of low-sodium sausages manufactured with sodium substitutes and biopolymer-encapsulated saltwort (Salicornia herbacea) in a mouse model. Hur, SJ; Jung, EY; Kim, OY; Lee, DY; Lee, SY; Yim, DG, 2020)	0.56
" Cytotoxicity results indicated that COMS were safe on skin cells, when compared to pure CO."	( Ecofriendly Ethyl Cellulose Microsponges of Citronella Oil: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Larvicidal assay. Kumar, N; Kumar, S; Rao, R; Sharma, R; Singh, SP, 2020)	0.89
" As work with the virus is recommended to be performed at biosafety level 3, validated methods to effectively inactivate the virus to enable the safe study of RNA, DNA, and protein from infected cells are also needed."	( Propagation, Inactivation, and Safety Testing of SARS-CoV-2. Basler, CF; Jureka, AS; Silvas, JA, 2020)	0.56
" However, the presence of several toxic substances can prevent its agricultural application."	( Effects of biostimulation by sugarcane bagasse and coffee grounds on sewage sludges, focusing agricultural use: Microbial characterization, respirometric assessment and toxicity reduction. de Marchi, MRR; Levy, CE; Mazzeo, DEC; Misovic, A; Oehlmann, J; Oliveira, FA, 2020)	0.56
"The growing applications of nanocelluloses in the fields of advanced nanocomposites, electronics, and medical devices necessitate investigation of their potential adverse effects on human health."	( Pulmonary toxicity and RNA sequencing analyses of mouse in response to exposure to cellulose nanofibrils. Chen, HT; Li, R; Pei, XX; Song, LY; Sun, XZ; Wu, YZ, 2020)	1.07
" There was a total of seven adverse events in the study, none of which had causality related to either the NORC or ORC."	( Efficacy and safety of regenerated cellulose topical gauze haemostats in managing secondary haemostasis: a randomised control trial. Abate, G; Conrad, J; Develle, R; Najibi, S; Schaerf, R, 2020)	0.84
"The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of Sculptra Aesthetic when using a reconstitution volume of 7 to 10 mL, via collection of adverse events related to the product or injection procedure reported in medical records."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
" Medical records for subjects treated in the facial area with Sculptra Aesthetic reconstituted to 7–10 mL were reviewed to obtain information about demographics, treatment data, and adverse events."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
" Liver and dermal histological and pathological analyses demonstrated that hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogels based on khellin loaded in the ASC10 ascosomes have no toxic effects."	( Hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogel for skin delivery of khellin loaded in ascosomes: Characterization, in vitro/in vivo performance and acute toxicity. Bergonzi, MC; Bilia, AR; Risaliti, L; Vanti, G; Wang, M; Yu, X, 2021)	1.21
" The aqueous solution of all types of tested CNC has not been toxic to mice after oral administration."	( Hemocompatibility, biodegradability and acute toxicity of acetylated cellulose nanocrystals of different types in comparison. Drozd, NN; Paderin, NM; Tarabukin, DV; Torlopov, MA; Udoratina, EV, 2021)	0.86
" The SK-H variant was highly toxic to the rotifer."	( Ecotoxicity of cationic cellulose polymers to aquatic biota: The influence of charge density. Alves, L; Antunes, FE; Lopes, I; Simões, AM; Venâncio, C, 2022)	1.03
" Nanoparticles were administered intravenously in Swiss albino mice, in multiple dosing (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight) and outcomes of serum biochemistry analysis and histopathology evaluation exhibited that the highest 50 mg/kg administration of NPs altered biochemistry and histopathology aspects of vital organs, while doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg were safe and biocompatible."	( Dose dependent safety implications and acute intravenous toxicity of aminocellulose-grafted-polycaprolactone coated gelatin nanoparticles in mice. Ahmad, A; AlAsmari, AF; Ali, N; Ansari, MM; Khan, R; Maqbool, MT; Raza, SS, 2021)	0.85
" Herein, nZVI was modified by a β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP), which is considered an environmentally safe and inexpensive adsorbent of contaminants."	( Enhanced degradation of sulfamethoxazole by a modified nano zero-valent iron with a β-cyclodextrin polymer: Mechanism and toxicity evaluation. Černík, M; Dionysiou, DD; Krawczyk, K; Nguyen, NHA; Padil, VVT; Řezanka, M; Ševců, A; Silvestri, D; Wacławek, S; Łukowiec, D, 2022)	0.72
" The fibrous nature and high biopersistence of CNFs call for a thorough toxicity assessment, but it is presently unclear which physico-chemical properties could play a role in determining the potential toxic response to CNF."	( Surface functionalization and size modulate the formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic effects of cellulose nanofibrils. Aimonen, K; Catalán, J; Hartikainen, M; Imani, M; Moreno, C; Norppa, H; Rojas, OJ; Suhonen, S; Vanhala, E, 2022)	0.93
" However, the conclusions cannot be generalized to all types of CNFs, as the synthesis process and the dispersion method used for testing affect their physico-chemical properties and, hence, their toxic effects."	( Surface functionalization and size modulate the formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic effects of cellulose nanofibrils. Aimonen, K; Catalán, J; Hartikainen, M; Imani, M; Moreno, C; Norppa, H; Rojas, OJ; Suhonen, S; Vanhala, E, 2022)	0.93
" Ensuring the safe development of nanocellulose-based 3D bioprinting products will enable full market use of these sustainable resources throughout their life cycle."	( Nanocelluloses - Nanotoxicology, Safety Aspects and 3D Bioprinting. Catalán, J; Chinga-Carrasco, G; Rosendahl, J, 2022)	1.55
" Toxic effects were assessed up to 90 days after the last administration."	( Effect of Surface Modification on the Pulmonary and Systemic Toxicity of Cellulose Nanofibrils. Aimonen, K; Catalán, J; Hartikainen, M; Imani, M; Moreno, C; Norppa, H; Rojas, OJ; Saarelainen, H; Siivola, K; Suhonen, S; Vales, G; Vanhala, E; Wolff, H, 2022)	0.95
" Overall, the HG properties, together with its natural and eco-friendly composition, create a safe and efficient platform for the local treatment of non-resectable tumors or tumors requiring pre-surgical adjuvant therapy."	( Smart and eco-friendly N-isopropylacrylamide and cellulose hydrogels as a safe dual-drug local cancer therapy approach. Abasolo, I; Andrade, F; Durán-Lara, EF; Hide, D; Llaguno, M; Martell, M; Oliva, M; Rafael, D; Raurell, I; Roca-Melendres, MM; Schwartz, S; Vijayakumar, S, 2022)	0.98

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This paper reports the preparation and pharmacokinetic studies of DDP-EC-ms."	( [Studies on pharmacokinetics of cisplatin-ethylcellulose microspheres for maxillary arterial embolization in dogs]. Qi, XR; Wei, SL; Yang, J, 1992)	0.54
" A mono-compartment model was used to calculated pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing hemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile. Cano, M; Cao, C; Fernandez, E; Montoliu, J; Rivas, MC; Torras, J, 1991)	0.28
"Hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC)-ethyl cellulose (EC) microcapsules containing piretanide were newly by a solvent evaporation technique and their slow-release properties were evaluated on dissolution properties in vitro and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in beagle dogs."	( Preparation and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of hydroxy propyl cellulose-ethyl cellulose microcapsules containing piretanide. Goto, S; Kawata, M; Suzuki, N; Tsujiyama, T; Uchida, T, 1989)	0.86
" This modification of the pharmacokinetic processes has been simulated by computing the theoretical blood level curves."	( Simulation of pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug-cyclodextrin complexes. Fritsch, S; Habon, I; Szejtli, J, 1984)	0.27
"After administration of a single 2-g dose of ceftriaxone, the half-life of the drug during haemodialysis and the clearance of the dialyser were measured."	( Clearance of ceftriaxone during haemodialysis using cuprophane, haemophane and polysulfone dialysers. Gabutti, L; Marone, C; Taminelli-Beltraminelli, L, 1997)	0.3
" The SR formulation, by eliminating plasma peaks, allows a smoothing of the pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide."	( Galenic development and pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide sustained release 1.5 mg. Damien, G; Huet de Barochez, B; Schiavi, P, 1999)	0.3
" Apparent half-life of ranitidine during dialysis with PS (2."	( Ranitidine clearance during hemodialysis with high-flux membrane: comparison of polysulfone and cellulose acetate hemodialyzers. Fujimura, A; Hayasaka, T; Saito, T; Sugimoto, KI; Tsuruoka, S, 2000)	0.53
" Plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen in rabbits were investigated after oral administration of the prepared tablets."	( Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen from rapidly disintegrating compressed tablet prepared using microcrystalline cellulose (PH-M-06) and spherical sugar granules. Endo, H; Fujii, M; Ishikawa, T; Koizumi, N; Matsumoto, M; Mukai, B; Shirotake, S; Utoguchi, N; Watanabe, Y, 2001)	0.52
" Differential equations describing a two-compartment model were fit to the cefazolin serum concentration-time data over the study period, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Cefazolin dialytic clearance by high-efficiency and high-flux hemodialyzers. Bailie, GR; Frye, RF; Grabe, DW; Manley, HJ; Marx, MA; Mueller, BA; Sowinski, KM, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies in dogs after oral administration of acyclovir controlled-release capsules showed that the formulation was successful in providing slow release of aciclovir and was superior to a commercially available controlled-release formulation."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetic studies of acyclovir controlled-release capsules. Fei, H; Li, X; Tu, J; Wang, L; Yang, J, 2001)	0.31
" Differential equations describing a 2-compartment open-infusion pharmacokinetic model were fit to each individual subject's serum concentration-time data by iterative nonlinear weighted least-squares regression analysis using Adapt II (Biomedical Simulations Resource, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA)."	( Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in ESRD and removal by the cellulose acetate high performance-210 hemodialyzer. Hamburger, RJ; Kays, MB; Lucksiri, A; Mueller, BA; Scott, MK; Sowinski, KM, 2003)	0.56
" The serum concentrations were used to calculate all relevant pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Clearance of vancomycin during high-efficiency hemodialysis. Kasiwong, S; Klansuwan, N; Ratanajamit, C; Wangsiripaisan, A, 2006)	0.33
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" The concentration of VH in plasma of six dogs and its pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration of VH-COERP and VH-DRP at different times were studied by RP-HPLC."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of RH-ST and ranolazine hydrochloride common tablets (RH-CT) as reference were compared."	( [Optimization of the formulation of ranolazine hydrochloride sustained-release tablet and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Li, CJ; Li, Y; Wang, JY; Yang, QM; Yu, YL; Zhang, YH, 2010)	0.36
" The CoQ(10)/s-SEDDS was prepared by spray-drying an emulsion preconcentrate containing CoQ(10), medium-chain triglyceride, sucrose ester of fatty acid, and hydroxypropyl cellulose, and its physicochemical, photochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated."	( Novel solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system of coenzyme Q₁₀ with improved photochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviors. Hatanaka, J; Kato, M; Kuriyama, K; Miyoshi, H; Nakamura, T; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Tanaka, T; Uchida, A; Yamada, S, 2012)	0.57
" The pharmacodynamic effect of the chosen preparation was tested on the shaved back of histamine sensitized rabbits."	( Microencapsulation of hydroxyzine HCl by thermal phase separation: in vitro release enhancement and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation. Ibrahim Soliman, I; latif Aziz, R; Zaki Rizkalla, CM, 2013)	0.39
"We investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of (R)- and (S)-zaltoprofen (ZPF) in rats using rapid and selective liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction (SPE)."	( Chiral pharmacokinetics of zaltoprofen in rats by HPLC with solid-phase extraction. Chu, VM; Hoang, VL; Jung, SH; Kang, JS; Kim, KT; Kim, SH; Lee, KC; Lee, W; Lee, YK; Nguyen, VL; Park, KR, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic evaluation of MS5 in rabbits revealed 10-fold increase in bioavailability as compared to native curcumin, demonstrated the superiority of microsponges over native curcumin as gastro retentive drug delivery system."	( Assessing the viability of microsponges as gastro retentive drug delivery system of curcumin: optimization and pharmacokinetics. Arya, P; Pathak, K, 2014)	0.4
"A series of in vitro dissolution and clinical pharmacokinetic studies were performed to support the design and introduction of a new formulation, understand the impact of changes in in vitro dissolution on in vivo performance for two fostamatinib formulations, to characterize the effects of food and ranitidine on exposure, and determine the absolute oral bioavailability."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic parameters for the formulation containing SLS and HPC."	( Efavirenz dissolution enhancement III: Colloid milling, pharmacokinetics and electronic tongue evaluation. Bilatto, SE; Cabral, LM; Corrêa, DS; da Costa, MA; Fandaruff, C; Hoffmeister, CR; Pitta, LR; Prado, LD; Rocha, HV; Silva, MA; Tasso, L, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic studies were performed on DAC-OTC composite system and commercial tablet (COTA)."	( Potential of di-aldehyde cellulose for sustained release of oxytetracycline: A pharmacokinetic study. Chanda, D; Khare, P; Mishra, D; Shanker, K; Singh, A, 2019)	0.82
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in rabbits."	( Formulation and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Ethyl Cellulose/HPMC-Based Oral Expandable Sustained Release Dosage of Losartan Potassium. Fazli, AA; Khan, NA; Raza, SN; Sheikh, FA; Wani, TU, 2022)	0.97

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study, mouse EGF given to rats by gastric intubation was confirmed to remain in the stomach at significantly high concentrations when given in combination with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), an agent that retards drug release."	( Protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced injury by intragastric bolus administration of epidermal growth factor combined with hydroxypropylcellulose. Imai, S; Itoh, M; Joh, T; Katsumi, K; Kawai, T; Takeuchi, T; Yokochi, K, 1992)	0.67
"The dynamic indentation hardness, tensile strength, bonding index, and brittle fracture index were employed to investigate the compaction properties of a plastic excipient, microcrystalline cellulose, and a brittle drug, sodium sulfathiazole, in combination with different levels of either magnesium stearate or talc."	( Compaction properties of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium sulfathiazole in combination with talc or magnesium stearate. McGinity, JW; Williams, RO, 1989)	0.73
"A new artificial liver support system (ALSS) consisting of plasma exchange (PE) in combination with hemodiafiltration (HDF) using high-performance membranes of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) was developed to efficiently remove middle molecules from plasma and treat fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) complicated by the onset of hepatic coma."	( Development of reliable artificial liver support (ALS)--plasma exchange in combination with hemodiafiltration using high-performance membranes. Iwamura, Y; Sekiyama, K; Sugata, F; Yoshiba, M, 1993)	0.48
"The expression of the TGF-beta 1 in conjunctival epithelium of 24 patients with dry eye were studied by impression cytology combined with immunohistochemical staining and observed by microscope."	( [Application of cellulose acetate membrane with the technique of impression cytology combined with immunohistochemical staining for detection of dry eye]. Feng, G; Lin, J; Luo, L; Zhang, P; Zhen, H; Zhong, X, 2000)	0.65
" Combined with immunohistochemistry staining, it is suitable to observe the conjunctival cells by this technique which has an important value for the examination of the ocular surface disease."	( [Application of cellulose acetate membrane with the technique of impression cytology combined with immunohistochemical staining for detection of dry eye]. Feng, G; Lin, J; Luo, L; Zhang, P; Zhen, H; Zhong, X, 2000)	0.65
" In combination with principal component-based methods, process analysis of three separate phases of high shear wet granulation (mixing, spraying, and wet massing) was facilitated."	( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes. Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)	0.33
" The study demonstrates for the first time that derivatized cellulose particles combined with MALDI-TOF MS represent a simple, economical, and rapid approach to generate serum protein profiles for biomarker identification."	( Derivatized cellulose combined with MALDI-TOF MS: a new tool for serum protein profiling. Bartsch, G; Bernardo, K; Bonn, GK; Feuerstein, I; Horninger, W; Huck, CW; Klocker, H; Kofler, K; Pelzer, A; Rainer, M; Stecher, G, )	0.75
" In this work, mild enzymatic hydrolysis has been introduced and combined with mechanical shearing and a high-pressure homogenization, leading to a controlled fibrillation down to nanoscale and a network of long and highly entangled cellulose I elements."	( Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Ahola, S; Ankerfors, M; Ikkala, O; Kosonen, H; Laine, J; Larsson, PT; Lindström, T; Nykänen, A; Osterberg, M; Pääkkö, M; Ruokolainen, J, 2007)	0.74
"A rapid and variable-volume sample loading scheme for chip-based sieving electrophoresis was developed by negative pressure combined with electrokinetic force."	( Rapid and variable-volume sample loading in sieving electrophoresis microchips using negative pressure combined with electrokinetic force. Qi, LY; Wang, M; Yin, XF; Zhang, L, 2008)	0.35
" Results indicated it was possible to prepare high-dose sustained-release NA pellets combined with little-dose immediate release SIM by spraying double EC polymer and SIM milled suspension on NA pellets in a bottom-spray fluidized bed coater, respectively."	( Preparation and evaluation of nicotinic acid sustained-release pellets combined with immediate release simvastatin. Guan, T; Hong, M; Li, G; Tang, X; Tao, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2010)	0.36
" When WLBU2 was combined with CAP/PF-127, an apparent binding of peptide to polymer significantly decreased the activity compared with free WLBU2, which functions like other cationic peptides by destabilising the bacterial membrane."	( Bioactivity of WLBU2 peptide antibiotic in combination with bioerodible polymer. Mahajan, R; McClanahan, JR; Montelaro, RC; Novak, KF; Peyyala, R; Puleo, DA, 2011)	0.37
"5% LiCl, combined with intrinsic viscosity measurements in Cuen."	( A re-investigation of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters for cellulose in Cuen: a study based on size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle light scattering and viscometry. Christensen, BE; Kes, M, 2013)	0.63
" In present study, three kinds of nerve guide conduits were constructed: one from cellulose/SPI hollow tube (CSC), another from CSC combined with SCs (CSSC), and the third one from CSSC combined with PQQ (CSSPC), respectively."	( Construction of nerve guide conduits from cellulose/soy protein composite membranes combined with Schwann cells and pyrroloquinoline quinone for the repair of peripheral nerve defect. Chen, Y; Gan, L; Huselstein, C; Liu, Y; Luo, L; Tian, W; Tong, Z; Wang, X, 2015)	0.91
" Herein, we developed a fine floating tablet via compression coating of hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropyl cellulose) combined with effervescent agent (sodium bicarbonate) to achieve simultaneous control of release rate and location of ofloxacin."	( Floating tablets for controlled release of ofloxacin via compression coating of hydroxypropyl cellulose combined with effervescent agent. Chen, H; Ma, N; Qi, X; Rui, Y; Wu, Z; Yang, F, 2015)	0.85
" The experiments were carried out for 2h using 40 g of supercritical carbon dioxide combined with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 15."	( Supercritical carbon dioxide combined with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and ethanol for the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Corazza, ML; Ramos, LP; Silveira, MH; Vanelli, BA, 2015)	0.42
"Scope of the study was (1) to develop a lean quantitative calibration for real-time near-infrared (NIR) blend monitoring, which meets the requirements in early development of pharmaceutical products and (2) to compare the prediction performance of this approach with the results obtained from stratified sampling using a sample thief in combination with off-line high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and at-line near-infrared chemical imaging (NIRCI)."	( Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of real-time NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging. Bakri, B; Hauck, G; Reich, G; Weimer, M, 2015)	0.42
"To study the feasibility of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) combined with small intestinal submucosa powder (SISP)/chitosan chloride (CSCl)-β-glycerol phosphate disodium (GP)-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) for adipose tissue engineering."	( [HUMAN ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS COMBINED WITH SMALL INTESNITAL SUBMUCOSA POWDER/CHITOSAN CHLORIDE-β-GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE DISODIUM-HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE HYBRID FOR ADIPOSE TISSUE ENGINEERING]. Deng, X; Lü, Q; Luo, J; Xiong, B; Zhang, S, 2015)	0.81
" Unexpectedly, this domain is combined with a second domain with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) fold, this being the first reported example of a CBM in association with a thioredoxin-like domain fold."	( Structure of the ectodomain of the electron transporter Rv2874 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a thioredoxin-like domain combined with a carbohydrate-binding module. Baker, EN; Goldstone, DC; Metcalf, P, 2016)	0.43
"Cellulose nanofibers were successfully isolated from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonic nanofibrillation processes."	( Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication. De Hoop, CF; Hse, CY; Hu, T; Qi, J; Shupe, TF; Xie, J, 2016)	2.16
"The current study reports the biocompatibility and biomechanical characteristics of loofah-based scaffolds combined with hydroxyapatite (HA), cellulose, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) with chondrocytes-like cells."	( Biocompatibility and biomechanical characteristics of loofah based scaffolds combined with hydroxyapatite, cellulose, poly-l-lactic acid with chondrocyte-like cells. Cecen, B; Ergur, BU; Havitcioglu, H; Kozaci, LD; Ustun, O; Yuksel, M, 2016)	0.85
"In this experiment, corn stover was treated with optimal combined pretreatment conditions: 2% NaOH at 80 °C treated 2 h combined with initial pH 9 at the ozone concentration of 78 mg/mL treated 25 min."	( Evaluation of the Effects of Isolated Lignin on Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover Pretreatment by NaOH Combined with Ozone. Fang, S; Liu, P; Tong, S; Wang, W; Zhang, C, 2018)	0.74
"The present study describes the preparation and characterization of composite films from bacterial cellulose produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus combined with poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan."	( Composite Films with UV-Barrier Properties Based on Bacterial Cellulose Combined with Chitosan and Poly(vinyl alcohol): Study of Puncture and Water Interaction Properties. Cazón, P; Vázquez, M; Velazquez, G, 2019)	0.97
"The effects of liquid hot water combined with 1, 4-butanediol (LHW-BDO) on the chemical composition and structure of moso bamboo were investigated."	( Effects of Liquid Hot Water Combined with 1, 4-Butanediol on Chemical Composition and Structure of Moso Bamboo. Jiang, JC; Wei, M; Xie, JC; Xu, H; Yang, J; Zhang, N; Zhao, J, 2020)	0.56
" The in vivo antitumor activity of IFN-α2b-incorporated hydroxypropyl cellulose hydrogels combined with CIK and radiation was evaluated in an MKN-45 xenografted nude mice model."	( Superior Antitumor Efficacy of IFN-α2b-Incorporated Photo-Cross-Linked Hydrogels Combined with T Cell Transfer and Low-Dose Irradiation Against Gastric Cancer. Chu, Y; Liu, B; Liu, Q; Qian, H; Shao, J; Xu, Q; Yang, Y; Zhang, D, 2020)	0.79
"Biodegradable hemostatic gauze used for surgical hemostasis has attracted great interest due to its excellent compliance and local anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects when combined with drugs."	( Doxorubicin-Loaded In Situ Gel Combined with Biocompatible Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Hemostatic Gauze for Controlled Release of Drugs and Prevention of Breast Cancer Recurrence Postsurgery. Liu, BL; Wang, GL; Xie, Y; Xue, BZ; Yan, BY; Yi, LY, 2020)	0.79
"The feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics for the rapid detection of the cellulose and hemicellulose contents in corn stover is discussed."	( Rapid detection of cellulose and hemicellulose contents of corn stover based on near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Li, L; Li, W; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Shi, J; Sun, Y; Wang, N; Zhang, B, 2021)	1.16
" PICRUSt analysis showed that MJ2 combined with biochar promoted metabolic pathways related to substrate degradation and microbial metabolism."	( Bioaugmentation combined with biochar to enhance thermophilic hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse. Chen, X; Cheng, JR; Hu, BB; Huang, JR; Zhu, MJ, 2022)	0.72
" To rapidly detect the C and H contents in CS by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the characteristic wavelength selection algorithms of backward partial least squares (BIPLS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), BIPLS combined with CARS, BIPLS combined with a genetic simulated annealing algorithm (GSA), and CARS combined with a GSA were used to select the wavelength variables (WVs) for C and H, and the corresponding regression correction models were established."	( Rapid Determination of Cellulose and Hemicellulose Contents in Corn Stover Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Wavelength Selection. Feng, J; Li, L; Liu, J; Sun, Y; Wang, N, 2022)	1.03
"In this study, the preparation parameters of cellulose nanofibers from potato residues (PCNFs) by ultrasonication combined with high-pressure homogenization were optimized based on yield, zeta-potential and morphology."	( Preparation of cellulose nanofibers from potato residues by ultrasonication combined with high-pressure homogenization. Fauconnier, ML; Li, M; Liu, X; Mu, T; Sun, H, 2023)	1.52

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Lean rats fed the hydrogented oil diets gained less weight than controls fed corn oil diets, even in the presence of compensatory hyperphagia, because of the enhanced fecal excretion of water and metabolites caused by the poorly absorbed fat diet."	( Caloric compensatory responses to diets containing either nonabsorbable carbohydrate or lipid by obese and lean Zucker rats. Comai, K; Sullivan, AC; Triscari, J, 1978)	0.26
" The ground mixtures significantly improved the bioavailability of phenytoin."	( Dissolution behavior and bioavailability of phenytoin from a ground mixture with microcrystalline cellulose. Arita, T; Nakai, Y; Nakano, M; Takayama, Y; Yamamoto, K, 1976)	0.47
" The use of the solid phase assay is demonstrated comparing the bioavailability of various digoxin derivatives."	( A solid phase radioimmunoassay for digoxin and its acylated derivatives. Arndts, D, 1975)	0.25
"The rate of release of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) coated and uncoated from suppositories in vitro, and the bioavailability of ASA in vivo were examined."	( The study of the bioavailability of coated acetylsalicylic acid in suppositories after rectal administration. Stozek, T, )	0.13
" The cumulative and hourly output of 14C in the expired air, the absorption rate of 14C in the intestine, and the metabolic utilization rate of 14C were calculated."	( Effects of pectin and cellulose on fat absorption after massive small-bowel resection in weanling rats. Morotomi, Y; Sato, Y; Todani, T; Toki, A; Uemura, S; Watanabe, Y, )	0.45
"The choice of vehicle for patch test materials is important for the bioavailability and stability of the allergens."	( Aspects of pharmaceutical and chemical standardization of patch test materials. Hansen, J; Kreilgård, B, 1989)	0.28
" These data suggest that dietary fiber, as cellulose or the indigestible component of wheat bran, does not adversely affect the bioavailability of vitamin B-6."	( Bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from rat diets containing wheat bran or cellulose. Betschart, AA; Hudson, CA; Oace, SM, 1988)	0.77
"Apparent intestinal permeability was determined indirectly by orally administering a poorly absorbed dye, phenol red, to rats and measuring its recovery in feces and in urine."	( Effects of certain dietary fibers on apparent permeability of the rat intestine. Chang, GW; Shiau, SY, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of theophylline microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent was studied in rats."	( Bioavailability studies of theophylline ethylcellulose microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent. Lin, SY; Yang, JC, 1987)	0.53
" It seems that success in sustained release of a drug depended on the magnitude of the gastric-emptying and intestinal-transit rate constant (kgi) of microcapsules, in the case of a drug with a small absorption rate constant (ka) as observed with ampicillin."	( In vivo evaluation of ethyl cellulose microcapsules containing ampicillin using rabbits, beagle dogs and humans. Goto, S; Kawata, M; Uchida, T, 1986)	0.57
" The bioavailability of the natural lysine was 88."	( The bioavailability of supplementary lysine and its effect on the energy and nitrogen excretion of adult cockerels fed diets diluted with cellulose. Sibbald, IR; Wolynetz, MS, 1985)	0.47
"The effects of cellulose, pectin and bran on the bioavailability of pyridoxine (PN) were examined using rat and chick bioassay methods."	( Effects of selected polysaccharides on the bioavailability of pyridoxine in rats and chicks. Damron, BL; Gregory, JF; Nguyen, LB, 1981)	0.62
" These reactions among fiber, inorganic iron, and other constituents of food may influence the bioavailability of dietary iron and the simple systems described here offer a means of dissecting interactions that are complex in vivo."	( Components of fiber bind iron in vitro. Fernandez, R; Phillips, SF, 1982)	0.26
"The oral bioavailability of new formulations of ceftizoxime sodium was investigated in animals and humans."	( Effect of ethyl cellulose in a medium-chain triglyceride on the bioavailability of ceftizoxime. Kozatani, J; Shimojo, F; Ueda, I, 1983)	0.61
" The verification of the bioavailability of chlorpromazine from PVP-, MC- and HEC-containing tablets and of a macromoleculefree standard preparation on rabbits showed considerable differences among the plasma curves."	( [Pharmaceutical and biologic availability of chlorpromazine from macromolecule-containing tablets]. Gulde, C; Voigt, R, 1983)	0.27
" Because the absorption rate of the active ingredients pseudoephedrine and gauifenesin is governed by the dissolution rate, the observed differences suggest that the products tested may differ in biologic performance."	( Use of in vitro and in vivo data in the design, development, and quality control of sustained-release decongestant dosage forms. Brock, MH; Dansereau, RJ; Patel, VS, )	0.13
" In the in vivo evaluation using abdominal rat skin, the ethanol/panasate 800 (40/60)-7% (w/w) ethylcellulose gel produced a good feature as a sustained-release preparation, with a relatively high bioavailability (BA) of theophylline, and dose dependency was observed."	( Transdermal delivery of theophylline using an ethanol/panasate 800-ethylcellulose gel preparation. Goto, S; Kim, NS; Kitagawa, K; Lee, CK; Uchida, T, 1995)	0.74
" A good correlation was demonstrated between the absorption rate constant, ka and the dissolution rate constant, kd."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
" These results confirmed that the addition of L-HPC to the cores increases not only the dissolution rate but also the bioavailability of SPFX."	( Role of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose in dissolution and bioavailability of novel fine granule system for masking bitter taste. Fujioka, H; Nakamura, Y; Shirai, Y; Sogo, K, 1994)	0.56
" Therefore, any effect of DF on the rate of absorption of glucose is presumably an effect on gastric emptying rather than displacement of the site of starch absorption in the small intestine."	( Effects of reducing the starch content in oat-based diets with cellulose on jejunal flow and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum in pigs. Johansen, HN; Knudsen, KE, 1994)	0.53
"To modify the release rate of nifedipine, a potent calcium channel antagonist, a double-layer tablet was designed, anticipating a more balanced oral bioavailability and a prolonged efficacy than the simple plain tablet."	( Design and in-vitro evaluation of a modified-release oral dosage form of nifedipine by hybridization of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropylcellulose. Hirayama, F; Horikawa, T; Uekama, K; Wang, Z, 1993)	0.48
"5) was selected as an appropriate modified-release formulation because it elicited almost comparable retarding effects with superior oral bioavailability compared with those of a commercially available slow-release nifedipine product."	( In-vivo and in-vitro evaluations of a modified-release oral dosage form of nifedipine by hybridization of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropylcelluloses in dogs. Hirayama, F; Uekama, K; Wang, Z, 1994)	0.49
" One key facet of this study was to attempt to understand the distribution and ultimate bioavailability of the peptide dispersed in an inert polymer matrix."	( XPS and TOF-SIMS microanalysis of a peptide/polymer drug delivery device. Annapragada, A; Fu Lu, MY; John, CM; Odom, RW; Salvati, L, 1995)	0.29
" These results suggest that poorly absorbed fermentable dietary carbohydrate stimulates postprandial plasma enteroglucagon and inhibits serum gastrin release in the rat."	( Fermentable carbohydrate modulates postprandial enteroglucagon and gastrin release in rats. Gee, JM; Johnson, IT; Lee-Finglas, W, 1996)	0.29
" By comparing the areas under serum concentration-time curves (AUCs), the bioavailability of cisplatin was estimated to be 31%."	( Oral sustained-release cisplatin preparation for rats and mice. Amano, Y; Hitomi, S; Ike, O; Nakai, N; Nakano, K; Ogita, I; Takada, K; Wada, H, 1997)	0.3
"In order to develop nasal powder preparations with higher bioavailability for peptide delivery, the effect of a combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) used as base materials and microenvironment for the drugs in the preparations was examined."	( Mucosal drug delivery using cellulose derivatives as a functional polymer. Makino, Y; Suzuki, Y, 1999)	0.8
"These results indicate that dietary fiber supplementation decreases the antioxidative effect of a supplement consisting of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol in LDL, an effect that is likely to be mediated by a reduced bioavailability of these antioxidants in the gut."	( Dietary fiber reduces the antioxidative effect of a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture on LDL oxidation ex vivo in humans. Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)	0.3
" The bioavailability of the CPH gel formulation prepared with HPMC was almost identical to that of the oral route."	( In vivo studies on nasal preparations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Akev, N; Birteksöz, S; Can, A; Gerçeker, A; Ozsoy, Y; Tunçel, T, 2000)	0.31
" Relationships between dietary fibre, ALN, MC, bioavailability of dietary minerals and risk of colorectal cancer are discussed."	( Dietary fibre on cell proliferation in large bowel mucosal crypts near or away from lymphoid nodules and on mineral bioavailability. Cameron, IL; Carter, JW; Hardman, WE; Heitman, DW, 2000)	0.31
" A nasal spray formulation of ketorolac tromethamine showed the highest absorption with an absolute bioavailability of 91%."	( Development and evaluation of nasal formulations of ketorolac. Needham, TE; Quadir, M; Zia, H, )	0.13
" Microbial adaptation to the presence of high concentrations of soil heavy metals and reduced bioavailability of metals is the likely explanation for this phenomenon."	( Microbial cellulose decomposition in soils from a rifle range contaminated with heavy metals. Chew, I; Obbard, JP; Stanforth, RR, 2001)	0.71
"The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a drug from rapidly disintegrating tablets prepared using fine spherical crystalline cellulose (PH-M-06) and spherical sugar granules (Nonpareil, NP)."	( Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen from rapidly disintegrating compressed tablet prepared using microcrystalline cellulose (PH-M-06) and spherical sugar granules. Endo, H; Fujii, M; Ishikawa, T; Koizumi, N; Matsumoto, M; Mukai, B; Shirotake, S; Utoguchi, N; Watanabe, Y, 2001)	0.72
" Developed bioadhesive spheres and tablets increase the solubility of glipizide which may increase its bioavailability and also increased the adherence of the bioadhesive systems to the mucous membrane so that once daily dose can be administered."	( Evaluation of bioadhesive glipizide spheres and compacts from spheres prepared by extruder/marumerizer technique. Garcia, J; Ghaly, ES, 2001)	0.31
"0% bioavailability by virtue of HPC increasing the dissolution and retarding the mucociliary clearance."	( Enhanced pulmonary absorption following aerosol administration of mucoadhesive powder microspheres. Kinoshita, W; Makino, Y; Sakagami, M; Sakon, K, 2001)	0.31
" The fungi analysed may facilitate the composting of lignocellulosic wastes by means of an increase in substrate bioavailability and OM humification."	( The effect of aeration on the biotransformation of lignocellulosic wastes by white-rot fungi. Elorrieta, MA; López, MJ; Moreno, J; Suárez-Estrella, F; Vargas-García, MC, 2002)	0.31
" Occlusive dressing techniques had a greater enhancing effect on the bioavailability of ibuprofen when released from Pluronic gels."	( Percutaneous absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from in situ gelling xyloglucan formulations in rats. Attwood, D; Bachynsky, J; Kawasaki, N; Kubo, W; Loebenberg, R; Miyazaki, S; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, A, 2002)	0.31
"Mucoadhesive microspheres made of oppositely charged dextran derivatives and cellulose acetate butyrate (Ad-MS) were evaluated for their ability to improve the bioavailability of theophylline (TH) and thiamine disulfide (TDS)."	( Bioavailability of theophylline and thiamine disulfide incorporated into mucoadhesive microspheres consisting of dextran derivatives and cellulose acetate butyrate. Miyazaki, Y; Nagai, T; Ogihara, K; Takayama, K; Yakou, S, 2003)	0.75
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study in eight human subjects were performed by HPLC method."	( [Studies on diclofenac sodium pulsatile release pellets]. Dang, DS; Guo, T; Song, HT; Sui, Y; Sun, XH; Zheng, CL, 2003)	0.32
"8 h, and the bioavailability was (91 +/- 12)%."	( [Studies on diclofenac sodium pulsatile release pellets]. Dang, DS; Guo, T; Song, HT; Sui, Y; Sun, XH; Zheng, CL, 2003)	0.32
" The mean absolute bioavailability of ranitidine from the immediate release, small intestinal release and colonic release formulations were 50."	( The use of formulation technology to assess regional gastrointestinal drug absorption in humans. Basit, AW; Ell, PJ; Lacey, LF; Newton, JM; Podczeck, F; Waddington, WA, 2004)	0.32
"To develop high bioavailability preparations without irritation for Panax notoginsenosides."	( [Studies on formulations of Panax notoginsenosides for intranasal administration]. Chen, DF; Fang, XL; Li, JC; Xu, QF, 2003)	0.32
"Saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) was absorbed in rabbits more when administered intranasally than through other routines, and the formulations including MCC both gave high bioavailability and low irritation."	( [Studies on formulations of Panax notoginsenosides for intranasal administration]. Chen, DF; Fang, XL; Li, JC; Xu, QF, 2003)	0.32
" Moreover, administration of the matrix-in-cylinder system resulted in a 4-fold increase in propranolol bioavailability when compared with a commercial sustained release formulation (Inderal)."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a matrix-in-cylinder system for sustained drug delivery. Gielen, I; Mehuys, E; Remon, JP; Van Bree, H; Vervaet, C, 2004)	0.32
"The bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices based on ethyl cellulose and a hydrophilic excipient was tested."	( Bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices. De Brabander, C; Remon, JP; Van Bortel, L; Vervaet, C, 2004)	0.55
" Sorption to such lignocellulosic materials may limit the bioavailability of organic contaminants in landfills."	( Effect of cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin on the bioavailability of toluene sorbed to waste paper. Barlaz, MA; Chen, Y; Knappe, DR, 2004)	0.73
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."	( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form]. Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)	0.33
" With the delivery system containing 3 kDa LMWH (279 IU) a relative bioavailability of 19."	( Oral heparin delivery: design and in vivo evaluation of a stomach-targeted mucoadhesive delivery system. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Leitner, VM; Schmitz, T, 2005)	0.33
" As results correlated well with those obtained with a classical biochemical methane potential assay, this new and rapid test is sufficiently reliable to evaluate cellulose bioavailability in waste samples."	( Development of an enzymatic assay for the determination of cellulose bioavailability in municipal solid waste. Charlier, R; Hiligsmann, S; Ongena, M; Rodriguez, C; Thonart, P, 2005)	0.77
"A new method to assess phosphorus bioavailability in the sediments and soils was developed by using a homemade iron oxide/ cellulose acetate membrane(FeO/CAM)."	( [New method to assess phosphorus bioavailability in the sediments and soils]. Huang, QH; Ma, M; Wang, CX; Wang, DH; Wang, ZJ, 2005)	0.54
"For many new chemical entities (NCE) of very low solubility oral bioavailability enhancement by micronisation is not sufficient, the next step taken was nanonisation."	( Drug nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs produced by high pressure homogenisation. Keck, CM; Müller, RH, 2006)	0.33
"Micronization is a commonly used enabling technology to improve the bioavailability of compounds where absorption is dissolution rate limited."	( Increased dissolution rate and bioavailability through comicronization with microcrystalline cellulose. Babu, SR; Bhattachar, SN; Martin, PJ; Spence, JK; Wesley, JA, 2005)	0.55
" Although a significant difference in dissolution rate of the 20% and 30% xanthan gum mini-matrices was detected in vitro, the difference in relative bioavailability was limited (70."	( Xanthan gum to tailor drug release of sustained-release ethylcellulose mini-matrices prepared via hot-melt extrusion: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Remon, JP; Verhoeven, E; Vervaet, C, 2006)	0.58
" The absorption rate for lipophilic pollutants was very fast and exhibited some relationship with the octanol--water partition coefficient of the analyte."	( A biomimetic absorbent for removal of trace level persistent organic pollutants from water. Dai, R; Liu, H; Qu, J; Ru, J; Wang, Z, 2007)	0.34
"Enteric microparticles were prepared by a novel microencapsulation method in order to improve the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs."	( Encapsulation of lipophilic drugs within enteric microparticles by a novel coacervation method. Bodmeier, R; Dong, W, 2006)	0.33
" Also, nasal administration of this formulation gave a quicker absorption rate than subcutaneous administration of SCT."	( Improved nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin by powdery formulation with N-acetyl-L-cysteine as a mucolytic agent. Horikiri, Y; Matsuyama, T; Morita, T; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2006)	0.33
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" The enhanced bioavailability and elimination half-life observed in the present study may be due to the floating nature of the dosage form."	( Controlled release calcium silicate based floating granular delivery system of ranitidine hydrochloride. Agrawal, GP; Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Yadav, A, 2006)	0.33
" The pellets are capable of transfering lipophilic compounds into the aqueous phase and have a high potential to increase the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs."	( Preparation and characterization of a self-emulsifying pellet formulation. Abdalla, A; Mäder, K, 2007)	0.34
"Carbamazepine is a poor water soluble drug and its bioavailability is limited by dissolution rate."	( Evaluation of in vitro-in vivo correlation and anticonvulsive effect of carbamazepine after cogrinding with microcrystalline cellulose. Adibkia, K; Anoush, M; Barzegar-Jalali, A; Barzegar-Jalali, M; Hanaee, J; Nayebi, AM; Sistanizad, M; Valizadeh, H, 2006)	0.54
" Bioavailability studies in healthy pigs reveal that carvedilol has got good buccal absorption."	( Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of carvedilol. Chandrasekhar, K; Ramesh, G; Rao, YM; Vishnu, YV, 2007)	0.34
" However, pellets with higher coating level and correspondingly longer lag time showed decreased bioavailability of acetaminophen."	( In vitro and in vivo performance of a multiparticulate pulsatile drug delivery system. Dashevsky, A; Mohamad, A, 2007)	0.34
"The objective of the present study is to develop microspheres for celecoxib to enhance its bioavailability by increasing its gastric residence time."	( Development and evaluation of a gastroretentive drug delivery system for the low-absorption-window drug celecoxib. Ahuja, A; Ali, J; Baboota, S; Hasan, S; Tyagi, P, )	0.13
" An intranasal administration experiment revealed that the use of less wettable powders provided better nasal absorbability, and the highest absolute bioavailability (30."	( Influence of fillers in powder formulations containing N-acetyl-L-cysteine on nasal peptide absorption. Horikiri, Y; Matsuyama, T; Morita, T; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2007)	0.34
" Relative bioavailability of celecoxib was below 20% in all cases and was probably the consequence of a slow in vivo release of celecoxib from microparticles or low wettability in the case of Celebrex and physical mixture."	( Influence of polymers on the bioavailability of microencapsulated celecoxib. El Ghazouani, F; Homar, M; Kerc, J; Kristl, J; Maincent, P; Ubrich, N, 2007)	0.34
" The data indicate that TECAM represents a useful surrogate to estimate the bioavailability of PAHs and perhaps other hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in soils."	( Biomimetic accumulation of PAHs from soils by triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAMs) to estimate their bioavailability. Christie, P; Ke, R; Shan, XQ; Tao, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S, 2008)	0.58
" The kinetics of drug release, swelling and erosion, and dynamics of textural changes during dissolution for the designed composite systems offer a novel approach for developing gastro-retentive drug delivery system that has potential to enhance bioavailability and site-specific delivery to the proximal small intestine."	( Zero-order delivery of a highly soluble, low dose drug alfuzosin hydrochloride via gastro-retentive system. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2008)	0.35
" While comparing the results to those previously obtained from the bioavailability studies it could be concluded that it is possible to develop colon specific drug products that begin releasing the drug in the ileo-caecal junction or at the beginning of the ascending colon and spread the drug dose to a larger surface area by using enteric coats and hydrophilic polymers."	( Neutron activation based gamma scintigraphic evaluation of enteric-coated capsules for local treatment in colon. Ahonen, A; Kanerva, H; Lindevall, K; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Marvola, T, 2008)	0.35
"Adsorption to dissolved organic matter (DOM) may significantly decrease the freely dissolved concentration of many hydrophobic organic compounds and, hence, result in reduced bioavailability to aquatic organisms."	( Predicting bioavailability and accumulation of organochlorine pesticides by Japanese medaka in the presence of humic acid and natural organic matter using passive sampling membranes. Ke, R; Luo, J; Spear, PA; Sun, L; Wang, Z, 2007)	0.34
" Pectin might thus enhance the bioavailability of quercetin from rutin by altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal flora and/or gut physiological function."	( Effect of pectin enhancement on plasma quercetin and fecal flora in rutin-supplemented mice. Hirayama, K; Itoh, K; Nakagawa, H; Tamura, M; Tsushida, T, 2007)	0.34
" Buccal formulations were developed with hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and evaluated for in vitro release, moisture absorption, mechanical properties, and bioadhesion, and optimized formulation was subjected for bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers."	( Transbuccal delivery of chlorpheniramine maleate from mucoadhesive buccal patches. Gannu, R; Kishan, V; Naidu, KV; Rao, YM; Sekhar, KC; Vishnu, YV, )	0.38
"The real issue in the development of oral controlled release dosage forms is not just to prolong the delivery of drugs but also to prolong the presence of dosage forms in the stomach in order to improve the bioavailability of drugs with a 'narrow absorption window'."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ranitidine hydrochloride ethyl cellulose floating microparticles. Dandagi, PM; Gadad, AP; Kulkarni, AR; Mastiholimath, VS; Mathews, R, 2008)	0.58
" The relative bioavailability of the sustained-release pellets was studied in six beagle dogs after oral administration in a fast state using a commercially available immediate release tablet as a reference."	( Preparation and bioavailability of sustained-release doxofylline pellets in beagle dogs. He, HB; Huang, HF; Lu, Y; Tang, X, 2008)	0.35
"5%, wt/wt) showed optimum release and mucoadhesion properties and improved ocular bioavailability as evidenced by an enhanced therapeutic response compared with the marketed conventional eye drops."	( Ocular poloxamer-based ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in situ forming gels. Abd Elhady, SS; Mansour, M; Mansour, S; Mortada, ND, 2008)	0.35
" Its oral bioavailability is 25-35% because of first pass metabolism."	( Design and in vivo evaluation of carvedilol buccal mucoadhesive patches. Babu, P; Pandey, G; Thimmasetty, J, 2008)	0.35
"5-2 h and bioavailability (AUC) ranging from 24."	( An in vivo comparison of intestinal pH and bacteria as physiological trigger mechanisms for colonic targeting in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2008)	0.35
"Triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) was buried in 15 field-contaminated soils in parallel with the cultivation of wheat to predict bioavailability of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene to wheat roots, and the method was compared with chemical extraction methods."	( Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in soils to wheat roots with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes and comparison with chemical extraction. Christie, P; Tao, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S, 2008)	0.91
" These results suggest that TECAM can be a useful tool to predict bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils."	( Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils by passive sampling with triolein embedded cellulose acetate membranes. Christie, P; Tao, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S, 2009)	0.57
" Bioavailability was similar (p>0."	( Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2009)	0.35
"95 confidence band of HA-free control thereby indicating the participation of BkF-HA complex to the bioavailability and toxicity."	( Influence of humic acid on bioavailability and toxicity of benzo[k]fluoranthene to Japanese medaka. Chen, S; Ke, R; Khan, SU; Wang, Z; Zha, J, 2008)	0.35
" The relative bioavailability of darunavir versus the reference tablet (F(rel)) was 155% with kappa-carrageenan pellets and 2% with MCC pellets without ritonavir, while 78% and 9%, respectively, in presence of ritonavir."	( Improved bioavailability of darunavir by use of kappa-carrageenan versus microcrystalline cellulose as pelletisation aid. Baert, L; Geldof, M; Kleinebudde, P; Rosier, J; Schueller, L; Thommes, M; van 't Klooster, G, 2009)	0.57
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid pre-corneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and then undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac."	( Sustained ophthalmic delivery of ofloxacin from an ion-activated in situ gelling system. Abraham, S; Basavaraj, BV; Bharath, S; Deveswaran, R; Furtado, S; Madhavan, V, 2009)	0.35
"Amorphous engineered particle compositions of itraconazole (ITZ) and potential concentration enhancing polymers, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) and polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), were produced by ultra-rapid freezing to investigate the effect of these polymers on the bioavailability of ITZ solid dispersions."	( Amorphous compositions using concentration enhancing polymers for improved bioavailability of itraconazole. DiNunzio, JC; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO; Yang, W, )	0.34
"Acyclovir-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres (ACV-ad-ms) using Ethylcellulose as matrix and Carbopol 974P NF as mucoadhesive polymer were prepared for the purpose of improving the oral bioavailability of acyclovir."	( Development of mucoadhesive microspheres of acyclovir with enhanced bioavailability. Gu, B; Lu, W; Lu, Y; Pan, J; Sun, Y; Tao, Y, 2009)	0.59
" In addition, the relative bioavailability of the tablets in comparison to solid-state Vitamin A oily solution (SSVAOS) tablets was investigated in rats."	( Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of solid-state self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of vitamin A acetate. Al-Suwayeh, SA; Anwer, MK; Taha, EI, 2009)	0.35
" The developed floating tablets of Silymarin may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release for at least 24 h, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Preparation and evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of Silymarin. Garg, R; Gupta, GD, 2009)	0.35
" Additionally, the influence of optimized GRDDS on the bioavailability of Losartan and the formation extent of active metabolite E3174 by CYP2C9 polymorphism was investigated."	( Development of swelling/floating gastroretentive drug delivery system based on a combination of hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for Losartan and its clinical relevance in healthy volunteers with CYP2C9 polymorphism. Chen, RN; Ho, HO; Sheu, MT; Yu, CY, 2010)	0.57
"Results demonstrated that the suspension could significantly mask the bitter taste of azithromycin and the relative bioavailability of suspensions to reference preparations was 102."	( Preparation, characterization and taste-masking properties of microspheres containing azithromycin. Hu, L; Liu, C; Luo, L; Pan, J; Xu, H, 2009)	0.35
"Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) is known to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via solubility and permeability enhancement."	( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)	0.36
" Molecular-level HOC-soil organic matter (SOM) interactions and associated impacts on its bioavailability were investigated in this study."	( Effects of composition and domain arrangement of biopolymer components of soil organic matter on the bioavailability of phenanthrene. Shu, L; Tao, S; Wang, X; Xing, B; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"0% dietary levels, were considered to be a physiological adaptation to the poorly absorbed fermentation-derived cellulose."	( A 28-day oral toxicity study of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by Acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, in F344 rats. Asai, I; Hagiwara, A; Hayashi, SM; Imai, N; Kawabe, M; Kitamura, S; Omoto, T; Sano, M; Tamano, S; Yasuhara, K, 2010)	0.82
"To reduce the frequency of administration and improve patient compliance, novel levofloxacin sustained-release capsules with suitable in vitro release profiles and good bioavailability were developed."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of levofloxacin sustained-release capsules. Huang, SJ; Jiang, SG; Pei, ZQ; Yin, LF; Zhang, Q; Zhao, CJ, 2011)	0.37
" Unsuccessful in vivo-in vitro correlation was shown in Eudragit® NE30D-coated pellets with a relative bioavailability of only 41."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of levofloxacin sustained-release capsules. Huang, SJ; Jiang, SG; Pei, ZQ; Yin, LF; Zhang, Q; Zhao, CJ, 2011)	0.37
"New drug substances from early development are often poorly water-soluble, which causes poor bioavailability upon peroral administration and hampers drug administration through other routes such as the parenteral or ocular routes."	( Miconazole nanosuspensions: Influence of formulation variables on particle size reduction and physical stability. Cerdeira, AM; Gander, B; Mazzotti, M, 2010)	0.36
" These various feeding conditions induced variable levels of micropollutant bioavailability (assumed to limit their biodegradation) and overall metabolism (supposed to be linked to micropollutant metabolism throughout co-metabolism)."	( Influence of feed characteristics on the removal of micropollutants during the anaerobic digestion of contaminated sludge. Barcia, GC; Barret, M; Carrère, H; Guillon, A; Patureau, D, 2010)	0.36
" Bioavailability parameters including C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-48 h) of both tablets were compared."	( Controlled release matrix tablets of olanzapine: influence of polymers on the in vitro release and bioavailability. Badshah, A; Rauf, K; Subhan, F, 2010)	0.36
" However, its typical formulations of salt or micronized crystals cannot satisfy the desired bioavailability requirements for appetite suppression due to low absorption and a short plasma half-life."	( Lipoic acid nanoparticles: effect of polymeric stabilizer on appetite suppression. Kim, HS; Koh, EH; Lee, J; Lee, KU; Park, CH; Park, JY, 2010)	0.36
" Ex vivo application of free RA and the RA-loaded PCPLC NPs onto the surface of the freshly excised skin from a baby mouse indicated a significantly slower skin absorption rate for the encapsulated RA."	( Retinyl acetate-loaded nanoparticles: dermal penetration and release of the retinyl acetate. Arayachukeat, S; Tree-Udom, T; Wanichwecharungruang, SP, 2011)	0.37
"5) and 30% (w/w) MPT had a low relative bioavailability compared with the commercial product Lopressor®, which significantly improved at higher MPT concentration (50%, w/w)."	( Sustained-release and swelling characteristics of xanthan gum/ethylcellulose-based injection moulded matrix tablets: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. De Beer, T; Mendez-Montealvo, G; Onofre, FO; Quinten, T; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C; Wang, YJ, 2011)	0.61
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of RH-ST and ranolazine hydrochloride common tablets (RH-CT) as reference were compared."	( [Optimization of the formulation of ranolazine hydrochloride sustained-release tablet and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Li, CJ; Li, Y; Wang, JY; Yang, QM; Yu, YL; Zhang, YH, 2010)	0.36
" The in vivo study of new SR tablets showed significant improvement in the oral bioavailability of MS in rabbits after a single oral dose of 25 mg."	( Modulation of drug (metoprolol succinate) release by inclusion of hydrophobic polymer in hydrophilic matrix. Bose, A; Khanam, J; Siddique, S, 2011)	0.37
"Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) are colloidal carriers providing controlled release profiles and improved bioavailability for many drug substances and diverse administration routes."	( Lipid nanocapsules for dermal application: a comparative study of lipid-based versus polymer-based nanocarriers. Abdel-Mottaleb, MM; Lamprecht, A; Neumann, D, 2011)	0.37
"Gastroretentive floating microspheres have a potential for enhancing the bioavailability and controlled delivery of drugs."	( Development and characterization of rifampicin loaded floating microspheres. Gill, S; Goyal, AK; Goyal, P; Gupta, UD; Narang, RK; Rath, G, 2011)	0.37
" Through the use of highly compressible microcrystalline cellulose grades such as Ceolus(™) KG-802 and UF-711, it may be possible to maximize the bioavailability benefit of amorphous solid dispersions administered as tablet dosage forms."	( Use of highly compressible Ceolus™ microcrystalline cellulose for improved dosage form properties containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion. Coney, AW; Dinunzio, JC; Hughey, JR; Kaneko, N; McGinity, JW; Schilling, SU, 2012)	0.87
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."	( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology]. He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)	0.37
" Water absorption rate constants (mg/cm(2)/min(0."	( Physicochemical properties of macrogol ointment and emulsion ointment blend developed for regulation of water absorption. Fujii, S; Noda, Y; Sanagawa, A; Sobajima, Y; Watanabe, K, 2011)	0.37
"Drug/polymer nanoparticles are well suited for providing rapid oral absorption and increased bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs."	( Polymeric nanoparticles for increased oral bioavailability and rapid absorption using celecoxib as a model of a low-solubility, high-permeability drug. Bello, A; Beyerinck, R; Bloom, C; Morgen, M; Shamblin, S; Song, W; Steenwyk, R; Wilkinson, K, 2012)	0.38
" However, suboptimal pharmacokinetics and poor bioavailability limit its effective use in cancer therapeutics."	( Design of curcumin loaded cellulose nanoparticles for prostate cancer. Chauhan, SC; Dobberpuhl, MR; Jaggi, M; Maher, DM; Yallapu, MM, 2012)	0.68
"The bioavailability of therapeutic agents from eye drops is usually limited due to corneal barrier functions and effective eye protective mechanisms."	( Biodegradable ocular inserts for sustained delivery of brimonidine tartarate: preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Aburahma, MH; Mahmoud, AA, 2011)	0.37
"The biodegradability and bioavailability of hydrolysis-limited substrates under anaerobic (and aerobic) conditions can be represented by two key parameters--degradability (f(d)), or the percentage that can be effectively be destroyed during digestion, and first order hydrolysis coefficient (k(hyd)), or the speed at which material breaks down."	( Assessing the role of biochemical methane potential tests in determining anaerobic degradability rate and extent. Batstone, DJ; Ge, H; Jensen, PD, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to develop a sustained-release solid dispersion by employing water-insoluble carrier cellulose acetate for solubility enhancement, release control, and oral bioavailability improvement of Cur."	( Improved bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug curcumin in cellulose acetate solid dispersion. Qi, X; Sun, Y; Tan, F; Wan, S, 2012)	0.83
" Our results suggest that MTCR microparticles may be potential oral dosage forms to control the release and to improve the bioavailability of tamsulosin hydrochloride."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of spray dried matrix type controlled-release microparticles of tamsulosin hydrochloride for orally disintegrating tablet. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS, 2012)	0.38
" The relative bioavailability for Formulation 1 and Formulation 2 was evaluated in six healthy beagle dogs after oral administration in a fast state using sustained-release capsules (Effexor XR) as a reference."	( Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of sustained-release venlafaxine hydrochloride pellets. He, Z; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, Y; Zhao, N, 2012)	0.38
" These results indicate that this technology can be successfully applied to modulate the bioavailability of drugs for percutaneous administration, which could be particularly advantageous in the design of delivery systems that have, simultaneously, the ability to absorb exudates and to adhere to irregular skin surfaces."	( Bacterial cellulose membranes applied in topical and transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride and ibuprofen: in vitro diffusion studies. Almeida, IF; Costa, P; Freire, CS; Neto, CP; Pinto, PC; Rosado, C; Silvestre, AJ; Trovatti, E, 2012)	0.78
"Besides unravelling the polymer synergism, the study helped in developing an optimal once-a-day gastroretentive drug delivery system with improved bioavailability potential exhibiting excellent swelling, floating and bioadhesive characteristics."	( Formulation development of gastroretentive tablets of lamivudine using the floating-bioadhesive potential of optimized polymer blends. Arora, S; Chaturvedi, SC; Garg, B; Kapil, R; Mandsaurwale, R; Singh, B, 2012)	0.38
"Sustained release (SR) dosage forms enable prolonged and continuous deposition of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improve the bioavailability of medications characterized by a narrow absorption window."	( Eudraginated polymer blends: a potential oral controlled drug delivery system for theophylline. Emeje, M; Isimi, Y; John-Africa, L; Kunle, O; Ofoefule, S, 2012)	0.38
" The floating pellets were evaluated for SEM, floating characteristic parameters, in vitro release and bioavailability in New Zealand rabbits."	( A floating multiparticulate system for ofloxacin based on a multilayer structure: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. He, H; Lin, X; Liu, Z; Tang, J; Tang, X; Tao, X; Xu, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Gastric retention is postulated as an approach to improve bioavailability of compounds with narrow absorption windows."	( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model. Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" (S)-ZPF showed significantly higher AUC, T(max), and C(max) and a longer half-life than (R)-ZPF, indicating higher bioavailability of the (S)-isomer."	( Chiral pharmacokinetics of zaltoprofen in rats by HPLC with solid-phase extraction. Chu, VM; Hoang, VL; Jung, SH; Kang, JS; Kim, KT; Kim, SH; Lee, KC; Lee, W; Lee, YK; Nguyen, VL; Park, KR, 2012)	0.38
" The relative bioavailability of the osmotic-pump tablets against the reference formulation in single and multiple dose regimens was 116."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel osmotic pump tablets of isosorbide-5-mononitrate containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) for controlled release. Chi, Q; Du, L; Jiang, Q; Li, X; Wang, C, 2012)	0.38
" Extrapolation of data for these model systems to carrot puree suggests that nutritionally-significant amounts of PAs could bind to cell walls, potentially restricting bioavailability in the small intestine and, as a consequence, delivering PAs to the large intestine for fermentation and metabolism by gut bacteria."	( Binding of polyphenols to plant cell wall analogues - Part 2: Phenolic acids. Day, L; Gidley, MJ; Mikkelsen, D; Netzel, G; Netzel, M; Padayachee, A; Zabaras, D, 2012)	0.38
" These findings suggest that the SMMDF is a new promising dosage form, showing notable characteristics of convenience, quick onset of action and enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, extrusion/spheronization could be a suitable technique to prepare PC loaded pellets, which could effectively preserve the properties of PC to improve the permeability and bioavailability of highly water-soluble drug."	( Bioavailability and foam cells permeability enhancement of Salvianolic acid B pellets based on drug-phospholipids complex technique. Cui, Y; Fan, YQ; Kan, SL; Li, J; Liu, JP; Liu, P; Yang, JK; Zhang, WJ; Zhang, WL, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, amorphous solid dispersions containing dutasteride and various excipients, manufactured by spray-drying processes, were characterized to determine the effects on their ability to form supersaturated solutions and to identify the effects of supersaturation on increasing the bioavailability of dutasteride."	( Improved supersaturation and oral absorption of dutasteride by amorphous solid dispersions. Beak, IH; Kim, MS, 2012)	0.38
" Accordingly, HEC-cysteamine could be a promising excipient for nanoparticulate delivery systems for poorly absorbed drugs."	( Thiolated hydroxyethyl cellulose: design and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive and permeation enhancing nanoparticles. Barthelmes, J; Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Martien, R; Müller, C; Rahmat, D; Shahnaz, G, 2013)	0.7
"Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have been used increasingly for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."	( Effects of spray-drying and choice of solid carriers on concentrations of Labrasol® and Transcutol® in solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS). Lam, CW; Li, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
"Miconazole and itraconazole possess adequate membrane permeability, but only slight water solubility, which limits their bioavailability and antifungal effect."	( Formulation and drying of miconazole and itraconazole nanosuspensions. Cerdeira, AM; Gander, B; Mazzotti, M, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability in vivo was determined by administering the compression-coated tablets to rabbits in contrast with Glucotrol XL(®)."	( Compression-coated tablets of glipizide using hydroxypropylcellulose for zero-order release: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, H; Chen, Q; Huang, H; Qi, X; Rui, Y; Wu, Z; Xing, J; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.63
" The CR preparation showed significantly decreased values of maximum drug concentration (Cmax) and elimination rate (K) than the reference product (LEVOTUS® SYR) but the similar bioavailability (F = 95."	( Design, in vitro release characterization and pharmacokinetics of novel controlled release pellets containing levodropropizine. Cao, QR; Choi, JS; Cui, JH; Liu, Y; Piao, YN; Yang, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, interactions with PCW which occur either during food preparation or mastication may affect bioaccessibility and hence bioavailability of polyphenols."	( Lack of release of bound anthocyanins and phenolic acids from carrot plant cell walls and model composites during simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion. Day, L; Gidley, MJ; Mikkelsen, D; Netzel, G; Netzel, M; Padayachee, A, 2013)	0.39
" By choosing binding agents, the useful information on the speciation and bioavailability of the analytes can be provided."	( Application of poly (ethyleneimine) solution as a binding agent in DGT technique for measurement of heavy metals in water. Fan, HT; Li, J; Li, Q; Li, Y; Sui, DP; Sun, T, 2013)	0.39
" However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability in vivo severely restrict the clinical application."	( Solid dispersion tablets of breviscapine with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 for improved dissolution and bioavailability to commercial breviscapine tablets in beagle dogs. Cong, W; Feng, Y; Ruan, K; Shen, L; Xu, D; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, a novel orodispersible film (ODF) containing drug nanoparticles was developed with the goal of transforming drug nanosuspensions into a solid dosage form and enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility."	( Development and characterization of an orodispersible film containing drug nanoparticles. Bai, JX; Dai, L; Han, J; Lv, QY; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Xu, H; Yu, C; Yuan, HL; Yuan, XD, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic evaluation of MS5 in rabbits revealed 10-fold increase in bioavailability as compared to native curcumin, demonstrated the superiority of microsponges over native curcumin as gastro retentive drug delivery system."	( Assessing the viability of microsponges as gastro retentive drug delivery system of curcumin: optimization and pharmacokinetics. Arya, P; Pathak, K, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of the optimized formulation compared with intravenous administration was approximately 20%."	( Preparation and characterization of sustained-release rotigotine film-forming gel. Li, X; Li, Y; Liang, R; Liu, W; Su, Z; Sun, F; Wang, C; Zhang, R, 2014)	0.4
" These positive attributes can help development of smaller, high drug-loaded dosage forms having enhanced bioavailability and better patient compliance."	( Redispersible fast dissolving nanocomposite microparticles of poorly water-soluble drugs. Azad, M; Bhakay, A; Bilgili, E; Dave, R, 2014)	0.4
" Owing to their ability to increase the bioavailability of low solubility drugs, to improve both their stability and their release kinetics, there are an increasing number of research articles concerning aerogels in different drug delivery applications."	( An emerging platform for drug delivery: aerogel based systems. Erkey, C; Ulker, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Hence the corresponding half dyeing times, absorption rate constants according to Cegarra-Puente modified equation and ultrasound efficiency were calculated confirming the synergic effect of sonication on the dyeing kinetics."	( Ultrasound-assisted dyeing of cellulose acetate. Ferrero, F; Periolatto, M; Udrescu, C, 2014)	0.69
" Considering the bioavailability of metoprolol tartrate after oral administration to dogs, the different co-extruded formulations offered a range of sustained release characteristics."	( Hot-melt co-extrusion for the production of fixed-dose combination products with a controlled release ethylcellulose matrix core. De Beer, T; Dierickx, L; Gonnissen, Y; Remon, JP; Saerens, L; Vervaet, C; Voorspoels, J; Vynckier, AK, 2014)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diets with different types of fibres on Ca bioavailability and metabolic parameters in growing Wistar rats."	( Effects of extruded whole maize, polydextrose and cellulose as sources of fibre on calcium bioavailability and metabolic parameters of growing Wistar rats. Albarracín, M; Drago, SR; González, RJ; Mandalunis, P; Weisstaub, AR; Zuleta, A, 2014)	0.66
" The relative bioavailability of the ICR tablets compared to the reference formulation in the single and multiple dose regiments were 90."	( Evaluation of novel immediate-/controlled-release tablets of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN): in vitro-in vivo correlation. Du, L; Jiang, Q; Li, M; Li, X; Li, Y, 2014)	0.4
"01-fold enhancement in the oral bioavailability vis-à-vis the marketed formulation (Vastarel MR®)."	( Mucoadhesive elementary osmotic pump tablets of trimetazidine for controlled drug delivery and reduced variability in oral bioavailability. Ahmad, A; Ahmad, FJ; Alam, N; Ali, A; Aqil, M; Beg, S; Rizwan, M, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo pellet coating led to reduced drug bioavailability and enhanced drug accumulation at colon (179."	( Oral 5-fluorouracil colon-specific delivery through in vivo pellet coating for colon cancer and aberrant crypt foci treatment. Bose, A; Elyagoby, A; Wong, TW, 2014)	0.4
" Moreover, the deconvolution analyses demonstrated that a prolonged high absorption rate could be achieved in vivo best with Tablet B/MC."	( Preparation and evaluation of ritodrine buccal tablets for rational therapeutic use. Onishi, H; Sakata, O; Yumoto, K, 2014)	0.4
" This often leads to a high in vivo variability and bioavailability issues."	( Site specific solubility improvement using solid dispersions of HPMC-AS/HPC SSL--mixtures. Daniels, R; Meier, R; Wagner, KG; Zecevic, DE, 2014)	0.4
" It was found that there is a significant increase in the bioavailability of metoprolol succinate from BG formulation which was evident from the high AUC and MRT values compared with the commercial formulation."	( Badam gum: a natural polymer in mucoadhesive drug delivery. Design, optimization, and biopharmaceutical evaluation of badam gum-based metoprolol succinate buccoadhesive tablets. Beeravelli, S; Kolapalli, VR; Medikonda, J; Mylangam, CK; Pidaparthi, JS, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers proved the success of the in vitro models with enhancement of the oral bioavailability (121."	( Use of biorelevant media for assessment of a poorly soluble weakly basic drug in the form of liquisolid compacts: in vitro and in vivo study. Badawy, MA; Kamel, AO; Sammour, OA, 2016)	0.43
"This work aims to develop novel benznidazole (BZN) solid dispersions (SD) to improve its solubility and bioavailability properties."	( Development of novel benznidazole formulations: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation on parasitemia reduction in Chagas disease. Arán, VJ; Escario, JA; Fonseca-Berzal, C; Gómez-Barrio, A; Palmeiro-Roldán, R; Torrado-Durán, S; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2014)	0.4
"The aims of this study were to choose a suitable adsorbent of self-microemulsion and to develop a fine solid self-microemulsifying dispersible tablets for promoting the dissolution and oral bioavailability of celastrol."	( Solid self-microemulsifying dispersible tablets of celastrol: formulation development, charaterization and bioavailability evaluation. Chou, X; Ma, N; Qi, X; Qin, J; Wu, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Considering the bioavailability and societal relevance of cellulose, turning this renewable resource into an active material is a vital step towards sustainability."	( Responsive mesoporous photonic cellulose films by supramolecular cotemplating. Blusch, LK; Giese, M; Hamad, WY; Khan, MK; MacLachlan, MJ, 2014)	0.93
"More than 50% of new drug candidates in drug discovery are lipophilic and exhibit poor aqueous solubility, which results in poor bioavailability and a lack of dose proportionality."	( A water-soluble inclusion complex of pedunculoside with the polymer β-cyclodextrin: a novel anti-inflammation agent with low toxicity. Diao, G; Gong, X; Liu, C; Sun, W; Sun, Y; Yang, H; Zhang, W; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
"Amorphous drugs are used to improve the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of drugs."	( A method to evaluate the effect of contact with excipients on the surface crystallization of amorphous drugs. de Villiers, MM; Derdour, L; Huang, J; Hussain, MA; Qian, F; Yu, L; Zhang, SW, 2014)	0.4
"A growing number of poorly water-soluble drug have been discovered, but the poor bioavailability is a critical problem."	( Physical and dissolution characterization of cilostazol solid dispersions prepared by hot melt granulation (HMG) and thermal adhesion granulation (TAG) methods. Chen, YC; Chiou, JD; Ho, HO; Sheu, MT, 2014)	0.4
" In summary, encapsulation of GME using cellulose-derivative nanoparticles - GME-EC and GME-EC/MC nanoparticles - successfully improved the bioavailability of GME in aqueous solution, enhanced cellular uptake, and displayed effective anticancer activity."	( Cellular trafficking and anticancer activity of Garcinia mangostana extract-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles. Hanes, J; Kim, AJ; Pan-In, P; Wanichwecharungruang, S, 2014)	0.67
"Overcoming the low oral bioavailability of many drugs due to their poor aqueous solubility is one of the major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Hydroxypropyl cellulose stabilizes amorphous solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug felodipine. Cote, C; Malekar, SA; Sarode, AL; Worthen, DR, 2014)	0.76
"05) in terms of in vitro release and bioavailability in comparison to plain HEC matrices."	( Pulse release of doxazosin from hydroxyethylcellulose compression coated tablet: mechanistic and in vivo study. Biswas, N; Guha, A; Kuotsu, K; Sahoo, RK, 2015)	0.68
" Milled GF with Povacoat® showed improved aqueous solubility and bioavailability compared with the other polymers."	( Preparation and evaluation of high dispersion stable nanocrystal formulation of poorly water-soluble compounds by using povacoat. Hashimoto, N; Horii, S; Nakada, Y; Seko, F; Takeuchi, H; Teramoto, K; Yuminoki, K, 2014)	0.4
"Mebendazole (MBZ) is an extremely insoluble and therefore poorly absorbed drug and the variable clinical results may correlate with blood concentrations."	( Enhanced bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in redispersible microparticles with low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. Bolás-Fernández, F; de la Torre-Iglesias, PM; García-Rodriguez, JJ; Torrado, G; Torrado, S; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2014)	0.61
" We investigated the microparticulate structures that emerge spontaneously upon dispersion of an RDM in aqueous medium and elucidated their influence on dissolution, and also on their oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency using a murine model of infection with the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis."	( Enhanced bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in redispersible microparticles with low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. Bolás-Fernández, F; de la Torre-Iglesias, PM; García-Rodriguez, JJ; Torrado, G; Torrado, S; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2014)	0.61
"THE MBZ: L-HPC RDM might be an effective way of improving oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity using low doses of MBZ (5 mg/kg), which implies a low degree of toxicity for humans."	( Enhanced bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in redispersible microparticles with low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. Bolás-Fernández, F; de la Torre-Iglesias, PM; García-Rodriguez, JJ; Torrado, G; Torrado, S; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2014)	0.61
" The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of various classes of dispersants on drug dissolution from drug NCMPs, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via high drug nanoparticle loaded, surfactant-free NCMPs."	( Spray drying of drug-swellable dispersant suspensions for preparation of fast-dissolving, high drug-loaded, surfactant-free nanocomposites. Abdelmalek, B; Arteaga, C; Azad, M; Bilgili, E; Davé, R, 2015)	0.42
" The prototype solubilization method combined with controlled porosity osmotic pump based technique could provide a unique way to increase dissolution rate and bioavailability of many poorly water-soluble, narrow therapeutic index drugs used in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc."	( Controlled porosity solubility modulated osmotic pump tablets of gliclazide. Banerjee, A; Gore, S; Verma, PR, 2015)	0.42
" The purpose of the research is to improve the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of lipophilic artemether using homolipid-based microparticles."	( Formulation, characterization and anti-malarial activity of homolipid-based artemether microparticles. Agubata, CO; Attama, AA; Mueller-Goymann, CC; Nzekwe, IT; Onunkwo, GC, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to prepare a disintegrating gastric floating tablet composed of floating pellets coated with acrylic resin to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of famotidine."	( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)	0.42
"43 h ng/ml), while the relative bioavailability was 187."	( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)	0.42
"The crystal structures of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients should be strictly controlled because they influence pharmaceutical properties of products which cause the change in the quality or the bioavailability of the products."	( The effect of microcrystalline cellulose crystallinity on the hydrophilic property of tablets and the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid as active pharmaceutical ingredient inside tablets. Awa, K; Ozaki, Y; Shinzawa, H, 2015)	0.7
" The antidepressant venlafaxine hydrochloride (Vx), a highly soluble drug undergoing first pass effect, low bioavailability and short half-life was selected as a challenging payload."	( Mini-tablets versus pellets as promising multiparticulate modified release delivery systems for highly soluble drugs. Abdallah, OY; Gaber, DM; Nafee, N, 2015)	0.42
"To date no passive sampler has been used to predict bioavailability of contaminants to macrophytes."	( Using linoleic acid embedded cellulose acetate membranes to in situ monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lakes and predict their bioavailability to submerged macrophytes. Tao, Y; Xue, B; Yao, S, 2015)	0.71
" In addition, the oral bioavailability experiment in New Zealand rabbits showed that, the relative bioavailability of the ofloxacin after administrated of floating tablets was 172."	( Floating tablets for controlled release of ofloxacin via compression coating of hydroxypropyl cellulose combined with effervescent agent. Chen, H; Ma, N; Qi, X; Rui, Y; Wu, Z; Yang, F, 2015)	0.64
"The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the HPC (hydroxypropylcellulose) and Tween 80 on the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of ezetimibe-loaded solid dispersions."	( Effect of hydroxypropylcellulose and Tween 80 on physicochemical properties and bioavailability of ezetimibe-loaded solid dispersion. Choi, HG; Din, FU; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Mustapha, O; Park, JH; Rashid, R; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2015)	0.95
"Disintegrant is a typical excipient that improves the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of drug."	( Formulation and evaluation of nanocrystalline cellulose as a potential disintegrant. Cha, R; Huang, H; Jia, M; Jin, S; Wang, C; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.68
" Bioavailability of CsA in vivo following oral administration to pigs of SmPill® minispheres was compared to Neoral® po and Sandimmun® iv in a pig model."	( Enhanced colonic delivery of ciclosporin A self-emulsifying drug delivery system encapsulated in coated minispheres. Coulter, IS; Griffin, BT; Keohane, K; Rosa, M, 2016)	0.43
" A linear relationship was observed between in vitro CsA release and in vivo bioavailability (r(2) = 0."	( Enhanced colonic delivery of ciclosporin A self-emulsifying drug delivery system encapsulated in coated minispheres. Coulter, IS; Griffin, BT; Keohane, K; Rosa, M, 2016)	0.43
" More importantly, the relative bioavailability of the sustained-release matrix pellets was studied in fasted rabbits after oral administration using free capsaicin and solid dispersion as references."	( Preparation and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Sustained-Release Matrix Pellets of Capsaicin to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability. Huang, Z; Jiang, D; Lu, S; Omari-Siaw, E; Wang, M; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Metformin hydrochloride (Met), an antidiabetic drug, has poor bioavailability due to its high solubility and low permeability."	( Development of polymer-bound fast-dissolving metformin buccal film with disintegrants. Haque, SE; Sheela, A, 2015)	0.42
" It has poor oral bioavailability due to poor dissolution and possible premature degradation in the intestine."	( Enhancement of Dissolution Rate and Intestinal Stability of Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulfate. Bali, DE; El Maghraby, GM; Osman, MA, 2016)	0.43
" The incorporation of HPC accelerated the water absorption rate and enhanced the hydrogel's ability to shed water."	( Alkynyl-functionalization of hydroxypropyl cellulose and thermoresponsive hydrogel thereof prepared with P(NIPAAm-co-HEMAPCL). Chen, X; Hu, J; Hu, S; Li, F; Li, Y; Lin, S; Lu, M; Miao, L; Tu, Y, 2016)	0.7
" Modification of ethyl cellulose by metathesis to prepare useful derivatives, for example, for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of drugs by amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), has been limited by the low DS(OH) of commercial ethyl cellulose derivatives."	( Amphiphilic Cellulose Ethers Designed for Amorphous Solid Dispersion via Olefin Cross-Metathesis. Dong, Y; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Taylor, LS, 2016)	1.12
" Successful and sustained absorption of tacrolimus without reducing bioavailability compared with IR formulation was observed for ERG."	( Preparation of extended release solid dispersion formulations of tacrolimus using ethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose by solvent evaporation method. Higaki, K; Ogawara, K; Sako, K; Tsunashima, D; Yamashita, K, 2016)	0.66
" Results proved the superiority of the designed formulation over the market product Stuval® tablets in bioavailability parameters comprising T max as well as area under the plasma CIN concentration-time curve (AUC0-24 h) and AUC0-∞ values."	( Design and optimization of gastro-retentive microballoons for enhanced bioavailability of cinnarizine. Ammar, HO; Ghorab, M; Kamel, R; Salama, AH, 2016)	0.43
" Compared with conventional tablets, the EOP tablet demonstrates a controlled release behavior with relative bioavailability of 99."	( Synchronized and controlled release of metformin hydrochloride/glipizide from elementary osmotic delivery. Chen, T; Jing, H; Pan, H; Pan, W; Yang, X, 2017)	0.46
" The optimized SLNs with EC and a very low-saponification-degree PVA improved bioavailability via increased accessibility to the enterocyte surface by decreased particle size and increased permeation of SLN encapsulated morin through the intestinal membrane by sustained release properties."	( Formulation and Evaluation of Morin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Ikeuchi-Takahashi, Y; Ishihara, C; Onishi, H, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, it is suggested that CAPE-NPs can be used to reduce the dosage of CAPE and improve their bioavailability and thus merit further investigation for bioactive packaging film and coating applications."	( Fabrication of Novel Bioactive Cellulose-Based Films Derived from Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester-Loaded Nanoparticles via a Rapid Expansion Process: RESOLV. Assatarakul, K; Saelo, S; Sane, A; Suppakul, P, 2016)	0.72
"Polymers play a key role in stabilizing amorphous drug formulations, a recent strategy employed to improve solubility and bioavailability of drugs delivered orally."	( Mechanistic Design of Chemically Diverse Polymers with Applications in Oral Drug Delivery. Borca, CH; Edgar, KJ; Meng, X; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Slipchenko, LV; Taylor, LS, 2016)	0.43
" The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was 54."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
"The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was ~55 %."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
" One of the most important questions to solve is the poor solubility of most drugs which produces low bioavailability and delivery problems, a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry."	( Albendazole Microcrystal Formulations Based on Chitosan and Cellulose Derivatives: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Parasiticidal Activity in Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms. Codina, AV; Hinrichsen, LI; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Priotti, J; Vasconi, MD, 2017)	0.7
" However, Q bioavailability is relatively low, due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive phase-II metabolism."	( Novel cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance quercetin solution concentrations in vitro. Arca, HC; Edgar, KJ; Gilley, AD; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Neilson, AP; Nichols, BLB; Taylor, LS, 2017)	0.94
" Finally, drug bioavailability of the BH."	( Transbuccal delivery of betahistine dihydrochloride from mucoadhesive tablets with a unidirectional drug flow: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Aboud, HM; Ali, AA; El-Nabarawi, MA; Godah, AH; Hassan, AH, 2016)	0.43
"2HCl-optimized buccal mucoadhesive formulation showed percentage relative bioavailability of 177%."	( Transbuccal delivery of betahistine dihydrochloride from mucoadhesive tablets with a unidirectional drug flow: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Aboud, HM; Ali, AA; El-Nabarawi, MA; Godah, AH; Hassan, AH, 2016)	0.43
"Papaverine hydrochloride loaded electrospun fibers were prepared for buccal drug delivery with the aim of improving the oral bioavailability of the crystalline drug, which can be achieved by the increased solubility and by the circumvention of the intensive first pass metabolism."	( Prediction of the hydroxypropyl cellulose-poly(vinyl alcohol) ratio in aqueous solution containing papaverine hydrochloride in terms of drug loaded electrospun fiber formation. Kazsoki, A; Szabó, P; Zelkó, R, 2017)	0.74
" However, its instability, extremely low aqueous solubility and bioavailability in physiological fluids may make it difficult to maintain local Cur concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for burn infection treatment."	( Collagen-cellulose nanocrystal scaffolds containing curcumin-loaded microspheres on infected full-thickness burns repair. Cheng, B; Guo, R; Lan, Y; Ramakrishna, S; Wang, C; Xue, W; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.87
"The oral bioavailability of felodipine very low, nearly just 15% due to its limited solubility and high first pass metabolism."	( Formulation, evaluation and optimization of the felodipine nanosuspension to be used for direct compression to tablet for in vitro dissolution enhancement. Chavda, J; Makwana, J; Mori, D; Parmar, R; Patel, K, 2016)	0.43
" Even though edible microalgae are rich in nutraceutical, bioavailability of all these molecules is very less due to their rigid recalcitrant cell wall."	( Selective degradation of the recalcitrant cell wall of Scenedesmus quadricauda CASA CC202. Arumugam, M; Reshma, R, 2017)	0.46
" We hypothesized that the presence of multiple drugs would reduce crystallization tendency, thereby providing stable, supersaturating formulations for bioavailability enhancement."	( Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other's Solution Concentrations. Arca, HÇ; Dahal, D; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Taylor, LS, 2017)	0.46
" Novel low-density lattice internal structure gastro-floating tablets of dipyridamole were developed to prolong the gastric residence time in order to improve drug release rate and consequently, improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( Preparation and investigation of novel gastro-floating tablets with 3D extrusion-based printing. Chen, K; Cui, M; Guan, X; Hou, J; Jia, D; Li, Q; Pan, W; Wen, H; Xu, W; Yang, X; Zhu, Z, 2018)	0.48
" However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability related to its extremely low water solubility."	( Еlectrospun сellulose acetate membranes decorated with curcumin-PVP particles: preparation, antibacterial and antitumor activities. Georgieva, A; Manolova, N; Markova, N; Rashkov, I; Spasova, M; Toshkova, R; Tsekova, P, 2017)	0.46
" These results suggest that rifapentine delivery via ASD with these cellulosic polymers may improve bioavailability in vivo."	( Cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance rifapentine delivery characteristics in vitro. Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Neilson, AP; Nichols, BLB; Novo, DC; Taylor, LS; Winslow, CJ, 2018)	1.92
" (pak choi), to investigate the effect of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), and the health of soil microbiota in a contaminated soil."	( Impact of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on heavy metal availability and microbial activity: A field study. Niazi, NK; Nie, C; Ok, YS; Rinklebe, J; Wang, H; Wen, Y; Xu, S; Xu, X; Yang, X, 2018)	0.48
" The developed drug delivery system possessed the profound significance in improving pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of drugs."	( Cellulose-based film modified by succinic anhydride for the controlled release of domperidone. Cui, Y; Shi, C; Tao, F, 2018)	1.92
" Overall, the present study demonstrates that direct alkaline treatment of sweet sorghum bagasse is useful to improve the bioavailability of MeGAXn for MR44-mediated conversion to U-XOS with average degrees of polymerization of 11-12, providing alternative resources with applications in nutrition and human and veterinary medicine."	( Optimization of alkaline extraction of hemicellulose from sweet sorghum bagasse and its direct application for the production of acidic xylooligosaccharides by Bacillus subtilis strain MR44. Chen, H; Wei, L; Wu, Y; Yan, T; Zhang, B, 2018)	0.74
"Curcumin (CUR) demonstrates a variety of biological activities; however, the poor oral bioavailability limits its clinical application."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of curcumin loaded hollow microspheres prepared with ethyl cellulose and citric acid. Feng, T; Liu, H; Pi, C; Wei, Y; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Yuan, J; Zhan, C; Zhao, L; Zuo, Y, 2018)	0.7
" The technology of microencapsulation and the use of mucoadhesive materials can contribute to modify the delivery and improve the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Design and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Gelatin-Ethylcellulose Microparticles for the Delivery of Curcumin to the Bladder. Bruschi, ML; da Silva, JB; Diniz, A; Kimura, E; Montanha, MC; Oliveira, MB, 2018)	0.73
"Papaverine hydrochloride loaded gels, films and electrospun fibers were prepared for buccal drug delivery with the aim of improving the oral bioavailability of the crystalline drug, which can be achieved by the increased solubility and by the circumvention of the intensive first pass metabolism."	( Microstructural characterization of papaverine-loaded HPC/PVA gels, films and nanofibers. Domján, A; Kazsoki, A; Süvegh, K; Zelkó, R, 2018)	0.48
" The main objective of the current study was to overcome these drawbacks via improved bioavailability by nanoencapsulated emulsions."	( Pickering emulsions stabilized nanocellulosic-based nanoparticles for coumarin and curcumin nanoencapsulations: In vitro release, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh, F; Ilkar Erdagi, S; Yildiz, U, 2018)	0.48
", macromolecular drugs), due to the low bioavailability caused by their large molecular size."	( Biopolymer Substrates in Buccal Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Trend. He, Z; Kong, F; Sain, M; Sun, B; Wang, W; Zhang, M, 2020)	0.56
"The findings of this perspective paper proposed the potential use of cellulose derivatives, the typical kind of biopolymers, in the buccal drug delivery system for promoting the bioavailability of macromolecular drugs."	( Biopolymer Substrates in Buccal Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Trend. He, Z; Kong, F; Sain, M; Sun, B; Wang, W; Zhang, M, 2020)	0.79
" The partitioning of metals between the sediment, pore water and bottom water was investigated and the degree of bioavailability was evaluated."	( Distribution and dispersal of metals in contaminated fibrous sediments of industrial origin. Apler, A; Frogner-Kockum, P; Josefsson, S; Snowball, I, 2019)	0.51
"Amorphous solid dispersions are widely used to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Crystallization Inhibition Properties of Cellulose Esters and Ethers for a Group of Chemically Diverse Drugs: Experimental and Computational Insight. Beaudoin, SP; Borca, CH; Dong, Y; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Parker, AS; Slipchenko, LV; Taylor, LS, 2018)	0.75
" The aim of efficient ophthalmic drug delivery strategy is to attain the longer precorneal resident time and good bioavailability of drugs."	( Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on the performance of drug loaded in situ gelling thermo-responsive ophthalmic formulations. Bhattacharyya, A; Chattoapadhyay, A; Chattopadhyay, D; Das, B; Das, S; Ghosh, SK; Mishra, R; Orasugh, JT; Roy, I; Saha, NR; Sarkar, G, 2019)	0.92
" Crystalline CoQ10 is lipophilic, water-insoluble, and poorly absorbed in the gut."	( High-dose coenzyme Q10-loaded oleogels for oral therapeutic supplementation. Lucangioli, S; Martinefski, MR; Masotta, NE; Rojas, AM; Tripodi, VP, 2019)	0.51
" Taken together, results of the present study suggest that the addition of HEC to a liquid phase herbal extract solution may increase its bioavailability time and efficacy."	( Effect of mucoadhesive agent HEC on herbal extracts retention and VSC producing bacteria reduction in an experimental oral biofilm. Jeffet, U; Sterer, N, 2019)	0.51
" However, the instability, low water solubility and low bioavailability of QT remain to be solved."	( Nanoformulations of quercetin and cellulose nanofibers as healthcare supplements with sustained antioxidant activity. Chen, W; Li, X; Liu, Y; Yu, H; Yu, Y, 2019)	0.79
" We demonstrated promising results in the safety of employing BC lenses functionalized with a drug delivery system permitting the bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.76
" A pot experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse induced biochar on Cd mobility in soil and its bioavailability to spinach in contaminated soil."	( Comparative efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar reduces the cadmium bioavailability to spinach and enhances the microbial activity in contaminated soil. Asghar, RMA; Azeem, M; Aziz, I; Bashir, S; Gulshan, AB; Iqbal, J; Rehman, M; Rukh, S; Salam, A; Yousaf, M, 2019)	0.51
"Reduced bioavailability of azelnidipine is related to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism, which hinder its efficacy."	( Core-in-cup/liquisol dual tackling effect on azelnidipine buccoadhesive tablet micromeritics, in vitro release, and mucoadhesive strength. Abd El Rehim, RT; El-Gazayerly, ON; El-Helaly, SN; Rashad, AA, 2019)	0.51
" Meanwhile, the oral test showed that bioavailability of eugenol in pellets was highly improved 23."	( Self-Micro-Emulsifying Controlled Release of Eugenol Pellets: Preparation, In vitro/In vivo Investigation in Beagle Dogs. Adu-Frimpong, M; Cao, X; Guo, M; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Xu, X; Yang, Q; Yu, J; Zhang, K, 2019)	0.51
"There has been extensive utilization of poloxamer 407 (PM) for the delivery of various ophthalmic drugs aimed at efficient ophthalmic drug delivery approach for longer precorneal residence time along with acceptable bioavailability of drugs."	( Sustained release of ketorolac tromethamine from poloxamer 407/cellulose nanofibrils graft nanocollagen based ophthalmic formulations. Banerjee, R; Chattopadhyay, D; Das, D; Das, S; Dutta, K; Dutta, S; Ghosh, SK; Orasugh, JT; Pal, C; Zaman, A, 2019)	0.75
"The aim of this study was to solidify a ticagrelor loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (TCG-SM) with enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of ticagrelor (TCG) for developing TCG-SM granules and tablets."	( Statistical approach for solidifying ticagrelor loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability. Bang, KH; Byeon, JJ; Cho, CW; Han, MG; Huh, HW; Kim, MK; Lee, HK; Na, YG; Wang, M, 2019)	0.51
" This study demonstrates successful preparation of fast supersaturating (190% within 20 min) HyNASDs, which renders nanoparticle formulations competitive to ASDs in bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble drugs."	( Hybrid nanocrystal-amorphous solid dispersions (HyNASDs) as alternative to ASDs for enhanced release of BCS Class II drugs. Arevalo, F; Bilgili, E; Coelho, A; Rahman, M, 2019)	0.51
"Drugs administration in whole-body circulation may lead to poorly bioavailable in central nervous system and often has toxic effects on peripheral tissues."	( Host immune response to anti-cancer camptothecin conjugated cyclodextrin-based polymers. Changou, CA; Chen, YF; Davis, ME; Lei, CS; Wang, YH; Yen, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The aqueous solubility of drug molecules is closely related to its bioactivity like bioavailability and subsequent therapeutic index, especially in the case of hydrophobic drugs like camptothecin (CPT), a potential broad-spectrum anti-cancer agent."	( Lytic peptide-grafted beta-cyclodextrin polymer based nano-scaled drug delivery system with enhanced camptothecin anti-cancer efficacy. Li, T; Liu, Y; Muhammad, N; Wang, J; Zhan, H; Zhao, H, 2020)	0.56
" Furthermore, in comparison with the pure cellulose film, the water retention of the composite film increased and the water absorption rate decreased obviously, which meant that the resistance of the material to changes in environmental humidity was greatly improved."	( Study on the Preparation of Ionic Liquid Doped Chitosan/Cellulose-Based Electroactive Composites. He, B; Li, J; Qian, L; Wang, F; Xie, C, 2019)	1.02
" Moreover, the biosafety of the ternary formulation was the same as that of IBR while the in vitro performance advantage of the ternary formulation was converted into higher bioavailability in vivo experiments."	( Microcrystalline cellulose as an effective crystal growth inhibitor for the ternary Ibrutinib formulation. Gan, N; Li, H; Peng, X; Suo, Z; Tang, P; Wei, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)	0.9
" The drug exhibits low bioavailability (about 49%) which is ascribed to its dissolution rate-limited absorption."	( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients. Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)	0.56
"The current work is aimed to provide a novel strategy to improve the dissolution profile and thus, the bioavailability of Febuxostat."	( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients. Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)	0.56
" However, the low bioavailability and low water solubility limit its application and remain to be resolved."	( Rutin-loaded cellulose acetate/poly(ethylene oxide) fiber membrane fabricated by electrospinning: A bioactive material. Li, B; Yang, X, 2020)	0.93
"5-time lesser dose via the oral route and a ∼15-fold rise in the bioavailability in contrast to the native AmB."	( Amphotericin B loaded ethyl cellulose nanoparticles with magnified oral bioavailability for safe and effective treatment of fungal infection. Kaur, K; Kumar, P; Kush, P, 2020)	0.85
" Cyclodextrins, via inclusion complexes, increase drug bioavailability and allow an extended release."	( Designed sponges based on chitosan and cyclodextrin polymer for a local release of ciprofloxacin in diabetic foot infections. Blanchemain, N; Cazaux, F; Chai, F; Foligné, B; Gauzit Amiel, A; Lopez, M; Martel, B; Maton, M; Neut, C; Palomino-Durand, C, 2020)	0.56
"Liquisolid technology, as a promising approach for bioavailability enhancement, has received increasing attention in recent years."	( An Investigation into the Influence of Process Parameters and Formulation Variables on Compaction Properties of Liquisolid Systems. Aleksić, I; Cvijić, S; German Ilić, I; Parojčić, J, 2020)	0.56
" Due to the low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin, cyclodextrins (CDs) were applied and complexed with curcumin to obtain CMx."	( The potential use of curcumin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex/chitosan-loaded cellulose sponges for the treatment of chronic wound. Kiti, K; Suwantong, O, 2020)	0.79
"2 mg/kg of curcumin strongly enhanced the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Curcumin-cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals improve the phenotype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A transgenic rats through the reduction of oxidative stress. Billet, F; Caillaud, M; Desmoulière, A; Favreau, F; Faye, PA; Granet, R; Msheik, Z; Ndong-Ntoutoume, GM; Richard, L; Sol, V; Sturtz, F; Vallat, JM; Vignaud, L, 2020)	0.87
" The bioavailability enhancement of a model drug was achieved by preparing inclusion complex with Captisol® (Sulfobutyl Ether β cyclodextrin - SBE-β-CD)."	( Fabrication and evaluation of fast disintegrating pellets of cilostazol. Arora, U; Baldaniya, L; Gohel, MC; Thakkar, V, 2020)	0.56
"Beta-galactosidase (β-gal), catalyzing the transformation of lactose to glucose and galactose, had been encapsulated in β-chitosan nanoparticles (β-CS NPs) in previous work, but they were prone to aggregation and disscociation, resulting in poor bioavailability of β-gal."	( Cellulose nanocrystals incorporated β-chitosan nanoparticles to enhance the stability and in vitro release of β-galactosidase. Deng, Z; Li, R; Zhang, H; Zhou, L; Zhu, K, 2020)	2
" These results suggest that pectin-coated BC PC T20-NP is a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability and permeation of BC for administration through mucosal surfaces."	( Development of nanoparticles coated with cassava bagasse pectin (Manihot esculenta Crantz) containing β-carotene for mucoadhesive applications. Coelho, B; Coelho, DS; Feltrin, C; Maraschin, M; Mazzarino, L; Neubert, EO; Pitz, HS; Schneider, NFZ; SimÕes, CMO; Voytena, APL, 2020)	0.56
" Compared with Glucophage® XR, the relative bioavailability of metformin HCFT was 123."	( Novel self-floating tablet for enhanced oral bioavailability of metformin based on cellulose. Baek, JS; Cho, CW; Han, M; Kang, H; Kim, M; Lee, H; Lee, HK; Mai Anh Pham, T; Na, YG; Wook Huh, H, 2021)	0.85
"Low bioavailability and poor water solubility have limited the utilization of curcumin in conventional dosing methods."	( Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-nanocrystalline cellulose (CTAB-NCC) based microemulsions for enhancement of topical delivery of curcumin. Ahmad, I; Kargarzadeh, H; Ramli, S; Zainuddin, N; Zulfakar, MH, 2021)	0.88
" In this study, a recently patented green biopolymer (Prosopis africana gum, PG) was compatibilized with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a conventional polysaccharide, via thermo-regulated coacervation to obtain PG-MCC (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 0:1) rational blends and the nanoparticles developed with optimized (1:1) biocomposites (termed "prosopisylated cellulose") by combined homogenization-nanoprecipitation technique was engineered as a high circulating system for improved oral bioavailability of griseofulvin (GF), a model Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class-II drug."	( Biodegradable nanoparticles from prosopisylated cellulose as a platform for enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Dias, ML; Kenechukwu, FC; Ricci-Júnior, E, 2021)	1.08
"Targeted delivery of pesticides towards pests and pathogens can significantly improve the bioavailability and efficacy of pesticides and minimize the impact on the environment."	( Cyclodextrin polymer-valved MoS Chen, W; Chen, Y; Dong, J; Du, X; Feng, J; Li, J; Qin, D; Wang, C; Yu, Y, 2021)	0.62
"Ranitidine HCl, a selective, competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist with a short biological half-life, low bioavailability and narrow absorption window, is an ideal candidate for gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)."	( Design, development and optimization of sustained release floating, bioadhesive and swellable matrix tablet of ranitidine hydrochloride. Belete, A; Gebre-Mariam, T; Nigusse, B, 2021)	0.62
" Correspondingly, oral peptide drug absorption and bioavailability may be impacted."	( Do Macrocyclic Peptide Drugs Interact with Bile Salts under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions? Dening, TJ; Douglas, JT; Hageman, MJ, 2021)	0.62
" RTV SD exhibited enhanced dissolution manner, while the oral bioavailability of RTV SD was equivalent with the Reference Standard Norvir® but increased significantly compared to the ternary physical mixture."	( Cellulose derivatives as effective recrystallization inhibitor for ternary ritonavir solid dispersions: In vitro-in vivo evaluation. Guan, Q; Han, J; Jiang, X; Liu, M; Ma, Q; Wang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)	2.06
" Oleic acid-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (OECAMs) were developed to evaluate the bioavailability of epoxiconazole (EPO) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida)."	( Accumulation of epoxiconazole from soil via oleic acid-embedded cellulose acetate membranes and bioavailability evaluation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Chen, Y; Dong, F; Liu, X; Wu, X; Xu, J; Yuan, S; Zheng, Y, 2022)	1.28
" It has limited oral bioavailability what is a challenge to its therapeutic application."	( Ferulic acid-loaded nanocapsules: Evaluation of mucosal interaction, safety and antioxidant activity in human mononucleated cells. Burger, ME; da Silva Silveira, L; de Bona da Silva, C; Gündel, A; Machado, AK; Pereira, VG; Rampelotto, CR; Rossato, A; Sagrillo, MR; Schaffazick, SR, 2022)	0.72
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of bacterial cellulose nanofiber suspension (BCNs) as stabilizer in anti-solvent precipitation and its effect on improving bioavailability of coenzyme Q10."	( Improved water dispersion and bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by bacterial cellulose nanofibers. Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Q; Zhao, X, 2022)	1.18
" The relative bioavailability of the model drugs was 246."	( Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan-sodium alginate-ethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte film as a novel buccal mucosal delivery vehicle. Gao, Z; Guo, J; Li, M; Liu, L; Wang, S; Zuo, A, 2022)	0.95
" It can protect the active substance from environmental damage, enhance water solubility and stability, and improve the bioavailability of the active substance."	( Effect of microcrystalline cellulose under different hydrolysis durations on the stability of thyme oil emulsion. Du, Y; Feng, ZJ; Hu, D; Ma, S; Niu, F; Pan, W; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.02
" The hydrophilic surface of the nanocellulose was modified using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) cationic surfactant to improve loading capacity of hydrophobic indomethacin drug which has a low bioavailability and poor solubility in water."	( Extraction of carboxylated nanocellulose from oat husk: Characterization, surface modification and in vitro evaluation of indomethacin drug release. Bagheri, M; Dehkhoda, S; Heydari, M; Rabieh, S, 2022)	1.28
" To improve the bioavailability of curcumin, it was encapsulated in WWBCs composites by participating in their structural co-assembly."	( Hydrophilic co-assembly of wheat gluten proteins and wheat bran cellulose improving the bioavailability of curcumin. Busquets, R; Hu, F; Rizwan Khan, M; Thakur, K; Wei, ZJ; Zhang, F; Zhang, JG; Zou, PR, 2022)	0.96
"Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) represent an interesting platform for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble lipophilic drugs."	( Development and Characterization of Celecoxib Solid Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDS) Prepared Using Novel Cellulose-Based Microparticles as Adsorptive Carriers. Baudron, V; Beine, B; Bernhardt, A; Klein, S; Schmied, FP, 2022)	0.93
"Many organic materials have been used to decrease heavy-metal bioavailability in soil via in-situ remediation due to its high efficiency and easy operation; meanwhile, cheap materials have also been pursued to decrease the cost of remediation."	( The immobilization, plant uptake and translocation of cadmium in a soil-pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) system amended with various sugarcane bagasse-based materials. Dai, Z; Liu, G; Tang, C; Xu, J, 2022)	0.72
" Micro and nano-scaffolds made of natural polymers specifically cellulose, chitosan, and collagen can donate the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioavailability properties appropriate to accelerate wound closure before microbial biofilm formation."	( Antibacterial and wound healing applications of curcumin in micro and nano-scaffolds based on chitosan, cellulose, and collagen. Alavi, M; Aljelehawy, QHA; Ashengroph, M; Kahrizi, D; Moetasam Zorab, M, 2022)	1.17
" The low solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the primary reasons for its high daily dose."	( Molecular interactions of niclosamide with hydroxyethyl cellulose in binary and ternary amorphous solid dispersions for synergistic enhancement of water solubility and oral pharmacokinetics in rats. Bhanushali, JS; Bharate, SS; Dhiman, S; Nandi, U, 2022)	0.97
" The eluent mainly removed exchangeable and reducible fractions of Cd, which could effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals."	( Green remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by cellulose nanocrystals. Chen, Y; Liao, W; Lin, X; Qiu, R; Wei, Z; Wu, Q; Yu, X, 2023)	1.16
"Bioremediation techniques utilizing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment have attracted growing attention in recent years, yet substrate bioavailability for SRB is a key factor influencing treatment effectiveness and long-term stability."	( Effects of organic substrates on sulfate-reducing microcosms treating acid mine drainage: Performance dynamics and microbial community comparison. Chai, G; Guo, Y; Jiang, C; Jing, X; Li, H; Li, J; Lin, Y; Meng, H; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" This feature makes L-HPC particularly suitable as ASD carriers for fine tuning of supersaturation to achieve enhanced bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs."	( Amorphous solid dispersions in high-swelling, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose for enhancing the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Christinne Rocha de Medeiros Schver, G; Danda, LJA; Felts de La Roca Soares, M; Lamartine Soares Sobrinho, J; Lee, PI, 2023)	1.14
" Despite the availability of diverse synthetic polymers for the bioavailability enhancement of drugs, the use of natural polymers is still highly recommended due to their easy availability, accessibility, and non-toxicity."	( Recent advances in cellulose, pectin, carrageenan and alginate-based oral drug delivery systems. Arya, P; Bhatti, SP; Kaur, R; Kennedy, JF; Mor, N; Raghav, N; Sharma, MR; Vashisth, C, 2023)	1.24
" The TH process was successful in enhancing the bioavailability of the waste, increasing the concentration of soluble organic matter quantified by chemical oxygen demand of the soluble fraction (CODs), and decreasing the concentration of volatile suspended solids (VSS)."	( Optimization of anaerobic digestion and solubilization of biosludges from the kraft cellulose industry using thermal hydrolysis as pretreatment. Borzacconi, L; Goycoechea, N; López, I, 2023)	1.13
"12° and the water absorption rate decreased from 182."	( Development of bio-based PLA/cellulose antibacterial packaging and its application for the storage of shiitake mushroom. Chen, H; Fang, X; Gao, H; Liu, R; Mu, H; Niu, B; Wang, G; Wang, W; Wu, W, 2023)	1.2
" So, recent scientific advances have found many components and strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin with the inclusion of biotechnology and nanotechnology to address its existing limitations."	( Synthesis of curcuma longa doped cellulose grafted hydrogel for catalysis, bactericidial and insilico molecular docking analysis. Abd-Rabboh, HSM; Haider, A; Ikram, M; Islam, M; Rathore, HA; Saeed, H; Shahzadi, A; Shahzadi, I; Ul-Hamid, A, 2023)	1.19
" Additionally, the SA/CNC film possessed a homogeneous micromorphology which had a sustained-release effect on GEO, thus maintaining high postharvest quality and long-term bioavailability for mangos."	( Improved sustained-release properties of ginger essential oil in a Pickering emulsion system incorporated in sodium alginate film and delayed postharvest senescence of mango fruits. Cao, J; Chen, L; Jiang, H; Jiang, W; Pu, Y; Shen, C; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2024)	1.44

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Gel-forming,, unabsorbable carbohydrate may therefore be a useful adjunct to anti-diabetic therapy, irrespective of the type of treatment or insulin dosage used."	( Treatment of diabetes with guar gum. Reduction of urinary glucose loss in diabetics. Apling, EC; Bacon, S; Dilawari, J; Hockaday, TD; Howarth, R; Jenkins, DJ; Leeds, AR; Wolever, TM, 1977)	0.26
" Indications are given for the choice, dosage and administration of dietary fibers."	( [Why, when and how dietary fiber will be used in gastrointestinal disorders (author's transl)]. Frexinos, J, 1978)	0.26
" Over eight weeks' treatment insulin dosage was reduced by 21% in five patients, and home testing showed that glycosuria was reduced by 68% in six patients."	( Guar crispbread in the diabetic diet. Bacon, S; Hockaday, TD; Jenkins, DJ; Metz, GL; Nineham, R; Taylor, R; Wolever, TM, )	0.13
" Results of this study revealed the fact that ethyl cellulose proved to be a potential sustained-release coating for oral dosage forms."	( Ethyl cellulose as a potential sustained release coating for oral pharmaceuticals. El-menshaway, ME; Ismail, AA; Salib, NN, 1976)	0.99
" The dose-response curve of the binding to this type of membrane was linear."	( Hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility: the case of erythropoietin. Cheung, AK; DeSpain, M; Hohnholt, M; Leypoldt, JK, 1991)	0.28
" In conclusion, AG at moderate dosage does not seem to influence the formation of lysyl oxidase dependent reducible cross-links of collagen."	( The influence of aminoguanidine on borohydride reducible collagen cross-links and wound strength. Andreassen, TT; Jørgensen, PH; Oxlund, H; Seyer-Hansen, M, 1991)	0.28
" The results suggest that the use of chlorhexidine in a sustained-release dosage form applied to the tooth surfaces may prove useful in the control of plaque and its sequela in children with Down's syndrome."	( Local application of sustained-release delivery system of chlorhexidine in Down's syndrome population. Friedman, M; Guberman, R; Sela, MN; Shapira, J; Shur, D; Stabholz, A, )	0.13
" Thus, those patients who undergo dialysis with polyacrylonitrile and are treated with vancomycin may need supplementary doses post dialysis or to lessen dosage intervals than those traditionally used for dialysis patients since clearance of the drug is significantly higher than with cuprophane dialyzers."	( Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing hemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile. Cano, M; Cao, C; Fernandez, E; Montoliu, J; Rivas, MC; Torras, J, 1991)	0.28
"The release of chlorhexidine from an ethyl cellulose-based dosage form (SRD) has been shown to be effective in the reduction of the flora associated with periodontal pockets as well as in reducing probing depths."	( The use of sustained release delivery of chlorhexidine for the maintenance of periodontal pockets: 2-year clinical trial. Friedman, M; Sela, MN; Soskolne, WA; Stabholz, A, 1991)	0.54
" This approach may provide further insight into the effects of nonequilibrium behavior on pharmaceutically important properties and may serve as a basis for predicting aging and permeability changes in controlled-release dosage forms."	( Prediction of physical aging in controlled-release coatings: the application of the relaxation coupling model to glassy cellulose acetate. Amidon, GL; Sinko, CM; Yee, AF, 1991)	0.49
" HPC-EC10 (5:3) microcapsules containing piretanide were satisfactory as a sustained-release preparation in the light of the anti hypertensive effect even at a half frequency of daily dosing of the solution."	( Pharmacological evaluation of hydroxypropylcellulose-ethylcellulose microcapsules containing piretanide. Goto, S; Kawata, M; Kuriki, T; Suzuki, N; Tsujiyama, T, 1990)	0.54
"A controlled-release dosage form was manufactured by dispersing ethyl cellulose sol in acetone into a medium of mineral oil."	( Design and in vitro evaluation of dapsone-loaded micropellets of ethyl cellulose. Das, SK; Gupta, BK; Pal, M; Roy, S, 1989)	0.74
" Heparin dosage was not reduced during HD using QB 200 ml, QD 500 ml, and no ultrafiltration."	( A pilot study of piracetam in cuprophan hemodialysis. Alivanis, P; Grekas, D; Karamouzis, M; Pyrpasopoulos, M; Tourkantonis, A, 1989)	0.28
"Controlled release high dosage forms of a typical drug such as Indobufen were prepared as multiple-unit doses by employing extrusion-spheronization processing and subsequently film coating operations."	( Oral controlled release optimization of pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization processing. Bianchini, R; Vecchio, C, 1989)	0.28
"We studied the effects of cuprammonium rayon (CR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polysulfone (PS), changes in osmolality, and heparin dosage on beta-2-microglobulin (b2M) handling in an in-vitro model that excluded convective transport and minimized diffusive transport."	( Beta-2-microglobulin adsorption and release in-vitro: influence of membrane material, osmolality and heparin. Abdelhamid, S; Fiegel, P; Klinke, B; Meairs, S; Perschel, W; Röckel, A; Walb, D, 1988)	0.27
"Chemical an physical properties of film coating materials determine stability of enteric coated pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( [Effect of film formers and plasticizers on the stability of resistance and disintegration behavior. 4. Pharmaceutical-technological and analytical studies of gastric juice-resistant commercial preparations]. Heckenmüller, H; Thoma, K, 1987)	0.27
"0% EVA copolymer as the coacervation-inducing agent may act as sustained-release dosage forms."	( Bioavailability studies of theophylline ethylcellulose microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent. Lin, SY; Yang, JC, 1987)	0.53
"The dose-response relationship between biosynthetic human GH (b-hGH) and biomechanical properties (maximum stress, strain at maximum stress, relative failure energy, and maximum stiffness) and collagen deposition of granulation tissue in sc implanted cellulose sponges were investigated after 7 days of implantation in female rats."	( A dose-response study of the effects of biosynthetic human growth hormone on formation and strength of granulation tissue. Andreassen, TT; Jørgensen, PH, 1987)	0.45
"The progressive formation of plugs resulting from successive tamps in a dosing disk-type automatic capsule-filling machine was investigated for three fillers: anhydrous lactose, dicalcium phosphate, and microcrystalline cellulose."	( An investigation of some factors influencing plug formation and fill weight in a dosing disk-type automatic capsule-filling machine. Augsburger, LL; Marshall, K; Shah, KB, 1986)	0.46
" However, owing to the relatively wide therapeutic index of the drug, dosage supplementation may be necessary only in seriously ill patients to ensure therapeutic effect."	( Hemodialysis clearance of metronidazole and its metabolites. Chang, CW; Lau, AH; Sabatini, S, 1986)	0.27
" A significant increase of the liberation rate of propyphenazone (re-crystallized from various media) has been realized by direct pressing of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and Heweten 40 as well as by gelatine solution granulation, with which the last method exhibits the advantage of an increased accuracy of dosage and a decreased friability."	( [The increase in the liberation rate of propyphenazone from preoral solid dosage forms]. Götte, M; Thomas, G; Voigt, R, 1985)	0.27
" It was confirmed that a large number of microcapsules still remained in the stomach and each microcapsules still contained ampicillin at 24 h after dosing from the experiment using gastric-emptying-controlled rabbits."	( Preparation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of microcapsules of ampicillin. Aoyama, T; Goto, S; Uchida, T, 1985)	0.27
" Subsequent experiments offered alternative explanations suggesting that, at any given dosage of poly rI."	( Induction of viral interference: effects of poly rI-rC and diethylaminoethyl-dextran on the activity of the antiviral protein. Austin, FJ; Kalmakoff, J, 1973)	0.25
" The system was found to be useful as a sustained release dosage form."	( Encapsulated hydrophilic polymer beads containing indomethacin as controlled release drug delivery systems. Jun, HW; Suryakusuma, H, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency and either lever pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) or erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (Asp-AT) activity and PLP stimulation in vitro were compared among animals fed experimental diets varying in dietary fiber source and suboptimal levels."	( Effects of selected polysaccharides on the bioavailability of pyridoxine in rats and chicks. Damron, BL; Gregory, JF; Nguyen, LB, 1981)	0.26
" In turkeys dosed via cecal cannula, recoveries averaged 15."	( Cellulose digestion by domestic turkeys fed low or high fiber diets. Bedbury, HP; Duke, GE; Eccleston, E; Kirkwood, S; Louis, CF, 1984)	1.71
" Both preparations provided a sustained-release property and a sensitive response to conventional magnetic force, although certain differences in the release rate of drug, magnetic responsiveness, and particle size were found between the two dosage forms."	( Magnetic microcapsules for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Abe, R; Goto, A; Harada, M; Homma, M; Kato, T; Mori, H; Murota, H; Nemoto, R; Unno, K, 1984)	0.27
" Knowing the numerical values of the parameters utilized in these computer simulations, the modification of the pharmacokinetics can be predicted when using cyclodextrin complexes in oral dosage forms."	( Simulation of pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug-cyclodextrin complexes. Fritsch, S; Habon, I; Szejtli, J, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response data were analyzed statistically to determine the concentration for each compound which would inhibit cellulose digestion of VFA production by 50%, thereby providing a convenient reference point for evaluation of the amine with respect to the antibiotics."	( Comparison of N,N-dimethyldodecanamine with antibiotics on in vitro cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production by ruminal microorganisms. Baldwin, KA; Bitman, J; Thompson, MJ, 1982)	0.71
"To investigate the use of in vitro and in vivo data in the development of a sustained-release, carbomer-based dosage form (Entex LA tablets); and to compare the in vitro dissolution of pseudoephedrine from a sustained-release, hydroxypropylcellulose-based dosage form (Entex PSE tablets) and four branded competitors with different sustained-release matrixes."	( Use of in vitro and in vivo data in the design, development, and quality control of sustained-release decongestant dosage forms. Brock, MH; Dansereau, RJ; Patel, VS, )	0.31
"Sustained-release, polymer-based dosage forms such as Entex LA and Entex PSE can be complex and pose special challenges in design, development, and reformulation."	( Use of in vitro and in vivo data in the design, development, and quality control of sustained-release decongestant dosage forms. Brock, MH; Dansereau, RJ; Patel, VS, )	0.13
"A peroral dosage form was examined to deliver recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) to the colon in beagle dogs."	( Development of a colon delivery capsule and the pharmacological activity of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) in beagle dogs. Ikeda, C; Imagawa, N; Niwa, K; Takada, K; Takaya, T, 1995)	0.29
" With several samples that had undergone two cycles of blue rayon extraction, clear dose-response relationships in mutagenicity were demonstrated."	( Mutagenicity of blue rayon extracts of human bile in the Ames test. Araya, JC; Hayatsu, H; Kato, K; Kinebuchi, H; Mano, H; Ohta, T; Tsutsui, M; Yamamoto, M; Yoshida, K, 1993)	0.29
"In vitro release tests and in vivo absorption measurements of oral cavity dosage forms of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) prepared from mixed polymer film systems were conducted."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
" The low permeability of a water-soluble drug, chlorpheniramine maleate, and the weak mechanical properties of Aquacoat films could suggest osmotic driven/rupturing effects as the release mechanisms from Aquacoat-coated dosage forms."	( Mechanical properties of dry and wet cellulosic and acrylic films prepared from aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions used in the coating of solid dosage forms. Bodmeier, R; Paeratakul, O, 1994)	0.29
" Plasma elastase or lactoferrin concentrations increased during hemodialysis but were not dependent on heparin dosage at any time."	( Effect of thrombosis on complement activation and neutrophil degranulation during in vitro hemodialysis. Cheung, AK; Faezi-Jenkin, B; Leypoldt, JK, 1994)	0.29
"Phenytoin sodium was microencapsulated with ethylcellulose (EC) by a coacervation-phase separation method from ethyl acetate solution to develop a prolonged release dosage form of phenytoin."	( Sustained release of phenytoin following the oral administration of phenytoin sodium/ethylcellulose microcapsules in human subjects and rabbits. Karakasa, I; Kenmotsu, H; Sekikawa, H; Shibata, M; Takada, M; Yagi, N, 1994)	0.76
" The dosage interval should be extended up to every 5 HD sessions for patients on SCE."	( Comparison of the effects of three haemodialysis membranes on vancomycin disposition. Abu-aisha, H; al-Haider, A; al-Yamani, MJ; Alwakeel, J; Huraib, S; Najjar, TA, 1994)	0.29
" Two dosage forms were administered orally to beagle dogs."	( Evaluation of the correlation between in vivo and in vitro release. Effect of the force of contraction and food on drug release. Ando, H; Aoki, S; Ida, K; Ishii, M; Ozawa, H; Watanabe, S, 1994)	0.29
" The amino-glycoside is renally excreted; therefore, dosage modifications are required in patients on hemodialysis."	( Heterogeneity in gentamicin clearance between high-efficiency hemodialyzers. Agarwal, R; Cronin, RE, 1994)	0.29
" In a dose-response experiment, increasing the level of tannin-rich hull extract in the diet (0."	( Production of proline-rich proteins by the parotid glands of rats is enhanced by feeding diets containing tannins from faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Frohlich, AA; Jansman, AJ; Marquardt, RR, 1994)	0.29
" We conclude that dialyzer characteristics and the rate of dialysis (K/V urea) should be taken into consideration when determining the dosage of gentamicin in patients on hemodialysis."	( Gentamicin clearance during hemodialysis: a comparison of high-efficiency cuprammonium rayon and conventional cellulose ester hemodialyzers. Agarwal, R; Toto, RD, 1993)	0.5
" At time zero, 15N-enriched ammonium sulfate was dosed into the rumen."	( Effects of forage species and particle size on bacterial cellulolytic activity and colonization in situ. Bowman, JG; Firkins, JL, 1993)	0.29
" An important first step in the development of a multiparticulate coated dosage form is to characterize the uncoated pellet."	( Drug release mechanism from a microcrystalline cellulose pellet system. O'Connor, RE; Schwartz, JB, 1993)	0.54
" The determination of vancomycin removal can be used to estimate vancomycin serum concentrations as well as dosage requirements."	( Influence of cellulose triacetate hemodialyzers on vancomycin pharmacokinetics. Dombrouski, J; Hoffman, EJ; Mason, NA; Odeh, RM; Patel, JA; Swartz, RD; Welage, LS, 1995)	0.66
"The dose-response relationship among dietary fiber, colonic fermentation, fecal weight, and mucosal growth were evaluated in this study."	( Evaluation in rats of the dose-response relationship among colonic mucosal growth, colonic fermentation, and dietary fiber. Bertram, TA; Higgins, JM; Purdon, MP; Ridder, GM; Whiteley, LO, 1996)	0.29
" The adsorption time and the dosage of heparin were considered as factors influencing the amount of heparin adsorption."	( [Heparin-free hemodialysis of hemophan adsorption: an experimental study]. Chen, H; Li, J; Wang, S, 1996)	0.29
" The 'no observed adverse effect level' (NOAEL) for toxicological effects was greater than 5000 mg/kg/day MCC, which was the highest dosage tested."	( Qualitative investigation of uptake of fine particle size microcrystalline cellulose following oral administration in rats. Butt, MT; Freeman, C; Kotkoskie, LA; Selinger, E; Weiner, ML, 1996)	0.52
" Significant control over the rate of drug released from the developed dosage form was achieved during the experiment time (12 h)."	( Microencapsulation of theophylline using ethylcellulose: in vitro drug release and kinetic modelling. Ataei, Z; Ghalandari, R; Lavasanifar, A; Mortazavi, SA; Zolfaghari, ME, )	0.39
"This investigation was carried out to try the application of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PC) solid dispersion as sustained release dosage form."	( [Preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of pilocarpine hydrochloride for alleviation of xerostomia]. Miyazaki, S; Oda, M; Ohno, K; Sato, M; Takada, M; Watanabe, S; Yagi, N, 1997)	0.3
" In 1950, the first large-scale epidemiological studies documented that cigarette smoking induces lung cancer and described a dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and the risk for developing lung cancer."	( The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. Hoffmann, D; Hoffmann, I, 1997)	0.3
" The dosage forms include fibers, film/slabs, and injectable systems, some of which are degradable, while others are not and need to be removed at the termination of the treatment."	( Subgingival delivery of therapeutic agents in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Soskolne, WA, 1997)	0.3
" No dose-response relationship could be found within the exposed group for any evaluation criteria of CS2-exposure."	( Electrophysiological investigation of central, peripheral and autonomic nerve function in workers with long-term low-level exposure to carbon disulphide in the viscose industry. Angerer, J; Bickel, A; Claus, D; Drexler, H; Lehnert, G; Neundörfer, B; Reinhardt, F; Ulm, K, 1997)	0.3
"Isolated decrease of MNCV in binary evaluation is, with regard to the known mechanism of CS2-neurotoxicity and the lack of a dose-response relationship, obviously not due to toxic effects."	( Electrophysiological investigation of central, peripheral and autonomic nerve function in workers with long-term low-level exposure to carbon disulphide in the viscose industry. Angerer, J; Bickel, A; Claus, D; Drexler, H; Lehnert, G; Neundörfer, B; Reinhardt, F; Ulm, K, 1997)	0.3
" The patients were diagnosed by endoscopy studies, dosage of total biliary acids in gastric content and biopsy and were divided into two groups of 25 subjects each."	( [Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on alkaline gastritis due to bile reflux]. Cendan, A; Paniagua, M; Piñol, F, 1997)	0.59
" An understanding of vancomycin's predominant dialytic mass transfer mechanism under a given set of operating conditions, including dialyser type and flow rates, may permit more accurate dosing of the drug."	( Vancomycin mass transfer characteristics of high-flux cellulosic dialysers. Clark, WR; Mueller, BA; Scott, MK, 1997)	0.3
"Chewable tablets containing low dosage fluoride content were prepared using two varieties of celluloses and their in vitro parameters were evaluated."	( Clinical evaluation of sodium fluoride chewable tablets in dental caries. Aithal, KS; Tandon, S; Udupa, DN, )	0.35
"Multiparticulate pellet systems are used as both immediate and modified release dosage forms."	( Drug release from a multiparticulate pellet system. O'Connor, RE; Schwartz, JB; Zimm, KR, 1996)	0.29
" Ethylcellulose-coated beads were soaked in peanut oil prior to testing to simulate the influence of concomitant administration of the dosage form with ingestion of fatty meals."	( An in vitro method to investigate food effects on drug release from film-coated beads. Liu, J; Sriwongjanya, M; Williams, RO, 1997)	0.78
"Results of the development of a solid dosage form containing 200 mg Carbamazepine (CBZ) are presented."	( [Influence of different auxiliary materials on the dissolution of carbamazepine from solid dosage forms]. Jeköné, BZ, 1998)	0.3
" The data presented in this paper demonstrate the usefulness of NMR imaging in solid dosage form development."	( Use of NMR imaging in the optimization of a compression-coated regulated release system. Blazek, A; Chopra, SK; Fahie, BJ; Fyfe, CA; Grondey, H; Nangia, A, 1998)	0.3
" Control animals received water at the same dosage volume as the high-dose group."	( Subchronic oral toxicity study of Aquacoat ECD ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion in the rat. Freeman, C; Kotkoskie, LA, 1998)	0.55
" We conclude that the type of dialyzer used has to be taken into account in dosage recommendations for antimicrobial therapy in hemodialysis patients."	( Ofloxacin clearance during hemodialysis: a comparison of polysulfone and cellulose acetate hemodialyzers. Burgmann, H; El Menyawi, I; Hörl, WH; Kletzmayr, J; Kovarik, J; Rosenkranz, AR; Thalhammer, F; Traunmüller, F, 1998)	0.53
" Surface acidities of common excipients used in preparation of solid dosage forms are presented."	( Surface acidity of solid pharmaceutical excipients III. Excipients for solid dosage forms. Oelkrug, D; Scheef, CA; Schmidt, PC, 1998)	0.3
" This paper describes a study carried out with the aim of ensuring the accurate administration of these antibiotics in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, by developing equations which enable the dosage for individual patients to be calculated according to the dialyzer being used and the operational conditions set up during the dialysis session."	( Experimental equations to calculate aminoglycoside clearances through cuprophan dialyzers. Fernández, IP; Herrero, GF; Mac-Kay, MV; Sánchez Bursón, JL, 1998)	0.3
"Little information is available on the compactability of beads for oral sustained-release dosage forms."	( Bead compacts. I. Effect of compression on maintenance of polymer coat integrity in multilayered bead formulations. Altaf, SA; Ayres, JW; Hoag, SW, 1998)	0.3
"05) DS:(EC + CS) solid dispersion was prepared and developed into a capsule dosage from, using lactose as diluent."	( Development of diclofenac sodium controlled release solid dispersion powders and capsules by freeze drying technique using ethylcellulose and chitosan as carriers. Dangprasirt, P; Pongwai, S, 1998)	0.51
"Pelletization is increasingly applied currently for the preparation of solid oral controlled-release dosage forms."	( Effect of the formulation parameters on the characteristics of pellets. Fekete, R; Marton, S; Rácz, I; Zelkó, R, 1998)	0.3
" The morphological and functional results clearly demonstrated the tangential spray rotary system as a promising one-step technique for the preparation of indobufen prolonged-release multiple-unit dosage forms."	( Rotary tangential spray technique for aqueous film coating of indobufen pellets. Fabiani, F; Gazzaniga, A; Sangalli, ME; Vecchio, C; Zema, L, 1998)	0.3
"The study was designed to investigate the feasibility of developing a transdermal drug dosage form of promethazine hydrochloride (PMH)."	( In vitro release and diffusion studies of promethazine hydrochloride from polymeric dermatological bases using cellulose membrane and hairless mouse skin. Babar, A; Gogineni, P; Patel, NK; Plakogiannis, FM; Ray, SD, 1999)	0.51
" A dose-response relationship was observed in the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis catalyzed by three elastases: porcine pancreatic elastase, which was employed to model this approach; human leukocyte elastase; and elastase in human chronic wound fluid."	( Inhibition of elastase by a synthetic cotton-bound serine protease inhibitor: in vitro kinetics and inhibitor release. Batiste, S; Bopp, AF; Cohen, IK; Diegelmann, RF; Edwards, JV; Montante, SJ; Ullah, AJ, )	0.13
"The objective was to determine the tackiness of acrylic and cellulosic polymer films in order to make predictions on the tackiness (agglomeration) of coated dosage forms during coating and curing."	( Tackiness of acrylic and cellulosic polymer films used in the coating of solid dosage forms. Bodmeier, R; Kuppler, F; Wesseling, M, 1999)	0.3
" A tendency existed for cows that were dosed with vitamin C in the abomasum to have higher ascorbic acid than cows supplemented orally."	( Technical note: forms and route of vitamin C supplementation for cows. Hidiroglou, M, 1999)	0.3
" After optimisation, the chosen ratio of these 2 constituents allowed the release of more than 70% of the dosage over 16 hours in a very reproducible manner."	( Galenic development and pharmacokinetic profile of indapamide sustained release 1.5 mg. Damien, G; Huet de Barochez, B; Schiavi, P, 1999)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to develop a microspherical dosage form for a highly water-soluble drug, fenoterol HBr, by using the water insoluble, non-biodegradable polymer, ethyl cellulose."	( Modification of the initial release of a highly water-soluble drug from ethyl cellulose microspheres. Lin, WJ; Wu, TL, )	0.55
"In solid dosage manufacturing, roller compaction technology plays an important role in providing cost control and a quality product."	( The evaluation of fine-particle hydroxypropylcellulose as a roller compaction binder in pharmaceutical applications. Barnum, PE; Guo, JH; Harcum, WW; Skinner, GW, 1999)	0.56
" Overall, these results confirm that ranitidine can be formulated into pellet dosage forms with little or no MCC by the extrusion-spheronization process."	( Formulation of ranitidine pellets by extrusion-spheronization with little or no microcrystalline cellulose. Basit, AW; Lacey, LF; Newton, JM, 1999)	0.52
" Multiple unit dosage forms (MUDFs) were subsequently obtained by encapsulating the mini-matrix tablets into hard gelatin capsules."	( Development and evaluation of a multiple-unit oral sustained release dosage form for S(+)-ibuprofen: preparation and release kinetics. Cox, PJ; Khan, KA; Munday, DL; Sujja-areevath, J, 1999)	0.3
" In the present study, we examined whether this deconvolution method is useful for evaluating oral dosage forms."	( Deconvolution analysis for absorption and metabolism of aspirin in microcapsules. Hashida, M; Wu, X; Yamashita, F, 1999)	0.3
"Three Dimensional Printing is a novel technique used in the fabrication of complex oral dosage delivery pharmaceuticals."	( Oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing. Cima, MJ; Giritlioglu, B; Katstra, WE; Palazzolo, RD; Rowe, CW; Teung, P, 2000)	0.31
" It is considered one of the most important quality control tests performed on pharmaceutical dosage forms, and validation of dissolution methods is an important part of good manufacturing practices (GMP)."	( Validation of tablet dissolution method by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dluzneski, PR; Guo, JH; Harcum, WW; Skinner, GW; Trumbull, DE, 2000)	0.31
"Chewable tablets containing low dosage flouride content were prepared using two varities of celluloses and their in vitro parameters were evaluated."	( Clinical evaluation of sodium flouride chewable tablets in dental caries. Aithal, KS; Maddi, SS; Tandon, S, )	0.35
"The effect of flutriafol on the cellulose decomposition was studied in the laboratory as a dose-response experiment using a trade marked formulation."	( Effect of a triazole fungicide on the cellulose decomposition by the soil microflora. Borde, O; Munier-Lamy, C, 2000)	0.86
" Linking up with the previous studies, the paper investigated the effects of two auxiliary substances--cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose)--and their concentration on the pharmaceutical availability of the potential drug XX B from the dosage form."	( [Effect of macromolecular substances on pharmaceutical availability of a potential local anesthetic]. Svehlová, E, 2000)	0.52
" The objective of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance of cefazolin and develop dosing strategies in these patients."	( Cefazolin dialytic clearance by high-efficiency and high-flux hemodialyzers. Bailie, GR; Frye, RF; Grabe, DW; Manley, HJ; Marx, MA; Mueller, BA; Sowinski, KM, 2001)	0.31
" The present study attempted to determine whether the dosage formulations of microspheres could form enteric matrices."	( Release characteristics of microspheres prepared by co-spray drying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae antigens and aqueous ethyl-cellulose dispersion. Cheng, IC; Liao, CW; Lin, FY; Weng, CN; Yeh, KS, )	0.34
"The moist granulation technique (MGT), which involves agglomeration and moisture absorption, has only been applied to immediate-release dosage forms."	( Use of a moist granulation technique (MGT) to develop controlled-release dosage forms of acetaminophen. Railkar, AM; Schwartz, JB, 2001)	0.31
" Introduced strains of bacteria, irrespective of ecosystem, often decline after inoculation, and in this study, highly fibrolytic strains of Ruminococcus were continuously dosed to ensure that measurements of fibre digestion were made in the presence of significant numbers of the introduced bacteria."	( Repeated ruminal dosing of Ruminococcus spp. does not result in persistence, but changes in other microbial populations occur that can be measured with quantitative 16S-rRNA-based probes. Bunch, RJ; Conlan, LL; Kennedy, PM; Krause, DO; Mackie, RI; McSweeney, CS; Smith, WJ, 2001)	0.31
" All the microparticulate dosage forms were prepared using ketoprofen in the form of calcium salt (KP-Ca)."	( Sustained release ketoprofen microparticles with ethylcellulose and carboxymethylethylcellulose. Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Yamada, T, 2001)	0.56
"The presence of carboxyhemoglobin in non-smokers exposed to methylene chloride results primarily from the metabolism of methylene chloride in the liver and exhibits a linear dose-response relationship."	( Observed versus predicted carboxyhemoglobin levels in cellulose triacetate workers exposed to methylene chloride. Amsel, J; Sielken, RL; Soden, KJ; Valdez-Flora, C, 2001)	0.56
"The aim of this study was to demonstrate a sustained-release microparticulate dosage form for acyclovir via an in vitro study."	( In vitro modified release of acyclovir from ethyl cellulose microspheres. Chen, PF; Chen, RR; Cheu, SJ; Lin, WJ, )	0.38
"We examined the penetration rate of lidocaine (LC) through excised oral mucosa from hamster cheek pouch and the in vitro release rate of LC from film dosage forms with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a film base."	( Development of polymer film dosage forms of lidocaine for buccal administration. I. Penetration rate and release rate. Danjo, K; Iida, K; Okamoto, H; Taguchi, H, 2001)	0.5
"A modified method is described for the determination of 4-amino-6-methoxy-l-phenylpyridazinium methyl sulfate (amezinium metisulfate) in plasma and in the dosage form."	( Determination of amezinium in plasma by RP HPLC and its application to bioequivalence studies. Kokot, Z; Prawdzik, I, )	0.13
"This study has been undertaken to develop a controlled-release tablet dosage form of naproxen using ethocel (ethyl cellulose) as the rate-controlling polymer."	( Controlled-release naproxen using micronized ethyl cellulose by wet-granulation and solid-dispersion method. Ashraf, M; Babar, A; Iqbal, Z, 2002)	0.78
"Development of an extended release oral dosage form for nifedipine using the non-uniform drug distribution matrix method was conducted."	( Development of extended release dosage forms using non-uniform drug distribution techniques. Huang, KK; Meng, CL; Wang, DP, 2002)	0.31
" The results of preformulation studies enabled detection of drug-excipients interactions and selection of compatible excipient system to the given drug composition to formulate dosage form of required stability, processability and effectiveness."	( [Formulation of tablets decreasing plasma homocysteine levels]. Budavári, Z, 2001)	0.31
" flexibility in dosage form design and drug efficacy improvement."	( Some variables influencing rotoagglomeration in the multiprocessor MP-1. Rabisková, M; Vetchý, D, 2002)	0.31
"Micro-thermal analysis (microTA) by scanning thermal microscopy is being used increasingly for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning thermal microscopy analysis of pharmaceutical materials. Allen, S; Bond, L; Davies, MC; Roberts, CJ; Shivji, AP; Tendler, SJ; Williams, PM; Zhang, J, 2002)	0.31
"Inert matrices of didanosine (ddI) were elaborated as controlled release dosage forms, using two different types of polymers: Eudragit RS-PM, an anionic acrylic acid copolymer, and Ethocel 100 Premium, an ethylcellulose."	( Eudragit RS-PM and Ethocel 100 Premium: influence over the behavior of didanosine inert matrix system. Alvarez-Fuentes, J; Fernández-Arévalo, M; Rabasco, AM; Sánchez-Lafuente, C, 2002)	0.5
"An oscillatory rheological method is used for the determination of the mucoadhesive properties of a cationic cellulosic derivative (JR-30M) proposed for ocular dosage forms and dry eye viscous solutions."	( In vitro assessment of the interaction mechanisms between mucin and a cationic cellulosic derivative by rheological methods using an experimental design. Ludwig, A; Weyenberg, W, 2002)	0.31
"The pellet is an important oral dosage form, interesting because of its numerous technological and pharmacotherapeutic advantages."	( [The role of moistening on the extrusion and spheronization process]. Pérez, JP; Rabisková, M, 2002)	0.31
"pH modifiers are often used to promote drug solubility/ stability in dosage forms, but predicting the extent and duration of internal pH modification is difficult."	( Measurement and mapping of pH in hydrating pharmaceutical pellets using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cope, SJ; Hibberd, S; MacRae, RJ; Melia, CD; Whetstone, J, 2002)	0.31
" However, the method developed is also generic and with suitable fluorophores will be applicable to other pH ranges and other dosage forms."	( Measurement and mapping of pH in hydrating pharmaceutical pellets using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cope, SJ; Hibberd, S; MacRae, RJ; Melia, CD; Whetstone, J, 2002)	0.31
"Ethylcellulose in combination with water-soluble additives has been used in the development of microporous membrane-coated dosage forms."	( Influence of type and level of water-soluble additives on drug release and surface and mechanical properties of Surelease films. Parikh, NH; Rohera, BD, 2002)	0.83
" The aims of this study were to examine the dose-response relationship of CS2 exposure and elevated lipid profile tests among CS2-exposed workers in Taiwan."	( Elevated triglyceride and decreased high density lipoprotein level in carbon disulfide workers in Taiwan. Chang, HY; Chang, SJ; Chen, CJ; Chou, TC; Huang, CC; Luo, JC; Shih, TS, 2003)	0.32
" Compared to conventional tablets, release of the model drug from these HPMC matrix tablets was prolonged; as a result, an oral release dosage form to avoid the gastrointestinal adverse effects was achieved."	( In-vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled-release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices. Bravo, SA; Lamas, MC; Salamón, CJ, )	0.13
"25 g) was coated onto cellulose and dosed daily to a lamb for 12 d by intraruminal intubation."	( Ovine metabolism of diosgenin coated on cellulose in relation to hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants. Meagher, LP; Miles, CO; Smith, BL; Wilkins, AL, 2003)	0.9
"The purpose of this work was to image crystalline drug nanoparticles from a liquid dispersion and in a solid dosage form for the determination of size, shape, and distribution."	( Characterization of crystalline drug nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy and complementary techniques. Dickey, A; Farber, L; Hurter, PN; Kaufman, MJ; Michaels, JN; Reynolds, SD; Shelukar, SD; Shi, HG; Thompson, KC, 2003)	0.32
" Nanoparticles observed in the solid dosage form had a size and shape similar to drug nanoparticles in the dispersion."	( Characterization of crystalline drug nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy and complementary techniques. Dickey, A; Farber, L; Hurter, PN; Kaufman, MJ; Michaels, JN; Reynolds, SD; Shelukar, SD; Shi, HG; Thompson, KC, 2003)	0.32
" Ultramicrotomy is a good sample preparation method to expose the interior of solid dosage forms with minimal structural alteration for microscopic examination."	( Characterization of crystalline drug nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy and complementary techniques. Dickey, A; Farber, L; Hurter, PN; Kaufman, MJ; Michaels, JN; Reynolds, SD; Shelukar, SD; Shi, HG; Thompson, KC, 2003)	0.32
" to use blends of gastrointestinal tract (GIT)-insoluble and enteric polymers (ethyl cellulose and Eudragit L) as coating materials for multiparticulate controlled release dosage forms; (ii)."	( Blends of enteric and GIT-insoluble polymers used for film coating: physicochemical characterization and drug release patterns. Bodmeier, R; Lecomte, F; MacRae, RJ; Siepmann, J; Walther, M, 2003)	0.54
"A newly designed flow-through type dissolution test method (FT method) was applied to predict in vivo drug release behaviors in dogs of controlled-release multiple unit dosage forms."	( Prediction of in vivo drug release behavior of controlled-release multiple-unit dosage forms in dogs using a flow-through type dissolution test method. Ikegami, K; Kobayashi, M; Osawa, T; Tagawa, K, 2003)	0.32
" Objectives of this study are to determine the pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance of levofloxacin and develop dosing strategies in these patients."	( Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in ESRD and removal by the cellulose acetate high performance-210 hemodialyzer. Hamburger, RJ; Kays, MB; Lucksiri, A; Mueller, BA; Scott, MK; Sowinski, KM, 2003)	0.56
"The objective of this study was to evaluate near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic imaging as a tool to assess a pharmaceutical quality assurance problem--blend uniformity in the final dosage product."	( Near-infrared spectral imaging for quality assurance of pharmaceutical products: analysis of tablets to assess powder blend homogeneity. Hussain, AS; Jefferson, EH; Lee, E; Lester, DS; Lewis, EN; Lyon, RC; Yu, LX, 2002)	0.31
" Vancomycin 15 mg/kg over the last hour of dialysis resulted in significantly lower subsequent predialysis concentrations than the other dosing schemes."	( Comparison of 3 vancomycin dosage regimens during hemodialysis with cellulose triacetate dialyzers: post-dialysis versus intradialytic administration. Mason, NA; Neudeck, BL; Patel, JA; Swartz, RD; Welage, LS, 2003)	0.55
"Vancomycin administration of 30 mg/kg over the last 2 hours of dialysis achieves serum concentrations similar to conventional dosing of 15 mg/kg after dialysis and would allow dosing on a weekly basis."	( Comparison of 3 vancomycin dosage regimens during hemodialysis with cellulose triacetate dialyzers: post-dialysis versus intradialytic administration. Mason, NA; Neudeck, BL; Patel, JA; Swartz, RD; Welage, LS, 2003)	0.55
" In this study, the processability and solid dosage performance of nanoparticulates are compared with those of microparticulates."	( Drug nano- and microparticles processed into solid dosage forms: physical properties. Lee, J, 2003)	0.32
" Images showed that the seal between the shell and the tablet plug is a key route of water penetration in these dosage forms."	( Investigating the coating-dependent release mechanism of a pulsatile capsule using NMR microscopy. Bowtell, RW; Köckenberger, W; MacRae, RJ; Melia, CD; Ross, AC; Stevens, HN; Sutch, JC, 2003)	0.32
"4% on 10% corn cob residue (w/v) when the cellulase dosage was 20 IU/g substrate."	( High-yield cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei ZU-02 on corn cob residue. Liming, X; Xueliang, S, 2004)	0.32
" Beginning from the second LDL-A course, a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d of prednisone was administered for 6 weeks, then tapered."	( A combined low-density lipoprotein apheresis and prednisone therapy for steroid-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children. Akioka, Y; Chikamoto, H; Fukazawa, A; Hattori, M; Ito, K; Kawaguchi, H; Khono, M; Matsunaga, A; Miyakawa, S; Nakakura, H; Ogino, D, 2003)	0.32
" From the results and observations of this work, it may be concluded that the mini-model air suspension coating instrument designed, may be a useful piece of equipment for preparing coated multiparticulate dosage forms in small quantities for sustained drug delivery, especially in research works."	( Pellet coating by air suspension technique using a mini-model coating unit. Ganesan, M; Jayakumar, M; Pal, TK, 2003)	0.32
" The improved material efficiency and product transfer methods could enable formulation of tablet dosage forms earlier in drug product development."	( Simulation of roller compaction using a laboratory scale compaction simulator. Hancock, BC; Mullarney, MP; Zinchuk, AV, 2004)	0.32
" This dosage form presents the clinical advantage of less frequent dosing, with increased quality of life for patients."	( Comparative study of morphine diffusion from sustained release polymeric suspensions. Calpena, AC; Doménech, J; Gallardo Lara, V; Morales, ME; Ruiz, MA, 2004)	0.32
"During the last decade the evolution of the pharmaceutical dosage form design has been important."	( Comparison of different mathematical models for the tensile strength-relative density profiles of binary tablets. Caraballo, I; Kuentz, M; Melgoza, LM; Ramírez, N; Sandoval, H, 2004)	0.32
" A dosing interval of 48 h prevented piroxicam accumulation following multiple dose administration."	( Compaction of enteric-coated pellets: influence of formulation and process parameters on tablet properties and in vivo evaluation. Debunne, A; Mangelings, D; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-response trends of ORs for HD were found across control, single exposure, and combined exposure for both CS(2) and H(2)SO(4)."	( Combined exposure to carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid simultaneously increases the risk of hand dermatitis in rayon industry. Chang, HY; Chiu, JE; Chou, TC; Sheu, HM; Shih, TS; Wu, JD, 2004)	0.32
" At present, the drug is marketed in tablet, capsule, syrup, cream, and injectable dosage forms."	( In vitro and ex vivo permeation studies of chlorpheniramine maleate gels prepared by carbomer derivatives. Baykara, T; Ozkan, Y; Savaşer, A; Taş, C, 2004)	0.32
"Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs in the most stable dosage form for oral delivery perhaps presents the greatest challenge to pharmaceutical industry."	( Stability study of amorphous valdecoxib. Ambike, AA; Mahadik, KR; Paradkar, A, 2004)	0.32
"Percolation theory has been used with great interest in understanding the design and characterization of dosage forms."	( Comparison studies on the percolation thresholds of binary mixture tablets containing excipients of plastic/brittle and plastic/plastic deformation properties. Amin, MC; Fell, JT, 2004)	0.32
" No generally accepted real-time in-line tools are available to gain insight into this process, and in practice, a highly experienced process formulator and operator are needed to develop a wet granulated solid dosage form."	( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes. Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)	0.33
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."	( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form]. Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)	0.33
" It is concluded that unlike in conventional dosage forms inclusion of excipients in hydrophilic controlled-release tablets containing water-soluble drugs should be carefully analyzed as their various physico-chemical properties may have significant implications on swelling dynamics, front movement, drug release kinetics, and consequently in vivo performance."	( Analysis of macromolecular changes and drug release from hydrophilic matrix systems. Fassihi, R; Jamzad, S; Tutunji, L, 2005)	0.33
"The dry-coated tablet with optimal lag time was designed to simulate the dosing time of drug administration according to the physiological needs."	( Formulation design of double-layer in the outer shell of dry-coated tablet to modulate lag time and time-controlled dissolution function: studies on micronized ethylcellulose for dosage form design (VII). Li, MJ; Lin, KH; Lin, SY, 2004)	0.52
" This research confirms that the variable pulmonary hypertensive responses among broilers cannot be attributed to the source or dosage of LPS, or to differences in the baseline pulmonary arterial pressure or micro-particle selection before injecting LPS."	( Pulmonary hypertensive responses of broilers to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): evaluation of LPS source and dose, and impact of pre-existing pulmonary hypertension and cellulose micro-particle selection. Chapman, ME; Erf, GF; Wang, W; Wideman, RF, 2005)	0.52
" The composite films offer new opportunities for the use of ethyl-cellulose as modified release coatings for dosage forms."	( Novel film modifiers to alter the physical properties of composite ethylcellulose films. Chan, LW; Heng, PW; Ong, KT, 2005)	0.8
" Further evaluation of the structure and sorption properties of excipients may aid the development of disintegrants for solid dosage forms."	( Dynamic vapor sorption properties of sodium starch glycolate disintegrants. Edge, S; Price, R; Staniforth, JN; Steele, DF; Young, PM, 2005)	0.33
" This coating has traditionally been applied to multi-unit systems, in part because of the small size and divided nature of this type of dosage form, which provides a large surface area for enzymatic attack and drug release."	( Exploiting gastrointestinal bacteria to target drugs to the colon: an in vitro study using amylose coated tablets. Basit, AW; Wilson, PJ, 2005)	0.33
"In pharmaceutical technology, film-forming agents are often applied in solution during the preparation of solid dosage forms."	( The effect of the solvent on the film-forming parameters of hydroxypropyl-cellulose. Bajdik, J; Eros, I; Marek, T; Pintye-Hódi, K; Regdon, G; Süvegh, K, 2005)	0.56
" As an important point the transfer of the liquid nanosuspensions to patient convenient oral dosage forms such as tablets and capsules is described."	( Drug nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs produced by high pressure homogenisation. Keck, CM; Müller, RH, 2006)	0.33
"The interaction of moisture with pharmaceutical solids is highly crucial to an understanding of water-based processes, for example, manufacturing processes or prediction of solid dosage form stability and shelf life."	( Role of water in the physical stability of solid dosage formulations. Airaksinen, S; Karjalainen, M; Leppänen, E; Rantanen, J; Shevchenko, A; Westermarck, S; Yliruusi, J, 2005)	0.33
" Thus, it is possible to formulate a single-unit, controlled-release dosage form of verapamil for oral administration at least once every 12 hours using the polymers CA and EC."	( Preparation and evaluation of verapamil hydrochloride microcapsules. Mahanti, B; Mahapatra, S; Mukherjee, B; Panda, P, )	0.13
" Polymers MC25 and HPC were found to be unsuitable for the preparation of this kind of solid dosage form, while HPMC K15M and K100M showed to be advantageous."	( Role of cellulose ether polymers on ibuprofen release from matrix tablets. Batista de Carvalho, LA; Pina, ME; Sousa, JJ; Veiga, F; Vueba, ML, 2005)	0.76
"Nowadays, oral dosage forms with controlled release kinetics have known an increasing interest."	( Performance of multilayered particles: influence of a thin cushioning layer. Chambin, O; Pourcelot, Y; Rochat-Gonthier, MH; Rota, A, 2005)	0.33
" When compared to other fast disintegrating dosage forms (e."	( Modified conventional hard gelatin capsules as fast disintegrating dosage form in the oral cavity. Bodmeier, R; Ciper, M, 2006)	0.33
"Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate and detect incompatibilities between drugs such as: ibuprofen (IBU) or ketoprofen (KETO) with cellulose ether derivatives, which are frequently applied on controlled release dosage forms."	( Compatibility studies between ibuprofen or ketoprofen with cellulose ether polymer mixtures using thermal analysis. Pina, ME; Sousa, JJ; Veiga, F; Vueba, ML, 2005)	0.77
" These results suggest that a CLA-immobilized CA membrane could offer protection for patients against oxidative stress and would be helpful for reducing the dosage of anticoagulant during hemodialysis."	( Effect of conjugated linoleic acid immobilization on the hemocompatibility of cellulose acetate membrane. Kung, FC; Yang, MC, 2006)	0.56
" The adsorption experiments were performed under various conditions such as different initial concentrations, pH, adsorbent dosage and adsorbent particle size."	( Sorption of copper(II) ion from aqueous solution by Tectona grandis l.f. (teak leaves powder). King, P; Kumar, YP; Prasad, VS; Srinivas, P, 2006)	0.33
" The dosage form was evaluated for physicochemical, adherence, and in vitro diffusion parameters."	( Bioadhesive tablets for controlled transdermal delivery of drugs. Bharath, S; Murthy, SN; Vishwanath, BA, )	0.13
"Adsorption characteristics of medicinal carbon powder (JP 14) for acetaminophen were examined at 37 degrees C using conventional incubation in an attempt to obtain an effective oral dosage form."	( Medicinal carbon tablets for treatment of acetaminophen intoxication: adsorption characteristics of medicinal carbon powder and its tablets. Ito, A; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Yamamoto, K, 2006)	0.33
"Mini-matrices (multiple-unit dosage form) with release-sustaining properties were developed by means of hot-melt extrusion using ibuprofen as the model drug and ethylcellulose as sustained-release agent."	( Xanthan gum to tailor drug release of sustained-release ethylcellulose mini-matrices prepared via hot-melt extrusion: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Remon, JP; Verhoeven, E; Vervaet, C, 2006)	0.77
"Analytical methods for determining the manufacturing process of tablet dosage forms have not been previously reported."	( The use of surface analysis techniques to determine the route of manufacture of tablet dosage forms. Elder, DP; Hancock, SA; Harridance, AM; Marzolini, NL; Mitchell, R, 2006)	0.33
" Lithium phthalocyanine crystals (LiPC) were placed inside the dosage forms."	( A nondestructive technique to determine the rate of oxygen permeation into solid dosage forms. Felton, LA; Timmins, GS, 2006)	0.33
"Most of the polymeric excipients applied in pharmaceutical technology are amorphous, which, as a result of physical ageing, can lead to changes in the stability of these materials and dosage forms prepared from them."	( [Physical ageing of amorphous polymeric excipients I. physicochemical principles]. Kiss, D; Zelkó, R, 2005)	0.33
"5 g/L, respectively, whereas the dosage of cellulase reduced from 20 to 15 IU/g of substrate in the batch process."	( Lactic acid production from cellulosic material by synergetic hydrolysis and fermentation. Shen, X; Xia, L, 2006)	0.33
" Conductivity measurements are used to monitor the drug release from the dosage form."	( Comparative drug release measurements in limited amounts of liquid: a suppository formulation study. Ek, R; Strømme, M; Welch, K, 2006)	0.33
"Predict the appropriate vancomycin intradialytic dosage and dosing interval among patients receiving HEHD."	( Clearance of vancomycin during high-efficiency hemodialysis. Kasiwong, S; Klansuwan, N; Ratanajamit, C; Wangsiripaisan, A, 2006)	0.33
" This study was carried out to investigate the solid phase transformation of ciprofloxacin during conventional formulation processing that impacts the performance of solid dosage forms."	( Investigation of excipient and processing on solid phase transformation and dissolution of ciprofloxacin. Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhi, F, 2007)	0.34
" Both the dosage forms follow Higuchi model for release from formulations."	( Formulation and development of gastroretentive drug delivery system for ofloxacin. Ali, J; Ali, M; Hasan, S, 2006)	0.33
" Thus, the formulation approach offers the possibility of formulating and controlling the in vitro release of water-insoluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms."	( Controlled drug release from pellets containing water-insoluble drugs dissolved in a self-emulsifying system. Booth, S; Clarke, A; Newton, M; Serratoni, M, 2007)	0.34
" From oral dosing of rats, it was determined that the two extrudate formulations performed similarly in vivo as confirmed by their statistically equivalent AUC values."	( Hot-melt extrusion for enhanced delivery of drug particles. McConville, JT; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO; Yang, W, 2007)	0.34
" The enhanced bioavailability and elimination half-life observed in the present study may be due to the floating nature of the dosage form."	( Controlled release calcium silicate based floating granular delivery system of ranitidine hydrochloride. Agrawal, GP; Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Yadav, A, 2006)	0.33
" Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant dose-response relationship between hypertensive risk and cumulative exposure index (CEI) with an odds ratio of 15."	( Risk for hypertension in workers exposed to carbon disulfide in the viscose rayon industry. Chang, SJ; Chen, CJ; Chou, TC; Shih, TS; Sung, FC, 2007)	0.34
"Patients undergoing a colonoscopy received Visicol (n = 34) or 1 of 6 RF-NaP regimens administered as either split (S) dosing (the evening before and the day of colonoscopy) or evening-only (E) dosing."	( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)	0.34
"Split dosing with RF-NaP was associated with high OCC and achieved response rates of 90%, 97%, and 100% for 28, 32, and 40 tablets, respectively, compared with 86% for Visicol."	( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)	0.34
" Split dosing and 32-tablet evening-only dosing of RF-NaP tablets were efficacious and well tolerated, and split dosing of RF-NaP tablets is recommended."	( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)	0.34
" This suppression in drug release rate due to a high fat meal is not anticipated to affect in vivo performance of the dosage form, as the rise in pressure is short-lived."	( Mechanistic investigation of drug release from asymmetric membrane tablets: effect of media gradients (osmotic pressure and concentration), and potential coating failures on in vitro release. Am Ende, MT; Miller, LA, 2007)	0.34
" Increased electron dosage appeared to melt the polymer with subsequent movement and attraction toward preferred electron concentrations within the beam."	( Polymer manipulation and nanofabrication in real time using transmission electron microscopy. Barnes, Z; Brown, RM; Kondo, T; Sawatari, C, 2007)	0.34
"The present study investigates if drug diffusion through plasticized isolated ethylcellulose (EC)/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films prepared by solvent casting can be used as a tool to develop spray-coated dosage forms."	( Correlation between the permeability of metoprolol tartrate through plasticized isolated ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films and drug release from reservoir pellets. Remon, JP; Rombout, P; Van den Mooter, G; Vervaet, C; Ye, ZW, 2007)	0.78
"The aim of this study was to provide an easy and efficient tool to adjust desired drug release kinetics from (aqueous) ethylcellulose-coated solid dosage forms and to better understand the underlying mass transport mechanisms."	( How to adjust desired drug release patterns from ethylcellulose-coated dosage forms. Carlin, B; Hoffmann, A; Leclercq, B; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2007)	0.79
" Dosage forms and the solid-state properties of drugs and excipients in a formulation may be influenced by the processing conditions used."	( Characterization of prednisolone in controlled porosity osmotic pump pellets using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Haslam, JL; Lubach, JW; Munson, EJ; Sotthivirat, S; Stella, VJ, 2007)	0.34
" Through the printing of release-retardation materials, 3DP processes could easily prepare tablets with high dosage and special design features for furnishing the desired drug release characteristics."	( Tablets with material gradients fabricated by three-dimensional printing. Huang, WD; Liu, J; Wang, YG; Xu, H; Yang, XL; Yu, DG, 2007)	0.34
" These products can have high temperature stability in process conditions in the range of 55-60 degrees C (with present industrial products at 45-50 degrees C) and clearly improved specific activity, essentially decreasing the protein dosage required for an efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates."	( Thermostable enzymes in lignocellulose hydrolysis. Alapuranen, M; Puranen, T; Siika-Aho, M; Vehmaanperä, J; Viikari, L, 2007)	0.63
" These results suggest that CCAM is a useful dosage form targeting the gastric mucosa or prolonging gastric residence time as a multiple-unit mucoadhesive system."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhensiveness of chitosan/cellulose acetate multimicrospheres. Chen, XG; Zhang, WF; Zhou, HY, 2007)	0.58
"The dissolution characteristics of melt granulations of paracetamol in capsule and tablet dosage form were compared to determine whether the dissolution characteristics of the granules can be actualized by formulating them as rapidly disintegrating tablets."	( A comparative study of the dissolution characteristics of capsule and tablet dosage forms of melt granulations of paracetamol--diluent effects. Okor, RS; Uhumwangho, MU, )	0.13
" Both coated and uncoated pellets were orally administered to the rats at a dosage equivalent to 15mg/kg."	( Study on colon-specific pectin/ethylcellulose film-coated 5-fluorouracil pellets in rats. Cao, DY; Du, Q; Fan, LF; He, W; Xiang, B, 2008)	0.62
" The bleaching efficiency of the pectinase and xylanase on kraft pulp was maximum after 150 min at 60 degrees C using enzyme dosage of 5 IU/ml of each enzyme at 10% pulp consistency with about 16% reduction in kappa number and 84% reduction in permanganate number."	( Production of thermostable pectinase and xylanase for their potential application in bleaching of kraft pulp. Ahlawat, S; Battan, B; Dhiman, SS; Mandhan, RP; Sharma, J, 2007)	0.34
"The coating prescription is filtered by the release extent of matrine and oxymatrine in vitro and the wicking rate of the tablet, which including the category and proportion of film forming agent and porogen, the sort and dosage of fluidizing agent, the increment of weight after coating and so on."	( [Preparation and in vivo evaluation of pH and time dependent Yuchangning tablets for colon-specific delivery]. Qiu, XL; Xie, XL; Xu, HY; Xu, RC; Yang, M, 2007)	0.34
" The spreadability demonstrated by EC gel would facilitate application on the skin indicating its potential usefulness as a topical dosage form."	( Characterization of spreadability of nonaqueous ethylcellulose gel matrices using dynamic contact angle. Chan, LW; Chow, KT; Heng, PW, 2008)	0.6
"Mini-matrices (multiple unit dosage form) with release-sustaining properties were developed by hot-melt extrusion (cylindrical die: 3mm) using metoprolol tartrate as model drug and ethylcellulose as sustained-release agent."	( Influence of formulation and process parameters on the release characteristics of ethylcellulose sustained-release mini-matrices produced by hot-melt extrusion. De Beer, TR; Remon, JP; Van den Mooter, G; Verhoeven, E; Vervaet, C, 2008)	0.76
"Coated pellets controlling drug release are a very popular dosage form which is widely used in medical practice."	( [Effect of thermal curing of the ethyl cellulose film on the rapidity of release of diclofenac sodium from pellets]. Cepáková, L; Gryczová, E; Prokopová, A; Rabisková, M; Tomásek, V, 2007)	0.61
" However, in tdy1/+; tdy2/+ F(1) plants, we observed a moderate chlorotic sectored phenotype, suggesting that the two genes are dosage sensitive and have a related function."	( Tie-dyed2 functions with tie-dyed1 to promote carbohydrate export from maize leaves. Baker, RF; Braun, DM, 2008)	0.35
", at dosage of 2 g/l of baggase fly ash."	( Color removal from paper mill effluent through adsorption technology. Hayssam Izazy, M; Jain, CK; Kumar, A, 2009)	0.35
"The objective of the present work was to improve the dissolution properties of the poorly water-soluble drug meloxicam by preparing solid dispersions with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and to develop a dosage form for geriatric population."	( Solid dispersion of meloxicam: factorially designed dosage form for geriatric population. Dahiya, S; Pathak, D; Pathak, K, 2008)	0.54
"Pellets are currently a very popular dosage form for oral application."	( Differences in characteristics of pellets prepared by different pelletization methods. Häring, A; Janovská, L; Krejcová, K; Rabisková, M; Vetchý, D, 2008)	0.35
" Ethylcellulose (EC) layered granulation by a fluidized bed granulator might be convenient for the preparation of controlled release dosage forms as compared with a tumbling granulator, because the layered granules prepared by the fluidized bed granulator can granulate and dry at the same time."	( Analysis of the release process of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from ethylcellulose matrix granules V. Release properties of ethylcellulose layered matrix granules. Fujii, R; Fukui, A; Sunada, H; Yonezawa, Y, 2008)	1.05
" This confirmed that the spray-dry method produced the most appropriate taste-masked particles for fast-disintegrating dosage forms."	( Formulation design of taste-masked particles, including famotidine, for an oral fast-disintegrating dosage form. Itai, S; Kajiyama, A; Kawai, H; Mizumoto, T; Tamura, T, 2008)	0.35
"46 times higher than the oral dosage form and the results showed statistically significant difference."	( Transbuccal delivery of chlorpheniramine maleate from mucoadhesive buccal patches. Gannu, R; Kishan, V; Naidu, KV; Rao, YM; Sekhar, KC; Vishnu, YV, )	0.13
" It was concluded that neural network technique could be particularly suitable in the pharmaceutical technology of time-dependent dosage forms where systems were complex and nonlinear relationships often existed between the independent and the dependent variables."	( Optimization and evaluation of time-dependent tablets comprising an immediate and sustained release profile using artificial neural network. Chen, Q; Gan, L; Gan, Y; Ma, S; Xie, H, 2008)	0.35
"Cellulose ethers have been increasingly used in the formulation of controlled release dosage forms; among them, compressed hydrophilic matrices for the oral route of administration are of special importance."	( Towards elucidation of the drug release mechanism from compressed hydrophilic matrices made of cellulose ethers. I. Pulse-field-gradient spin-echo NMR study of sodium salicylate diffusivity in swollen hydrogels with respect to polymer matrix physical stru Doelker, E; Ferrero, C; Jeannerat, D; Massuelle, D, 2008)	2.01
"The real issue in the development of oral controlled release dosage forms is not just to prolong the delivery of drugs but also to prolong the presence of dosage forms in the stomach in order to improve the bioavailability of drugs with a 'narrow absorption window'."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ranitidine hydrochloride ethyl cellulose floating microparticles. Dandagi, PM; Gadad, AP; Kulkarni, AR; Mastiholimath, VS; Mathews, R, 2008)	0.58
"We developed and optimized a novel pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) sustained-release dosage form."	( A novel approach to sustained pseudoephedrine release: differentially coated mini-tablets in HPMC capsules. Abe, K; Hashizume, M; Ishida, M; Kawamura, M, 2008)	0.35
" Slurries with four particle size ranges (33 microm < x < or = 75 microm, 150 microm < x < or = 180 microm, 295 microm < x < or = 425 microm, and 590 microm < x < or = 850 microm) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using an enzyme dosage of 15 filter paper units per gram of cellulose at 50 degrees C and 250 rpm in shaker flasks."	( The effect of particle size on hydrolysis reaction rates and rheological properties in cellulosic slurries. Dasari, RK; Eric Berson, R, 2007)	0.52
"Various methods are available to formulate water soluble drugs into sustained release dosage forms by retarding the dissolution rate."	( Effect of various surfactants and their concentration on controlled release of captopril from polymeric matrices. Hassan-Zadeh, D; Monajjem-Zadeh, F; Nokhodchi, A; Taghi-Zadeh, N, 2008)	0.35
" Gel systems are used in the field of local as well as general therapy, in both shape-specific and shape-non-specific dosage forms, in medicaments of the first, second, and third generations."	( [Semisynthetic cellulose derivatives as the base of hydrophilic gel systems]. Bajerová, M; Dvorácková, K; Gajdziok, J; Kollár, P; Masteiková, R, 2008)	0.7
" This result suggests that blending these two-part pellets (SR and ER) can provide an alternative to preparing a controlled-release dosage form, instead of blending of the coating polymer."	( Development of a tamsulosin hydrochloride controlled-release capsule consisting of two different coated pellets. Tang, X; Yang, R; Zhang, X, 2009)	0.35
"Tablets are by far the most common solid oral dosage forms, and many drugs need to be granulated before they can be tableted."	( Simulation of roller compaction with subsequent tableting and characterization of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose. Hein, S; Langridge, J; Picker-Freyer, KM, 2008)	0.56
" A 2(4) full factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the operational parameters (impeller speed, chopper speed, dosing speed and wet massing time) on the granulation process."	( Evaluation of the composition of the binder bridges in matrix granules prepared with a small-scale high-shear granulator. Bajdik, J; Baki, G; Kleinebudde, P; Knop, K; Pintye-Hódi, K; Szent-Királlyi, Z, 2008)	0.35
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of JP15 or USP27."	( In vitro and in vivo characteristics of prochlorperazine oral disintegrating film. Inagaki, N; Itoh, Y; Matsuura, K; Nishimura, M; Sugiyama, T; Tsukioka, T; Yamashita, H, 2009)	0.35
" Resistance of such dosage forms to pancreatic enzyme digestion is generally only tested in the fasted state, despite the higher enzymatic challenge in the fed state."	( Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2009)	0.35
" However, this synergistic effect was observed when only a low dosage of cellulase was used."	( Functional characterization of a bacterial expansin from Bacillus subtilis for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Bang, WG; Choi, IG; Kim, ES; Kim, KH; Lee, HJ, 2009)	0.56
" The dosage form has been successfully shown to control delivery of API over a range of delivery rates even with 50% of the tablet being API (up to about 500 mg)."	( Extrudable core system: development of a single-layer osmotic controlled-release tablet. MacDonald, BC; Roy, MC; Waterman, KC, 2009)	0.35
" The mechanism for zero-order release of these dry-coated tablets was solvent penetration into the dosage form and dissolving the drug, the dissolving core formed an apex in the center of the tablets and the drug diffused out."	( A novel zein-based dry coating tablet design for zero-order release. Guo, HX; Shi, YP, 2009)	0.35
" The dosage of the DDD can be adjusted independently by changing the heights of the DDDs."	( Novel drug delivery devices for providing linear release profiles fabricated by 3DP. Branford-White, C; Li, XY; Ma, ZH; Yang, XL; Yu, DG; Zhu, LM, 2009)	0.35
"Multiparticulate drug delivery systems, such as pellets, are frequently used as they offer therapeutic advantages over single-unit dosage forms."	( Porous pellets as drug delivery system. Cosijns, A; De Beer, T; Evrard, B; Nikolakakis, I; Nizet, D; Remon, JP; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Vervaet, C, 2009)	0.35
" A three-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD) with temperature (X(1)), compound enzyme dosage (X(2)) and time (X(3)) as the independent variables was applied to optimizing technological parameters of solid-state enzymatic hydrolysis of cornstalk for cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen production."	( Production of cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen from solid-state enzymatic treated cornstalk: a two-stage process. Fan, Y; Hou, H; Pan, C; Xing, Y; Zhang, M, 2009)	0.35
"During the development of a tablet dosage form of an investigational compound, R411, several aspects were identified as critical quality attributes that required optimization."	( Functional performance of silicified microcrystalline cellulose versus microcrystalline cellulose: a case study. Aljaberi, A; Chatterji, A; Sandhu, HK; Shah, NH, 2009)	0.6
", disintegration profiles) of solid oral dosage forms."	( Non-destructive determination of anisotropic mechanical properties of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Akseli, I; Cetinkaya, C; Hancock, BC, 2009)	0.35
" When the dosage of FAE was 240 mu/g substrate, the cellulose conversion rate and the weight-loss rate of insoluble substrate at 72 h were respectively 32."	( [Synergistic effect of feruloyl esterase and cellulase in hydrolyzation of steam-exploded rice straw]. Chen, H; Zeng, W, 2009)	0.6
" Since parenteral administration requires medical assistance and is not the most convenient route of application, the development of an oral dosage form of heparin would improve patients' comfort and replace vitamin K antagonists."	( Granules in the improvement of oral heparin bioavailability. Bonneaux, F; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Rabiskova, M; Scala-Bertola, J, 2009)	0.35
" Upon success, this type of dosage form may open up new avenues towards dentistry."	( Development of Denticap, a matrix based sustained release formulation for treatment of toothache, dental infection and other gum problem. Ghosh, S; Mukherjee, B; Roy, G, 2009)	0.35
" In this perspective, nasal dosage forms (solution, gel, and lyophilized powder) of MTC were prepared by using a mucoadhesive polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)."	( Nasal administration of metoclopramide from different dosage forms: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. Altunay, H; Ozkan, CK; Ozkan, Y; Savaser, A; Tas, C; Tasdemir, U, 2009)	0.55
" The results suggest coacervation thermal change as an appropriate approach to develop slow-release multi-unit oral dosage form of salbutamol sulphate suggesting at least twice administration in every 24 hours."	( A comparative study of various microencapsulation techniques: effect of polymer viscosity on microcapsule characteristics. Ahamd, M; Akhtar, N; Murtaza, G; Rasool, F, 2009)	0.35
"Colon-specific delivery of drugs can be achieved with dosage forms coated with biopolymers that are metabolized selectively by the colonic microflora and yet resistant to enzymatic digestion in the small intestine."	( Influence of the coating formulation on enzymatic digestibility and drug release from 5-aminosalicylic acid pellets coated with mixtures of high-amylose starch and Surelease intended for colon-specific drug delivery. Freire, C; Podczeck, F; Sousa, J; Veiga, F, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to investigate the use of liquisolid technique in improving the dissolution profiles of naproxen in a solid dosage form."	( Effects of liquisolid formulations on dissolution of naproxen. Elkordy, AA; Tiong, N, 2009)	0.35
"Food effects might substantially alter drug release from oral controlled release dosage forms in vivo."	( Simulated food effects on drug release from ethylcellulose: PVA-PEG graft copolymer-coated pellets. Carlin, B; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2010)	0.61
" Furthermore, changes in the pH and differences in the mechanical stress the dosage forms were exposed to did not affect drug release from the pellets."	( Simulated food effects on drug release from ethylcellulose: PVA-PEG graft copolymer-coated pellets. Carlin, B; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2010)	0.61
" The hydrolysis process was modeled by using a dose-response model that was then used to estimate the maximum hydrolysis rate, to compare the relative effects of temperature on adsorption and hydrolysis rate, and to obtain the apparent activation energy of cellulose hydrolysis."	( In situ monitoring of cellulase activity by microgravimetry with a quartz crystal microbalance. Heitmann, JA; Hu, G; Rojas, OJ, 2009)	0.53
"The thermal behaviour of the ethylcellulose (EC), a polymer that is widely used in pharmaceutical dosage forms, has been investigated with a view to study the glass transition and higher temperature thermal events as well as to develop new approaches to characterise this complex polymer system."	( Characterisation of the thermal properties of ethylcellulose using differential scanning and quasi-isothermal calorimetric approaches. Craig, DQ; Lai, HL; Pitt, K, 2010)	0.89
" Tampons (with varying absorbent compositions) embedded with a thermocouple sensor were used to study temperature effects in vitro in a model of the vagina (condom placed in a hollow glass tube, jacketed in a 37 degrees C water bath, and dosed with human menses to fluid saturation) and clinically during menstrual tampon wear under controlled conditions (up to 8 h in a stationary, supine position)."	( Intravaginal and in vitro temperature changes with tampons of differing composition and absorbency. Davis, CC; Hill, DR; Osborn, TW, 2010)	0.36
"Coating, as a processing technique, applied to active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) crystals or particles (carriers) with an appropriate polymer allows to obtain a modified-release pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Hot tabletting of slow-release tramadol hydrochloride microcapsules with cores obtained via compaction. Jakubowska, I; Mazgalski, J; Sawicki, W, 2010)	0.36
"Multi-unit dosage forms can be obtained in a relatively simple way by combining three processes: (i) obtaining TH microcapsule cores by compaction, (ii) coating, and (iii) hot tabletting."	( Hot tabletting of slow-release tramadol hydrochloride microcapsules with cores obtained via compaction. Jakubowska, I; Mazgalski, J; Sawicki, W, 2010)	0.36
" Few studies have evaluated feasibility of formulating TPGS in conventional solid dosage forms such as tablets due to processing challenges resulting from its waxy nature and low melting point (approximately 37 degrees C)."	( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)	0.36
" The drug release rate was also strongly dependent on the granulation and compaction process as the coated particles were incorporated into the tablet dosage form."	( Simple preparation of coated resin complexes and their incorporation into fast-disintegrating tablets. Jeong, SH; Park, K, 2010)	0.36
"A multiple-unit-type oral floating dosage form (FDF) of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was developed to prolong gastric residence time for the treatment of stomach cancer."	( Stomach-specific drug delivery of 5-fluorouracil using ethylcellulose floating microspheres. Chaturvedi, K; Jivani, NP; Satish, CS; Vaghani, S; Vasanti, S, )	0.37
"Designing quality into dosage forms should not be only based on qualitative or purely heuristic relations."	( Validity of a power law approach to model tablet strength as a function of compaction pressure. Henschel, P; Kloefer, B; Kuentz, M, 2010)	0.36
"Oral modified-release multiple-unit dosage forms have always been more effective therapeutic alternative to conventional or immediate release single-unit dosage forms."	( A flexible technology for modified-release drugs: multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS). Abdul, S; Chandewar, AV; Jaiswal, SB, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to formulate stable and controlled release microparticles for simultaneous delivery and UV spectrophotometric detection in combined dosage of an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (nimesulide, NMS) and a spasmolytic agent (tizanidine, TZN) to maintain plasma concentration that may increase patients compliance, improved therapeutic efficacy, The aim was also to reduce severity of upper GI side effects of NMS because of alteration in delivery pattern via slow release of drug from microparticles and to increase the benefits of spasticity and disability for spastic patients by administering TZN in a modified release formulation as these two drugs are often prescribed in combination for the management of pain associated with muscles spasm."	( Formulation of two-drug controlled release non-biodegradable microparticles for potential treatment of muscles pain and spasm and their simultaneous spectrophotometeric estimation. Aamir, MN; Ahmad, M; Akhtar, N; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.13
" Novelty of the work: A transdermal delivery of non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs like lumiracoxib (LM) can be an interesting alternative to the oral route of this drug, since it was recently withdraw of the market due to the liver damage when systemically administered in tablets as dosage form."	( Influence of oleic acid on the rheology and in vitro release of lumiracoxib from poloxamer gels. de Sousa, VP; Moreira, TS; Pierre, MB, 2010)	0.36
" Satisfactory cellulose conversion could be achieved by increasing the enzyme dosage in order to overcome the end-product inhibition, while the complexity of hemicellulose structure imposes the presence of specific enzyme activities in the enzyme mixture used."	( Factors affecting cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis of alkali treated brewers spent grain by Fusarium oxysporum enzyme extract. Christakopoulos, P; Katapodis, P; Xiros, C, 2011)	1.06
" A precise monitoring of coating thickness and its prediction with a suitable control strategy is crucial to the quality assurance of solid dosage forms including dissolution characteristics."	( In line NIR quantification of film thickness on pharmaceutical pellets during a fluid bed coating process. Choi, GJ; Jeong, MY; Kim, WS; Lee, HE; Lee, MJ; Seo, DY; Wang, IC, 2011)	0.37
" In this condition we studied the effects of surfactants concentrations and cellulose dosage on the enzymatic hydrolysis of reverse micelle,and compared with aqueous systems."	( [Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in reverse micelles]. Chao, Y; Liang, YS; Wang, WW; Yuan, XZ; Zeng, GM, 2010)	0.89
"Powder layering technique was evaluated using laboratory scale centrifugal granulator instrument to prepare extended release pellet dosage form of ketoprofen."	( Development and in vitro evaluation of ketoprofen extended release pellets using powder layering technique in a rotary centrifugal granulator. Kohli, K; Pai, A; Pai, R; Srivastava, B, 2011)	0.37
" The delayed T(max) and lower C(max) indicated a slow and SR of MS from the optimized matrix tablets in comparison with the immediate release dosage form."	( Modulation of drug (metoprolol succinate) release by inclusion of hydrophobic polymer in hydrophilic matrix. Bose, A; Khanam, J; Siddique, S, 2011)	0.37
" To overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms administered through vaginal route various novel approaches like the use of mucoadhesive or bioadhesive polymers, pH- or temperature-sensitive polymers, liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, vaginal inserts, multiple emulsions and hydrogels have been designed which enable controlled and prolonged release of drugs."	( Exploring novel approaches to vaginal drug delivery. Ali, J; Dang, S; Gabrani, R; Gupta, S, 2011)	0.37
"The inclusion of hyperspectral imaging systems in the manufacturing and development of pharmaceutical products is allowing a successful improvement in the quality control of solid dosage forms."	( Fast assessment of the surface distribution of API and excipients in tablets using NIR-hyperspectral imaging. Amigo, JM; Coello, J; Franch-Lage, F; Maspoch, S; Skibsted, E, 2011)	0.37
"Conventional solid oral dosage forms are unsuitable for children due to problems associated with swallowing and unpleasant taste."	( Use of the direct compression aid Ludiflash(®) for the preparation of pellets via wet extrusion/spheronization. Griesbacher, M; Khinast, J; Radl, S; Roblegg, E; Schrank, S; Zimmer, A, 2011)	0.37
"Polysaccharide-based excipients comprise the majority of most solid dosage forms and can vary dramatically in terms of structural and functionally related properties."	( Analysis of structural variability in pharmaceutical excipients using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Munson, EJ; Sperger, DM, 2011)	0.37
"Being controlled release dosage forms, tablets allow an improved absorption and release profiles of Ofloxacin."	( Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ofloxacin-ethocel controlled release matrix tablets prepared by wet granulation method: influence of co-excipients on drug release rates. Ahmad, K; Hussain, A; Jan, SU; Khan, GM; Rehman, A; Shah, K; Shah, S, 2011)	0.37
" The dosage forms were designed to release the drug above the minimum inhibitory concentration for prolonged period of time so as to reduce the frequency of administration and to overcome the side effects of systemic treatment."	( Preparation of fluconazole buccal tablet and influence of formulation expedients on its properties. Mohamed, SP; Muzzammil, S; Pramod, KT, 2011)	0.37
"The development of amorphous solid dispersions containing poorly soluble drug substances has been well-documented; however, little attention has been given to the development of the finished dosage form."	( Use of highly compressible Ceolus™ microcrystalline cellulose for improved dosage form properties containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion. Coney, AW; Dinunzio, JC; Hughey, JR; Kaneko, N; McGinity, JW; Schilling, SU, 2012)	0.63
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."	( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology]. He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)	0.37
"An ultrasonic non-destructive technique for the microstructure length-scale characterization of solid dosage pharmaceutical tablets is presented."	( Acoustic assessment of mean grain size in pharmaceutical compacts. Cetinkaya, C; Hancock, BC; Smith, CJ; Stephens, JD; Vahdat, AS, 2011)	0.37
" In particular, the role of CDAC dosage and solution pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature were clarified."	( Flocculation performance of a cationic biopolymer derived from a cellulosic source in mild aqueous solution. Hormi, O; Liimatainen, H; Niinimäki, J; Sirviö, J; Sundman, O; Visanko, M, 2011)	0.37
" The effect of the main process parameters, sulfite agent dosage and reaction duration, on cellulose yield was investigated."	( Cellulose extraction from orange peel using sulfite digestion reagents. Bicu, I; Mustata, F, 2011)	2.03
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) may entail tailor-made dosage form design to exploit their solubility advantage."	( Barrier coated drug layered particles for enhanced performance of amorphous solid dispersion dosage form. Bansal, AK; Dantuluri, AK; Puri, V, 2012)	0.38
"Bearing in mind the present scenario of the increasing biological tolerance of bacteria against antibiotics, a time controlled two pulse dosage form of amoxicillin was developed."	( A two pulse drug delivery system for amoxicillin: an attempt to counter the scourge of bacterial resistance against antibiotics. Akhter, H; Ali, J; Baboota, S; Faisal, S; Saigal, N, 2011)	0.37
"In solid oral dosage forms silicates are commonly used as glidants in low concentration."	( Tableting properties of silica aerogel and other silicates. Alnaief, M; Hentzschel, CM; Leopold, CS; Sakmann, A; Smirnova, I, 2012)	0.38
"The obtained results revealed that the presence of Acryl-EZE in the matrix tablets is effective in protecting the dosage forms from release in acid environments such as gastric fluid."	( Development of gastro intestinal sustained release tablet formulation containing acryl-EZE and pH-dependent swelling HPMC K 15 M. Chaumeil, JC; Daoud, K; Lamoudi, L, 2012)	0.38
" Tablets were coated using a functional aqueous dispersion of ethylcellulose blended with PVA-PEG graft copolymer to obtain a controlled drug release dosage form over 16h."	( Real-time predictions of drug release and end point detection of a coating operation by in-line near infrared measurements. Boiret, M; Chaminade, P; Gendre, C; Genty, M; Pean, JM, 2011)	0.61
" We recommend including the DSA in future microbicide trials involving vaginal gels so as to identify participants who have low adherence to dosing regimens."	( Validation of a dye stain assay for vaginally inserted hydroxyethylcellulose-filled microbicide applicators. Fernández-Romero, JA; Gawarecki, D; Katzen, LL; Mensch, BS; Murugavel, KG; Sarna, A; Zydowsky, TM, 2011)	0.61
" Low water solubility and large therapeutic doses constitute the main problems to overcome in the development of dosage forms of this drug."	( Fast dissolving β-lapachone particles and tablets: an approach using surface adsorption technique. Cunha-Filho, MS; Landin, M; Martínez-Pacheco, R, 2012)	0.38
"91 and 125 U/mg protein, respectively, an enzyme cocktail was composed with a fixed dosage of Spezyme CP (CPCel) at 14."	( Maximum saccharification of cellulose complex by an enzyme cocktail supplemented with cellulase from newly isolated Aspergillus fumigatus ECU0811. Bao, J; Li, CX; Sun, J; Wang, D; Xu, JH; Yu, HL, 2012)	0.67
"Pellets with high loading of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, mesalamine) are desired to reduce the number of tablets required to deliver the daily dosing regimen."	( Optimisation and scale-up of a highly-loaded 5-ASA multi-particulate dosage form using a factorial approach. Di Pretoro, G; Gazzaniga, A; Palugan, L; Rough, SL; Wilson, DI; Zema, L, 2012)	0.38
"There is a need for an improved process understanding of solid dosage pharmaceuticals."	( Role of excipients on solid-state properties of piroxicam during processing. Christensen, NP; Cornett, C; Rantanen, J, 2012)	0.38
" Our results suggest that MTCR microparticles may be potential oral dosage forms to control the release and to improve the bioavailability of tamsulosin hydrochloride."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of spray dried matrix type controlled-release microparticles of tamsulosin hydrochloride for orally disintegrating tablet. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-unit dosage system that released model drug into the colon, and also to evaluate the efficiency of the dosage form in human volunteers."	( The development and in vivo evaluation of a colon drug delivery system using human volunteers. Muselík, J; Štembírek, J; Vetchý, D; Zimová, L, 2012)	0.38
" Changes in mineral distribution effected by F were most pronounced in MeC lesions, with remineralization/mineral redeposition in the original lesion body at the expense of sound enamel beyond the original lesion in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of fluoride, lesion baseline severity and mineral distribution on lesion progression. Butler, A; Hara, AT; Lippert, F; Lynch, RJ, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to investigate the use of liquisolid technique in improving the dissolution of glyburide in a solid dosage form."	( Influence of formulation parameters on dissolution rate enhancement of glyburide using liquisolid technique. Gaikwad, NB; Gowthamarajan, K; Prakash, D; Singare, DS; Singh, SK; Srinivasan, KK, 2012)	0.38
" There remains however a paucity of literature describing the effects on such solid dispersions of subsequent processing into solid dosage forms such as tablets."	( Formulation and process design for a solid dosage form containing a spray-dried amorphous dispersion of ibipinabant. Brown, A; Dennis, AB; Haddadin, R; Leane, MM; Qian, F; Sinclair, W; Tobyn, M, )	0.13
" The CN54gp140 liposomes were evaluated for mean vesicle diameter, polydispersity, morphology, zeta potential and antigen encapsulation efficiency before being incorporated into hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) aqueous gel and subsequently lyophilised to produce a rod-shaped solid dosage form for practical vaginal application."	( Development of liposome gel based formulations for intravaginal delivery of the recombinant HIV-1 envelope protein CN54gp140. Andrews, GP; Curran, RM; Gupta, PN; Kett, VL; Malcolm, RK; Morrow, RJ; Pattani, A; Woolfson, AD, 2012)	0.57
" In the present investigations, potential adverse effects, if any, of IGOB131 were investigated in dose-response 90-day study and genotoxicity studies."	( Subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity/genotoxicity studies of Irvingia gabonensis extract (IGOB131). Gavara, S; Kothari, SC; Shivarudraiah, P; Soni, MG; Venkataramaiah, SB, 2012)	0.38
"Eight subjects were dosed rectally with radiolabelled and gadolinium-labelled gels to simulate microbicide gel and seminal fluid."	( Quantification of the spatial distribution of rectally applied surrogates for microbicide and semen in colon with SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging. Bakshi, RP; Caffo, BS; Cao, YJ; Du, Y; Fuchs, EJ; Grohskopf, LA; Hendrix, CW; Khan, WA; Lee, LA; Li, L; Macura, K; Wahl, RL, 2012)	0.38
"A single tablet dosage form containing the freeze-dried aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (AD1), suitable for use in the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus, has been developed."	( Natural antidiabetic compound for the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus and its drug delivery system. Boyi, S; Emeje, M; Isimi, C; Kunle, O; Obidike, I; Ofoefule, S, 2011)	0.37
"Sustained release (SR) dosage forms enable prolonged and continuous deposition of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improve the bioavailability of medications characterized by a narrow absorption window."	( Eudraginated polymer blends: a potential oral controlled drug delivery system for theophylline. Emeje, M; Isimi, Y; John-Africa, L; Kunle, O; Ofoefule, S, 2012)	0.38
" For the first aim, dose-response curves for inhibition of dry-weight increase following a 30 days exposure of bean callus-cultured cells to these inhibitors were obtained."	( Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors: comparative effect on bean cell cultures. Acebes, JL; Alonso-Simón, A; Álvarez, JM; Encina, A; García-Angulo, P, 2012)	1.82
" From the improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic data, the s-SEDDS approach upon spray-drying might be a suitable dosage option for enhancing nutraceutical and pharmaceutical values of CoQ(10)."	( Novel solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system of coenzyme Q₁₀ with improved photochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviors. Hatanaka, J; Kato, M; Kuriyama, K; Miyoshi, H; Nakamura, T; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Tanaka, T; Uchida, A; Yamada, S, 2012)	0.38
" The oral delivery of antihypertensive propranolol HCl was facilitated by preparing an effervescent floating dosage form which could increase its absorption in the stomach by increasing the drug's gastric residence time."	( Design and in vitro evaluation of effervescent gastric floating drug delivery systems of propanolol HCl. Battu, JR; Kolapalli, VR; Meka, VS; Nali, SR; Songa, AS, 2012)	0.38
" Comparable pharmacokinetic profiles were observed for the two formulations, corroborating the imaging data and providing evidence of similar in vivo dissolution rates and dosage form integrity in the dog."	( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model. Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Many studies have shown that cellulose derivatives (cellulosics) can provide various benefits when used in virtually all types of dosage forms."	( Prevalence and trends of cellulosics in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Mastropietro, DJ; Omidian, H, 2013)	0.68
" An array of various dosage forms was identified and revealed HPMC and MCC to be the most utilized cellulosics in all products followed by XCMCNa and HPC."	( Prevalence and trends of cellulosics in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Mastropietro, DJ; Omidian, H, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, we suggest that Ccm-NPs and ADP-NPs can be used to reduce the dosage of Ccm and ADP and improve their bioavailability, and thus merit further investigation for antioxidant packaging film and coating applications."	( Antioxidant activities of curcumin and ascorbyl dipalmitate nanoparticles and their activities after incorporation into cellulose-based packaging films. Sane, A; Sonkaew, P; Suppakul, P, 2012)	0.59
" And at the enzyme dosage of 60 mg/g, the VSS removal rate increased to 51."	( [Influence of extracellular polymeric substance on enzyme hydrolysis of sludge under anaerobic condition]. Chen, W; Jia, YY; Li, XM; Luo, K; Yang, Q; Zheng, W; Zhou, J, 2011)	0.37
" Diluting the initial organic load to 50% also diminishes the dosage of H(2)O(2) and the necessary reaction time to achieve high DOC removals."	( Tertiary treatment of pulp mill wastewater by solar photo-Fenton. Amor, C; Lucas, MS; Malato, S; Maldonado, MI; Peres, JA; Prieto-Rodríguez, L, 2012)	0.38
"The design and fabrication of sustained/controlled release dosage forms, employing new excipients capable of extending/controlling the release of drugs from the dosage forms over prolonged periods, has worked well in achieving optimally enhanced therapeutic levels of the drugs."	( Regulating drug release behavior and kinetics from matrix tablets based on fine particle-sized ethyl cellulose ether derivatives: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Khan, GM; Shah, KU, 2012)	0.59
" SDCII and MCCII offer potential for use as a disintegrant in the design and development of solid dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the disintegration properties of microcrystalline cellulose II and commercial disintegrants. Kumar, V; Rojas, J, 2012)	0.62
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), which disintegrate rapidly (<1 min) in the mouth and do not require water for administration, have become a very popular dosage form."	( Development and optimization of dextromethorphan hydrobromide oral disintegrating tablets: effect of formulation and process variables. Ibrahim, MA; Mostafa, HF; Sakr, A, )	0.13
" The selection of drug-excipient blends with inadequate powder flow can lead to quality issues of the final dosage form."	( Toward better understanding of powder avalanching and shear cell parameters of drug-excipient blends to design minimal weight variability into pharmaceutical capsules. Kuentz, M; Nalluri, VR; Puchkov, M, 2013)	0.39
" Dissolution/release rate could be tailored for rapid-release applications by selecting a suitable HPC polymer and altering the final dosage form."	( Klucel™ EF and ELF polymers for immediate-release oral dosage forms prepared by melt extrusion technology. Deng, W; Durig, T; Majumdar, S; Mohammed, NN; Murthy, NS; Pinto, E; Repka, MA; Singh, A; Tewari, D, 2012)	0.38
"Ammonio methacrylate copolymers Eudragit(®) RS PO and Eudragit® RL PO have found widespread use as key components in various types of extended release solid dosage forms."	( Investigation of the physical-mechanical properties of Eudragit(®) RS PO/RL PO and their mixtures with common pharmaceutical excipients. Dave, VS; Fahmy, RM; Hoag, SW, 2013)	0.39
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010."	( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
"To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms."	( Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations. Fahmy, SA; Galeel, OW; Rasool, BK, 2012)	0.38
"Self-emulsifying oil/surfactant mixtures can be incorporated into pellets that have the advantages of the oral administration of both microemulsions and a multiple-unit dosage form."	( The influence of surfactant HLB and oil/surfactant ratio on the formation and properties of self-emulsifying pellets and microemulsion reconstitution. Barmpalexis, P; Matsaridou, I; Nikolakakis, I; Salis, A, 2012)	0.38
" The half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) was estimated from the dose-response curves and the values indicated an increase in toxicity with the increase in alkyl chain length."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of a thermoresponsive gel system combining ethyl(hydroxyethyl) cellulose and lysine-based surfactants. Araújo, MJ; Calejo, MT; Cardoso, AM; de Lima, MC; Jurado, AS; Kjøniksen, AL; Marques, EF; Nyström, B; Sande, SA, 2013)	0.61
" Nozzle dimension and spray conditions for oral dosing were carefully selected to reflect manufacturing and small (1/10) scale process conditions."	( Evaluation of models for predicting spray mist diameter for scaling-up of the fluidized bed granulation process. Dohi, M; Fujiwara, M; Otsuka, T; Sako, K; Yamashita, K, 2012)	0.38
"This study evaluated the mechanical properties, uniformity of dosage units and drug release from the tablets prepared by continuous direct compression process."	( Continuous direct tablet compression: effects of impeller rotation rate, total feed rate and drug content on the tablet properties and drug release. Järvinen, K; Järvinen, MA; Juuti, M; Leiviskä, K; Muzzio, F; Paaso, J; Paavola, M, 2013)	0.39
" Some influence factors including dosage of straw, particle size of straw meal as well as pretreatment time and temperature were investigated."	( Biotransformation of wheat straw to bacterial cellulose and its mechanism. Chen, L; Han, SF; Hong, F; Yang, XX, 2013)	0.65
"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a valuable tool in the pharmaceutical industry, presenting opportunities for online analyses to achieve real-time assessment of intermediates and finished dosage forms."	( Effect of experimental design on the prediction performance of calibration models based on near-infrared spectroscopy for pharmaceutical applications. Anderson, CA; Bondi, RW; Drennen, JK; Igne, B, 2012)	0.38
" Drug release was nearly independent of paddle speeds of 50 and 100 rpm releasing 80% over 14 h similar to the commercial glipizide osmotic pump tablet during dissolution testing while keeping the benefits of multiparticular dosage forms."	( Compression of coated drug beads for sustained release tablet of glipizide: formulation, and dissolution. Ayres, JW; Christensen, JM; Nguyen, C, 2014)	0.4
" Cell wall polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses) were isolated and dosed from mature and young pistachio leaves."	( Cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions dosage of Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica leaves in western Algeria. A, el ZB; Benhassaini, H; Naimi, W; Rahoui, S, 2013)	0.68
" These microparticles would be useful for developing intermediary or eventual dosage form to be administered into the periodontal pocket more easily and safely."	( Microparticles containing propolis and metronidazole: in vitro characterization, release study and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. Bruschi, ML; de Araújo Pereira, RR; de Assis Dias, BR; de Souza Ferreira, SB; Estivalet Svidzinski, TI; Gomes, CC; Obregón, CS; Ribeiro Godoy, JS, 2014)	0.4
" The mechanism for zero-order release of these compression-coated tablets was solvent penetration into the dosage form and drug dissolution from the erosion of the gelled HPC matrix."	( Compression-coated tablets of glipizide using hydroxypropylcellulose for zero-order release: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, H; Chen, Q; Huang, H; Qi, X; Rui, Y; Wu, Z; Xing, J; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.63
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have emerged as one of the novel solid oral dosage forms with a potential to deliver a wide range of drug candidates to both paediatric and geriatric patient populations."	( Compressed orally disintegrating tablets: excipients evolution and formulation strategies. Al-khattawi, A; Mohammed, AR, 2013)	0.39
" It describes the main ODT excipients used since the introduction of this dosage form in the 1990s and explores the switch from cellulose-based excipients towards sugar/polyols."	( Compressed orally disintegrating tablets: excipients evolution and formulation strategies. Al-khattawi, A; Mohammed, AR, 2013)	0.6
"Recent increase in the total number of compression-based technologies for ODT development promises to reduce the manufacturing cost of this dosage form in the future."	( Compressed orally disintegrating tablets: excipients evolution and formulation strategies. Al-khattawi, A; Mohammed, AR, 2013)	0.39
"Patients with advanced solid malignancies were enrolled to an open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study, in which CRLX101 was administered intravenously over 60 min among two dosing schedules, initially weekly at 6, 12, and 18 mg/m(2) and later bi-weekly at 12, 15, and 18 mg/m(2)."	( First-in-human phase 1/2a trial of CRLX101, a cyclodextrin-containing polymer-camptothecin nanopharmaceutical in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. Bassett, D; Chao, J; Choi, CHJ; Chow, W; Chung, V; Davis, ME; Forman, SJ; Garmey, E; Hwang, J; Kalinoski, DL; Koczywas, M; Longmate, J; Melton, RJ; Morgan, R; Neidhart, JA; Neidhart, JD; Oliver, J; Peterkin, JJ; Ramanathan, RK; Ryan, JL; Schluep, T; Synold, TW; Twardowski, P; Weiss, GJ; Yen, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Laminar extrusion of wet masses was studied as a novel technology for the production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery."	( Production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery by laminar extrusion of wet masses. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this work was to develop by means of co-extrusion a multilayered dosage form characterized by a dual release profile of the same drug."	( Co-extrusion as manufacturing technique for multilayer mini-matrices with dual drug release. Dierickx, L; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C, 2013)	0.39
"Risedronate, an anti-osteoporotic drug, is associated with low patient compliance due to the upper gastrointestinal side-effects and stringent dosing regimes."	( Risedronate-loaded Eudragit S100 microparticles formulated into tablets. Cruz, L; Ferreira, LM; Mattiazzi, J; Pohlmann, L; Rolim, CM; Silva, CB; Velasquez, AA, 2014)	0.4
"Formulation considerations of a new drug delivery system include controlling the site of release of the active ingredient, maintaining drug level for a suitable time and decreasing dosage frequency."	( Technological and biopharmaceutical optimization of nystatin release from a multiparticulate based bioadhesive drug delivery system. Bozó, T; Dévay, A; Kocsis, B; Nagy, S; Pál, S, 2013)	0.39
"38% was obtained at the substrate concentration of 5% for 72h with the enzyme dosage of 15IU/g."	( Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of the bagasse pulp prepared with active oxygen and MgO-based solid alkali. Lin, L; Pang, C; Shi, J; Xie, T; Yang, Q; Zhuang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Batches of capsules were dosed with Pb-containing materials (standard aqueous solutions, and certified reference material soil and paint)."	( Acid-soluble internal capsules for closed-face cassette elemental sampling and analysis of workplace air. Ashley, K; Harper, M, 2013)	0.39
"The sensitivity of controlled release dosage forms to the presence of ethanol in the gastro intestinal tract is critical, if the incorporated drug is potent and exhibits severe side effects."	( Ethanol-resistant polymeric film coatings for controlled drug delivery. Chokshi, R; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Rosiaux, Y; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2013)	0.39
" The results showed that with the increasing of the latex dosage up to 2% (wt on dry CTMP fibers), the impact, tensile and flexural strengths of the modified CTMP/PP biocomposites were significantly increased."	( CTMP-based cellulose fibers modified with core-shell latex for reinforcing biocomposites. Pan, Y; Wang, Z; Xiao, H; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.78
" The new insight into chitosan-alginate matrix tablets can help to broaden the application of this type of dosage forms."	( Drug release characteristics from chitosan-alginate matrix tablets based on the theory of self-assembled film. Li, L; Mao, S; Ni, R; Shao, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
" The enzyme dosage could be decreased to 4 FPU/g without a major effect in terms of the hydrolysis performance."	( A novel alkaline oxidation pretreatment for spruce, birch and sugar cane bagasse. Hakola, M; Kallioinen, A; Leskelä, M; Repo, T; Riekkola, T; Siika-aho, M; von Weymarn, N, 2013)	0.39
"Design of a new dosage form manufactured by laminar extrusion for oral administration of drugs."	( Multilayer laminar co-extrudate as a novel controlled release dosage form. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
"Nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) (also referred to as cellulose nanofibers, nanocellulose, microfibrillated, or nanofibrillated cellulose) has recently gotten wide attention in various research areas and it has also been studied as excipient in formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Evaluation of drug interactions with nanofibrillar cellulose. Hellman, M; Hirvonen, J; Kolakovic, R; Laaksonen, P; Laaksonen, T; Laukkanen, A; Linder, MB; Peltonen, L, 2013)	1
" In this case, properly designed dosage forms were needed to break up this plug to optimize the dissolution profiles."	( Evaluation of different screening methods to understand the dissolution behaviors of amorphous solid dispersions. Boersen, NA; Hui, HW; Lee, TW; Yang, G, 2014)	0.4
"For the first time, microparticles containing AGP were developed and exhibited prolonged in vitro release as well as protection to the drug, and it could be considered as a dosage form for patients who suffer from insulin-induced hypoglycemia and/or nocturnal hypoglycemia."	( Formulation and characterization of ethylcellulose microparticles containing .L-alanyl- L-glutamine peptide. Bazotte, RB; Bruschi, ML; Gonçalves, Mde C; Herculano, Lda S; Medina, AN; Nogueira, AC; Villa Nova, M, 2014)	0.67
"Recently, ethylcellulose/guar gum blends have been reported to provide ethanol-resistant drug release kinetics from coated dosage forms."	( Ethanol-resistant ethylcellulose/guar gum coatings--importance of formulation parameters. Chokshi, R; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Rosiaux, Y; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Velghe, C, 2013)	1.05
"The high costs of enzymatic hydrolysis along with the high enzyme dosage are often considered as the major bottlenecks in lignocellulosic bioconversion."	( Enzymatic hydrolysis, adsorption, and recycling during hydrolysis of bagasse sulfite pulp. Liu, B; Ouyang, J; Yu, H; Zhang, M; Zheng, Z, 2013)	0.39
" The washed solids required lower cellulase and xylanase dosage than unwashed solids to achieve high sugar yield."	( High temperature aqueous ammonia pretreatment and post-washing enhance the high solids enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Jin, M; Li, BZ; Liu, ZH; Qin, L; Yuan, YJ, 2013)	0.39
" Reducing enzyme dosage at 16% solids loading from 46 to 11."	( Effect of high dry solids loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of acid bisulfite pretreated Eastern redcedar. Atiyeh, HK; Dunford, NT; Hiziroglu, S; Ramachandriya, KD; Wilkins, M, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, a novel orodispersible film (ODF) containing drug nanoparticles was developed with the goal of transforming drug nanosuspensions into a solid dosage form and enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility."	( Development and characterization of an orodispersible film containing drug nanoparticles. Bai, JX; Dai, L; Han, J; Lv, QY; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Xu, H; Yu, C; Yuan, HL; Yuan, XD, 2013)	0.39
" Conversion yields after 72 h exceeded 40% in terms of TRS when the WM was supplemented with a low dosage of a commercial enzyme preparation."	( Saccharification of biomass using whole solid-state fermentation medium to avoid additional separation steps. Baleeiro, FC; Farinas, CS; Pirota, RD, )	0.13
" Both acid and alkaline pretreatments were followed by addition of variable levels of enzyme dosage (0-3."	( Optimization of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes. Kornaros, ME; Vavouraki, AI; Volioti, V, 2014)	0.4
" Therefore, the developed sustained-release tablet formulation of TOL could be an alternative dosage form to the SR capsule for treatment of OAB."	( Preparation and evaluation of once-daily sustained-release coated tablets of tolterodine-L-tartrate. Chang, SW; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Pradhan, R, 2014)	0.4
" Various reaction parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, solvent and catalyst dosage were investigated in detail."	( Efficient conversion of cellulose into biofuel precursor 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in dimethyl sulfoxide-ionic liquid mixtures. Fang, Z; Liu, B; Wang, Y; Xiao, S; Zhang, Z, 2014)	0.71
"Tablets are the most common form of solid oral dosage produced by pharmaceutical industries."	( Quantitative analysis of visible surface defect risk in tablets during film coating using terahertz pulsed imaging. Hiraishi, Y; Niwa, M, 2014)	0.4
" These positive attributes can help development of smaller, high drug-loaded dosage forms having enhanced bioavailability and better patient compliance."	( Redispersible fast dissolving nanocomposite microparticles of poorly water-soluble drugs. Azad, M; Bhakay, A; Bilgili, E; Dave, R, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this work was to develop a new pressure-sensitive dosage form that breaks and releases its content in a fasted stomach at the predominant pressure at the pylorus."	( Development of a pressure-sensitive glyceryl tristearate capsule filled with a drug-containing hydrogel. Bock, M; Garbacz, G; Glöckl, G; Weitschies, W; Wilde, L, 2014)	0.4
" Floating pulsatile concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form having lag phase followed by a burst release."	( Optimization studies on compression coated floating-pulsatile drug delivery of bisoprolol. Bari, NA; Chabukswar, AR; Jagdale, SC; Kuchekar, BS, 2013)	0.39
"The present work was based on the development and characterization of unfolding type gastro retentive dosage form appropriate for controlled release of Cinnarizine (CNZ), a drug with narrow therapeutic window."	( Unfolding type gastroretentive film of Cinnarizine based on ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Mishra, DN; Nagpal, K; Singh, SK; Verma, S, 2014)	0.64
" Results showed that the cellulase treatment was effective in increasing the Fock reactivity, at a cellulase dosage of 2u/g (based on the dry weight of pulp), the Fock reactivity increased from 47."	( A process for enhancing the accessibility and reactivity of hardwood kraft-based dissolving pulp for viscose rayon production by cellulase treatment. Chen, L; Huang, L; Miao, Q; Ni, Y; Tian, C; Zheng, L, 2014)	0.4
" The solid fraction obtained from the first set of experiments was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at constant enzyme dosage (17 FPU/g); statistical analysis revealed that glucose yield was favored with solids pretreated at low initial solid loads and small particle sizes."	( The impact of particle size and initial solid loading on thermochemical pretreatment of wheat straw for improving sugar recovery. Rojas-Rejón, OA; Sánchez, A, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, alendronate, the most commonly used biphosphonate for treating osteoporosis, was formulated as gastroretentive dosage form (GRDF) tablets to enhance its oral bioavailability."	( Development and characterization of a gastroretentive dosage form composed of chitosan and hydroxyethyl cellulose for alendronate. Chen, YC; Chiu, CC; Ho, HO; Sheu, MT, 2014)	0.62
" marked tensile strength and porosity), FCC promises to be suitable for the preparation of solid dosage forms."	( Compaction of functionalized calcium carbonate, a porous and crystalline microparticulate material with a lamellar surface. Alles, R; Atria, S; Gane, PA; Huwyler, J; Puchkov, M; Schoelkopf, J; Stirnimann, T, 2014)	0.4
" Designing a controlled release dosage form of the drug is required to maintain its therapeutic blood level and to eliminate its adverse effects, particularly the hypoglycaemia."	( Preparation and evaluation of a controlled drug release of repaglinide through matrix pellets: in vitro and in vivo studies. Minaiyan, M; Pendar, Y; Tabbakhian, M; Tavakoli, N, 2014)	0.4
"Ritodrine hydrochloride (RD-HCl) tablets containing alginate (AL) and lactose (LC) with or without microcrystalline cellulose (MC) as excipients were produced as a buccal dosage form."	( Preparation and evaluation of ritodrine buccal tablets for rational therapeutic use. Onishi, H; Sakata, O; Yumoto, K, 2014)	0.61
"The objective of the present study was to fabricate and evaluate a multiparticulate oral gastroretentive dosage form of baclofen characterized by a central large cavity (hollow core) promoting unmitigated floatation with practical applications to alleviate the signs and symptoms of spasticity and muscular rigidity."	( Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive microballoons containing baclofen for a floating oral controlled drug delivery system. Dube, TS; Ranade, AN; Ranpise, NS, 2014)	0.4
" The optimum condition was obtained when the TEOS dosage and press time were 7% and 8 min, respectively."	( Bacterial cellulose/silica nanocomposites: preparation and characterization. Ashori, A; Golalipour, M; Shakeri, A; Sheykhnazari, S; Tabarsa, T, 2012)	0.78
" To ensure vaginal retention in the rabbit, we designed and attached an oval shape-memory polyether urethane retainer to the FCP allowing for long-term intravaginal evaluation of a solid dosage form without invasive surgical implantation."	( Intravaginal flux controlled pump for sustained release of macromolecules. Blair, MJ; Hitchcock, RW; Johnson, TJ; Kiser, PF; Rastogi, R; Teller, RS, 2014)	0.4
" The findings suggest that the propensity for particles to undergo process induced attrition should be taken into consideration when designing a manufacturing process and/or relating initial particle properties to the performance of intermediate or final dosage forms."	( Monitoring process induced attrition of drug substance particles within formulated blends. Gamble, JF; Hoffmann, M; Hughes, H; Hutchins, P; Tobyn, M, 2014)	0.4
" LBCs are ambient dried onto cast acid-resistant enteric polymer films that are then laminated together to produce a solid oral dosage form."	( A laminated polymer film formulation for enteric delivery of live vaccine and probiotic bacteria. Charalampopoulos, D; de Barros, JMS; Edwards, AD; Khutoryanskiy, VV; Scherer, T, 2014)	0.4
"Hydrophilic matrix tablets are commonly used for extended release dosage forms."	( Application of ethylcellulose coating to hydrophilic matrices: a strategy to modulate drug release profile and reduce drug release variability. Mehta, RY; Missaghi, S; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Tiwari, SB, 2014)	0.73
" Six powders were characterized and filled into size-3 capsules in three volumes of dosing chambers and at two filling speeds."	( The effects of material attributes on capsule fill weight and weight variability in dosator nozzle machines. Biserni, S; Calzolari, V; Faulhammer, E; Khinast, JG; Lawrence, S; Llusa, M; Radeke, C; Scheibelhofer, O, 2014)	0.4
" The effects of initial MB concentration (100-900mgL(-1)), contact time (15-315min), the pH of the solution (3-10), temperature (298-318K), adsorbent dosage (0."	( Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by chemically modified bamboo. Guo, JZ; Li, B; Liu, L; Lv, K, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this research was to develop an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) dosage form containing taste-masked beads of clindamycin HCl."	( Development and optimization of taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of clindamycin hydrochloride. Cantor, SL; Gupta, A; Khan, MA, 2015)	0.42
"While the use of amorphous solid dispersions to improve aqueous solubility is well documented, little consideration has traditionally been given to the finished dosage form."	( The incorporation of low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose into solid dispersion systems. Bennett, RC; Hughey, JR; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; Obara, S, 2015)	0.67
"This study was designed to assess the dose-response relationship between tissue, blood, vaginal and rectal compartment concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) and ex vivo rectal HIV suppression following oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and rectal administration of TFV 1% vaginally-formulated gel."	( Correlation between compartmental tenofovir concentrations and an ex vivo rectal biopsy model of tissue infectibility in the RMP-02/MTN-006 phase 1 study. Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Cranston, RD; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Kashuba, A; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N; Tanner, K; Yang, K, 2014)	0.4
"There was a significant fit for the TFVdp dose-response model for rectal tissue (p = 0."	( Correlation between compartmental tenofovir concentrations and an ex vivo rectal biopsy model of tissue infectibility in the RMP-02/MTN-006 phase 1 study. Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Cranston, RD; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Kashuba, A; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N; Tanner, K; Yang, K, 2014)	0.4
" The risk of hypoglycemic conditions can be managed by a coated pellet dosage form, which can release glucose in a delayed regime to achieve the maximum estimated effect of antidiabetics."	( Formulation of cores for the controlled release of glucose for prevention of hypoglycemia in diabetes patients. Dvořáčková, K; Franc, A; Goněc, R; Muselík, J; Neumann, D; Sabadková, D; Slováková, V; Vetchý, D; Zvaková, M, 2014)	0.4
"4 g/l by SHF of Avicel® and wheat straw (40 g/l glucan), respectively, using enzymes at low dosage (3."	( Conversion of cellulosic materials into glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, by Pseudozyma spp. under SHF and SSF processes. Faria, NT; Ferreira, C; Ferreira, FC; Fonseca, C; Marques, S; Santos, M, 2014)	0.4
" The use of inexpensive lignocellulosic substrates associated to straightforward downstream processing from sugary broths is expected to have a great impact in the economy of MEL production for the biosurfactant market, inasmuch as low enzyme dosage is sufficient for good systems performance."	( Conversion of cellulosic materials into glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, by Pseudozyma spp. under SHF and SSF processes. Faria, NT; Ferreira, C; Ferreira, FC; Fonseca, C; Marques, S; Santos, M, 2014)	0.4
" The maximum total sugar yields occurred at 190 °C, 45 min, 60:40 ethanol/water, and 5% dosage of acetic acid, reaching 58."	( Efficient sugar release by acetic acid ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. Wu, S; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Pretreated biomass solid was then enzymatic hydrolyzed by commercial enzyme Cellic®CTec2 (Novozymes) with enzyme dosage of 35 FPU/g to achieve reducing sugars."	( Efficient pretreatment of Vietnamese rice straw by soda and sulfate cooking methods for enzymatic saccharification. Dien, le Q; Hoa, DT; Hoang, PH; Phuong, NT, 2015)	0.42
" One method to decrease the enzyme dosage and increase biocatalytic productivity is to re-use β-glucosidase (BG) via immobilization."	( Enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis: enzyme reusability and visualization of β-glucosidase immobilized in calcium alginate. Meyer, AS; Tsai, CT, 2014)	0.8
" However, constant drug release rates are difficult to achieve with this type of dosage forms if the drug is freely water-soluble."	( How to easily provide zero order release of freely soluble drugs from coated pellets. Dekyndt, B; Neut, C; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Verin, J, 2015)	0.42
" The effect of different variables in the batch method as a function of solution pH, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent dosage and temperature were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertaine."	( Removal of hazardous azopyrazole dye from an aqueous solution using rice straw as a waste adsorbent: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Al-Sarawy, AA; El-Bindary, AA; El-Sonbati, AZ; Farid, MA; Mohamed, KS, 2015)	0.42
" The result showed that glucose yield at low enzyme dosage was positively linear correlated with the yield at high enzyme dosage, for both the untreated and pretreated materials."	( Relationship between physicochemical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse varieties for bioethanol production. Benjamin, Y; Brienzo, M; Görgens, J; Tyhoda, L, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate antifungal transdermal spray to improve the permeation of clotrimazole across the skin and to decrease the dosing frequency in fungal infection."	( Formulation and evaluation of clotrimazole transdermal spray. Gandhi, T; Gohel, M; Paradkar, M; Soni, T; Thakkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"296 g/gTVS was achieved at optimal hydrolysis conditions (microwave temperature = 190°C, time = 10 min, and cellulase dosage = 5 wt%)."	( Characterisation of water hyacinth with microwave-heated alkali pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic digestibility and hydrogen/methane fermentation. Cen, K; Cheng, J; Ding, L; Lin, R; Song, W; Xie, B; Zhou, J, 2015)	0.42
" Nevertheless, a high enzyme dosage is still required in the conversion of (hemi)cellulose."	( Synergistic effect and application of xylanases as accessory enzymes to enhance the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse. Gonçalves, GA; Ichinose, H; Jia, L; Kamiya, N; Mori, Y; Noda, S; Takasugi, Y; Tanaka, T, 2015)	0.64
" Results showed that the re-dispersity of CNC in water can be significantly enhanced using a PEG1000 dosage of 5wt% (based on the dry weight of CNC)."	( Adsorption of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto cellulose nano-crystals to improve its dispersity. An, X; Cheng, D; Ni, Y; Wang, L; Wen, Y; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.68
"Whether mini-tablets (tablets, diameters ≤6mm) belong to single- or multiple-unit dosage forms is still questionable."	( Mini-tablets versus pellets as promising multiparticulate modified release delivery systems for highly soluble drugs. Abdallah, OY; Gaber, DM; Nafee, N, 2015)	0.42
" Quality by design (QbD) concept was implemented for the development of MDDC with potential to be incorporated into semisolid dosage form (gel)."	( Implementation of quality by design principles in the development of microsponges as drug delivery carriers: Identification and optimization of critical factors using multivariate statistical analyses and design of experiments studies. Dimitrovska, A; Glavas Dodov, M; Mladenovska, K; Sibinovska, N; Simonoska Crcarevska, M; Slavevska Raicki, R, 2015)	0.42
" Diluent in direct compression formulation has a dual role: it increases bulk of the dosage form and it promotes binding of the constituent particles of the formulation."	( [Application of β-cyclodextrin in the formulation of ODT tablets containing ibuprofen]. Kasperek, R; Poleszak, E; Zimmer, Ł, )	0.13
"To prolong the residence time of dosage forms within gastrointestinal trace until all drug released at desired rate was one of the real challenges for oral controlled-release drug delivery system."	( Floating tablets for controlled release of ofloxacin via compression coating of hydroxypropyl cellulose combined with effervescent agent. Chen, H; Ma, N; Qi, X; Rui, Y; Wu, Z; Yang, F, 2015)	0.64
"Fracture strength of pharmaceutical compacts varies even for nominally identical samples, which directly affects compaction, comminution, and tablet dosage forms."	( Effect of Porosity on Strength Distribution of Microcrystalline Cellulose. Barcenas, NP; Bowman, KJ; Keleṣ, Ö; Sprys, DH, 2015)	0.66
"In the pharmaceutical field, tablets are the most common dosage forms for oral administration."	( Predictive model for tensile strength of pharmaceutical tablets based on local hardness measurements. Briancon, S; Hoc, T; Juban, A; Nouguier-Lehon, C; Puel, F, 2015)	0.42
" Meanwhile, the hydrolysate can be extracted and reused for cellulose hydrolysis for three runs, which was effective in saving the dosage of chemicals and reducing the pollution of the environment without affecting the properties of hydrocellulose."	( Joint action of ultrasonic and Fe³⁺ to improve selectivity of acid hydrolysis for microcrystalline cellulose. Li, J; Qiang, D; Xiu, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.88
" We have demonstrated that TPI can be used to non-invasively analyse the complex disintegration kinetics of formulations that take place on timescales of seconds and is a promising tool to better understand the effect of dosage form microstructure on its performance."	( The Disintegration Process in Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Tablets, Part 1: Influence of Temperature, Porosity and Superdisintegrants. Anderson, A; Gladden, LF; Goodwin, DJ; Sibik, J; Wilson, DI; Yassin, S; Zeitler, JA, 2015)	0.67
" The HRP-EXG:CBM complex was used to visualize cellulose fibers in both cryopreserved and paraffin embedded lung tissue from mice dosed by pharyngeal aspiration with 10-200 μg/mouse."	( Visualization of Nanofibrillar Cellulose in Biological Tissues Using a Biotinylated Carbohydrate Binding Module of β-1,4-Glycanase. Aimonen, K; Alenius, H; Espersen, R; Højgaard, C; Knudsen, KB; Kofoed, C; Norppa, H; Nuopponen, M; Vilske, S; Vogel, U; Wallin, H; Wedin, I; Weydahl, IE; Willemoës, M; Winther, JR; Wolff, H, 2015)	0.96
" The performance evaluation materials used consisted of cellulose acetate capsules melded to mixed-cellulose ester filters that were dosed with multiple elements from commercial standard aqueous solutions."	( Interlaboratory evaluation of cellulosic acid-soluble internal air sampling capsules for multi-element analysis. Andrews, RN; Ashley, K; Feng, HA, 2016)	0.68
" High hydrolysability and low dosage of enzyme loadings together with the advantages of high yield and widely distribution demonstrated the potential of Chinese Pennisetum and Hybrid Pennisetum for the production of platform sugars."	( Structural properties and hydrolysabilities of Chinese Pennisetum and Hybrid Pennisetum: Effect of aqueous ammonia pretreatment. Fan, X; Hou, X; Li, K; Wang, J; Wu, J; Xin, D; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
", adsorption technique, spray-drying process, high-shear granulation, fluid-bed granulation) for preparing solid SMEDDS powders by using solid carriers identified as appropriate and to produce a single (tablets) or multiunit (minitablets) solid dosage form based on prepared solid SMEDDS loaded with naproxen in a dissolved (6% w/w) or supersaturated (18% w/w) state."	( Tablets and minitablets prepared from spray-dried SMEDDS containing naproxen. Čerpnjak, K; Gašperlin, M; Pobirk, AZ; Vrečer, F, 2015)	0.42
"For application of regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes in capsule dosage forms, the methods to modify drug release from these membranes are described."	( Regenerated Cellulose Capsules for Controlled Drug Delivery, Part 2: Modulating Membrane Permeability by Incorporation of Depolymerized Cellulose and Altering Membrane Thickness. Bhatt, B; Kumar, V, 2015)	1.08
"3wt% of latex dosage (on dry fibers)."	( Cellulose fibers modified with nano-sized antimicrobial polymer latex for pathogen deactivation. Cai, P; Colpitts, M; Pan, Y; Xiao, H, 2016)	1.88
" In in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies, xanthan gum-based DMH buccal film was associated with significantly increased DMH plasma levels between 1 h and 5 h after DMH dosing when compared with an oral drug solution."	( Preparation and in-vivo evaluation of dimenhydrinate buccal mucoadhesive films with enhanced bioavailability. Araman, A; Kaptan, E; Ocak, M; Okyar, A; Sagirli, O; Sedef Erdal, M; Tekeli, F; Yildiz Pekoz, A, 2016)	0.43
" The enhancement increased with the SXSL dosage and the xylanase loading."	( Enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan by adding sodium lignosulfonate and long-chain fatty alcohols. Fu, J; Huang, J; Lou, H; Pang, Y; Qiu, K; Qiu, X; Yuan, L, 2016)	0.43
"Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems are considered advantageous over the existing conventional oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and syrups for being patient friendly."	( Development of polymer-bound fast-dissolving metformin buccal film with disintegrants. Haque, SE; Sheela, A, 2015)	0.42
" This altogether demonstrated that the technique provides the pharmaceutical developer with a reliable, quantitative response parameter for visual appearance of solid dosage forms, which may be used for process and ultimately product optimization."	( Quantitative surface topography assessment of directly compressed and roller compacted tablet cores using photometric stereo image analysis. Allesø, M; Carstensen, JM; Holm, P; Holm, R, 2016)	0.43
"Barrier coatings are frequently employed on solid oral dosage forms under the assumption that they prevent moisture sorption into tablet cores thereby averting premature degradation of moisture-sensitive active ingredients."	( An investigation into moisture barrier film coating efficacy and its relevance to drug stability in solid dosage forms. Basit, AW; Mwesigwa, E, 2016)	0.43
"5, agitation speed of 150rpm, contact time of 180min and biomass dosage 2, 8gL(-1)."	( Textile dye removal from aqueous solutions by malt bagasse: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chaves, ES; Fontana, KB; Lenzi, GG; Pietrobelli, JMTA; Sanchez, JDS; Watanabe, ERLR, 2016)	0.43
" The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity."	( Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics. Abdelbary, MF; Ahmed, TA; Ali, BE; Aljaeid, BM; El-Say, KM; Zidan, AS, 2015)	0.42
" High viscosity of PS from virgin pulp mills restricted the solid loading to 18% (w/w) at an enzyme dosage of 20 FPU/gram dry PS (gdPS), whereas an optimal solid loading of 27% (w/w) was achieved with corrugated recycle mill PS at 11 FPU/gdPS."	( Paper sludge (PS) to bioethanol: Evaluation of virgin and recycle mill sludge for low enzyme, high-solids fermentation. Boshoff, S; Görgens, J; Gottumukkala, LD; van Rensburg, E, 2016)	0.43
"Ethylcellulose is one of the most commonly used polymers to develop reservoir type extended release multiparticulate dosage forms."	( Investigation into the Effect of Ethylcellulose Viscosity Variation on the Drug Release of Metoprolol Tartrate and Acetaminophen Extended Release Multiparticulates-Part I. Ferrizzi, D; Mehta, R; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A; Schoener, C; Teckoe, J; Workentine, S, 2016)	1.22
"00) following N-9 gel dosing and 20."	( Feasibility of radiolabeled small molecule permeability as a quantitative measure of microbicide candidate toxicity. Aung, WS; Bakshi, RP; Coleman, JS; Fuchs, E; Hendrix, CW; Marzinke, MA; Robinson, J; Spiegel, HML, 2016)	0.43
" The critical attributes of the pellet dosage forms (dependent variables); disintegration time, sphericity and yield were predicted with adequate accuracy based on the regression model."	( Design and optimization of disintegrating pellets of MCC by non-aqueous extrusion process using statistical tools. Gandra, S; Gurram, RK; Shastri, NR, 2016)	0.43
" Also, the significantly greater value of mean residence time (MRT) in case of MB-F21 indicates its higher gastric residence time and proves the advantages of micro-multiparticulate dosage forms over conventional one."	( Design and optimization of gastro-retentive microballoons for enhanced bioavailability of cinnarizine. Ammar, HO; Ghorab, M; Kamel, R; Salama, AH, 2016)	0.43
" The increased expression levels of lignin and cellulose synthesis key genes in the haploid situation illustrated that dosage compensation may account for genome dosage effect in our study."	( Ploidy effect and genetic architecture exploration of stalk traits using DH and its corresponding haploid populations in maize. Chen, S; Hu, H; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, J; Liu, W; Meng, Y, 2016)	0.69
" The modified crystals have been dosed into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites by the solution casting."	( Modification of cellulose nanocrystal via SI-ATRP of styrene and the mechanism of its reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate. Gao, W; Jiang, X; Tian, X; Wang, H; Yin, Y, 2016)	0.78
"An in situ forming gel is a dosage form which is promised for site-specific therapy such as periodontal pocket of periodontitis treatment."	( Designing Solvent Exchange-Induced In Situ Forming Gel from Aqueous Insoluble Polymers as Matrix Base for Periodontitis Treatment. Phaechamud, T; Srichan, T, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, this montelukast sodium-loaded oral suspension, with bioequivalence to the commercial granules and excellent stability, could be a prospective dosage form for the treatment of asthma."	( Novel montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to the commercial granules in rats. Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Kim, YH; Kim, YI; Kwon, TK; Li, DX; Park, JH; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)	0.43
"This work describes an approach to modify the release of active compound from a 3D printed model drug product geometry intended for flexible dosing and precision medication."	( Modifying release characteristics from 3D printed drug-eluting products. Aho, J; Arnfast, L; Boetker, J; Bohr, A; Rantanen, J; Water, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"The capsule is one of the most important solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Influence of Polymer Type on the Physical Properties and Release Profile of Papaverine Hydrochloride From Hard Gelatin Capsules. Iwaniak, K; Kasperek, R; Modrzewska, J; Poleszak, E; Polski, A; Sobótka-Polska, K; Sławińska, K, )	0.13
" The engineered yeast directly produced ethanol from rice straw despite a more than 40% decrease in the required enzyme dosage for high-density fermentation."	( Engineering of a novel cellulose-adherent cellulolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae for cellulosic biofuel production. den Haan, R; Hasunuma, T; Ho, SH; Inokuma, K; Kondo, A; Liu, Z; Ogino, C; Sasaki, K; van Zyl, WH, 2016)	0.74
"Ethylcellulose is commonly dissolved in a solvent or formed into an aqueous dispersion and sprayed onto various dosage forms to form a barrier membrane to provide controlled release in pharmaceutical formulations."	( High throughput research and evaporation rate modeling for solvent screening for ethylcellulose barrier membranes in pharmaceutical applications. Curtis-Fisk, JL; Rogers, TL; Schoener, CA; Tate, MP, 2016)	1.17
" Hypoglycaemic episodes can be prevented by a dosage form with controlled release of glucose."	( [Influence of the mesh of extrusion dies on the properties of cores intended for the preparation of pellets with controlled glucose release]. Franc, A; Kopecká, P; Muselík, J; Neumann, D; Pavloková, S; Sabadková, D, )	0.13
"21 at starch dosage of 1% (on the basis of the dry weight of papermaking stock)."	( Coaggregation of mineral filler particles and starch granules as a basis for improving filler-fiber interaction in paper production. Chen, W; Fan, J; Li, T; Qian, X; Shen, J; Shu, J; Wang, Q; Wei, H, 2016)	0.43
"Multiparticulate formulations are composed of multiple solid dosage units which can be administered directly to the mouth or sprinkled on food."	( Effect of formulation variables on oral grittiness and preferences of multiparticulate formulations in adult volunteers. Bowles, A; Clapham, D; Ernest, TB; Gul, MO; Lopez, FL; Tuleu, C, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, it is suggested that CAPE-NPs can be used to reduce the dosage of CAPE and improve their bioavailability and thus merit further investigation for bioactive packaging film and coating applications."	( Fabrication of Novel Bioactive Cellulose-Based Films Derived from Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester-Loaded Nanoparticles via a Rapid Expansion Process: RESOLV. Assatarakul, K; Saelo, S; Sane, A; Suppakul, P, 2016)	0.72
" The maximum reducing sugar yield was 519mg/g under an irradiation dose of 300kGy, a sludge protein dosage of 2mg/mL, an enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 45°C, an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 84h, and a 90FPU/g enzyme loading."	( Cobalt-60 gamma-ray irradiation pretreatment and sludge protein for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of hybrid poplar sawdust. Wang, L; Xiang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" By combining the advantages of thermally stable pharmaceutically approved polymers and fillers, this unique approach provides a low cost production method for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms."	( Adaptation of pharmaceutical excipients to FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of patient-tailored immediate release tablets. Ahmed, W; Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Kelarakis, A; Sadia, M; Sośnicka, A, 2016)	0.43
" The versatility of this method was demonstrated by different examples, including the excipients mixture and commercial solid dosage forms (e."	( Application of Pisklak, DM; Szeleszczuk, Ł; Zielińska-Pisklak, M, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of process parameters during dry coating on particle and dosage form properties upon varying the surface adsorbed moisture of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a model filler/binder for orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs)."	( Microparticle surface layering through dry coating: impact of moisture content and process parameters on the properties of orally disintegrating tablets. Alyami, H; Bowen, J; Dahmash, EZ; Koner, J; Mohammed, AR; Terry, D, 2017)	0.64
" In compounding, the choice of excipients should be considered as they can affect conformity of the dosage form or its usability in practice."	( Challenge of paediatric compounding to solid dosage forms sachets and hard capsules - Finnish perspective. Eränen, T; Hepojoki, T; Isokirmo, S; Juppo, AM; Kovanen, S; Laihanen, N; Pellinen, J; Siirola, O; Sivén, M, 2017)	0.46
" However, their fluid nature limited the stability of the loaded drug and hindered the development of stable oral dosage form."	( Self dispersing mixed micelles forming systems for enhanced dissolution and intestinal permeability of hydrochlorothiazide. El Maghraby, GM; El-Gizawy, SA; Osman, MA; Sultan, AA, 2017)	0.46
" Excipients, although generally regarded as inert components, are of great significance in terms of solid dosage form development and any variation in the material attributes may impact drug product performance."	( Biopharmaceutical aspects and implications of excipient variability in drug product performance. Flanagan, T; Fotaki, N; Mann, J; Meehan, E; Zarmpi, P, 2017)	0.46
"Fostamatinib is an orally dosed phosphate prodrug that is cleaved by intestinal alkaline phosphatase to the active metabolite R406."	( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies. Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)	0.46
"The oral route has notable advantages to administering dosage forms."	( Albendazole Microcrystal Formulations Based on Chitosan and Cellulose Derivatives: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Parasiticidal Activity in Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms. Codina, AV; Hinrichsen, LI; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Priotti, J; Vasconi, MD, 2017)	0.7
" The RC capsules were fabricated using a modified dip-coating approach, which yielded an assembled dosage form that was equivalent in size and shape to a conventional gelatin two-piece hard shell capsule."	( Regenerated cellulose capsules for controlled drug delivery: Part IV. In-vitro evaluation of novel self-pore forming regenerated cellulose capsules. Bhatt, B; Kumar, V, 2017)	0.83
"37 g/g carbon source when yellow grease was dosed at 10, 40 and 60 g/L, respectively."	( Sweet sorghum bagasse and corn stover serving as substrates for producing sophorolipids. Chen, D; Chen, X; Liang, Y; Samad, A; Tucker, M; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" The powders obtained, which present enhanced dissolution properties, can be incorporated in a solid dosage form for treatment of AIDS in paediatric patients with promising results."	( Efavirenz dissolution enhancement III: Colloid milling, pharmacokinetics and electronic tongue evaluation. Bilatto, SE; Cabral, LM; Corrêa, DS; da Costa, MA; Fandaruff, C; Hoffmeister, CR; Pitta, LR; Prado, LD; Rocha, HV; Silva, MA; Tasso, L, 2017)	0.46
"Dry granulation using roll compaction is a typical unit operation for producing solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Effect of roll compaction on granule size distribution of microcrystalline cellulose-mannitol mixtures: computational intelligence modeling and parametric analysis. Jachowicz, R; Kazemi, P; Khalid, MH; Kleinebudde, P; Mendyk, A; Pérez Gago, A; Szlęk, J, 2017)	0.69
" For enzymatic hydrolysis of the pulp, increasing the dosage of cellulases was more effective for improving the glucose yield than addition of a grinding treatment."	( Short-time alkaline peroxide pretreatment for rapid pulping and efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Hideno, A, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, fluid bed coating is proposed for the production of controlled release dosage forms of glass solutions by applying a second, rate controlling membrane on top of the glass solution."	( Controlling the Release of Indomethacin from Glass Solutions Layered with a Rate Controlling Membrane Using Fluid-Bed Processing. Part 1: Surface and Cross-Sectional Chemical Analysis. Dereymaker, A; Roberts, CJ; Scurr, DJ; Steer, ED; Van den Mooter, G, 2017)	0.46
"The 3D printing technique of fused deposition modeling® (FDM) has lately come into focus as a potential fabrication technique for pharmaceutical dosage forms and medical devices that allows the preparation of delivery systems with nearly any shape."	( Assessment of different polymers and drug loads for fused deposition modeling of drug loaded implants. Bogdahn, M; Franz, C; Kempin, W; Koster, LC; Schneider, F; Seidlitz, A; Weitschies, W, 2017)	0.46
" The physical and mechanical properties showed that as the dosage of BC increased, the properties of tensile index, tear index, and burst index greatly improved, while the porosity and the elongation decreased."	( Preparation and characterization of reinforced papers using nano bacterial cellulose. Ashori, A; Khazaeian, A; Mashkour, M; Sheykhnazari, S; Tabarsa, T, 2017)	0.69
"The physical properties and mechanical integrity of pharmaceutical tablets are of major importance when loading with active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (API) in order to ensure ease of processing, control of dosage and stability during transportation and handling prior to patient consumption."	( On the role of API in determining porosity, pore structure and bulk modulus of the skeletal material in pharmaceutical tablets formed with MCC as sole excipient. Bawuah, P; Gane, P; Ketolainen, J; Markl, D; Peiponen, KE; Ridgway, C; Zeitler, JA, 2017)	0.46
"0% using corn cobs with an enzyme dosage of 5 FPU/g-biomass."	( Characterization of cellulolytic enzyme system of Schizophyllum commune mutant and evaluation of its efficiency on biomass hydrolysis. Champreda, V; Eurwilaichitr, L; Fujii, T; Inoue, H; Kittisenachai, S; Rattanaphanjak, P; Roytrakul, S; Sornlake, W, 2017)	0.46
" Bioreactors were dosed with an initial start-up of glucose (Rg) or cellulose (Rc)."	( Effect of cellulose as co-substrate on old landfill leachate treatment using white-rot fungi. Bardi, A; Chicca, I; Di Gregorio, S; Islam, M; Levin, DB; Munz, G; Petroni, G; Siracusa, G; Spennati, F; Tigini, V; Yuan, Q, 2017)	1.09
" Gel dosage form allows easy and precise application and maximizes timolol's therapeutic efficacy at the sites of application."	( Simple Preparation of Timolol 0.5% Gel from Eye Drop Solution for Superficial Infantile Hemangiomas. Choo, W, )	0.13
"There has been limited research done on the downstream processing of nanosuspensions into solid oral dosage forms."	( Downstream drug product processing of itraconazole nanosuspension: Factors influencing tablet material properties and dissolution of compacted nanosuspension-layered sugar beads. Low, A; Möschwitzer, JP; Parmentier, J; Tan, EH, 2017)	0.46
" It is desirable for multidrug combinations to be coformulated into single dosage forms where possible, to promote patient convenience and adherence to dosage regimens, for which amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is particularly well-suited."	( Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other's Solution Concentrations. Arca, HÇ; Dahal, D; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Taylor, LS, 2017)	0.46
"Water-soluble polymers are often used as pore formers to tailor permeability of film-forming hydrophobic polymers on coated dosage forms."	( Investigation of a new pH-responsive nanoparticulate pore former for controlled release enteric coating with improved processability and stability. Chang, HHR; Chen, K; Kane, A; Li, J; Lugtu-Pe, JA; Shalviri, A; Wu, XY, 2017)	0.46
"Continuous manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms is promising for increasing the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical production and products."	( Provoking an end-to-end continuous direct compression line with raw materials prone to segregation. Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Ervasti, T; Folestad, S; Fransson, M; Karttunen, AP; Ketolainen, J; Korhonen, O; Lakio, S; Tajarobi, P; Wikström, H, 2017)	0.46
"To ensure robust manufacturing of unit-based oral solid dosage forms with minimal structural imperfections and high mechanical reliability across subsequent processing unit operations (e."	( Mechanics of Pharmaceutical Pellets-Constitutive Properties, Deformation, and Breakage Behavior. Dreu, R; Müller, P; Russell, A; Šibanc, R, 2018)	0.48
" Single factor tests were performed with hygroscopicity, formability and fluidity as the indexes, and the moisture content, granule yield and angle of repose were combined with physical characters of the materials to screen the proportioning and dosage of excipients."	( [Optimize excipients for Yinsang hypoglycemic granules by using multiple indexes]. Cheng, JM; Du, JC; Liu, R; Wang, XZ; Wu, H; Zhang, Q; Zhang, WY, 2017)	0.46
" Transdermal drug delivery system is the main route with discrete, self-contained dosage forms when placed on the skin, transporting the medicament through the skin into the systemic circulation in a wellcontrolled manner."	( Design and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Timolol Maleate. Jamakandi, VG; Panchayya Hiremath, SS; Reddy, JJ, 2018)	0.48
" Experimental results showed the optimal C/N and ozone dosage for methane production was 24:1 and 90 mg/g suspended solids, and the corresponding methane production was 203."	( An efficient method to improve the production of methane from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. Huang, S; Jia, H; Li, X; Xu, X; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Orodispersible films have been described as new beneficial dosage forms for special patient populations."	( Orodispersible films: Product transfer from lab-scale to continuous manufacturing. Breitkreutz, J; Thabet, Y, 2018)	0.48
" The described pellet formulation is amenable to oral dosing in small animal studies in order to assess in vivo efficacy of the whey-derived ghrelinergic hydrolysate."	( Sustained-release multiparticulates for oral delivery of a novel peptidic ghrelin agonist: Formulation design and in vitro characterization. Alam, R; Chruscicka, B; Cryan, JF; Fitzpatrick, D; Griffin, BT; Howick, K; Kandil, D; Ryan, AM; Schellekens, H, 2018)	0.48
", pH, dosage of nickel/iron nanoparticles and temperature)."	( Kinetic research on dechlorinating dichlorobenzene in aqueous system by nano-scale nickel/iron loaded with CMC/NFC hydrogel. Chai, XS; Chen, G; Guo, C; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wan, XF, 2018)	0.48
"Despite the increasing importance of mini-tablet for its advantages as pediatric formulations and in modified-release applications, its popularity is limited due to the lack of formulation and processing knowledge in developing such dosage forms."	( Understanding the Factors That Control the Quality of Mini-Tablet Compression: Flow, Particle Size, and Tooling Dimension. Badawy, S; Nikfar, F; Pandey, P; Rowe, J; Yin, D; Zhao, J, 2018)	0.48
" After the cellulase pretreatment (cellulase dosage of 1 mg/g) and CCE process, the cellulose purity was as high as 97."	( Cellulase pretreatment for enhancing cold caustic extraction-based separation of hemicelluloses and cellulose from cellulosic fibers. Chen, L; Huang, L; Li, H; Li, J; Ni, Y; Ouyang, X; Zhang, S, 2018)	0.93
"50% recoveries, respectively from the pretreated substrate at the enzyme dosage of 20 mg/g biomass."	( Development of tailor-made synergistic cellulolytic enzyme system for saccharification of steam exploded sugarcane bagasse. Bunterngsook, B; Champreda, V; Chotirotsukon, C; Fujii, T; Hoshino, T; Inoue, H; Kraikul, N; Kraithong, W; Kuboon, S; Laothanachareon, T; Roongsawang, N; Techanan, W, 2018)	0.48
"1% after the HPW catalytic treatment at a dosage of 86."	( Heteropoly acid catalytic treatment for reactivity enhancement and viscosity control of dissolving pulp. Duan, C; Meng, J; Ni, Y; Qin, X; Wang, X; Xu, Y; Zhao, C, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, the permeability of human skin was compared using two synthetic membranes: cellulose acetate and Strat-M® membrane and lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds either as saturated or formulated solutions as well as marketed dosage forms."	( Membrane properties for permeability testing: Skin versus synthetic membranes. Dorrani, M; Goodyear, B; Haq, A; Joshi, V; Michniak-Kohn, B, 2018)	0.7
"Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) emerged as dosage forms recommended for special groups of patients like pediatrics or geriatrics, due to their multiple advantages."	( Assessment of oral formulation-dependent characteristics of orodispersible tablets using texture profiles and multivariate data analysis. Bogdan, C; Casian, T; Iurian, S; Moldovan, M; Tarta, D; Tomuta, I, 2018)	0.48
" When water dosage was increased from 50 to 500 times of the WWS weight, the ash content gradually decreased during prewashing process, which facilitated lignin solubilization in subsequent p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) hydrolysis."	( Improving cellulose nanofibrillation of waste wheat straw using the combined methods of prewashing, p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrolysis, disk grinding, and endoglucanase post-treatment. Bian, H; Dai, H; Fang, G; Gao, Y; Yang, Y, 2018)	0.88
" Until now, there are only a few products available for the paediatric population due to the lack of age appropriate dosage forms or studies proving the efficacy and safety of these products."	( Continuous manufacturing and analytical characterization of fixed-dose, multilayer orodispersible films. Breitkreutz, J; Lunter, D; Thabet, Y, 2018)	0.48
" In addition to dosing reagents by means of a low-cost peristaltic pump, we also present carefully controlled dosing of reagents by an open-source syringe pump."	( "Do-It-Yourself" reliable pH-stat device by using open-source software, inexpensive hardware and available laboratory equipment. Kostic, M; Kragic, R; Milanovic, JZ; Milanovic, P, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate parameters about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients in forms of powders or dosage through various methods systematically and explore its correlation with tablet disintegration."	( Evaluation about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients through various methods and the correlation between these parameters and tablet disintegration. Li, S; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Yang, B; Yang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" This work provides a novel example where computer-aided design was instrumental at modifying the performance of solid dosage forms."	( Tablet fragmentation without a disintegrant: A novel design approach for accelerating disintegration and drug release from 3D printed cellulosic tablets. Ahmed, W; Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Arafat, T; Forbes, RT; Isreb, A; Isreb, M; Wojsz, M, 2018)	0.48
" However, their versatility is limited since the powder component is present throughout the dosage forms fabricated by binder jet 3D printing and material extrusion 3D printing requires high operating temperatures."	( Photocurable poly(ethylene glycol) as a bioink for the inkjet 3D pharming of hydrophobic drugs. Acosta-Vélez, GF; Linsley, CS; Wu, BM; Zhu, TZ, 2018)	0.48
"The design results were useful for developing of curcumin dosage form with good physicochemical characteristics and mucoadhesive properties for the bladder administration."	( Design and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Gelatin-Ethylcellulose Microparticles for the Delivery of Curcumin to the Bladder. Bruschi, ML; da Silva, JB; Diniz, A; Kimura, E; Montanha, MC; Oliveira, MB, 2018)	0.73
"The objective of this study was to evaluate non-crystalline cellulose (NCC) as a novel tablet excipient in solid oral dosage forms in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (Prosolv®, SMCC)."	( Evaluation of non-crystalline cellulose as a novel excipient in solid dose products. Babu, RJ; Lee, Y; Pawar, K; Rangari, V; Render, D, 2018)	1.01
"Based on the data, it can be concluded that NCC can serve as a cheaper and better alternative to MCC as excipient in solid dosage forms."	( Evaluation of non-crystalline cellulose as a novel excipient in solid dose products. Babu, RJ; Lee, Y; Pawar, K; Rangari, V; Render, D, 2018)	0.77
"Mannitol is commonly used as a pharmaceutical excipient for tablets; the most widely used oral dosage form for drug delivery."	( Deformation behavior of crystallized mannitol during compression using a rotary tablet press simulator. Aubert, A; Bataille, B; Baylac, G; Lefevre, P; Sanchez-Ballester, N; Sharkawi, T; Soulairol, I; Tarlier, N, 2018)	0.48
" This means that having developed a printable formulation, printed pharmaceutical dosage forms can be obtained on any pharmaceutical grade substrate, such as polymer-based films."	( Pharmaceutical-grade oral films as substrates for printed medicine. Hsiao, WK; Markl, D; Paudel, A; Pichler, H; Planchette, C; Stegemann, S; Wimmer-Teubenbacher, M, 2018)	0.48
" Undoubtedly, the enteric dosage forms with naproxen can be considered as safer."	( Gellan gum macrobeads loaded with naproxen: The impact of various naturally derived polymers on pH-dependent behavior. Froelich, A; Kunstman, P; Milanowski, B; Osmałek, TZ; Skotnicki, M; Soból, M; Szybowicz, M, 2018)	0.48
" Atenolol is used for cardiovascular diseases and available as an immediate release (IR) tablet dosage form."	( Effect of lipid and cellulose based matrix former on the release of highly soluble drug from extruded/spheronized, sintered and compacted pellets. Ahmed, HF; Hussain, T; Iffat, W; Maboos, M; Nasiri, I; Shoaib, MH; Yousuf, RI, 2018)	0.8
" We demonstrated that subcutaneously injected ORX-301 extended the mean lifespan of NPC mice at a dosage 5-fold lower (800 mg/kg, body weight) the HPβCD dose proven efficacious (4000 mg/kg)."	( Linear Cyclodextrin Polymer Prodrugs as Novel Therapeutics for Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disorder. Caporali, P; Dolas, A; Dragotto, J; Fiorenza, MT; Goyal, S; Jayaraman, R; Johny, S; Kulkarni, A; Macone, A, 2018)	0.48
", ∼15%) is suitable for ASP, because a pretty perfect glucose yield (91%) was obtained using a low dosage of enzyme loadings (5 FPU of cellulases/g dry matter)."	( Impact of lignin content on alkaline-sulfite pretreatment of Hybrid Pennisetum. Chu, J; Hao, X; Jia, L; Qin, Y; Wang, J; Yang, M; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
" Until now investigations have mainly focused on dosage forms loaded with very stable drugs or model substances."	( Development of a dual extrusion printing technique for an acid- and thermo-labile drug. Brecht, I; Domsta, V; Kempin, W; Seidlitz, A; Semmling, B; Tillmann, S; Weitschies, W, 2018)	0.48
" The pretreatment time and the enzyme dosage were optimized using response surface methodology."	( Deconstruction of cellulosic fibers to fibrils based on enzymatic pretreatment. Chen, K; Gao, W; Wang, B; Wang, S; Xiang, Z; Xu, J; Zeng, J, 2018)	0.48
"The comilling process plays an important role in solid oral dosage manufacturing."	( Model development and prediction of particle size distribution, density and friability of a comilling operation in a continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Cappuyns, P; De Beer, T; Ghijs, M; Ierapetritou, M; Kumar, A; Metta, N; Nopens, I; Ramachandran, R; Schafer, E; Singh, R; Van Assche, I; Verstraeten, M, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, engineering the ratio of cellulolytic enzymes in the cocktail for more efficient cellulose hydrolysis is an alternative strategy for reducing cellulase dosage and thus saving cost in enzyme consumption for cellulose hydrolysis."	( Engineering Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 with the overexpression of egl1 at the ace1 locus to relieve repression on cellulase production and to adjust the ratio of cellulolytic enzymes for more efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Bai, FW; Liu, CG; Meng, QS; Zhao, XQ, 2018)	0.7
" The study demonstrates that HPC is a suitable solid binder for DoP printing and that 3D-DoP printing can be used to print robust dosage forms."	( Powder bed 3D-printing of highly loaded drug delivery devices with hydroxypropyl cellulose as solid binder. Baier, A; Haemmerli, A; Iliev, S; Infanger, S; Quodbach, J; Stoyanov, E, 2019)	0.74
"Oral dosage form has limited control over the release of drug from dosage form, hence effective plasma level concentration do not achieve at site of action."	( In vitro characterization of elementary osmotic tablet containing celecoxib. Sheaikh, SS, 2018)	0.48
" Current study concludes prepared Hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber will be good alternative for commercially available dosage forms for the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases."	( Hyperbranched cellulose polyester of oral thin film and nanofiber for rapid release of donepezil; preparation and in vivo evaluation. AnjiReddy, K; Karpagam, S, 2019)	1.13
" The Parameters or inputs used for optimization are pH, time (days), agitation (rpm) and sorbent dosage (μg/L)."	( Isolation and identification of Pseudomonas from wastewater, its immobilization in cellulose biopolymer and performance in degrading Triclosan. Devatha, CP; Pavithra, N, 2019)	0.74
" Different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) were used to disintegrate cellulose at different temperatures (240, 260, 280, 300 and 320 °C), reaction time (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and solvents dosage (0, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mL)."	( Effects of liquefaction parameters of cellulose in supercritical solvents of methanol, ethanol and acetone on products yield and compositions. Liao, W; Sun, J; Wang, X; Xie, XA, 2019)	1.01
"The manufacture of oral dosage form may induce changes in the physical form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient."	( Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation. Garcia-Barriocanal, J; Thakral, NK; Thakral, S, 2019)	0.51
" The model is applicable to the handling and dosing of fine and cohesive powders where small differences in air pressure have a significant impact on the powder flow process."	( Powder die filling under gravity and suction fill mechanisms. Baserinia, R; Sinka, IC, 2019)	0.51
" The results of this study confirmed that a simple method of extrusion-spheronization can be employed to enhance the dissolution of simvastatin in multi particulates dosage form which can also be employed for other poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Synergistic effect of polyethylene glycol and superdisintegrant on dissolution rate enhancement of simvastatin in pellet formulation. Afrasiabi Garekani, H; Aftabi, SF; Javidi, M; Nia, FF; Nokhodchi, A; Sadeghi, F, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, the acceleration of dissolution rate during the stress tests is caused by the soluble substance penetration through the coating in the case of PEG pellets or by dosage form volume increase in the case of CMS pellets."	( The effects of the treatment conditions on the dissolution profile of ethylcellulose coated pellets. Bernatová, S; Franc, A; Muselík, J; Neumann, D; Pavloková, S; Sabadková, D; Samek, O, 2019)	0.74
" Some applications are related to the production of personalized devices, implants (orthopedic and dental), drug dosage forms (antibacterial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, etc."	( Antimicrobial Polymers for Additive Manufacturing. González-Henríquez, CM; Rodríguez Hernandez, J; Sarabia-Vallejos, MA, 2019)	0.51
"98% with a low cellulose dosage (15 FPU/g-glucan), which was approximately 32."	( Two-Step Pretreatment of Corn Stover Silage Using Non-ionic Surfactant and Ferric Nitrate for Enhancing Sugar Recovery and Enzymatic Digestibility of Cellulose. Gong, X; Huang, C; Ma, X; Sun, Y; Wang, M; Wang, Z, 2019)	1.07
"Flexible dosing and ease of swallowing are key factors when designing oral drug delivery systems for paediatric and geriatric populations."	( In vitro and sensory tests to design easy-to-swallow multi-particulate formulations. Lopez, F; Marconati, M; Orlu, M; Ramaioli, M; Tuleu, C, 2019)	0.51
" CNCC dosage and shear rate were varied and their effect on floc morphology and filterability were assessed."	( Microalgae harvesting with the novel flocculant hairy cationic nanocrystalline cellulose. Blanco, A; Campano, C; Lopez-Exposito, P; Negro, C; van de Ven, TGM, 2019)	0.74
" Solid oral dosage forms can be taste-masked quite simply by polymer coating, which prevents drug release in the mouth, without unwantedly impairing drug release further down the gastrointestinal tract."	( In Vitro Dissolution Model Can Predict the in Vivo Taste Masking Performance of Coated Multiparticulates. Ali, Z; Frost, J; Ghimire, M; Keeley, A; Orlu, M; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A; Teo, M; Tuleu, C, 2019)	0.51
" Formulating nanoparticles into a solid dosage form may overcome such challenges and thus unlock the potential benefits of nanosizing."	( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability. Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)	0.51
"The current work investigates the possibility of developing a novel solid dosage form, with enhanced dissolution rate, whereby nanocrystals (~400 nm) of the class II Biopharmaceutical Classification System drug, glyburide (GBD) were fabricated through combined precipitation and homogenization procedures."	( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability. Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)	0.51
" The novel tablet dosage form met US Pharmacopeia specifications, including drug content, hardness, and friability."	( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability. Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)	0.51
" To study the effect of infused pharmaceutical and adsorbent on the adsorption system, both the concentration of drug and adsorbent dosage were varied, with constant temperature and pressure at different contact time."	( Design and analysis for the removal of active pharmaceutical residues from synthetic wastewater stream. Chellappan, V; Deb, C; Ganesapillai, M; Gore, V; Menon, S; Ranjan, S; Thawani, B, 2019)	0.51
"Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be prepared in many different solid forms and phases that affect their physicochemical properties and suitability for oral dosage forms."	( Rapid Characterization of Formulated Pharmaceuticals Using Fast MAS Carnahan, SL; Hirsh, DA; Hung, I; Lubach, JW; Nagapudi, K; Rossini, AJ; Wijesekara, AV, 2019)	0.51
" Although they are inert pharmaceutical ingredients, they can influence the release profile of an active substance from the dosage form depending on their distribution, type and quantity used in the formulation."	( Study of the influence of cellulose derivatives on physical and analytical attributes of a drug product belonging to BCS class II. Dobrzyński, Ł; Domosławska, M; Herda, M; Pawlak-Morka, R, )	0.43
"Film tablets are a common oral dosage from."	( Effect of coating time on inter- and intra-tablet coating uniformity. Kleinebudde, P; Radtke, J; Wiedey, R, 2019)	0.51
"This article summarizes the critical factors involved in product development of a single dosage form formulated by compacting ethyl cellulose (EC) coated controlled release pellets into a tablet."	( Studying the factors that impact the dissolution characteristic of complex drug product. Babayeva, M; Hlaing, YCS; Loewy, ZG; Marfo, AA; Selvi, BA; Wolfe, R, 2019)	0.72
"Obtaining higher amount of final sugars with low cellulase dosage has great economic benefits for the industrial biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass."	( Enhancement of high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse at low cellulase dosage by fed-batch strategy based on optimized accessory enzymes and additives. Guo, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, C; Xu, H; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Eye drops containing hydrophilic drugs are commonly used to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients, but compliance to the treatement is commonly reduced by frequent dosing and eventual systemic side effects."	( Chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose inserts for sustained-release of dorzolamide for glaucoma treatment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Cardoso, VN; Castilho, RO; Cronemberger, S; Faraco, AAG; Fernandes, SOA; Ferreira, AJ; Foureaux, G; Franca, JR; Fuscaldi, LL; Nogueira, JC; Ribeiro, TG; Yoshida, MI, 2019)	0.83
"Capsules are a widely used oral dosage form due to their simplicity and ease of manufacture."	( Achieving gastroresistance without coating: Formulation of capsule shells from enteric polymers. Al-Kauraishi, MM; Barbosa, JAC; Conway, BR; Merchant, HA; Smith, AM, 2019)	0.51
" When the scale of the experiment was from jar to factory, the optimal dosage of the cellulose filter aid was magnified."	( Application of a cellulose filter aid in municipal sewage sludge dewatering and drying: Jar, pilot, and factory scale. Guo, W; Li, C; Li, F; Lu, Y; Shi, Q; Wang, H; Wang, T; Xu, T; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Q, 2020)	1.12
" The simulation of the process is of great interest, especially in the early phase of formulation development of solid dosage forms."	( Elastic recovery in roll compaction simulation. Keizer, HL; Kleinebudde, P, 2020)	0.56
" The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties."	( Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production of Oral Sustained-Release Liquid Medicines for Patients with Swallowing Difficulties. Liu, F; Mohylyuk, V; Murnane, D; Patel, K; Richardson, C; Scott, N, 2019)	0.51
" To surmount the above-mentioned issues, the present research aims to develop Microsponge (MS), a novel dosage form for enhancing the utility and safety of CO."	( Ecofriendly Ethyl Cellulose Microsponges of Citronella Oil: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Larvicidal assay. Kumar, N; Kumar, S; Rao, R; Sharma, R; Singh, SP, 2020)	0.89
"Formulation of a cocrystal into a solid pharmaceutical dosage form entails numerous processing steps during which there is risk of dissociation."	( Formation of Indomethacin-Saccharin Cocrystals during Wet Granulation: Role of Polymeric Excipients. Duggirala, NK; Hattori, Y; Otsuka, M; Suryanarayanan, R; Tanaka, R, 2020)	0.56
" In this project, we attempted to create personalized dosage forms with osmotic properties that exhibit different API release patterns via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing."	( Fabrication of an osmotic 3D printed solid dosage form for controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Bouropoulos, N; Dourou, A; Fatouros, DG; Gioumouxouzis, CI; Katsamenis, OL; Markopoulou, C; Tzetzis, D; Tzimtzimis, E, 2020)	0.56
"Pseudoephedrine (PSE) extracted from its dosage forms can be used as the starting material to prepare methamphetamine by drug abusers."	( Evaluation of commercially available meth-deterrent pseudoephedrine hydrochloride products. Alayoubi, AY; Aqueel, MS; Ashraf, M; Chen, J; Cruz, CN; Korang-Yeboah, M; Rahman, Z; Zidan, AS, 2020)	0.56
" The modified printing method shows great promise in a compounding production of personalized film dosage forms, and brings in possibilities such as one step preparation of films with compartmented drugs and incorporation of taste masking or release control layers."	( 3D printing of multilayered orodispersible films with in-process drying. Elbl, J; Gajdziok, J; Kolarczyk, J, 2020)	0.56
"This study uses high drug content solid dispersions for dose window extension beyond current demonstrations using fused deposition modelling (FDM) to; i) accommodate pharmaceutically relevant doses of drugs of varying potencies at acceptable dosage form sizes and ii) enable enhanced dose flexibility via modular dosage form design concepts."	( High Content Solid Dispersions for Dose Window Extension: A Basis for Design Flexibility in Fused Deposition Modelling. Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Folestad, S; Govender, R; Larsson, A, 2019)	0.51
" The achieved uniformity of content supports the application of varying content solid dispersions to modular dosage form concepts to enhance dose flexibility."	( High Content Solid Dispersions for Dose Window Extension: A Basis for Design Flexibility in Fused Deposition Modelling. Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Folestad, S; Govender, R; Larsson, A, 2019)	0.51
" The developed quercetin nanorod/MCC formulation could be used for further pharmaceutical dosage or food supplements processing."	( Preparation of quercetin nanorod/microcrystalline cellulose formulation via fluid bed coating crystallization for dissolution enhancement. Cheng, S; Chow, PS; Dong, Y; Guo, L; Hu, J; Sheng, F, 2020)	0.81
" In current study, a design space of the compaction pressure, compaction speed and head flat types is introduced for solid dosage compacts prepared from pure silicified microcrystalline cellulose, a popular tableting excipient."	( Effects of compaction pressure, speed and punch head profile on the ultrasonically-extracted physical properties of pharmaceutical compacts. Cetinkaya, C; Coskunturk, Y; Dave, RH; Dave, VS; Kuriyilel, JV; Wright, MF; Xu, X, 2020)	0.75
"Oral controlled release formulations have been at the center of pharmaceutical research over several decades due to their distinct advantages compared to conventional dosage forms where the entire drug payload is released and absorbed rapidly following administration."	( Natural polysaccharides for controlled delivery of oral therapeutics: a recent update. Layek, B; Mandal, S, 2020)	0.56
" The fast-dissolving mannitol-based granules containing danazol nanocrystals and docusate sodium were compressed into a tablet dosage form."	( Role of wetting agents and disintegrants in development of danazol nanocrystalline tablets. Bowen, W; Gong, Y; Karki, S; Kumar, S; Meruva, S; Thool, P, 2020)	0.56
" The FDM paradigm involving hot-melt extrusion for making 3D-printable drug-loaded filaments as intermediate products for tablet manufacturing has been gaining attention for the decentralized on-site production of personalized dosage forms."	( Simplification of fused deposition modeling 3D-printing paradigm: Feasibility of 1-step direct powder printing for immediate release dosage form production. Fanous, M; Gold, S; Hirsch, S; Imanidis, G; Muller, S; Ogorka, J, 2020)	0.56
" The effect of different parameters like pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Chromium (Cr(VI)) and Congo Red (CR) were optimised in batch mode."	( Surface modification of nanocellulose using polypyrrole for the adsorptive removal of Congo red dye and chromium in binary mixture. Narayanasamy, S; S, MMF; Shahnaz, T; V C, P, 2020)	0.85
"Safe application of water-insoluble acaricides requires fast release from solid dosage systems into aquatic environments."	( Dextrin Nanocomposites as Matrices for Solid Dosage Forms. Atanasova, M; Du Toit, EL; Emmambux, MN; Focke, WW; Oosthuizen, H; Phillips, J; Venter, JL; Wesley-Smith, J, 2020)	0.56
"58% xylan digestibility were achieved from the solid residue with an enzyme dosage of 30 FPU/g cellulose."	( Coproduction of xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse by seawater hydrothermal pretreatment. Jiang, J; Lei, F; Yang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.78
" The objective of this study was to develop a tunable extruded 3D printing platform based on thermo-sensitive gelatin pastes to meet the needs of achieving different drug release characteristics with flexible dosing and design."	( A tunable extruded 3D printing platform using thermo-sensitive pastes. Ivone, R; Lin, X; Shen, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Yang, G; Yang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Statistical experimental design methodology was firstly applied as a tool to select the process variable solids loading at 15% (w/w) and soybean protein concentration at 12% (w/w), followed by determination of enzyme dosage at 10 FPU/g and hydrolysis time of 24 h."	( Performance targets defined by retro-techno-economic analysis for the use of soybean protein as saccharification additive in an integrated biorefinery. Brondi, MG; Elias, AM; Farinas, CS; Furlan, FF; Giordano, RC, 2020)	0.56
" In the tabletting process using a rotary press, rotary die filling is one of critical process steps, as powder behaviour during die filling dictates the quality of final products, such as dosage and weight variations."	( Flow behaviour of pharmaceutical powders during rotary die filling with a paddle feeder. Sun, P; Tang, X; Wu, CY; Wu, ZF; Zakhvatayeva, A; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
" The SSA and porous architectures can be controlled by fine-tuning the preparation conditions such as the precursor morphology and structure, activator dosage and activation temperature, and the relationships between the super-capacitive properties and the SSA and pore size distribution have been further investigated."	( Controlled preparation of interconnected 3D hierarchical porous carbons from bacterial cellulose-based composite monoliths for supercapacitors. Asoh, TA; Bai, Q; Dan, Y; Li, C; Shen, Y; Uyama, H, 2020)	0.78
"Three-dimensional printing could serve as a platform to fabricate individualized medicines and complex-structured solid dosage forms."	( Hot melt extrusion paired fused deposition modeling 3D printing to develop hydroxypropyl cellulose based floating tablets of cinnarizine. Bandari, S; Nyavanandi, D; Repka, MA; Vo, AQ; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.78
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; Immordino, P; Isla, MI; Jacquemond, V; Jacques, T; Jankowska, E; Jansen, JA; Jäntti, T; Jaque-Fernandez, F; Jarvis, GA; Jatt, LP; Jeon, JW; Jeong, SH; Jhunjhunwala, R; Ji, F; Jia, X; Jia, Y; Jian-Bo, Z; Jiang, GD; Jiang, L; Jiang, W; Jiang, WD; Jiang, Z; Jiménez-Hoyos, CA; Jin, S; Jobling, MG; John, CM; John, T; Johnson, CB; Jones, KI; Jones, WS; Joseph, OO; Ju, C; Judeinstein, P; Junges, A; Junnarkar, M; Jurkko, R; Kaleka, CC; Kamath, AV; Kang, X; Kantsadi, AL; Kapoor, M; Karim, Z; Kashuba, ADM; Kassa, E; Kasztura, M; Kataja, A; Katoh, T; Kaufman, JS; Kaupp, M; Kehinde, O; Kehrenberg, C; Kemper, N; Kerr, CW; Khan, AU; Khan, MF; Khan, ZUH; Khojasteh, SC; Kilburn, S; Kim, CG; Kim, DU; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, OH; Kim, YH; King, C; Klein, A; Klingler, L; Knapp, AK; Ko, TK; Kodavanti, UP; Kolla, V; Kong, L; Kong, RY; Kong, X; Kore, S; Kortz, U; Korucu, B; Kovacs, A; Krahnert, I; Kraus, WE; Kuang, SY; Kuehn-Hajder, JE; Kurz, M; Kuśtrowski, P; Kwak, YD; Kyttaris, VC; Laga, SM; Laguerre, A; Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The powdered drug can alter the specified dosage and it is also difficult to dispense the powdered formulation because of its bulky and sticky nature."	( Evaluation of Dantrolene Granules Extemporaneously Reformulated from Capsules in a Pharmacy. Aoshima, H; Kagawa, Y; Maruyama, S; Miyazaki, Y; Tsuboi, A; Uchino, T, 2020)	0.56
" This study focused on the effects of CHN dosage on the main properties of resultant nanocomposite film in terms of crystallinity, thermal stability, light transmittance, hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and antibacterial activity."	( Nanocomposites derived from licorice residues cellulose nanofibril and chitosan nanofibril: Effects of chitosan nanofibril dosage on resultant properties. Fang, F; Hou, Q; Li, X; Liu, W; Wang, S; Wang, X, 2020)	0.82

Item	Process	Frequency
Dairies	core-ingredient	123
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	113
Fermented milk products	core-ingredient	110
Fermented foods	core-ingredient	110
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	107
Cheeses	core-ingredient	107
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	82
Breads	core-ingredient	72
Snacks	core-ingredient	65
Frozen foods	core-ingredient	62
Condiments	core-ingredient	53
Sauces	core-ingredient	51
Groceries	core-ingredient	49
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	45
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	42
Desserts	core-ingredient	37
Beverages	core-ingredient	37
Frozen desserts	core-ingredient	32
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	32
Charcuteries	core-ingredient	29
Viandes	core-ingredient	29
Viandes et dérivés	core-ingredient	29
Saucissons	core-ingredient	26
Meals	core-ingredient	23
Produits laitiers	core-ingredient	23
Cakes	core-ingredient	22
Saucissons secs	core-ingredient	21
Vitamins	core-ingredient	18
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	17
Cooking helpers	core-ingredient	16
Fruits and vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	16
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	16
Dried products	core-ingredient	16
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	14
Cake mixes	core-ingredient	13
Dessert mixes	core-ingredient	13
Baking Mixes	core-ingredient	13
Pastry helpers	core-ingredient	13
Canned fruits	core-ingredient	12
Fruits based foods	core-ingredient	12
Canned plant-based foods	core-ingredient	12
Canned foods	core-ingredient	12
Meats	core-ingredient	12
Meats and their products	core-ingredient	12
Crèmes	core-ingredient	12
Sandwiches	core-ingredient	11
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	11
Cereals and their products	core-ingredient	10
Fleisch-Ersatzprodukte	core-ingredient	10
en:Meat alternatives	core-ingredient	10
Cow cheeses	core-ingredient	9
Confectioneries	core-ingredient	9
Mexican Dinner Mixes	core-ingredient	9
Boissons	core-ingredient	9
Crèmes légères	core-ingredient	9
Saucissons secs pur porc	core-ingredient	9
Céréales et pommes de terre	core-ingredient	8
Cheddar cheese	core-ingredient	8
Cheeses from England	core-ingredient	8
Cheeses from the United Kingdom	core-ingredient	8
Grated cheese	core-ingredient	8
Produits laitiers fermentés	core-ingredient	8
Produits fermentés	core-ingredient	8
Ice creams and sorbets	core-ingredient	7
Prepared meats	core-ingredient	7
Flatbreads	core-ingredient	7
Ice creams	core-ingredient	6
Pizzas	core-ingredient	6
Pizzas pies and quiches	core-ingredient	6
en:grated-cheese	core-ingredient	6
Fromages	core-ingredient	6
Crèmes UHT	core-ingredient	6
Soups	core-ingredient	5
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	5
Italian cheeses	core-ingredient	5
Special breads	core-ingredient	5
Pastries	core-ingredient	5
Mexican cheeses	core-ingredient	5
Alternatives à la viande	core-ingredient	5
Creams	core-ingredient	5
Surgelés	core-ingredient	5
Crèmes liquides	core-ingredient	5
Dehydrated sauces	core-ingredient	4
Mandarin oranges	core-ingredient	4
Citrus	core-ingredient	4
Fruits	core-ingredient	4
Sausages	core-ingredient	4
Pains	core-ingredient	4
Compléments alimentaires	core-ingredient	4
Mozzarella	core-ingredient	4
Seafood	core-ingredient	4
Muffins mix	core-ingredient	4
Hamburgers	core-ingredient	4
Céréales et dérivés	core-ingredient	4
Milks	core-ingredient	4
Biscuits	core-ingredient	4
Gluten-free breads	core-ingredient	4
Products without gluten	core-ingredient	4
Products for specific diets	core-ingredient	4
Specific products	core-ingredient	4
Pasta sauces	core-ingredient	4
Meat alternatives	core-ingredient	4
Substituts de viande	core-ingredient	4
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	4
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränke	core-ingredient	4
Dairy drinks	core-ingredient	4
Wheat flatbreads	core-ingredient	3
Wheat breads	core-ingredient	3
White breads	core-ingredient	3
Stretched-curd cheeses	core-ingredient	3
Cocoa and its products	core-ingredient	3
Open Beauty Facts	core-ingredient	3
Barres	core-ingredient	3
sucrés	core-ingredient	3
Burritos	core-ingredient	3
Pastas	core-ingredient	3
en:groceries	core-ingredient	3
Boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	3
Meal replacements	core-ingredient	3
Plats préparés	core-ingredient	3
Boissons avec sucre ajouté	core-ingredient	3
Boissons lactées	core-ingredient	3
Saucisses	core-ingredient	3
Vegetarisches Gehacktes	core-ingredient	3
Meat analogues	core-ingredient	3
Cafés	core-ingredient	3
Flavoured milks	core-ingredient	3
Plant-based creams	core-ingredient	2
Smoked sausages	core-ingredient	2
Wraps	core-ingredient	2
en:breads	core-ingredient	2
Yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Fermented dairy desserts	core-ingredient	2
Dairy desserts	core-ingredient	2
Chocolate candies	core-ingredient	2
Fishes and their products	core-ingredient	2
Substituts du lait	core-ingredient	2
Substituts de produits laitiers	core-ingredient	2
Creamer	core-ingredient	2
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	2
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	2
Cereal flours	core-ingredient	2
Flours	core-ingredient	2
Waffles	core-ingredient	2
Pasta dishes	core-ingredient	2
Non food products	core-ingredient	2
Compound dairy creams	core-ingredient	2
Fromages râpés	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarian hamburgers	core-ingredient	2
Bars	core-ingredient	2
Snacks sucrés	core-ingredient	2
Medicine	core-ingredient	2
Produits panés	core-ingredient	2
Fromage canada	core-ingredient	2
Protein shakes	core-ingredient	2
Frozen meats	core-ingredient	2
Vodka pasta sauces	core-ingredient	2
Suplementos dietéticos	core-ingredient	2
en:vitamins	core-ingredient	2
Bagel breads	core-ingredient	2
Salted snacks	core-ingredient	2
avec sucre ajouté	core-ingredient	2
Protein Shake	core-ingredient	2
Bodybuilding supplements	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarian patties	core-ingredient	2
Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes	core-ingredient	2
Nahrungsergänzungsmittel	core-ingredient	2
Saucisson sec pur porc qualité supérieure	core-ingredient	2
Laits aromatisés au chocolat	core-ingredient	2
Laits aromatisés	core-ingredient	2
fr:Crèmes légères	core-ingredient	2
Unfermented creams	core-ingredient	2
Compléments pour le Bodybuilding	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarische Würste	core-ingredient	2
Fleisch	core-ingredient	2
Auf Fleisch basierende Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	2
Getränke	core-ingredient	2
en:coffees	core-ingredient	2
Coffee drinks	core-ingredient	2
Milkshakes	core-ingredient	2
Sauces Pesto	core-ingredient	2
Rices	core-ingredient	1
Cereal grains	core-ingredient	1
Seeds	core-ingredient	1
Sour cream substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Mango juice drinks	core-ingredient	1
Juice drinks	core-ingredient	1
Fruit-based beverages	core-ingredient	1
Mandarin oranges in syrup	core-ingredient	1
Fruits in syrup	core-ingredient	1
Tortilla	core-ingredient	1
Wheat tortillas	core-ingredient	1
Tortillas de maïs	core-ingredient	1
Pains plats	core-ingredient	1
Tortillas	core-ingredient	1
Frozen plant-based foods mixes	core-ingredient	1
Frozen plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Parmigiano-Reggiano	core-ingredient	1
Pecorino Romano	core-ingredient	1
Pecorino	core-ingredient	1
Sheep's-milk cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Vitamines	core-ingredient	1
Caesar sauces	core-ingredient	1
Salad dressings	core-ingredient	1
Hot sauces	core-ingredient	1
Blueberry-muffins-mix	core-ingredient	1
English muffins	core-ingredient	1
Fats	core-ingredient	1
Tilapia	core-ingredient	1
Fishes	core-ingredient	1
Eggs	core-ingredient	1
Farming products	core-ingredient	1
Meslin flours	core-ingredient	1
Macaroni and cheese	core-ingredient	1
Beef patties	core-ingredient	1
Meat patties	core-ingredient	1
Beef preparations	core-ingredient	1
Meat preparations	core-ingredient	1
Beef and its products	core-ingredient	1
Toothpaste	core-ingredient	1
Mozzarella râpée	core-ingredient	1
Fromages à pâte filée	core-ingredient	1
Fromages italiens	core-ingredient	1
en:Grated cheese	core-ingredient	1
Dairy productsFermented productsFermented milk productsCheeseItalian cheesesFinished cheeseMozzarell	core-ingredient	1
cheddar	core-ingredient	1
Facewash	core-ingredient	1
shredded parmesan	core-ingredient	1
Matières grasses	core-ingredient	1
en:cereal-bars	core-ingredient	1
Barres de céréales aux fraises	core-ingredient	1
Barres de céréales aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Barres de céréales	core-ingredient	1
Barre céréalière fruits rouges	core-ingredient	1
Nutritional Supplements	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin D	core-ingredient	1
Nutritional Supplement	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin B12	core-ingredient	1
B12	core-ingredient	1
B-12	core-ingredient	1
en:dietary-supplements	core-ingredient	1
fr:Fromage parmesan	core-ingredient	1
Fromages panés	core-ingredient	1
Nutrition Supplement	core-ingredient	1
Iron	core-ingredient	1
Ferrous Gluconate	core-ingredient	1
Iron Supplements	core-ingredient	1
Shake	core-ingredient	1
Salads	core-ingredient	1
Prepared salads	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla ice cream bars	core-ingredient	1
Ice cream bars	core-ingredient	1
Baking decorations	core-ingredient	1
Pitas	core-ingredient	1
Wasabi pastes	core-ingredient	1
Barbecue sauces	core-ingredient	1
Mixed vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	1
Mild cheddar	core-ingredient	1
en:Grilled and salt	core-ingredient	1
Nueces de Brasil	core-ingredient	1
Nueces de macadamia	core-ingredient	1
Avellanas sin cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara sin cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Avellanas	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara y derivados	core-ingredient	1
Snacks salados	core-ingredient	1
Botanas	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Grated Mozzarella	core-ingredient	1
en:Vitamin mineral combinations	core-ingredient	1
Productos sin gluten	core-ingredient	1
en:Viandes	core-ingredient	1
en:Saucissons secs	core-ingredient	1
en:Saucissons	core-ingredient	1
en:Charcuteries	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla stuffed wafers	core-ingredient	1
Stuffed wafers	core-ingredient	1
Wafers	core-ingredient	1
Bread crumbs	core-ingredient	1
en:Non alimentaire	core-ingredient	1
en:Médicaments	core-ingredient	1
Propolis	core-ingredient	1
Non alimentaire	core-ingredient	1
Produits de la ruche	core-ingredient	1
Perogies	core-ingredient	1
en:open-beauty-facts	core-ingredient	1
Multi vitamin	core-ingredient	1
Arrabbiata sauces	core-ingredient	1
Tomato sauces	core-ingredient	1
Pains Bagel	core-ingredient	1
Pains spéciaux	core-ingredient	1
Sugars	core-ingredient	1
Sweeteners	core-ingredient	1
Cotija cheese	core-ingredient	1
White chocolate bars	core-ingredient	1
White chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Breakfast pastry	core-ingredient	1
Canned fruits in juice	core-ingredient	1
Ice cream in a box	core-ingredient	1
Laundry detergents	core-ingredient	1
Lavender	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based Laundry Wash	core-ingredient	1
Natural-lavender-plant-based-laundry-wash	core-ingredient	1
Soybean-based-pasta	core-ingredient	1
Unsalted cooked soy noodles	core-ingredient	1
Soy vermicelli	core-ingredient	1
Noodles	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate cakes	core-ingredient	1
Low calorie ready-to-drink meal replacement	core-ingredient	1
Low calorie meal replacement	core-ingredient	1
en:meal-replacements	core-ingredient	1
Dips	core-ingredient	1
Vegan patties	core-ingredient	1
Nuggets végétariens	core-ingredient	1
Sweet breads	core-ingredient	1
Baked goods	core-ingredient	1
en:Meat analogues from soy or wheat proteins	core-ingredient	1
en:Fish analogues	core-ingredient	1
Panierter Fischersatz	core-ingredient	1
Panierte Produkte	core-ingredient	1
Charcuteries diverses	core-ingredient	1
Saucissons-secs-pur-porc	core-ingredient	1
Saucissons-secs	core-ingredient	1
Amuse-gueules	core-ingredient	1
Snacks salés	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes semi-épaisses	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes aigres	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes épaisses	core-ingredient	1
en:uht-creams	core-ingredient	1
fr:Crème légère semi-épaisse	core-ingredient	1
Porc	core-ingredient	1
Porc et dérivés	core-ingredient	1
Choucroutes garnies	core-ingredient	1
Choucroutes	core-ingredient	1
Légumes fermentés	core-ingredient	1
Légumes et dérivés	core-ingredient	1
UHT compound dairy creams with 4 to 8% fat	core-ingredient	1
Liquid-light-cream-with-4-to-8-fat	core-ingredient	1
Saucissons secs au noix	core-ingredient	1
Clafoutis aux cerises	core-ingredient	1
Clafoutis aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Clafoutis	core-ingredient	1
Gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits et gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
Grignotins	core-ingredient	1
Pains complets	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses de Francfort	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses allemandes	core-ingredient	1
Poultry sausages	core-ingredient	1
Chipolatas	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses françaises	core-ingredient	1
Protéines en poudre	core-ingredient	1
Boissons végétales de c	core-ingredient	1
Boissons végétales	core-ingredient	1
Salami	core-ingredient	1
Cured sausages	core-ingredient	1
Mini saucissons secs	core-ingredient	1
Noix de jambons secs	core-ingredient	1
Mini-saucissons-secs	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses sèches	core-ingredient	1
Charcuteries à teneur réduite en sel	core-ingredient	1
Produits à teneur réduite en sel	core-ingredient	1
en:Products for specific diets	core-ingredient	1
en:Specific products	core-ingredient	1
Chorizo	core-ingredient	1
en:salads	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés réfrigérés	core-ingredient	1
Réfrigérés	core-ingredient	1
Plats au porc	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés à la viande	core-ingredient	1
Salades composées	core-ingredient	1
en:meat-based-products	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses de volaille	core-ingredient	1
Volailles	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes entières	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes allégées en matière grasse	core-ingredient	1
Crème fluide légère	core-ingredient	1
Fromages blancs aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Fromages blancs	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés fermentés aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés fermentés	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés	core-ingredient	1
Salami de bœuf	core-ingredient	1
Salamis	core-ingredient	1
Saucissons secs au Cantal	core-ingredient	1
Saint-jacques à la crème	core-ingredient	1
Würste	core-ingredient	1
Zubereitetes Fleisch	core-ingredient	1
veganes Fleisch	core-ingredient	1
Trinknahrung	core-ingredient	1
Goat cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Meat free chicken	core-ingredient	1
1-Nahrung	core-ingredient	1
Säuglingsanfangsnahrung	core-ingredient	1
Babymilch	core-ingredient	1
Babynahrung	core-ingredient	1
Insekten	core-ingredient	1
Meat analogues from pea proteins	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian grounds	core-ingredient	1
Eiskaffees	core-ingredient	1
Kaffeegetränke	core-ingredient	1
Veganes Hack	core-ingredient	1
Gemüsebratling	core-ingredient	1
Plain biscuit	core-ingredient	1
Dry biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Canned coffee	core-ingredient	1
Cappuccino	core-ingredient	1
Bonbons	core-ingredient	1
Confiseries	core-ingredient	1
en:Coffee drinks	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos à base de plantas	core-ingredient	1
Bebidas	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos e bebidas à base de plantas	core-ingredient	1
Candies	core-ingredient	1
Syrups	core-ingredient	1
Baked beans and pork sausage	core-ingredient	1
Baked beans in tomato sauce	core-ingredient	1
Iced coffees	core-ingredient	1
Sliced breads	core-ingredient	1
Croissants	core-ingredient	1
Viennoiseries	core-ingredient	1
Latte al cioccolato	core-ingredient	1
Latte aromatizzato	core-ingredient	1
Latte	core-ingredient	1
Bevande a base di latte	core-ingredient	1
Confetti al cioccolato	core-ingredient	1
Dolci	core-ingredient	1
Cacao e i suoi derivati	core-ingredient	1
Snack dolci	core-ingredient	1
Snack	core-ingredient	1
Latticini	core-ingredient	1
Bevande	core-ingredient	1
Frozen vegan Fishfingers	core-ingredient	1
plant-based sausages	core-ingredient	1
Black chocolat kookie	core-ingredient	1
Sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate milks	core-ingredient	1
Beverages and beverages preparations	core-ingredient	1
Dog premiums	core-ingredient	1
Jus multifruits à base de concentrés	core-ingredient	1
Jus multifruits	core-ingredient	1
Jus de fruits à base de concentré	core-ingredient	1
Jus de fruits	core-ingredient	1
Jus et nectars	core-ingredient	1
Boissons aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Sauces Pesto Rosso	core-ingredient	1
Sauces pour pâtes	core-ingredient	1
fr:Pains multicéréales	core-ingredient	1
en:sweetened-beverages	core-ingredient	1
Whipped creams	core-ingredient	1
UHT Creams	core-ingredient	1
Laits	core-ingredient	1
Boissons sans sucre ajouté	core-ingredient	1
Cafés solubles	core-ingredient	1
Boissons sans alcool	core-ingredient	1
Boissons instantanées	core-ingredient	1
Boissons au café	core-ingredient	1
Boissons chaudes	core-ingredient	1
Frozen pizzas	core-ingredient	1
Fish spreads	core-ingredient	1
Fish preparations	core-ingredient	1
Spreads	core-ingredient	1
Galettes végétariennes	core-ingredient	1
Gelées de pommes	core-ingredient	1
Gelées de fruits	core-ingredient	1
Confitures et marmelades	core-ingredient	1
Produits à tartiner sucrés	core-ingredient	1
Pâtes à tartiner végétales	core-ingredient	1
Produits à tartiner	core-ingredient	1
Petit-déjeuners	core-ingredient	1
Alimente pe bază de plante	core-ingredient	1
Alimente și băuturi pe bază de plante	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based meals	core-ingredient	1
Fresh pasta stuffed with cheese and vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Stuffed pastas	core-ingredient	1

Class	Description
glycoside	A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	7777 (24.07)	18.7374
1990's	2312 (7.16)	18.2507
2000's	5046 (15.62)	29.6817
2010's	11431 (35.38)	24.3611
2020's	5742 (17.77)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	622 (1.84%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,683 (4.99%)	6.00%
Case Studies	176 (0.52%)	4.05%
Observational	7 (0.02%)	0.25%
Other	31,259 (92.63%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-phosphoglyceric acid : A monophosphoglyceric acid having the phospho group at the 2-position.	2.42	2	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.97	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	1.98	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	8.35	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.01	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	8.16	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.31	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.36	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	5.72	25	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	8.92	152	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.45	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	7.7	84	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	8.85	39	2	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	7.78	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	5.12	13	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	11.68	189	3	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.17	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	3.31	6	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	1.95	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.53	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	6.45	13	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	8.08	5	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.11	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	7.26	11	3	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	4.58	26	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	3.69	9	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	8.67	76	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	6.65	19	1	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	9.9	105	1	amino-acid anion
carbamic acid carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.	4.4	1	1	carbon oxoacid; one-carbon compound; organonitrogen compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
ureidosuccinic acid ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.	2.15	1	0	aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; N-carbamoyl-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	6.54	26	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	5.3	48	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.45	7	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	13.62	388	3	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.99	4	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	7.71	45	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.17	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	10.6	94	3	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	7.55	127	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	5.58	70	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.2	5	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.	2.31	1	0	benzaldehydes	insecticide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-hydroxymandelic acid 4-hydroxymandelic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxymandelic acid : A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is mandelic acid bearing a phenolic hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.08	1	0	2-hydroxy carboxylic acid; phenols	metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.52	23	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.11	5	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	8.93	12	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.1	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.2	15	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.52	2	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.55	8	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	4.21	5	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.17	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	3.06	5	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	2.82	3	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.51	8	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.68	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	4.9	1	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	10.14	11	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	9.2	18	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	15.13	239	4	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.46	2	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,4-dihydrocoumarin melilotol: structure in first source. 3,4-dihydrocoumarin : A chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin.	7.6	1	0	chromanone	plant metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	5.71	77	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.98	4	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	8.3	52	2	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	6.93	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.13	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.25	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	7.83	58	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.86	4	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	15.75	218	19	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	9.29	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	1.99	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.48	2	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.89	4	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	10.13	52	6	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.33	2	0
histamine [no description available]	6.45	14	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	18.07	1,496	19	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.14	5	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.69	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	8.96	12	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	7.66	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	4.66	6	1	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.87	35	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.26	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.86	4	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal [no description available]	3.11	4	0	hydroxyaldehyde; pentose; polyol
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	7.41	7	2	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.54	2	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	12.85	946	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	6.46	24	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	3.33	7	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	7.02	12	2	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	8.44	7	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.47	61	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.66	10	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.43	7	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	9.02	114	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	3.14	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.23	3	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.78	19	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	4.39	4	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	1.98	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	9.61	7	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.92	4	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.38	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	5.59	22	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	8.23	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.87	10	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.81	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.37	7	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	9.35	6	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	3.3	6	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.65	25	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	7.38	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	5.5	61	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.66	3	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.26	18	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	3.39	6	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	8.61	9	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	1.94	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.11	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	9.95	28	5	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	11.84	21	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	8.98	13	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.63	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.34	2	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.78	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	4.05	14	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	7.7	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	10.35	19	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	7.41	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.	1.96	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	10.76	17	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	4.02	4	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	9.8	10	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.68	3	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.64	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	7.49	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	1.94	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.78	3	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.96	38	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	8.24	6	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	8.2	6	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	8.21	45	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	8.16	218	1	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	11.91	21	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	3.56	9	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	8.82	12	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.82	12	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	6.97	23	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.04	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	8.24	5	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tungstic(vi) acid tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0	tungsten coordination entity
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	8.96	14	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	14.82	43	4	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	13.89	270	13	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	10.23	15	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	1.98	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	2.63	3	0	catecholamine
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	7.63	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2.05	1	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.85	11	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	3.11	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	7.91	4	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	5.21	16	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	9.28	102	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.13	1	0	imidazoles
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.11	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	8.61	9	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	1.99	1	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
alpha-hydroxymyristic acid 2-hydroxymyristic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is a derivative of myristic acid having a hydroxy substituent at C-2.	2	1	0	2-hydroxy fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	5.16	49	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.36	2	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	7.88	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.4	2	0
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.97	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	3.6	9	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	8.34	7	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
etofylline etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)	2	1	0	oxopurine
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	7.83	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.01	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	8.63	145	3	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	7.41	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	11.05	8	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.51	8	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.57	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	2.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.05	1	0
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.97	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	8.12	5	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	1.97	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.61	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	8.37	162	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	7.97	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	8.02	4	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	1.96	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.65	3	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.01	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	5.27	52	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.65	9	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	7.83	3	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.65	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.35	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	3.08	4	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure	2.41	1	0	diarylmethane
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.36	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	2.87	4	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	7.25	1	0	benzamides
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	2.76	3	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	11.01	8	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	9.87	8	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	6.2	9	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	benzyl ester
berberine [no description available]	7.9	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	1.95	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.25	1	0	propan-3-olide
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.13	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
betaxolol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.08	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.81	3	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
caffeine [no description available]	6.79	58	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.8	11	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.79	3	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
calmagite calmagite: indicator used to measure free magnesium &/or calcium in biological systems; structure	2.6	1	0
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	3.24	6	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	7.03	1	0	dibenzopyran
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	4.43	20	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.63	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	1.97	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	5.29	6	2	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	8.81	10	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.25	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.75	3	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	4.58	23	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	3.11	5	0	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	8.47	8	0	pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	3.37	7	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.36	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	1.94	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.37	4	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.88	4	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	5.9	23	1	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.06	5	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3	4	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostazol [no description available]	2.55	2	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.1	5	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ciprofibrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.31	32	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.38	2	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	7.47	2	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.06	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.97	4	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	7.6	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	7.45	2	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.77	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	7.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.76	3	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.4	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	2.57	2	0	diester; methyl ester
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.25	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	7.42	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	4.51	7	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	1.99	1	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	8.21	6	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.9	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	4.75	7	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	5.12	10	1	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dichlobanil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.	4.85	32	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile	agrochemical; cellulose synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	9.31	79	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.35	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.97	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.06	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.78	11	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.08	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	7.25	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.97	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	8.12	5	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.58	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.1	5	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	6.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin [no description available]	2	1	0
disulfiram [no description available]	7.41	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.42	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	4.62	5	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.31	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	7.44	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.91	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	9.15	3	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
dipropizine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	piperazines
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	2.44	2	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.49	2	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	7.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.9	1	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	1.98	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	7.57	2	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.57	26	0
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	2.74	3	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	4.5	19	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	4.04	13	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.82	2	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	4.74	6	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	8.61	8	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	8.35	6	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	7.53	2	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.5	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	2.1	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.56	8	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	7.9	4	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	6.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.02	26	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.22	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	5.4	13	1	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furfurylamine [no description available]	2.41	1	0
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.6	25	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.03	4	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.67	18	1
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.43	2	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.71	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	7.13	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	9	13	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	6.65	40	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	1.95	1	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.79	7	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	7.51	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	1.97	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	4.57	25	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.94	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.52	8	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	5.58	22	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	1.95	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	3.2	6	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.35	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.35	7	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
homochlorocyclizine homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.08	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	9.52	24	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	1.95	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.37	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.45	2	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.12	122	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	6.55	25	2	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idra 21 IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzothiadiazine
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	7.57	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.08	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	8	60	4	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	1.99	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.66	3	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iproniazid [no description available]	1.94	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.61	2	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.38	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	4.61	1	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.12	5	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.95	35	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
propyphenazone propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.	2.37	2	0	pyrazolone	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.64	3	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.05	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.61	1	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.15	5	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	7.59	41	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	7.25	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	7.31	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	3.08	5	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	7.43	2	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.11	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.07	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.16	5	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	2.02	1	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	3.71	9	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lobenzarit lobenzarit: prevents autoimmune kidney disease in hybrid mice; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	aminobenzoic acid
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.01	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.97	4	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	4.06	3	1	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	6.35	10	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.1	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.68	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
edaravone [no description available]	4.9	1	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	8.2	5	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mebeverine mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.73	3	0	methoxybenzoic acid
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.94	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.81	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.05	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	1.94	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.36	2	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	4.03	3	1	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	7.14	26	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	7.24	27	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	4.98	11	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.87	2	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.35	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.94	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	3.41	1	1	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	7.67	24	2	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.95	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	5	9	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.7	27	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	11.69	39	3	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	8.76	10	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.43	2	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.81	3	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.55	9	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.96	1	0	purine nucleoside
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	4.02	4	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	7.93	4	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.4	2	0
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	7.93	4	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	7.82	2	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	4.51	23	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.1	5	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	7.72	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.55	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.36	1	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.97	4	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	3.92	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.95	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	6.49	13	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.78	6	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	7.94	4	0	carbazoles
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.02	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.96	4	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	2.01	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	5.2	10	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	7.42	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.52	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	3.11	5	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	7.78	3	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.86	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	9.35	4	1	oxopurine
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.06	5	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	11.06	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.53	2	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.69	3	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.88	4	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.02	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.91	2	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.36	2	2	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.05	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	10.29	54	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	3.49	8	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	7.95	4	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	7.38	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	1.95	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.04	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.68	3	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	8.48	8	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.46	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.89	4	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	7.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	3.34	1	1	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.14	4	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	5.2	47	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.7	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	8.56	7	0
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	1.97	1	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.8	1	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	2.25	1	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	7.52	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.31	1	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	7.15	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.81	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.12	5	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	8.32	6	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	11.94	12	2	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.69	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	4.15	3	1	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.52	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	7.61	172	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	7.42	2	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	1.94	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.07	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.01	13	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.68	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.74	3	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.04	3	1
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.91	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	7.66	3	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.94	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	3.27	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
tegafur [no description available]	2.41	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	2.31	1	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
temozolomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.93	4	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.08	5	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.02	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	7.35	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.38	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	3.38	7	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	9.31	4	1	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	1.96	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.17	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tofisopam tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	1.95	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	7.1	1	0	aromatic ketone
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	3.48	1	1	amino acid
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	8.73	10	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triclosan [no description available]	3.89	11	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.48	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	7.36	2	0	aromatic amine
tyramine [no description available]	2.63	3	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	3.41	7	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0	piperidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	1.99	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
xylometazoline xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	alkylbenzene
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.07	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	4.63	24	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	7.42	2	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	8.39	7	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.66	10	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.57	17	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	9.44	5	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	6.93	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.94	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	6.47	33	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	4.78	33	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.17	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	9.48	24	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	5.49	22	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.89	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	3.75	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.48	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	6.08	9	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	8.65	10	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.17	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.63	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.95	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.33	7	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	8.35	7	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	8.33	7	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.65	10	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	7.67	12	5	guanidines
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.06	5	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	7.73	52	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.9	37	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.03	15	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.79	33	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.16	17	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.04	79	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.25	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.68	27	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	2.36	2	0	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.39	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.41	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	15.71	1,161	8	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.03	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	6.99	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.65	19	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.71	10	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	9.55	26	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.88	4	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	4.56	7	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.91	4	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	9.46	128	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.06	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.67	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.77	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	8.05	126	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	1.99	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.63	3	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.76	10	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.88	61	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.72	10	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	4.56	26	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.35	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	3.42	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	7.08	94	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.79	8	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	13.34	56	2	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	3.27	6	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
aniline [no description available]	3.49	7	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	2.42	2	0	calcium salt	chelator
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.39	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.41	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.	1.96	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	12.87	443	3	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	8.78	65	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.5	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.54	71	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.64	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.32	12	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	4.12	6	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.36	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.41	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.97	14	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.06	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.23	6	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.34	20	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	5.68	9	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	9.73	29	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.17	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
caffeine citrate caffeine citrate: RN given for [1:1] mixture; used for prophylaxis and treatment of apnea in preterm babies	2.11	1	0
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.24	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	14.85	157	8	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.11	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
thurfyl nicotinate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.35	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	9.1	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	8.37	60	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.78	3	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.47	24	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.4	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.35	2	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	3.2	4	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	2.37	2	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
cordycepin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	6.82	63	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.25	19	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nifenalol nifenalol: adrenergic beta-blocker with good antiarrhythmic properties; also tends to lower blood pressure & provide protection against angina; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.25	1	0	C-nitro compound
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	9.23	57	2	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.63	25	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	8.05	5	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.52	2	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.39	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.7	3	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.58	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.13	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	8.08	5	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	9.55	23	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	5.75	20	1	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	1.96	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	8.63	54	1	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	5.93	25	1	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	1.98	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
2-propylamine 2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	alkylamines; primary aliphatic amine
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	7.41	1	0	acyl chloride
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	epoxide
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	8.35	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	2	1	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.53	2	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
methyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.4	2	0
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	1.99	1	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.42	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.46	2	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	4.14	17	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	9	13	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	4.71	30	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	2.72	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	2.36	2	0	benzofurans
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.78	3	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	9.7	48	2	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.48	2	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	4.15	17	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
2-acetyltributylcitrate [no description available]	2.42	2	0	organooxygen compound
ethyl citrate ethyl citrate: structure	9.25	17	0	carbonyl compound
tributyl citrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.08	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.49	2	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	3.32	6	0
tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	7.72	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	12.58	70	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.49	7	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.08	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.07	5	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
chloroacetyl chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acyl halide
acrylamide [no description available]	4.35	18	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	11.94	116	6	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	7.03	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	10.64	23	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	2	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	8.44	8	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.81	3	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.76	17	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
dicumyl peroxide [no description available]	7.11	1	0
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	6.2	10	1	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone: structure in first source	2.54	2	0	imidazolidinone
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	3.73	2	1	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	5.79	12	2	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	dye
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	11.49	12	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	2.37	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
skatole [no description available]	1.95	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.52	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.25	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.63	9	0	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.	2.41	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser; PPAR modulator; teratogenic agent
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	8.01	4	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.21	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fluorene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.64	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
acetopyrrothine acetopyrrothine: structure. thiolutin : A dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic that is 4,5-dihydro[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]pyrrole in which the hydrogens at positions 4,5 and 6 have been replaced by methyl, oxo and acetamido groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerases, inhibits the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and also inhibits JAMM metalloproteases.	1.98	1	0	acetamides; dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; chelator; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor; toxin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	5.49	8	2	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	1.94	1	0	penicillanic acids
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.41	1	0	trichlorobenzene
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	11.66	92	2
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	7.02	1	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	13.42	245	7	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-furoic acid 2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.	3.53	2	0	furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; inhibitor; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.13	1	0	2-nitrophenols
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.69	2	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
pyromellitic dianhydride [no description available]	2.17	1	0
2-sec-butylphenol 2-sec-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-sec-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	7.53	2	0	phenols
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	4.35	18	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
2-anisidine 2-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen ortho to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of azo pigments and dyes.	2.04	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.48	2	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid 1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste	2.1	1	0
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	3.12	5	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.77	3	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	3.59	2	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.82	6	2	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
uvitex swn Uvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure	2.39	2	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.11	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-naphthalenethiol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	naphthalenes
naphthacene tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.	7.15	1	0	acene; tetracenes
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	3.49	8	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.41	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.27	6	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	1.97	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.	2.43	2	0	benzyl alcohols; dimethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	fungal metabolite
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2	1	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.31	1	0	phenylpropanoid
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.96	4	0	organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	7.41	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	2	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
benzoic anhydride [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
benzanilide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	5.35	13	1	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzylparaben [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester
butylparaben [no description available]	2.74	3	0	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.69	3	0	carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.	2.01	1	0	benzyl ester	vasodilator agent
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.11	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.03	1	0	xylene
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-chloroaniline [no description available]	2.1	1	0
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2	1	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	dioxanes
1,2,3-trichloropropane [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organochlorine compound
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	1.96	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
methyl acrylate [no description available]	3.02	4	0	enoate ester
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	7.54	2	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.07	4	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.11	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	1.96	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethyl methacrylate monomer [no description available]	2	1	0
ethyl lactate ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.	7.72	3	0	ethyl ester; lactate ester; secondary alcohol	metabolite
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.47	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol : A primary alcohol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group.	2.13	1	0	oxolanes; primary alcohol	protic solvent
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.41	2	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	9.19	142	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
tert-butylbenzene [no description available]	2	1	0
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.95	4	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	3.06	4	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
benzoyl chloride benzoyl chloride: potential carcinogens in manufacturing process. benzoyl chloride : An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.	2.1	1	0	acyl chloride; benzenes	carcinogenic agent
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.47	2	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	6.32	14	1	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	1.95	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.87	4	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	7.45	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2.07	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	4.68	6	1	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-toluic acid 4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.	4.8	9	0	methylbenzoic acid
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.58	2	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	1.96	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.6	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
2-diethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.	5.61	18	1	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.99	2	1	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	8.25	5	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.41	7	0
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	1.96	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	3.45	2	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.08	1	0	pyridinium salt
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.43	2	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	3.12	5	0	boric acids	astringent
2-ethylhexyl acrylate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	enoate ester
2-phenylethyl acetate phenethyl acetate : The acetate ester of 2-phenylethanol.	2.59	2	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	3.31	1	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	7.7	10	4
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	11.38	12	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	7.01	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.1	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.59	2	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	4.8	29	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	4.03	12	0	enoate ester; epoxide
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.75	2	1	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	6.7	17	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl chloride [no description available]	2.52	2	0	organochlorine compound
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.47	2	0	alkylamine
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	7.05	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	11.05	75	15	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	3.46	7	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.15	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
hydroxycitronellal hydroxycitronellal : The tertiary alcohol arising from addition of water across the C=C double bond of citronellal.	1.97	1	0	tertiary alcohol	allergen; fragrance
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	4.2	16	0	alkane
vinyl acetate [no description available]	3.44	7	0	acetate ester
methyl isobutyl ketone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	ketone
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	1.95	1	0	condensed ureas
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	3.43	7	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
gamma-valerolactone gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.	4.11	13	0	butan-4-olide	flavouring agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
succinic anhydride [no description available]	4.35	18	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	4.23	16	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
3-chloroaniline 3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
glutaric anhydride glutaric anhydride: RN given in first source. glutaric anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is oxane which carries oxo groups at positions 2 and 6. It is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and polymers (E.g. epoxy polyesters).	7.6	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; oxanes
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene: structure in first source. 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.41	1	0	trichlorobenzene
cyanuric chloride cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.	2.54	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; organochlorine compound	cross-linking reagent
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.33	5	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	4.31	4	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
4-methylmorpholine [no description available]	2.8	3	0
dibutyl sebacate dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods	8.89	12	0	fatty acid ester
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	3.44	7	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
butyl chloride butyl chloride: structure	2.07	1	0
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
diethylamine [no description available]	2.96	4	0	secondary aliphatic amine
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.08	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	5.59	64	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	8.8	10	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.48	7	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	7.33	18	2	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	3.14	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
isobutyl acetate isobutyl acetate : The acetate ester of isobutanol.	7.25	1	0	acetate ester	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	3.98	12	0
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	10.79	6	1	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.98	12	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	3.11	3	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-dimethoxyethane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties. 1,2-dimethoxyethane : A diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol.	2.13	1	0	diether	non-polar solvent
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.08	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	3.31	6	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.46	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
squalane [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.46	2	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.73	3	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.	2.72	3	0	hydroxyether
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.08	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
diglyme diglyme : A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.	2.02	1	0	polyether	environmental contaminant; solvent; xenobiotic
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.17	1	0
n,n-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine: increases body weight & feed efficiency in animals; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.47	2	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
n-decyl alcohol n-decyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd. decanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.. decan-1-ol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.	2.13	1	0	decanol; primary alcohol	metabolite; pheromone; protic solvent
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.05	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	3.05	4	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
palmitoyl chloride [no description available]	7.83	3	0
1-bromohexadecane [no description available]	2	1	0
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	7.25	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
stearyl alcohol octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.	7.44	2	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol; octadecanol	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2.52	2	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
propylene propylene: structure	2.1	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	1.97	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
pentaerythritol pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.	2.06	1	0	primary alcohol; tetrol	flame retardant; laxative
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	2.82	2	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.53	2	0	fluorocarbon
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.47	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
phenyl salicylate phenyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.	7.41	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols; salicylates	ultraviolet filter
benzyl salicylate benzyl salicylate: structure given in Merck	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.41	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.72	3	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	7.45	13	2	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dinitroanisole 2,4-dinitroanisole : A member of the class of dinitroanisoles that is 2-nitroanisole in which the hydrogen para to the methoxy group is replaced by a second nitro group.	2.55	2	0	dinitroanisoles	explosive
benzoin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.	2.11	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon; tetralins
2,2'-biquinoline 2,2'-biquinoline: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.05	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	7.69	2	0	dichlorophenol
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.75	3	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	tertiary amine
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	7.96	4	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide	herbicide
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.36	2	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	6.1	23	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
benzil benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	7.02	1	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.06	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	6.15	9	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methyl 2-cyanoacrylate methyl 2-cyanoacrylate: structure	2.02	1	0
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	7.89	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	7.46	2	0	alkyl sulfate
benzyl acetate benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.	7.41	1	0	acetate ester; benzyl ester	metabolite
4-tert-octylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source	2	1	0	alkylbenzene
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	enoate ester
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	10.25	2	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	3.49	7	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.55	8	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2.17	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.17	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
cupric acetate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.72	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.94	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.96	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	3.8	3	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.1	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.13	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.	1.99	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	5.21	3	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.79	19	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	7.99	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	7.41	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(k)fluoranthene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	7.15	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.47	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.73	11	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.8	1	1	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	5.43	4	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	8.27	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.65	15	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	5.27	3	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	5.29	13	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	8.71	22	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	1.94	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.21	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.38	2	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	1.95	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.5	2	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	8.48	8	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	2.86	4	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	7.11	1	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	6.96	23	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	7.41	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.05	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	7.94	4	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5-fluorouridine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organofluorine compound; uridines	mutagen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	7.01	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
trichloronate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.77	3	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.02	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	7.07	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.	1.96	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.25	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.87	4	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.53	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	7.44	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2.8	3	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.1	1	0	organosilicon compound
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	7.08	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.41	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.88	4	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.82	2	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	5.17	2	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.31	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	7.61	2	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	2	1	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	6.86	49	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.76	10	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.45	7	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	6.53	61	0
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	7.31	1	0	nitramine	explosive
cdta CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.97	4	0	organooxygen compound
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	1.96	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	1.93	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	8	4	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
captodiamine captodiamine: Captodiamine represents an interesting strategy for achieving benzodiazepine substitution with a low risk of dependence or impairment of cognitive function	2.17	1	0	diarylmethane
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.15	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.34	13	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	2.31	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	3.32	6	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	4.07	13	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	1.94	1	0	quinone imine	dye
phenylcarbamic acid [no description available]	7.71	3	0	amino acid
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.25	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.15	14	0	epsilon-lactone
5-nonanone [no description available]	2.6	1	0
azomethane azomethane: structure	1.99	1	0
orcinol orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.	1.97	1	0	5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene	Aspergillus metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	5.68	2	2
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.9	11	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.01	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	11.5	26	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.81	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	7.1	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	7.6	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	10.32	3	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
mestanolone mestanolone: non-virilizing androgenic steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure	2	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.47	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	7.78	3	0	diarylmethane
n-hydroxyphthalimide N-hydroxyphthalimide: causes contact dermititis	7.46	2	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.21	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	4.44	19	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.56	24	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.07	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	9.62	358	0	cellobiose	epitope
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.72	2	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	1.94	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
4-toluenesulfinic acid 4-toluenesulfinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	9.21	5	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
cyclomethycaine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	benzoate ester
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	1.98	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
trilaurin trilaurin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by lauric (dodecanoic) acid.	1.98	1	0	dodecanoate ester; triglyceride
ethyl levulinate ethyl levulinate: structure in first source	2.77	3	0	oxo carboxylic acid
maleimide [no description available]	3.23	5	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	12.36	21	6	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.44	2	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
magnesium carbonate magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.	8.13	5	0	carbonate salt; magnesium salt; one-carbon compound; organic magnesium salt	antacid; fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.54	5	1	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	3.4	6	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	4.1	13	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.67	3	0	phenoxazine
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	7.76	3	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.8	3	0	bipyridine
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	1.96	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.1	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.15	1	0	triglyceride
benzylhydrazine benzylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
4-aminobenzaldehyde 4-aminobenzaldehyde: a yellow colorimetric indicator for detecting fluoride; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes
lignoceric acid lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.03	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	1.94	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	4.02	12	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
2,6-dinitrophenol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dinitrophenol
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	6.35	48	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.49	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	6.44	4	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	7.59	2	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	3.9	3	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
terpinolene [no description available]	2.31	1	0	p-menthadiene	insect repellent; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	5.01	2	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
angelica lactone angelica lactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	7.1	1	0	angelica lactone; butenolide
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	6.65	36	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	2.13	1	0	ketone
1-hexene 1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.	2.41	1	0	alkene
bromoacetone bromoacetone : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetone in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a bromine atom. A poweful lachrymator, it was formerly used as a chemical weapon.	1.95	1	0	alpha-bromoketone	lachrymator
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.73	3	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.6	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
galactitol [no description available]	7.13	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	2.03	1	0	anthracenamine
methyl carbonate methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.	2.11	1	0	carbonate ester	reagent; solvent
trimecaine Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.	1.95	1	0	amino acid amide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.93	4	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dibromoacetic acid dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.	1.95	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; marine metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	4.49	23	0
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	7.5	2	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3 respectively.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes	plant metabolite
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	8.48	8	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	3.01	4	0	organic molecular entity
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
perfluoropentane perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	7.31	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium; ultrasound contrast agent
hempa Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.	1.98	1	0	phosphoramide	insect sterilant; mutagen
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.65	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.31	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
phenylphosphate phenylphosphate: structure given in first source. phenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with phenol.	2.02	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
decan-4-olide gamma-decalactone : A gamma-lactone that is oxolan-2-one substituted by a hexyl group at position 5.	2.25	1	0	gamma-lactone; tetrahydrofuranone	anticonvulsant; flavouring agent; food additive
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation	2.05	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	4.8	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.52	2	0	dialkyl phosphate
acryloyl chloride [no description available]	2.66	2	0
calcium lactate [no description available]	2.7	3	0
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.75	3	0
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	3.98	3	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
adipic acid dicyclohexyl ester [no description available]	2.06	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.71	9	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	3.02	4	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	2.04	1	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	7.17	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.88	4	0
methacryloyl chloride methacryloyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.11	1	0
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.25	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
laurolactam laurolactam: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	azamacrocycle; keratan 6'-sulfate
9-aminophenanthrene [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phenanthrenamine
deoxycytidine [no description available]	5	2	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.93	4	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	3.01	4	0
hexamethylsilazane hexamethylsilazane: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.15	5	0	N-silyl compound	chromatographic reagent
2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
pyrrolnitrin Pyrrolnitrin: 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.. pyrrolnitrin : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
1,3,5-triallyl isocyanurate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	triazines
deoxycytidine monophosphate Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.95	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.1	1	0	organooxygen compound
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	1.95	1	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
monotributyltin trichloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	7.73	3	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
4-hydroxybenzophenone 4-hydroxybenzophenone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.79	3	0	benzophenones
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.6	1	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
lauryl gallate [no description available]	2.57	2	0	gallate ester
methyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.76	2	0
4-aminothiophenol [no description available]	2.8	3	0
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.15	1	0
gallium arsenide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
beryllium oxide beryllium oxide : A beryllium molecular entity consisting of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and oxide in the ratio 1:1. In the solid state, BeO adopts the hexagonal wurtzite structure form while in the vapour phase, it is present as discrete diatomic covalent molecules.	6.97	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; metal oxide	carcinogenic agent
calcium peroxide [no description available]	10.14	2	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	10.08	115	1
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	4.62	25	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.38	277	1	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	6.08	8	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
sodium peroxide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	9.92	103	1	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	vanadium oxide
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	3.31	5	0	sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S	2.76	2	0
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.25	1	0
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.05	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.06	1	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.21	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.79	3	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	3.79	10	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	3.34	6	0
ferrous oxide [no description available]	3.5	2	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	6.81	18	4	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	8.13	5	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	9.57	40	10	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.41	1	0
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
pseudouridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	7.21	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.	2.25	1	0	N-substituted diamine
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
4-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.25	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source	3.58	7	0
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	8.02	4	0	alkane
3-methylcyclopentanone [no description available]	2.31	1	0	cyclopentanones
tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile: can cause contact dermatitis; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.93	3	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea: used in cotton or cotton-polyester blend fabric	2.45	2	0
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.71	3	0
ethylpyridinium ethylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.53	2	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.92	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.01	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.08	14	0	quaternary ammonium ion
beta-hydroxymyristic acid beta-hydroxymyristic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid : A 3-hydroxy fatty acid that is tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group	1.97	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; long-chain fatty acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.03	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
decyltrimethylammonium decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2.06	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	1.95	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.21	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.99	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	3.62	8	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	4.3	18	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	7.6	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane [no description available]	2.94	4	0
n-butyl glycidyl ether n-butyl glycidyl ether: structure	2.11	1	0
direct blue 15 direct blue 15: RN given refers to tetra-Na salt. Pontamine sky blue 5B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Pontamine sky blue 5B (acid form) with four equivalents of sodium hydroxide.	1.99	1	0
alpha-terpineol terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.	2.31	1	0	terpineol	plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	10.69	27	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylimidazole [no description available]	2.01	1	0	N-acylimidazole
acetosyringone acetosyringone: plant inducer which induces expression of VirE & VirG in A. tumefaciens. acetosyringone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.11	1	0	acetophenones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-asthmatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
benzyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	3.36	6	0
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.73	3	0
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	2.6	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
c.i. direct blue 1 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ponceau 4r ponceau 4R: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	3.23	5	0
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	3.21	5	0
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	7.42	2	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
1,3,4-butanetriol 1,2,4-butanetriol: structure in first source. 1,2,4-butanetriol : A triol that is butane carrying three hydroxy substituents at position 1, 2 and 4.	2.21	1	0	triol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite
acid black 24 [no description available]	7.21	1	0
10-camphorsulfonic acid 10-camphorsulfonic acid: solucampher refers to piperazine salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer. camphorsulfonic acid : A sulfonic acid containing the camphorsulfonate anion.	2.02	1	0	organosulfonic acid
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	7.07	1	0	carbonyl compound
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	4.14	15	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	4.66	26	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	8.28	47	2	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	7.97	90	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	6.72	18	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
pentaerythrityl triacrylate pentaerythrityl triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis	2.04	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
uridine diphosphate xylose Uridine Diphosphate Xylose: The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. Also forms plant xylans.	2.41	1	0	UDP-sugar	fundamental metabolite
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	2.07	1	0	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	3.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	4.02	15	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	6.43	57	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0	organic molecular entity
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.77	3	0
bitoscanate bitoscanate: anthelmintic; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search THIOCYANATES (75-83); structure	2.25	1	0	benzenes
promethazine 1,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1,3-dimethylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is methyl.	3.01	4	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.31	1	0
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.11	1	0
acid blue 80 acid blue 80: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.58	11	5
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.5	2	0	aromatic amine
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.73	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion
octyl dodecanol octyl dodecanol: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	4.1	3	1	cinnamate ester
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.94	1	0
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.36	5	0	dioxolane
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	1.98	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	3.16	5	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	3.45	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
1-indanol [no description available]	7.02	1	0	aromatic alcohol; indanes; secondary alcohol	xenobiotic
1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid 1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	3.15	5	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	1.96	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	2.44	2	0
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
ormetoprim ormetoprim: proposed chemotherapeutic agent; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (75-84)	2.15	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
hepes [no description available]	2.52	2	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
dysprosium Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.	2.15	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	8.11	5	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	5.99	9	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.15	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	8.18	49	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	8	66	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	8.09	44	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	3.43	7	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.38	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.88	32	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	4.33	19	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	7.86	4	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.52	2	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.46	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	7.2	28	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.83	2	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	13.72	269	8	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	7.26	12	3	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	4.8	10	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.81	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	7.69	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.98	2	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	11.41	132	4	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	4.81	10	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2.67	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.79	3	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.07	75	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	4.21	16	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	8.35	91	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
curium Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.	7.67	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.72	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	8.15	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.14	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	9.35	139	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	6.49	14	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.95	4	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.74	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.82	3	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	5.92	31	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	8.79	10	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.63	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.48	8	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	5.05	13	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	6.58	16	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	5.88	8	3	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	1.94	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.49	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.02	1	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.99	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.1	4	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	12.72	9	2	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zirconium oxychloride zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.	7.05	1	0
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	4.31	18	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.01	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	5.36	7	2	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	7.82	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	4.39	22	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	9.47	24	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	5.78	6	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
chromic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	chromium oxoacid	oxidising agent
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.47	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.88	4	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	3.28	6	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
magnesium phosphate (2:3) [no description available]	2.71	3	0	inorganic magnesium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	6.36	50	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	4.47	23	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	16.08	148	4	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	3.26	6	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	8.57	8	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	7.5	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	5.6	17	1	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.94	13	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	1.96	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
zinc nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	6.15	41	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.51	8	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.84	33	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
magnesium fluoride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
antimony pentafluoride antimony pentafluoride: often mixed with acids to form super acids	2.07	1	0	antimony molecular entity; inorganic fluoride salt	Lewis acid; NMR solvent
silver chloride [no description available]	9.4	7	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
silver iodide silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]	7.13	1	0
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	1.98	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	8.56	8	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	9.51	7	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	3.6	9	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0
sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	sulfur oxide
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	3.85	11	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	10.08	97	1
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.9	4	0	epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	2.13	1	0	organosiloxane
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	2.37	2	0
sizofiran Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.	2.72	2	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	8.93	38	2	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.6	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	5.78	6	1	aluminium sulfate
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.94	4	0	chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.02	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
sodium tellurite sodium tellurate(IV): RN given refers to di-Na salt	2.13	1	0
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	tellurium oxoacid
octyltrimethylammonium octyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. octyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one octyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cobalt sulfate cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.	2.44	2	0	metal sulfate
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.07	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	1.94	1	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.08	5	0
ferric nitrate ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt	7.79	3	0
rhamnose [no description available]	4.22	18	0	L-rhamnose
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	4.21	5	0
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	7.51	2	0	ammonium salt; bromide salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	4.04	15	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement	2.02	1	0
ancymidol ancymidol : A tertiary alcohol that is methanol in which the hydrogens attached to the carbon are replaced by cyclopropyl, p-methoxyphenyl and pyrimidin-5-yl groups. By inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, ancymidol reduces plant growth, resulting in reduced internode elongation and thus more compact plants. It is used in the commercial production of a wide variety of container-grown bedding and foliage plants, including chrysanthemums, Easter lilies and poinsettias.	7.49	2	0	pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; plant growth retardant
terbufos [no description available]	7	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.63	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
procion blue mx-r procion blue MX-R: used in affinity labeling of enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.8	3	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	10.18	101	2	titanium oxides	food colouring
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.36	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.57	2	0
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid : An 8-carbon, beta-hydroxy fatty acid which may be a marker for primary defects of beta-hydroxy fatty acid metabolism. Repeating unit of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoic acid), a biopolymer used by numerous bacterial species as carbon and energy reserves.	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; medium-chain fatty acid
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	2.35	2	0	bilanes	human metabolite
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	1.99	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
chlortoluron chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	5.26	6	2	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.49	5	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.13	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
2,3-dihydroxypyridine 2,3-dihydroxypyridine: affects thyroid function. pyridine-2,3-diol : A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3.	7.01	1	0	dihydroxypyridine
fluoroboric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	boron fluoride
fluorides [no description available]	5.93	33	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.25	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	7.41	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	epoxide
benomyl [no description available]	2	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
reactive red 2 reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.	2.03	1	0
tetraethylene glycol diacrylate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.78	3	0	tin oxide
verbenone verbenone: platelet aggregation inhibitor; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2 and by methyl groups at positions 4, 6 and 6, and which contains a double bond between positions 3 and 4.. (S)-(-)-verbenone : A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have S configuration.	2	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic ketone; enone
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	6.17	36	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.15	1	0	anthocyanin chlorides
oryzalin oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.	3.93	12	0	aromatic amine; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.71	3	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
benzoxonium chloride benzoxonium chloride: structure	2	1	0
reactive orange [no description available]	2.43	2	0
iodine [no description available]	3.83	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	2.42	2	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	1.95	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
10-undecynoic acid 10-undecynoic acid: inhibitor of lauric acid monooxygenase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.06	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	7.4	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	14.03	636	4	benzenes; phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	5.86	10	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	6.98	1	0	beta-diketone
propionic anhydride [no description available]	2.31	1	0
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.92	4	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
butyl stearate butyl octadecanoate : A fatty acid ester that is the butyl ester of stearic acid.	6.92	1	0	fatty acid ester	algal metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.1	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.22	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
sulfolane sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.	2.04	1	0	sulfone; tetrahydrothiophenes	polar aprotic solvent
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant	3.03	4	0	trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.48	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	6.07	36	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
n-chlorosuccinimide N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.	6.98	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.7	9	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	6.98	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.81	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	7.76	3	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.9	2	1
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	2.51	2	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	4.35	21	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.21	1	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
alkenes [no description available]	4.4	20	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	7.04	15	1	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.18	16	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	7.25	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.93	13	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.39	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
allura red ac dye Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	2.41	1	0
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	3.78	3	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.96	34	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.4	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.	3.04	1	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.77	19	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.71	3	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	11.74	9	2	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.97	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
2-methyl-3-furanthiol 2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice	2.06	1	0	heteroarene
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.13	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2.04	1	0
altenuene altenuene: metabolite of Alternaria; structure given in first source. altenuene : A benzochromenone mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Allernaria tenuis.	1.99	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.41	7	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.17	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.7	15	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	2.17	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	2.88	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.25	1	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.39	2	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	7.01	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	7.68	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.15	1	0
1,8-dinitropyrene [no description available]	3.08	5	0	pyrenes
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	6.09	28	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.11	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.02	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
oxfendazole [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.08	1	0
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	2.4	2	0
kathon cg Kathon 886: industrial biocide & cosmetic preservative formulation; contains methylcholoro-isothiazolinone and methylcholoroisothiazolinone	3.77	2	1
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.11	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	2.1	1	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.11	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
nitroacetic acid nitroacetic acid: inhibits succinate dehydrogenase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.9	12	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	3.14	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
chlorsulfuron chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.	7.05	1	0	methoxy-1,3,5-triazine; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	7.75	3	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.05	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.4	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.71	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
doxofylline doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine	anti-asthmatic drug; antitussive; bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.21	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
octenidine [no description available]	3.1	4	0	dihydropyridine
benalaxyl benalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure given in first source. benalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-benalaxyl.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(phenylacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is the N-phenylacetyl derivative of methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)alaninate	2.45	2	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; methyl ester
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
albendazole sulfone albendazole sulfone: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	organic sulfide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.28	6	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.44	7	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.41	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	7.83	3	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.07	5	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	6.66	15	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
rogletimide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.8	1	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	7.49	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	8.48	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	4.3	19	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	tetralins
aromasil [no description available]	2.21	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	8.79	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	7.88	3	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	5	2	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	10.85	3	2	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.02	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	7.91	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	7.21	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	7.51	16	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	2.05	1	0	pentenoic acid
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	7.15	1	0
formamidine sulfinic acid formamidine sulfinic acid: a reducing agent	2.07	1	0
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
pyranine [no description available]	2.78	3	0
fat red 7b fat red 7B: lipophilic dye	2.03	1	0
sodium molybdate(vi) sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.	3.98	14	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.38	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.4	2	0
zircon zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure	2.13	1	0
dolomite calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals	2.21	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	5.9	33	0
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane: biocide used in glue implicated in contact dermatitis; euxyl K 400 is a 2-phenoxyethanol mixture. 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile : An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.	3.37	1	1	aliphatic nitrile; organobromine compound	allergen; sensitiser
cetostearyl alcohol cetostearyl alcohol: component of creams, ointments, emulsifying agents	2.05	1	0
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	2.13	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.39	2	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
benoxacor benoxacor: a herbicide safener that protects corn from injury by metachlor	2.6	1	0	benzoxazine
scarlet red Scarlet Red: structure. Sudan IV : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	1.97	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
sudan iii sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	2.17	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.37	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.47	2	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.47	2	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	7.44	2	0	phenols	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.79	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	3.61	8	0
starlicide hydrochloride starlicide: avian toxicant registered to control starlings at cattle and poultry feed lots; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.07	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	3.35	6	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	8.03	115	0
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	2.36	2	0
isostearyl alcohol 16-methylheptadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is heptadecan-1-ol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 16.	2.05	1	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	4.4	4	1	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	15.05	473	15	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
methylprednisolone aceponate methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 21-methanesulfonate dexamethasone 21-methanesulfonate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.66	3	0
dexamethasone dipropionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	10.89	6	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.65	92	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.13	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.63	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.13	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.48	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	10	2	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.1	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
methylthymidine methylthymidine: RN given refers to N-3-methylthymidine	1.97	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	8.62	8	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylgalactoside 4-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative	affinity label
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.49	2	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	5.11	45	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.82	2	0
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.1	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
nojirimycin nojirimycin: from Streptomyces ficellus; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	amino monosaccharide; hydroxypiperidine
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	1.97	1	0	methylguanine	mutagen
n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2.78	3	0
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate: for detection of alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with AMPS cpd	3.01	2	0	organosulfonic acid
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	7.92	4	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.64	3	2	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
3-amino-2-oxazolidinone [no description available]	7	1	0	oxazolidinone
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	7.04	1	0	acetamides
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	isopropyl ester
repaglinide [no description available]	8.2	5	0	piperidines
methacycline [no description available]	2.17	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
peroxyformic acid peroxyformic acid: structure	2.51	2	0
adipic dihydrazide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
silver bromide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
boron nitride [no description available]	3.9	10	0	nitride
erbium chloride [no description available]	7.41	1	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine [no description available]	2.8	3	0
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.83	3	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.21	4	0
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.	2.03	1	0	anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid
violuric acid violuric acid: an antihypoxic agent	2.08	1	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.89	3	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	3.16	5	0	boronic acids
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	8.25	6	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
1,2-dianilinoethane 1,2-dianilinoethane: structure	2.6	1	0
n-acetyl-l-arginine N-acetyl-L-arginine: has effect on convulsive seizures. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-arginine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.01	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.69	10	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.84	31	0	1,2,3-triazole
apaflurane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.1	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
alpha-furil alpha-furil: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
n-phenylphthalimide N-phenylphthalimide: structure given in first source	7.15	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	6.05	28	1	anthocyanidin chloride
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.91	4	0
azure b Azure B: RN given refers to chloride. azure B : An organic chloride salt having 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and is an active metabolite of methylene blue.	2.1	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	7.25	1	0	benzodioxoles
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.25	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.32	2	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.08	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	1.99	1	0	carbazoles
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.08	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.11	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
tricaprin tricaprin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by capric (decanoic) acid.	3.44	1	1	decanoate ester; triglyceride
methyl levulinate methyl levulinate: structure in first source	3.07	4	0	oxo carboxylic acid
5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.	2.15	1	0
methyl syringate methyl syringate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of syringic acid with methanol.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
ethyl tyrosine ester ethyl tyrosine ester: RN given refers to L-isomer. ethyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is L-tyrosine in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group has been replaced by an ethyl group.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester; L-tyrosyl ester
fluorone black fluorone Black: structure	2.05	1	0
triethylmethylammonium triethylmethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
tetrabutylammonium chloride tetra-n-butylammonium chloride: structure in first source. tetrabutylammonium chloride : An organic chloride salt comprising of a tetrabutylammonium cation and chloride anion.	2.25	1	0	organic chloride salt; tetrabutylammonium salt
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	2.72	3	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.83	3	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
diprafenone diprafenone: structure given in first source	6.97	1	0	aromatic compound
danofloxacin [no description available]	7.11	1	0	quinolines
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.36	2	0
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	5	0	tocol
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	10.26	3	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.25	1	0	carbazoles
aceclofenac [no description available]	4.55	5	1	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
secnidazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
indorenate [no description available]	2	1	0
acemannan acemannan: prepared from extract of the Aloe barbadensis plant	3.27	1	0
eberconazole eberconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-eberconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) for topical treatment of superficial mycoses.. 1-(2,4-dichloro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl)imidazole : A member of the class of dibenzannulenes that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d][7]annulene carrying two chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4 as well as an imidazol-1-yl substituent at position 5.	7.1	1	0	dibenzannulene; imidazoles; organochlorine compound
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2	1	0	benzamides
procion reactive red 4 Procion Reactive Red 4: inhibits phosphotransferase activity of yeast hexokinase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.17	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
magnolol [no description available]	7.6	1	0	biphenyls
leupeptin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
alkannin alkannin: a naphthazarin used to promote wound healing, from the plant Alkanna tinctoria; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure	2.44	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	2.17	1	0
diazenedicarboxylic acid bis(n'-methylpiperazide) diazenedicarboxylic acid bis(N'-methylpiperazide): structure	3.4	1	1
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.96	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
titan yellow titan yellow: RN given refers to di-Na salt	7.6	1	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.41	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.	2.06	1	0	tripeptide	chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	2.04	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.13	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
isoxaben isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.	4.71	27	0	benzamides; isoxazoles	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; herbicide
flusilazole flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.	7.25	1	0	conazole fungicide; monofluorobenzenes; organosilicon compound; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	2.11	1	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
gallocyanine gallocyanine: structure; gallocyanine-chrome alum is used as a nuclear stain to quantitate nucleic acids. gallocyanin : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carboxy-7-(dimethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.	2.02	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.41	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	3.44	6	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
phenylsulfate phenylsulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is phenol bearing an O-sulfo substituent.	3.56	1	1	aryl sulfate	human xenobiotic metabolite
acetylthiocholine iodide acetylthiocholine iodide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	diol; furans
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.05	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
2-naphthylamide naphthalene-2-carboxamide: structure in first source. naphthalene-2-carboxamide : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-naphthoic acid with ammonia.	2.15	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
pentafluorobenzoyl chloride pentafluorobenzoyl chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentafluorobenzoyl chloride : The acid chloride of pentafluorobenzoic acid. It is a sensitive derivatising reagent for the analysis of amines, amides and phenols by electron capture gas chromatography.	2.03	1	0	acyl chloride; perfluorinated compound	chromatographic reagent
tetrabutylphosphonium tetrabutylphosphonium: RN given refers to Br	7.49	2	0
2-aminoethylmethacrylate aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel	8.01	4	0	enoate ester
benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid: photoradicals of above cpd are active in reduction of methemoglobin	2.5	2	0
1-hydroxybenzotriazole 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.53	2	0	benzotriazoles
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	2.37	2	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene: inhibitor of indolamine-N-methyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine
tri-n-butylmethylammonium tri-n-butylmethylammonium: RN given refers to iodide	2.05	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.78	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.15	1	0
thoron (reagent) thoron (reagent): indicator for microtitration of sulfate	2.05	1	0
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.08	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.01	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
methacrylylcholine methacrylylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.06	1	0	tricine
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.07	1	0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid: structure in first source. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid : A member of the class of furoic acids that is 2-furoic acid substituted at position 5 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal metabolite; human urinary metabolite; nematicide
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate: RN given refers to monomer	7.21	1	0
4-methylmorpholine n-oxide N-methylmorpholine N-oxide : A morpholine N-oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of N-methylmorpholine.	4.27	17	0	morpholine N-oxide
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	7.98	3	0	bromide salt; lithium salt
s20098 [no description available]	3.56	1	1	acetamides
brown fk Brown FK: mixture of 2,4-diamino-5-(p-sulfophenylazo)toluene and 1,3-diamino-4,6-bis(p-sulfophenylazo)benzene	3.06	1	0
glucose-1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in which both phosphate groups are monophosphates.	1.96	1	0	D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.5	2	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	sulfoxide
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	3.17	5	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.34	6	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.75	3	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
cerium trihydroxide cerium hydroxide: phosphate binder; RN given refers to Ce(OH)	2.06	1	0
dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	3.2	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carfentrazone-ethyl carfentrazone-ethyl: structure in first source. carfentrazone-ethyl : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-carfentrazone-ethylcarfentrazone-ethyl. A proherbicide for the herbicide carfentrazone (by hydrolysis of the ester group to the corresponding acid), it is used to control broad-leafed weeds in potatoes and cereal crops.. ethyl 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid with ethanol.	2.02	1	0	ethyl ester	proherbicide
cp 102 CP 102: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	4.09	16	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
d-glucitol, 6-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-, mixture with 1-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-d-mannitol Palatinit: mixture of 1,6-mannitol glucopyranoside & 1,6-sorbitol glucopyranoside that affects de- and remineralization; non-cariogenic. 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol : A 1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol that has alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.18	5	0	(2xi)-6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-arabino-hexitol; 1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	2.31	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.89	21	3	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	8.45	61	2	iditol	fungal metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	3.45	1	1	hydroxyisoflavans
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.03	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
goethite [no description available]	2.83	3	0
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside : A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; xyloside	chromogenic compound
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.64	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.7	3	0
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	2.04	1	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
9-hydroxyellipticine 9-hydroxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-hydroxyellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	antineoplastic agent
fenpropidine fenpropidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-isobutylpiperidine in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a p-tert-butylphenyl group.. fenpropidin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.	2.41	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine
chlorfluazuron chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor	2.13	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
flutriafol flutriafol: fungicide; structure in first source. flutriafol : A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.. 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol : A tertiary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by an p-fluorophenyl group, the other hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, and one of the hydrogens at position 2 is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group.	2.11	1	0	monofluorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
hexafluoron hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.15	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
4-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-xyloside [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2,8-dihydroxyadenine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.	2.02	1	0	6-aminopurines; diol; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; oxopurine	human urinary metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite; nephrotoxic agent
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	1.97	1	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	4.61	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-propanone 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-one : A secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone that is benzene which is substituted by a 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl group at position 1.	3.61	2	0	benzenes; methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
annatto annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia	7.31	1	0
methyl lithocholate methyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2.21	1	0
histidine methyl ester histidine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. histidine methyl ester : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of histidine.	2.05	1	0	histidine derivative
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucoside 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-anomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 3767-28-0; cpd with unspecified anomer: 5779-46-4. 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	3.12	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	1.94	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	6.3	20	0
titanium nitride (tin) titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF	2.05	1	0
melamine formaldehyde [no description available]	2.1	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	7.8	3	0	arabinitol
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.53	2	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	12.86	156	3	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
4-mercaptobenzoate 4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase	2.41	1	0
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.1	1	0
nitrophenylgalactosides Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
2-chloromandelic acid 2-chloromandelic acid: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	15.18	147	16	ether; flavonoids
methyl xylopyranoside methyl xylopyranoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.02	1	0
cellobionolactone cellobionolactone: structure given in first source. cellobiono-1,5-lactone : A disaccharide consisting of D-glucono-1,5-lactone having a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 4-position.	2.41	2	0	disaccharide
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
diosgenin [no description available]	3.18	5	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	2.11	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.82	2	0	glycoside; lignan
dibenzyldimethylammonium [no description available]	7.1	1	0
meldola blue [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol: intermediate in conversion of phytol to phytanic acid	2.03	1	0
alanylhistidine alanylhistidine: RN refers to all (L)-isomer	7.25	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	6.44	56	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.2	6	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	3.35	6	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.55	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	4.09	14	0	oligopeptide
eudragit rl [no description available]	9.14	15	0
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	4.46	21	0	calcium salt; hydrate
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.36	2	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.1	1	0
altertoxin i altertoxin I: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with Anemonia sulcata toxin I which is also abbreviated ATX I	1.99	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	1.97	1	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	7.42	42	1
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.99	1	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	10.5	21	0
glyphosate-trimesium [no description available]	2.02	1	0
((18)O)water ((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.	2.91	3	0	isotopically modified compound; water
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.39	2	0	isoindoles
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	4.73	6	1
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	2.07	1	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.31	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.42	2	0
beta-hydroxyvaleric acid 3-hydroxypentanoic acid : A short-chain fatty acid that is valeric acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.6	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; ketone body; short-chain fatty acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	7.79	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	beta-carbolines
4-(isopropylamino)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide 4-(isopropylamino)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide: mono-N-dealkylated disopyramide metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.14	5	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.01	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.04	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer 2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems	2.66	3	0
ramosetron [no description available]	7.25	1	0	indoles
asiaticoside [no description available]	2.52	2	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	1.99	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	5.43	8	2	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	2	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.96	4	0
methyl beta-cellobioside methyl beta-cellobioside: molecular model given in first source	2.05	1	0
1-glyceryloctyl ether 1-glyceryloctyl ether: non-hydrolyzable substrate analog of lipase	1.99	1	0
4-methoxymandelic acid 4-methoxymandelic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
reactive orange 14 reactive orange 14: RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Chemical Abstracts Index Guide	2.02	1	0
10-hydroxycarbamazepine 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.	2.13	1	0	carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.66	10	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
phenoxazinone [no description available]	1.93	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.37	2	0
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	2.45	2	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.49	2	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
listerine Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol	2.03	1	0
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	1.97	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	3.21	5	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
estrone-3-glucuronide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	2.65	3	0
3-(2-(2-aminoethyl)ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane 3-(2-(2-aminoethyl)ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane: silylating reagent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
prunasin prunasin: cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	prunasin
allosamidin allosamidin: Anti-Asthmatic	2.01	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.58	9	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.9	1	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
muricholic acid muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-hydroxy steroid; 7-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n-iodosuccinimide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	5.73	10	2
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.21	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	7.41	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	4.31	18	0
2-aminoacridone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acridines
chitotriose chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.	2.04	1	0
zk 91587 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	6.92	1	0
delta-hydroxylysylnorleucine delta-hydroxylysylnorleucine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
sulforhodamine 101 [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
butyryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.53	2	0	butanoyl-CoAs	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-propyl spirolactone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent	2.01	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2	1	0	organic radical
niobium pentoxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	2.48	2	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.16	4	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.86	2	1	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	7.11	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.8	3	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.61	1	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	10.1	2	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
prolyl-phenylalanyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide prolyl-phenylalanyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide: chromogenic cpd	1.99	1	0
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	2.41	2	0
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid [no description available]	3.5	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.25	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.52	2	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	5.83	30	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
octacalcium phosphate octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate	2.49	2	0
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose 3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source	2.5	2	0
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein 5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	7.41	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ru 26988 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
5,5'-dihydroxylysylnorleucine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	7.17	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium: a cyanylating agent for the activation of polysaccharide resins	7.44	2	0
5-iodobenzovesamicol 5-iodobenzovesamicol: radiotracer for mapping cholinergic neurons of the brain; structure given in first source; RN given is for (2R-trans) isomer	1.98	1	0
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	3.84	3	0	aliphatic alcohol
picaridin picaridin: picaridin is the (R,S)-isomer; an insect repellent	2.41	1	0	carboxylic acid; piperidines
4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside 4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside: substrate for cellobiohydrolase I	2.39	2	0	coumarins; glycoside
n-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine: RN given for (R)-isomer	1.97	1	0
4-(n,n-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	3.59	9	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.15	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.82	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
2-iminobiotin 2-iminobiotin: RN given refers to parent cpd(3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	3.49	8	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	8.83	11	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
kca 098 KCA 098: an inhibitor of bone resorption; has no estrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine: amino acid sequence given in first source; corresponds to an active site on laminin	2.17	1	0
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	amino acid amide
4-(n,n-dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-(1-piperazinyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-(1-piperazinyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source	2	1	0
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	2.21	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
risarestat [no description available]	2.02	1	0	thiazolidinone
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	4.9	1	1
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.6	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	2.77	3	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	5.02	2	1
fc 80 perfluorobutyl tetrahydrofuran: was MH 1975-92 (see under FLUOROCARBONS 1978-90, see under FURANS 1975-77); FC-80 & PERFLUOROCHEMICAL FC-80 were see PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92; use FLUOROCARBONS to search PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92	3.8	1	1	alkyltetrahydrofuran; organofluorine compound
lanthanum hydroxide lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide	2.5	2	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	11.78	343	1	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	10.91	7	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	7.11	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
phytol [no description available]	2.51	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	12.98	38	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	3.33	6	0
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.21	1	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	7.41	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
l 650719 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bis(trifluoroethyl)carbamodithioic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.61	1	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	8.01	4	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	7.61	2	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
2'-deoxycytidine diphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
4-o-methylglucuronic acid 4-O-methylglucuronic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.81	3	0
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	7.51	2	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate) glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate): RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.97	1	0	monosaccharide sulfate
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vatalanib [no description available]	2.45	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
4-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-arabinofuranoside [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid: abnormal metabolite in urine & serum of diabetic ketoacidotic patients	2.6	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
2-(2-(acetylamino)-4-(n-(2-cyanoethyl)ethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2h-benzotriazole 2-(2-(acetylamino)-4-(N-(2-cyanoethyl)ethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole: structure in first source	2	1	0
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	7.13	1	0
1-ethynylpyrene 1-ethynylpyrene: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 12/84	2.11	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.82	30	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.01	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
reactive red 195 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	8.05	22	2	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.39	2	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
triflimide triflimide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cyanex 272 Cyanex 272: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
calcium aluminate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
samarium oxide [no description available]	3.83	2	1
lead titanate zirconate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.85	2	1
iron perchlorate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
titanium phosphate titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate	2.07	1	0
sodium percarbonate sodium percarbonate: RN given refers to unspecified Na salt	2.55	2	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	5.3	3	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
silver phosphate silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test	7.25	1	0
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	10.95	5	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
perlolyrine perlolyrine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	4.02	13	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.02	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.77	11	0	carbodiimide
carbazic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; one-carbon compound
orotidylic acid orotidylic acid: structure. orotidine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 6-carboxyuracil as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zirconium phosphate zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio	9.08	4	0
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
hardwickic acid hardwickic acid: structure given in first source; isolated from the roots of Croton sonderianus; RN given for (+)-isomer	2.03	1	0
an-69 AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis	10.15	54	14
2-dodecylcyclobutanone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyclic ketone
decamethoxine decamethoxine: structure	2.1	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
deacetyltrimepranol deacetyltrimepranol: RN given refers to parent cpd; VUFB 6502 is synonymous to HCl	1.98	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	4.52	24	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	7.94	4	0
cupric hydroxide copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent	7.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside 4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 17400-77-0	3.49	8	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	1.94	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.39	7	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	4.56	23	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
amplex red Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit	2.17	1	0
lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease	4.4	1	1
iron (3+) oxalate Sensodyne: a commercial dentifrice; contains 5% potassium nitrate, 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base	2.13	1	0
beta-solamarine beta-solamarine: RN given refers to (3beta,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	steroid saponin
grandisol grandisol: major component of the four synergistic cpds of male boll weevil pheromone	2	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.35	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
2-nitrophenyl octyl ether [no description available]	2.1	1	0
isopulegol isopulegol: isolated from Mentha cardiaca structure in first source	2.25	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid	metabolite
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	5.57	23	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	6.21	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	6.74	68	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	8.22	6	0
galactosucrose galactosucrose: a non-digestible trisaccharide produced from lactose and sucrose by beta-fructofuranosidase	2.02	1	0
iduronate 2-sulfate iduronate 2-sulfate: found in heparan sulfate; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/91	2.02	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	18.8	2,583	8
aluminoxamine aluminoxamine: aluminum chelate of desferrioxamine	1.97	1	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	7.06	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
migalastat migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis	2.13	1	0	piperidines
lu 135252 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	7.88	13	2	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	2.13	1	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
limonin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel monoxide [no description available]	3.81	3	0
thaxtomine a thaxtomine A: a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	3.31	6	0
brevicomin brevicomin: RN given refers to (1R-exo)-isomer; structure	2	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	7.8	31	2	very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.81	3	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	4.43	4	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
n(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester N(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester: an antimicrobial surfactant; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.25	1	0
4-aminophenyl beta-lactoside [no description available]	2.4	2	0
glutaconaldehyde glutaconaldehyde: sensitive reagent for determination of sulfonamides in biological fluids	2.21	1	0
maltotriose Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..	2.44	2	0	maltotriose trisaccharide	human metabolite
20-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-pregnen-21-carboxylic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.95	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
difructose anhydride iii difructose anhydride III: a non-reducing derivative of inulobiose	2.03	1	0	sugar dianhydride
chlorite [no description available]	4.1	14	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.31	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.15	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.86	2	1	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	3.41	1	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.61	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.31	1	0	isoquinolines
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	3.5	8	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-dinitrophenylacetic acid 2,4-dinitrophenylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
erythritol [no description available]	7.31	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	7.49	24	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	8.03	5	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	14.26	168	16
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	7.8	66	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.07	1	0
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0
lanosterol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	1.99	1	0
mibolerone mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.49	2	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	5.42	4	1
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	2.98	4	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
norfentanyl norfentanyl: metabolite of fentanyl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. norfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(N'-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. A major metabolite of fentanyl.	2.31	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	drug metabolite; opioid analgesic
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.25	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	2.46	2	0
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.36	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	7.11	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
sakacin a sakacin A: from Lactobacillus sake; effective against strains of L. monocytogenes	2.63	2	0	aspartic acid derivative
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	5.06	2	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
aminoflavone aminoflavone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	10.75	5	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	7.99	4	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.87	4	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	2.38	2	0	trichothecene
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.69	3	0
carboplatin [no description available]	10.78	3	2
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	6.01	34	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	6.68	31	0
xylulose-5-phosphate, (d)-isomer D-xylulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of xylulose 5-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	xylulose 5-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	3.06	5	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	5.57	72	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	7.99	29	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	6.61	20	3	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	5.63	18	1
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	5.21	51	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	4.86	10	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	9.81	10	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	7.63	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid	1.93	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-glutamic acid derivative
lichenin [no description available]	4.11	15	0
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	8.04	5	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.84	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	8.69	77	0
n-acetyllactosamine N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer. N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.	7.42	2	0	beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	3.1	5	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.03	3	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	4.83	10	0
amylodextrins amylodextrin : A linear dextrin or short chained amylose (DP 20-30) that can be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds or debranching amylopectin.	2.05	1	0	maltose
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.38	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4.94	9	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.37	2	0
puromycin [no description available]	3.82	12	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2.53	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
xylobiose xylobiose: RN given refers to D-xylose. xylobiose : A glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond.	4.01	13	0	glycosylxylose	bacterial metabolite
maltohexaose alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltohexaose hexasaccharide consisting of five alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	1.96	1	0	maltohexaose hexasaccharide
cellotetraose cellotetraose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. cellotetraose : A glucotetrose comprised of four D-glucose residues connected by beta(1->4) linkages.	5.62	71	0	glucotetraose
mannuronic acid mannuronic acid: hydrolysis product of alginic acids from ALGAE; has anti-inflammatory activity. D-mannopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-mannonic acid.	2.05	1	0	D-mannonic acid
maltotetraose alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltotetraose tetrasaccharide consisting of three alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.31	1	0	maltotetraose tetrasaccharide
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	8.23	5	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
hemoglobin randwick hemoglobin Randwick: unstable beta chain hemoglobin variant; Try replaced by Gly on beta chain 15(A12). (1->4)-beta-D-mannan : A mannan composed from D-mannan residues joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.. beta-D-mannose : A D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.. (1->2)-beta-D-mannan : A mannan consisting of repeating mannosyl units joined via beta-(1->2)-linkages.	2.02	1	0	D-mannopyranose	epitope
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	3.11	5	0
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	1.96	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.15	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
arabinofuranose arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.	2.02	1	0	L-arabinose
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.37	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	9.75	9	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	15.63	2,192	1	cellotriose
gulose gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.	1.98	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-gulose; gulopyranose
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.15	1	0	monosaccharide
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.02	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.35	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	4.32	18	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.78	7	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.85	4	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.08	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.87	4	0	benzazocine
miglitol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.17	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
indican [no description available]	3.92	2	1	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.63	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	coumarins
genipin [no description available]	3.75	9	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	3.07	4	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	7.25	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.83	11	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.91	4	0	tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R,R))-isomer)	6.96	1	0	hexadecanoate ester
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.1	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
validamycin a validamycin A : A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.06	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; polyol; secondary amino compound; validamycins	antifungal agrochemical; EC 2.4.1.231 [alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining)] inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.64 (alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.28 (alpha,alpha-trehalase) inhibitor
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	7.11	102	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	4.22	15	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.34	5	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.01	4	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.15	5	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.62	5	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	4.87	11	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	3.18	5	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3	4	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine p-nitrophenylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the 4-nitrophenyl ester of choline phosphate.	1.97	1	0	phosphocholines	epitope; hapten
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.75	9	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	10.95	26	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.46	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.27	17	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.62	5	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	8.28	6	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.13	25	1	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	18.7	664	16	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	5.51	12	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.17	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.39	1	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.73	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.71	3	0
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	3.06	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	4.19	3	1	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.52	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	3.41	1	1	enal
mannobiose beta-mannobiose : The beta-isomer of mannobiose.	2.11	1	0	mannobiose
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.74	3	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.04	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
acid fuchsin acid fuchsin: RN refers to disodium salt. acid fuchsin : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)(4-imino-3-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-3-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used in the Van Gieson method in conjunction with picric acid to demonstrate collagen fibres red, and in Masson's trichrome to colour smooth muscle in contrast to collagen.	2.05	1	0
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	6.34	10	1
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	3.7	10	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	10.53	23	0	actinomycin	mutagen
conidendrin conidendrin: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,9alpha,9abeta))-isomer; a phenyl-naphthyl-furanolactone	1.94	1	0	lignan	metabolite
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.73	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.69	3	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	1.95	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.44	2	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	8.77	8	3	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.53	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.31	18	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	9.12	3	1	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
tyrosine o-sulfate O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfate; L-tyrosine derivative; O-sulfoamino acid	human metabolite
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.13	1	0	potassium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.98	4	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	4.61	25	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	1.99	1	0	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
sodium chlorate sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.	2.08	1	0	chlorate salt; inorganic sodium salt	herbicide
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.74	3	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)	2.07	1	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.78	3	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.76	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene: structure in first source	2.55	2	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	4.56	25	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.16	5	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	5.2	10	1	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.17	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	10.69	5	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8.75	61	1
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	8.02	4	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.4	60	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.6	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.6	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.38	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.61	9	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	7.52	2	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	7.92	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	5.41	20	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	5.73	21	1	diphosphate ion
amygdalin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.08	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.47	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.4	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.46	2	0
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.38	6	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.05	5	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.63	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose 1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first source	3.37	6	0	anhydrohexose; deoxyketohexose
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.71	3	0
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	1.97	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
n-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-(phenylthio)acetamide N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-(phenylthio)acetamide: inhibits cellulose biosynthesis	2.1	1	0
2-mercaptonaphth(2,3)imidazole 2-mercaptonaphth(2,3)imidazole: exhibits phosphorescence	1.96	1	0
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.15	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	2.38	2	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	9.35	90	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	7.63	3	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	5.04	2	1
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	4.22	3	1	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	8.13	5	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
geranyl acetate geranyl acetate: constituted about 90% of the palmarosa oil. geranyl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol.	7.6	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	8.43	7	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.96	2	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.4	2	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidines
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.57	2	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.97	21	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.51	2	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	8.27	6	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	7.42	91	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
sodium ethoxide sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	nucleophilic reagent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	1.97	1	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	7.89	126	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.55	2	0
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	2.77	3	0
tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	3.15	5	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	4.84	11	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose 1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. levoglucosan : A anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose.	6.17	16	0	anhydrohexose	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; biomarker; human metabolite
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.52	2	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.03	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.76	3	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.92	4	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.41	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	5.56	64	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.	4.51	21	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexylpyridinium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.49	2	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
nadp [no description available]	7.55	44	1
4-aminophenylboronic acid 4-aminophenylboronic acid: used in sensors for detection of sialic acid residues; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	4.35	17	0
kartogenin kartogenin: promotes chondrocyte differentiation; structure in first source	7.21	1	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	1.96	1	0	macrolide
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.1	3	1	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.36	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.08	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	7.96	4	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.21	11	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
thiamine disulfide thiamine disulfide: structure	7.01	1	0	aminopyrimidine; formamides; homoallylic alcohol; organic disulfide
maraviroc [no description available]	2.52	2	0	tropane alkaloid
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	4.04	3	1
telaprevir [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	8.91	122	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.5	51	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.48	2	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.14	3	1	nitrogen oxide
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	1.95	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	4.77	10	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.38	2	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
quinine [no description available]	8.3	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide	4.49	7	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
tat 59 TAT 59: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	aryl phosphate
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
propidium monoazide propidium monoazide: a membrane impermeant dye that can cross-link DNA	2.21	1	0
cystine [no description available]	12.21	18	1
fluorescein thiocarbamylethylenediamine fluorescein thiocarbamylethylenediamine: used as label in fluoroimmunoassay for conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid	1.95	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	7.08	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	2.04	1	0
4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose [no description available]	2	1	0
ferrocenium ferrocenium: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	2.06	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.48	2	0
cellulose acetate propionate cellulose acetate propionate: used as an encapsulating polymer	3.56	8	0
circulin circulin: antibiotics in polymyxin group	6.92	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.43	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	4.2	5	0
silicon nitride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.51	2	0
metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to cpd with structure HPO3. phosphonate(1-) : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.	7.17	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.96	4	0
c 31g C 31G: mixture of above cpds	3.82	2	1
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	1.97	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.89	33	0
anthraquinone sulfonate anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant	2.1	1	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	7.41	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
quinoxyfen quinoxyfen: structure in first source. quinoxyfen : A member of the class of quinolines carrying two chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 together with a 4-fluorophenoxy substituent at position 4. A fungicide used mainly to control powdery mildew in cereals.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical
led209 LED209: structure in first source	7.31	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	10.1	101	4	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	5.15	14	0	oligosaccharide
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.31	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	7.48	2	0	hydroxyflavonoid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	7.31	1	0
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.25	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.88	3	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	6.45	59	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.5	2	0
rhodamine b hydrazide rhodamine B hydrazide: structure in first source	7.25	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.99	4	0
d 609 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.94	12	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	14.98	359	13
ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate: an optically active compound	2.13	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.98	2	1	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.39	2	0
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	4.08	1	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.79	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.35	2	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
tanikolide tanikolide: structure in first source	7.11	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.49	2	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	5.32	18	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.08	17	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	9.74	7	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.31	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.56	7	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	5.39	3	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.5	8	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.91	13	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.64	10	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	5.31	12	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	1.95	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	6.46	10	5	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	1.99	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.98	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.16	5	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.51	8	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	4.83	9	0
alprostadil [no description available]	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.48	8	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.9	7	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.32	12	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.59	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.05	3	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.47	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	7.9	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.23	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.56	5	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.13	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	1.95	1	0
petroselinic acid petroselinic acid: isomer of oleic acid in parsley seeds; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; NM refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6974. petroselinic acid : The cis-isomer of octadec-6-enoic acid, a long-chain fatty acid.	7.05	1	0	octadec-6-enoic acid	plant metabolite
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	4.02	13	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	3.21	5	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	8.83	2	1	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	3.85	2	1	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
norbixin norbixin: an annatto compound; RN given refers to all-trans-norbixin (beta-norbixin); 9-cis-norbixin is alpha-norbixin	2.31	1	0	diterpenoid
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0	diterpenoid
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	7.22	27	1	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	4.61	1	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	3.5	1	1	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.95	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	7.57	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
tricetin tricetin : Flavone hydroxylated at positions 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7.	2.15	1	0	pentahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
tricin tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure	2.15	1	0	3'-methoxyflavones; dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	7.72	3	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	7.13	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.9	1	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	8.18	5	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
3,3',4-o-trimethylellagic acid 3,7,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	tannin
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.21	5	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.02	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
tocoretinate tocoretinate: a hybrid compound composed of alpha-tocopherol esterified with retinoic acid; RN refers to (2R(4R,8R*)-(+-))-isomer	2.06	1	0	tocol
ethyl linoleate ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.15	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	7.49	2	0
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	5.37	14	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	3.46	7	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	5.89	6	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.05	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	7.7	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2.51	2	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	6.45	9	2	hydrochloride
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	2.39	2	0	pyridoindole
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.99	1	0	pyridoindole
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	8.81	2	1	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	2	1	0	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.5	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.25	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	5.35	3	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.52	2	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	3	4	0	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	5.04	2	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.72	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cellodextrin cellodextrin: can be metabolized by some yeast species. cellooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide with between two and about 20 D-glucose residues connected by mixed alpha and beta (1->4) glycosidic linkages.. cellodextrin : A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose.	7.56	98	0	glucotriose	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	8.76	11	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
xylulose [no description available]	3.53	2	0	xylulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.73	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.82	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	5.1	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
enisoprost [no description available]	1.97	1	0
taprostene [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzoic acids
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.04	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.44	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.41	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.15	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	1.97	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone 4'-hydroxywogonin: from Verbena officinalis	6.99	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.9	4	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.15	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tinopal cbs-x Tinopal CBS-X: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.49	100	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	7.71	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	3.36	1	1
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.11	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	7.08	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.07	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	10.08	14	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	4.55	8	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
oleylamine oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	7.59	2	0
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.41	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.63	3	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	8.47	62	2	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	6.53	14	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	7.62	13	2	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	7.6	1	0	boron group element atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	1.99	1	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.29	37	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	4.31	4	1	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	6.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.96	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	5.22	3	1	boron group element atom
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.03	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.39	59	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	5.88	12	2	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.63	2	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	3.06	1	0	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.01	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
plastoquinone [no description available]	3.11	1	0	plastoquinone
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	8.04	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.94	1	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.37	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
rifamycin b [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; carboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; rifamycins
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.08	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.01	14	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	6.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.89	54	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	8.52	37	2	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	12.64	119	7	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	7	13	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
azodicarbonamide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	4.09	13	0
1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine pseudoisocyanine: metachromatic quinoline tissue stain; may polymerize to yield different colors; also used in fluorescence cytochemistry may bind to DNA; minor descriptor (79-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (79-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine; quinolines
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	2.67	3	0
caesium-137 [no description available]	2.58	2	0	caesium atom
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	1.96	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.92	2	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
cyanine dye 1 cyanine dye 1: RN given refers to iodide; structure	2.08	1	0
chlorin p6 chlorin p6: structure given in first source; a new photosensitizer for treatment of glioma tumors	2.07	1	0
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	5.48	20	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
methylbenzethonium chloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.37	6	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.3	6	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.42	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	3.11	3	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	5.61	76	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
barium titanate(iv) barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.55	2	0
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	5.15	14	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.15	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
menaquinone 9 menaquinone-9 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 9 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.08	1	0	menaquinone	Escherichia coli metabolite
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.73	3	0
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.1	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	5.36	17	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	7.94	4	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.15	1	0
triethoxysilane [no description available]	2.49	2	0
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	1.96	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth oxychloride bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses	7.41	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	8.07	44	1
aminopropylsilane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.9	1	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.94	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether: structure given in first source. guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether : A glycerol ether in which guaiacyl and guaiacylglycerol subunits are joined by an arylglycerol-beta-aryl (beta-O-4) linkage.	2.02	1	0	glycerol ether
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	2.66	3	0	cholestanoid
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	3.46	2	0	polyterpene
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	7.66	9	6
luprostenol luprostenol: RN given refers to 1S-(1alpha(Z),2beta(*R),3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	2.07	1	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.42	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
chlorambucil-docosahexaenoic acid conjugate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
cellu-brite cellu-brite: fluorescent whitening agent; optical brightener; structure	1.96	1	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.21	1	0
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.97	1	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	1.98	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
phthoxazolin phthoxazolin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces	2.89	4	0
yo-pro 1 oxazole yellow: structure in first source. Yo-Pro-1 : An unsymmetrical C1 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2.01	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	fluorochrome
19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer	1.97	1	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.44	2	0
18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
chlorophyll chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer	6.94	1	0
flexirubins flexirubins: pigments found in the outer membrane of Flexibacter elegans, characterized by non-isoprenoid omega-substituted polyene carboxylic acids esterified with 2,5-dialkylated resorcinols; structure. flexirubin : The parent member of the class of flexirubins obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 17-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenoic acid with one of the phenolic hydroxy groups of 2-dodecyl-5-methyl resorcinol.. flexirubins : Flexirubins are a unique type of pigment produced by various bacteria species characterised by a common structure comprising non-isoprenoid omega-substituted polyene carboxylic acids esterified with 2,5-dialkylated resorcinols.	2.15	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.38	2	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
cobaltite cobaltite: a sulfosalt mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic and sulfur, CoAsS	2.1	1	0
manganese phosphate manganese phosphate: a reddish-white fine crystalline powder relatively insoluble in water	2.25	1	0
cellobionic acid cellobionic acid: RN given refers to (beta-D-glucopyranosyl cpd). cellobionic acid : A disaccharide consisting beta-D-glucosyl and D-gluconic acid residues joined by a (1->4)-linkage.	3.2	5	0	carbohydrate acid; disaccharide	metabolite
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.06	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.06	1	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
glucoerucin glucoerucin: structure in first source. glucoerucin : A thia-alkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 5-(methylsulfanyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.15	1	0	organic sulfide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
beta-escin [no description available]	5.69	15	0
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	2.15	1	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
D-xylonic acid xylonic acid: sugar acid that can be obtained by the complete oxidation of xylose. xylonic acid : A pentonic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of the aldehyde group of aldehydo-xylose to the corresponding carboxylic acid.. D-xylonic acid : A xylonic acid with D configuration.	3.01	3	0	xylonic acid
melibiose alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond.	2.46	2	0	glycosylglucose
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	7.71	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.67	8	0
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	3.22	6	0	glycopeptide
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	3.34	1	1
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	4.65	6	1	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.17	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.25	1	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2.25	1	0
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.49	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
vildagliptin [no description available]	7.72	2	0	amino acid amide
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.94	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.13	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.35	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	4.57	7	0	cholanic acids
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	10.96	28	2	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	1.95	1	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.17	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	7.41	1	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.25	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disilver oxide [no description available]	3.28	5	0
sacubitril [no description available]	7.41	1	0	biphenyls
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
slv 319 ibipinabant: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
noviflumuron noviflumuron: structure in first source	7.49	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	7.08	1	0	alkylbenzene
ketoprofen lysine ketoprofen lysine: lysine salt of ketoprofen; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	3.11	1	0	peptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	6.49	24	2	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.61	2	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	5.78	3	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	2.15	1	0
hki 272 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	4.9	1	1	glycoside
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.17	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	6.03	8	1	fatty acid ester
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.9	1	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
zeolites [no description available]	6.69	36	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	11.96	21	1
trantinterol trantinterol: beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, structure in first source	7.06	1	0
n,o-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine N,O-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine: was obtained in the form of slabs by bulk radical polymerization	2.03	1	0
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.21	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.17	1	0
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	2.07	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	4.9	1	1
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.1	1	0
beta-acetyldigoxin Acetyldigoxins: Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.	1.95	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
1,6-anhydro-beta-d-mannopyranose mannosan: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	10.7	5	1
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2	1	0
frontalin [no description available]	2	1	0
pyrrocidine a pyrrocidine A: an antifungal antibiotic isolated from Acremonium zeae; structure in first souce	2.03	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.29	20	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	6.49	45	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	12.65	10	2
ethyl glucoside ethyl glucoside: RN given for (D)-isomer of unspecified ring form of glucose	2.17	1	0
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source	4.41	19	0
brivanib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.06	1	0
lineatin lineatin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2beta,5alpha,7beta))-isomer; pheromone isolated from the frass of the female ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, which is a deleterious pest to coniferous forests in Europe and North America	2	1	0
cardanol cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation	7.21	1	0	phenols
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.92	4	0	nystatins
mandipropamid mandipropamid: effective against the economically important phytopathogens Phytophthora infestans (potato and tomato late blight) and Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew). mandipropamid : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mandipropamid. An agricultural fungicide, it is used to control late blight and downy mildew in many salad, vegetable and fruit crops.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-{2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethyl}-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)acetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the condensation of the carboxy group of p-chloromandelic acid propargyl ether with the amino group of 2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethylamine.	7.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; terminal acetylenic compound
bms-566394 BMS-566394: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
mycoepoxydiene mycoepoxydiene: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
technetium tc 99m disofenin Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)	1.97	1	0
karrikinolide karrikinolide: a seed germination stimulant formed during burning of plant material; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	4.8	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.39	2	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	3.53	1	1
galactosan galactosan: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	8.04	17	5
granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite	2.08	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
guluronic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative
empagliflozin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	1.97	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.77	2	1	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	13.48	87	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.52	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.04	5	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	3.8	1	1
thiosuccinic acid thiosuccinic acid: inhibits fibrinolysin	2.13	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	5.99	4	2
apis apiose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	1.94	1	0	carbohydrate
rifamycins [no description available]	2.88	4	0
ethidium homodimer-1 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	3.01	4	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	9.66	29	0
eosine i bluish Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorescent dye; histological dye
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	3.22	5	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	9	13	0
lilopristone lilopristone: structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist	1.97	1	0
maltoheptaose maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.44	2	0	maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
pedunculoside pedunculoside: from leaves of Ilex chinensis; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.7	3	0
jaw [no description available]	1.98	1	0	indolecarboxamide
methampicillin brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
bioallethrin bioallethrin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(S*),3beta))-isomer; see also record for ALLETHRIN which is cpd without isomeric designation. bioallethrin : A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin consisting of a mixture of two allethrin isomers (1R,trans;1R and 1R,trans;1S) in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Widely registered mosquito adulticide and spatial repellent. Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a pesticide against household pest insects such as mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches.	2	1	0	allethrin; trans-allethrin
oxaziclomefone oxaziclomefone: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	alkylbenzene
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.11	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	13.46	66	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
herpetrione herpetrione: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.3	6	0
picogreen PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
calcitonin [no description available]	2.72	3	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.97	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	7.37	2	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	1.95	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	2.17	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	1.98	1	0	polypeptide
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	3.19	2	0	tannin
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	1.97	1	0
2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl o-(2,3-di-o-benzylxylopyranosyl)(1-4)-o-(2,3-di-o-benzoylxylopyranosyl)-(1-4)-o-(2,3-di-o-benzylxylopyranosyl)-(1-4)-2,3-di-o-benzoylxylopyranoside 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl O-(2,3-di-O-benzylxylopyranosyl)(1-4)-O-(2,3-di-O-benzoylxylopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2,3-di-O-benzylxylopyranosyl)-(1-4)-2,3-di-O-benzoylxylopyranoside: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
pexiganan [no description available]	2.82	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	5.05	10	1
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	1.95	1	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	1.98	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	7.91	15	5	peptide hormone
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.03	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	7.46	64	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	6.19	54	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	6.04	5	2
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.8	2	1
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.34	2	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	3.18	4	0
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	2.58	2	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.59	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.33	20	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
barium ferrite [no description available]	8.51	2	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	6.24	7	2	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	6.16	25	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	1.95	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	3.75	10	0	organotin acaricide
bismuth subcarbonate [no description available]	2.25	1	0	bismuth coordination entity; one-carbon compound
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.67	3	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	4.9	1	1
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.23	6	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.87	6	1
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	2.6	1	0
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.6	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.13	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone 5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone: from the Yucatec Mayan plant Casimiroa tetrameria; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
n-methylcarbamate N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	amino-acid anion
urethane acrylate urethane acrylate: UV curing resin cpd implicated in contact dermatitis	2.31	1	0
silicate cement Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)	7.38	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	17.01	670	4
invert sugar invert sugar: mixture of approx 50% dextrose & 50% levulose obtained by acid hydrolysis of cane sugar	2.48	2	0
tricyanofuran tricyanofuran: structure in first source	2.58	2	0
alpha-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid alpha-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid: structure. 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate : A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained via deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion
isosaccharinic acid [no description available]	2.98	4	0
eliglustat eliglustat: a potent inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. eliglustat : A carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octanoic acid with the primary amino group of (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease.	2.13	1	0	benzodioxine; carboxamide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; secondary alcohol	EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
methallyl sulfonate [no description available]	2.7	3	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	1.95	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium stearyl fumarate sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient	2.99	4	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	5.76	20	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	3.77	2	1	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.49	2	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	4.27	16	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	4.86	8	1
sodium hypophosphite sodium hypophosphite: RN given refers to phosphinic acid, Na salt; structure	2.5	2	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.95	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.1	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.83	2	1
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.97	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.01	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.64	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphatidylcholines 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are stearoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.11	1	0	1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine; 1-octadecanoyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.25	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	17.45	906	26	glycoside
superphosphate superphosphate: RN given refers to normal or enriched superphosphate, MF unknown	7.21	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	5.26	9	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	3.2	6	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.03	1	0
sorbitan monopalmitate sorbitan monopalmitate: pharmaceutic aid (surfactant)	2.25	1	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	4.8	1	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	4.03	15	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.46	2	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.19	5	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.03	1	0
nafarelin Nafarelin: A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS.. nafarelin : An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women.	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	3.35	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	5.53	6	3
osteogenic growth peptide osteogenic growth peptide: circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity; identical to the C-terminus of histone H4; see also osteogenin; amino acid sequence of 14 amino acids given in first source	2.8	3	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	3.48	1	1	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	14.48	195	15
alexa fluor 546 Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	fluorochrome
oxt-328 OXT-328: a synthetic antineoplastic phospho-sulindac; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	3.01	4	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	4.23	17	0
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	2.04	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
adenosine diphosphate glucose Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.	2.49	2	0	NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-); ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)	human metabolite
plx4032 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
ganglioside, gd1a [no description available]	6.99	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	7.84	34	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.67	30	2
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	11.76	10	2
GS-441524 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; nitrile; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; drug metabolite
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.94	1	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	2.35	2	0
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2.02	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	13.78	476	12
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.34	1	1
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	11.64	17	1
miglyol 840 miglyol 840: a propylene glycol diester of saturated vegetable fatty acids (C8-C10 chain lengths)	2.08	1	0
mannotetraose mannotetraose: RN given refers to cpd with ((1-3)linkage alpha-D-mannopyranose)-isomer. beta-D-Manp-(1->4)-beta-D-Manp-(1->4)-beta-D-Manp-(1->4)-D-Manp : A tetrasaccharide comprised of four D-mannose residues connected by beta(1->4) linkages.. mannotetraose : Any tetrasaccharide composed of 4 mannose moieties.	2.11	1	0	mannotetraose
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.96	40	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	4.77	10	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.72	69	4	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.35	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	13.53	62	7
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	8.24	6	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.24	6	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	12.97	9	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	10.77	29	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.95	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5.17	14	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.57	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	6	21	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	1.95	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
teriflunomide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	7.08	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tetracycline hydrochloride Actisite: tradename; fiber for periodontal use	16.58	19	4
gsk1265744 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
byl719 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	proline derivative
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.6	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.82	7	1
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	5.94	25	1	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	6.8	42	0
pediocin pa-1 pediocin PA-1: from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC-1.0; a 4.6 kDa peptide with 44 amino acids; exhibits antibacterial activity against several gram-positive bacterial strains; amino acid sequence given in first source	7.31	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	5.38	2	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.76	10	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	5.59	2	2
chromated copper arsenate chromated copper arsenate: wood preservative; serves as substrate for trimethylarsine biosynthesis; RN given refers to (Cu(+2)[2:3] salt)	3.8	3	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.03	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.41	2	0	ketal
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.21	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.15	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.94	4	0
soda lime soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant	2.46	2	0
n-acetylchitosan N-acetylchitosan: polyhydrate of chitin	1.99	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	9.06	126	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.82	2	0
neurostatin neurostatin: from rat and bovine brain extracts; inhibits proliferation of cultured astrocytes	2	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	7	5	1
reactive blue 21 reactive blue 21: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
glutaminase [no description available]	7.39	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.31	1	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.42	2	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.76	3	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	13.9	97	2
cellohexaose D-cellohexaose : A hexasaccharide consisting of five beta-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	9.28	18	0	glucohexaose
nattokinase nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6	2.03	1	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	2.46	2	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.94	1	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.75	3	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.16	5	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitroguanidine nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.	2.17	1	0	nitroguanidine; one-carbon compound
ferbam ferbam: structure. ferbam : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.	7.31	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.73	30	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.8	1	1	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	3.37	1	1
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
amikacin (R)-3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine : An O-hydroxybutyryl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as 3-hydroxybutyryl.	2.08	1	0	hydroxy-fatty acyl-L-carnitine; O-hydroxybutyryl-L-carnitine
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.43	23	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	2.05	1	0
xylotriose [no description available]	2.51	2	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	2.52	2	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.4	1	1
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.96	4	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.77	2	1
oridonin [no description available]	2.31	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	4.14	15	0
hexenuronic acid [no description available]	3.01	4	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	2.38	2	0
daptomycin [no description available]	7.41	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2.38	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	8.22	52	1
refludan lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.	4.03	1	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	6.98	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	1.95	1	0
s 8932 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	4.46	5	1
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	8.38	1	1
rifamycin s rifamycin S: structure	2.01	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.18	5	2
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	8.75	11	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.15	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.06	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	5.33	2	2
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	6.13	17	2
pyrrocidine b pyrrocidine B: an antifungal antibiotic isolated from Acremonium zeae; structure in first souce	2.03	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.06	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.61	1	1
neohesperidin [no description available]	7.25	1	0
cellobiosyl fluoride cellobiosyl fluoride: used to study the stereochemical course of reactions using cellobiohydrolases	2.69	3	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.1	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	13.68	368	6
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	1.93	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.73	11	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	7.78	91	2
scleroglucan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	oligosaccharide
rhamnogalacturonan i rhamnogalacturonan I: pectic polysaccharide from sycamore cell walls; composed of galactosyluronic acid, rhamnosyl, galactosyl, arabinosyl & fucosyl residues. rhamnogalacturonan I : A family of polysaccharides that all contain a linear backbone composed of repeating units of the disaccharide alpha-D-GalpA-(l->2)-alpha-L-Rhap joined by alpha-(1->4) linkages.	5.05	12	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	7.57	17	1
perlite Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide	2.46	2	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.59	8	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	3.4	1	1
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	1.99	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.53	8	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.35	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	6.06	36	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.49	5	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.37	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.31	20	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.14	17	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.96	5	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.37	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.96	39	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
viomycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.89	4	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.38	2	0
2',3'-cyclic gmp 2',3'-cyclic GMP: was GUANOSINE CYCLIC 2',3'-MONOPHOSPHATE see GUANOSINE CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE 1980-93; use CYCLIC GMP to search 1980-93. 2',3'-cyclic GMP : A 2',3'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which guanosine is used as the parent nucleoside.	2.21	1	0	2',3'-cyclic purine nucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	9.19	17	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.44	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	7.41	2	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	9.3	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer	1.97	1	0	benzamides; methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	8.16	19	2	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.05	1	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.34	2	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	7.17	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
diazeniumdiolate diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	7.05	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.86	3	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	2.58	2	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
direct yellow 4 dye Direct Yellow 4 dye: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.67	3	0
af 013 AF 013: O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV; inhibitor of nucleic acid polymerases	1.96	1	0
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	5.88	29	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.31	4	1	guanosines	biomarker
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	2.52	2	0
alizarine yellow g alizarine yellow G: binds bovine serum albumin; RN given refers to Na salt; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
direct fast scarlet 4bs Direct Fast Scarlet 4BS: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
remazol black b Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.	3.19	5	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.25	1	0
streptovaricin c streptovaricin C: structure given in first source	1.94	1	0
eriochrome black t [no description available]	7.9	2	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	8.09	4	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.5	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
7-methylguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate
teicoplanin aglycone teicoplanin aglycone: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.42	2	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.37	2	0
solochrome cyanine r solochrome cyanine R: structure	2.11	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.39	2	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	10.75	35	4
eye [no description available]	5.36	14	1
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	4.93	8	1	oligosaccharide
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	10.49	14	1
tmg-chitotriomycin TMG-chitotriomycin: an enzyme inhibitor, produced by actinomycete Streptomyces anulatus NBRC 13369; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
enterocin a enterocin A: isolated from Enterococcus faecium; amino acid sequence in first source; do not confuse with enterocin	7.02	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	18.11	1,021	37
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.34	20	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	7.99	4	0
vermiculite [no description available]	2.72	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	4.07	14	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	4.97	40	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.25	1	0
n-succinyl-chitosan [no description available]	2.08	1	0
sifuvirtide sifuvirtide: a linear 36-amino acid residues anti-HIV peptide; MW 4727 Da; amino acid sequence in first source	2.07	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.26	6	2
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.03	1	0
araban araban: contains arabinose & galactose	4.94	11	0
pustulan [no description available]	2.65	3	0
aluminum magnesium silicate aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition	3.36	6	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.42	7	0
sybr green ii SYBR Green II: product of Molecular Probes, Inc.; developed for the fluorometric detection of RNA in gels; no further information available 4/96	2.01	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	11.54	56	7
Breast Cancer [description not available]	12.27	48	15
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	12.27	48	15
Caries, Dental [description not available]	7.19	16	1
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	7.19	16	1
Kidney Stones [description not available]	9.38	47	3
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	9.38	47	3
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2.76	3	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	12.15	24	20
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	12.15	24	20
Infection, Wound [description not available]	9.47	38	5
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	6.98	5	1
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	7.33	15	3
Ache [description not available]	9.37	22	11
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	7.33	15	3
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	14.37	22	11
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	4	2	1
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	4	2	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	11.18	49	5
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	11.18	49	5
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.69	7	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	6.73	13	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	13.9	74	16
Dry Eye [description not available]	7.24	12	2
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	7.24	12	2
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.93	3	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	9.02	30	2
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.48	8	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	16.6	129	42
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.6	129	42
Bed Sores [description not available]	5.82	7	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	10.82	7	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	7.14	11	2
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	13.4	39	17
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	6.08	6	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	18.19	208	90
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	7.41	28	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	7.41	28	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	6.08	6	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	9.17	68	2
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	9.17	68	2
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	4.64	3	2
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	4.64	3	2
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	5.94	9	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	5.94	9	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	12.53	75	6
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	17.53	75	6
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.05	19	3
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	8.05	19	3
E coli Infections [description not available]	8.78	30	3
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	7.61	30	2
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	8.78	30	3
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	7.61	30	2
Pilonidal Cyst [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Pilonidal Sinus A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.	3.77	2	1
Bleeding [description not available]	12.77	54	3
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	8.44	12	4
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	12.77	54	3
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	5.79	15	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	15.24	120	18
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	10.5	93	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	12.54	111	3
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	12.54	111	3
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.98	3	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.66	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	9.43	20	6
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	9.43	20	6
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	10.68	16	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	8.94	8	4
Weight Reduction [description not available]	6.34	8	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	6.34	8	1
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	5.26	6	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	5.26	6	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	7.7	10	3
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	5.49	5	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	13.43	23	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	8.43	23	2
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	8.31	19	3
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.6	18	2
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	8.31	19	3
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	5.28	12	1
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.28	12	1
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	2.89	4	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	2.89	4	0
Seroma Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.	3.8	1	1
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	2.41	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	5.95	9	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	5.95	9	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	9.58	9	5
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	9.58	9	5
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	12.19	86	5
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	12.19	86	5
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	6.2	32	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	5.98	5	2
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	5.98	5	2
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.57	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	8.64	15	2
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	8.64	15	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	12.55	72	12
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.89	4	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	17.55	72	12
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.52	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	5.57	6	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	10.57	6	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	6.27	7	2
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	7.76	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	10.01	13	9
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	10.01	13	9
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	7.51	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	9.46	25	3
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	14.46	25	3
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.49	5	1
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.41	1	0
Pus [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	3.33	4	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	5.71	7	1
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	3.33	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	6.07	10	3
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.07	10	3
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	9.07	14	4
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	9.07	14	4
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	7.89	6	4
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	8.29	11	4
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	7.89	6	4
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	8.29	11	4
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	11.4	68	5
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	11.12	33	10
Anasarca [description not available]	7.69	34	2
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	7.02	8	4
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	7.69	34	2
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	7.02	8	4
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.6	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.41	23	4
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	13.29	202	12
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.39	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.68	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	8.84	15	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	8.84	15	5
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	6.14	7	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	8.4	12	4
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	8.4	12	4
Cyst [description not available]	8.07	5	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.34	7	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	7.09	7	3
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.49	8	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	7.09	7	3
Cancer of Head [description not available]	3.07	3	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.04	3	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	3.07	3	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	3.14	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	8.01	4	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	16.05	49	5
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	11.05	49	5
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.39	2	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	6.62	24	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	11.4	34	9
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	8.56	12	6
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	3.98	2	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.4	34	9
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	8.56	12	6
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	9.35	4	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.97	4	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	9.78	27	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	10.77	38	5
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	10.77	38	5
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	6.7	8	3
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	6.7	8	3
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	8.9	2	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.43	5	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	5.43	5	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	5.49	16	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	12.73	164	10
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.4	2	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	7.87	9	2
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.21	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.26	24	1
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	5	4	2
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	7.26	24	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	4.37	4	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	6.16	12	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	6.16	12	1
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.25	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.78	11	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	17.41	243	64
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	17.41	243	64
Alveolalgia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	8.41	10	4
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.41	10	4
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.25	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.97	4	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.44	4	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	10.44	4	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	6.53	18	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	6.53	18	1
Surgical Incision [description not available]	4.01	4	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.71	3	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	11.47	26	13
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	11.47	26	13
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.25	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.02	10	2
Cellulite Skin lumpiness or skin surface dimpling often seen on the thighs, buttocks and abdomen. It is due to protrusion of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT into the DERMIS layer of skin.	4.07	2	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	4.44	5	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.37	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	4.44	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.69	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	14.99	57	54
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.96	3	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	9.5	32	5
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	11.35	19	14
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	5.68	3	2
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	8.98	10	6
Bone Fractures [description not available]	5	3	1
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.43	1	1
Atheroma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	10.95	15	13
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	7.53	7	4
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.93	2	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.67	23	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	8.03	7	4
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	13.33	15	4
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	6.22	7	2
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	9.32	15	6
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	6.65	21	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.93	2	2
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	6.7	12	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	6.86	11	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	7.01	4	3
Exanthem [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.57	6	2
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	6.89	16	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	5.28	2	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	8.37	16	4
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Metastase [description not available]	8.97	15	5
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.93	2	2
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	7.9	7	4
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	5.68	7	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.06	3	2
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	7.8	38	2
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	6.05	3	2
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	5.53	6	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	9.92	9	9
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	15.67	74	21
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	8.47	8	5
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	4.43	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	11.27	18	15
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.76	5	2
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	5.38	5	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	12.67	23	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	8.78	46	2
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.53	6	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	8.03	7	4
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	8.33	15	4
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.7	2	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	9.32	15	6
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	5.93	2	2
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	4.43	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	6.86	11	1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.01	4	3
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	4.69	2	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.57	6	2
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	6.89	16	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	5.28	2	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	8.37	16	4
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.77	2	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	8.97	15	5
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.93	2	2
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.9	7	4
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	5.68	7	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	11.34	20	14
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.69	2	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	22.42	167	36
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	6.06	3	2
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.71	2	1
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.43	1	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	7.8	38	2
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	6.05	3	2
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	5.53	6	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.97	3	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	9.92	9	9
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	15.67	74	21
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.43	1	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	4.87	2	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	8.47	8	5
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	4.78	2	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	4.43	1	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	11.35	19	14
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.43	1	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	4.43	1	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.87	2	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.43	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	5.68	3	2
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	4.43	1	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	5	3	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.43	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	7.53	7	4
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	4.43	1	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	10.04	44	3
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	3.83	12	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	10.04	44	3
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	3.83	12	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.25	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.25	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	5.29	12	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	5.29	12	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.76	27	5
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	8.76	11	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.15	16	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.92	4	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	4.15	16	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	5.92	9	3
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	2.89	3	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.83	3	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	7.53	8	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.53	8	3
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	5.82	8	3
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	5.82	8	3
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	7.5	35	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.55	28	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	10.55	28	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	7.48	70	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	6.72	4	2
Cardiac Death [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Diathesis [description not available]	6.88	8	2
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.8	5	4
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.1	2	2
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	5.27	3	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	11.43	35	14
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Co-infection [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	8.4	5	5
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	5.37	2	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	5.37	2	2
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	5.4	5	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	5.44	5	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	5.36	5	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	7.61	19	2
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.83	2	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.76	8	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	10.35	76	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	6.1	2	2
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.7	2	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	6.15	4	3
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	5.46	2	2
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.98	5	2
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.99	3	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	4.72	1	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	8.4	5	5
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	5.37	2	2
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	5.37	2	2
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	10.44	5	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	5.36	5	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	4.72	1	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	7.61	19	2
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	4.83	2	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.76	8	1
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.13	7	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	6.1	2	2
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	6.15	4	3
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.11	3	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.05	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	5.46	2	2
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.98	5	2
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.8	5	4
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	6.1	2	2
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	4.72	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.72	1	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	11.43	35	14
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.72	1	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	4.72	1	1
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	8.3	8	6
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.62	1	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.86	2	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	4.62	1	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	6.98	16	2
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	5.35	2	2
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	6.1	4	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	6.35	8	2
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	5.18	4	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.6	4	2
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	7.02	19	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	6.99	30	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	9.35	22	11
Pericementitis [description not available]	10.54	25	7
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	8.25	10	4
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.27	15	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	4.62	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	4.62	1	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	6.15	4	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	8.26	21	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	4.62	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.7	2	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	6.98	16	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	5.35	2	2
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	6.1	4	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.35	8	2
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	6.15	4	3
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	6.6	4	2
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	5.21	4	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	7.02	19	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	4.62	1	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	11.99	30	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	4.62	1	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	9.35	22	11
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	10.54	25	7
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	5.21	4	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	8.25	10	4
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	12.27	15	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.62	1	1
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	4.77	2	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	4.62	1	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	4.62	1	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.86	2	1
Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.91	8	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	8.33	7	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	3.88	2	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	3.88	2	1
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	8.59	10	6
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.	2.31	1	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.25	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	2.9	4	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.47	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.52	5	1
Degloving Injuries Avulsions of the superficial tissues of SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE from the underlying FASCIA.	3.64	1	1
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	5.43	15	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	10.43	15	1
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	9.28	4	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.92	4	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	4.35	21	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	9.35	21	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	3.58	9	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	10.88	15	10
Lassitude [description not available]	5.68	5	4
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	5.68	5	4
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.31	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	10.5	35	9
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	10.5	35	9
Polyploid [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.59	2	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	14.15	38	4
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	14.15	38	4
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Acne [description not available]	5.48	5	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	5.48	5	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	4.86	8	1
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	4.86	8	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.08	5	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.71	3	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.94	4	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.31	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.48	2	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	7.17	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	8.82	2	1
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	7.15	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	8.78	10	7
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	8.78	10	7
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	13.47	88	13
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	2.17	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.17	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	13.62	11	4
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Ascites, Chylous [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.42	2	0
Enzootic Pneumonia of Pigs [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.15	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	6.43	16	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.43	16	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	9.75	21	10
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	9.75	21	10
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.15	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	4.35	4	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	6.3	14	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	6.3	14	1
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	3.31	2	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.17	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	9.37	8	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	3.59	3	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	8.85	4	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.21	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	4.8	2	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	4.8	2	1
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.17	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.17	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	3.66	3	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	8.25	6	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.17	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	6.05	16	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	6.05	16	2
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Birt-Hogg-Dubu00E9 Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	8.48	8	0
Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome Autosomal dominant neoplastic syndrome characterised by genodermatosis, lung cysts, spontaneous and recurrent PNEUMOTHORAX; and RENAL CANCER. It is associated with mutations in the folliculin protein gene (FLCN protein).	7.17	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.17	1	0
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	2.17	1	0
Abdominal Hernia [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	7.17	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.17	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.45	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.88	4	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.21	1	0
Dental Wear [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	2.17	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	4.48	2	2
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.39	14	1
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	5.87	5	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	5.01	3	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	5.01	3	3
Aphthae [description not available]	6.26	7	2
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	6.26	7	2
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	7.37	2	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	4.98	9	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	4.98	9	1
Compression Fractures [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	7.21	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.8	3	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.25	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.25	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	5.25	12	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	5.25	12	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	3.12	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	12.24	11	4
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	7.24	11	4
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.25	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	7.53	6	4
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	7.53	6	4
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	2.21	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.39	2	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	7.39	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	3.35	2	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	7.61	11	2
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	7.61	11	2
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	6.15	12	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	6.15	12	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.48	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.48	2	0
Itching [description not available]	5.93	5	2
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	5.93	5	2
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	6.09	28	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	7.51	2	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.51	2	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.38	2	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	3.49	8	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	6.31	14	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	6.31	14	1
Zygomatic Fractures Fractures of the zygoma.	2.08	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.65	3	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	3.55	9	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	3.55	9	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.69	3	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	9.05	3	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.89	4	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	3.07	5	0
Solitary Fibrous Tumors Rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the PLEURA (see SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR, PLEURAL). They also are found in extrapleural sites.	2.1	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	3.48	1	1
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	9.73	7	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	4.73	7	1
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.1	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Spina Bifida Aperta [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	2.38	2	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.1	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.51	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	6.17	15	0
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	2.69	3	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.1	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.23	6	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	4.54	5	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.66	3	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.51	2	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.51	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.95	4	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.81	3	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.49	2	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	3.48	1	1
Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.	4.81	2	1
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.93	4	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.1	1	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Spondylisthesis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	5.3	9	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	5.3	9	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.11	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.87	4	0
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	2.42	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	5.52	9	2
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hives [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.88	4	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	5.52	9	2
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	2.65	3	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.5	1	1
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	4.69	11	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	2.36	2	0
Bronchial Fistula An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.	2.11	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	2.11	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Factitious Disorders Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.	2.11	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	2.11	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.44	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	6.21	19	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.93	4	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.11	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.71	3	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.14	6	0
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	2.11	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	3.51	1	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.59	3	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.11	1	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Arnold-Chiari Deformity [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.08	5	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	7.01	6	2
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	7.01	6	2
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.46	2	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	7.55	20	8
Granulomas [description not available]	6.11	31	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	6.11	31	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	3.39	2	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.13	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.13	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	5.14	11	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.87	4	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	5.14	11	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.15	1	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Autotomy Human [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.88	4	0
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	9.3	4	1
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.79	4	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	5.65	7	1
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.33	7	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.13	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.13	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	4.35	2	2
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	4.35	2	2
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.13	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	2.13	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	5.44	8	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	5.44	8	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.15	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	6.34	8	2
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	7.08	12	3
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	7.74	15	3
Emesis [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	7.08	12	3
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	7.74	15	3
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.98	3	1
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	2.15	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.08	5	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	5.39	5	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.9	15	2
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.67	10	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	2.04	1	0
Facial Hemiatrophy A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.	2.04	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	7.15	5	3
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	7.27	6	3
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	7.15	5	3
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	7.27	6	3
Atelectasis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.69	3	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.88	4	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	3.43	1	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.05	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.39	7	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.05	1	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.05	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.2	6	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.05	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	2.05	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	4.36	2	2
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.	2.05	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	9.49	9	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	7.05	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.23	6	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	9.47	35	3
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	2.05	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	9.47	35	3
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	2.05	1	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	5.52	9	2
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.09	5	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	8.08	5	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.05	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	4.51	25	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.38	2	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	6.34	8	2
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	6.34	8	2
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	6.07	8	4
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.69	20	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	6.07	8	4
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.42	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.41	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.47	5	1
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	1.92	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	9.25	41	1
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dysphonia Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.	2.06	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	7.95	4	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.95	4	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	4.84	4	2
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	4.84	4	2
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.06	1	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.06	1	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	7.06	1	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	2.06	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	7.75	6	4
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	7.75	6	4
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.7	3	0
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	2.06	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	17.37	44	9
Back Ache [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	4.71	2	1
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	2.06	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	5.98	5	2
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	5.98	5	2
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.06	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.38	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	4.6	6	1
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.88	4	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.23	6	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	12.79	26	3
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	7.79	26	3
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.07	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.44	2	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.07	1	0
Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).	2.07	1	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	5.27	2	2
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.01	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.33	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.65	3	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.91	4	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	2.38	2	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	2.38	2	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.4	2	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.89	4	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.39	2	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.01	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	10.29	13	1
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	2.69	3	0
Inadequate Velopharyngeal Closure [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	3.39	1	1
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.01	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.38	2	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.01	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.37	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.01	1	0
Injuries, Teeth [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	12.52	15	4
Sore Throat [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	4.07	3	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.06	5	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	8.99	29	1
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	4.31	1	1
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	4.31	1	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.42	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	5.05	10	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.75	2	1
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.05	10	1
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	3.8	2	1
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	3.24	6	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	3.24	6	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	3.61	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.93	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.38	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.4	2	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.33	2	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.85	4	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	8.38	26	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	6.22	10	4
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	1.93	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	1.93	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.33	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.34	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	1.93	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	6.93	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	3.34	7	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	1.93	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	7.63	3	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.63	3	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.63	3	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.77	4	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.36	2	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.93	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.86	4	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.06	5	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.34	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.36	2	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	6.93	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.85	4	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	6.93	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	5.42	25	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	5.42	25	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	1.93	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	3.74	11	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	3.74	11	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.34	2	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.87	4	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	7.35	10	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	7.35	10	1
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.63	3	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	3.04	5	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	3.2	6	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.34	2	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	3.74	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	7.36	38	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	7.36	38	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	9.85	8	1
Infection [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	4.44	5	1
Paragonimiasis Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.	2.34	2	0
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	7.34	2	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	5.6	13	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	8.05	5	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.76	2	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	3.73	11	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	3.45	8	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	3.73	11	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.94	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.87	4	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	5.03	6	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	5.03	6	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	1.93	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	7.65	3	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.96	14	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2.43	2	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	2.38	2	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.92	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	6.92	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2.34	2	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.02	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.43	2	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	2.02	1	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.02	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.93	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	3.76	2	1
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	3.4	1	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	3.4	1	1
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.67	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.02	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	4.04	3	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2.02	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.39	2	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.02	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	2.66	3	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.41	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.39	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.02	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.57	9	0
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	4.04	3	1
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	1.95	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.65	3	0
Sick Building Syndrome A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.7	3	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.03	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.7	3	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	4.33	1	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	5	3	1
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	4.33	1	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	5	3	1
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	3.41	1	1
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.33	1	1
MODS [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.42	2	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.33	7	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.44	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	3.09	5	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.71	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.65	3	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.03	1	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	3.42	1	1
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.4	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.67	3	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	4.68	2	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Bone Cysts Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.	7.37	6	3
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	8.72	12	4
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	8.72	12	4
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	6.58	8	7
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Acrania [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Amniotic Band Syndrome A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.	2.03	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.03	1	0
Varices [description not available]	5.86	9	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	5.86	9	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.88	4	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.43	1	1
Aura [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.04	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.66	3	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.04	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.86	4	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.33	7	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.94	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	1.94	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	1.94	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	8.55	9	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	3.55	9	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.63	3	0
Erythremia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	2.64	3	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.97	5	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	1.94	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	3.2	6	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.86	4	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	8.73	2	1
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	3.21	6	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.87	4	0
Antithrombin 3 Deficiency [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Antithrombin III Deficiency An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.	1.95	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	5.87	9	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	5.87	9	1
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	1.96	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	7.74	6	4
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	6.14	23	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	6.14	23	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	10.64	51	4
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	10.64	51	4
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	1.95	1	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	3.28	2	0
Indigestion [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	4.03	3	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	4.95	15	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.36	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	4.95	15	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	4.57	10	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	9.03	25	4
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	4.57	10	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.35	7	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	6.11	14	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	6.11	14	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.88	4	0
Diverticula [description not available]	5.91	18	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	1.95	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	4.25	4	1
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	4.66	2	1
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Sigmoid Colon Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	3.75	2	1
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	7.35	33	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	4.59	6	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	7.35	33	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.87	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	10.44	61	7
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	15.44	61	7
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	3.2	6	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	1.96	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.96	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	2.37	2	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.37	2	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	3.29	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	7.53	15	4
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	1.96	1	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.75	2	1
Ametropia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	1.96	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	4.82	13	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.13	11	1
Farmer's Lung A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.	6.96	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	5.17	7	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	2.66	3	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	5.17	7	0
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	1.96	1	0
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	1.96	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	1.96	1	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	3.3	2	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.03	3	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.87	4	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	2.64	3	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.2	6	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	7.64	3	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	2.36	2	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	2.67	3	0
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	1.98	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.65	3	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.68	3	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	4.34	2	2
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.87	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	7.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.98	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	1.98	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	4.63	3	2
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	4.63	3	2
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	4.28	4	1
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.67	3	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.36	2	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	1.98	1	0
Sycosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	2.39	2	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	1.98	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	1.98	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	1.98	1	0
Microglossia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	4.3	20	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	4.3	20	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.06	5	0
Cramp [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	3.76	2	1
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.38	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	1.98	1	0
Cyst, Dental Root [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	4.05	3	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	5.54	3	2
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	5.54	3	2
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	4.63	3	2
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.98	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.65	3	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.98	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.98	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	4.7	2	1
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	3.37	1	1
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	3.37	1	1
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.36	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	3.37	1	1
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	1.99	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	1.99	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	3.37	1	1
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	3.37	1	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	4.05	3	1
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	4.7	2	1
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	2.91	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	3.38	1	1
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	1.99	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.38	1	1
Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.	8.38	1	1
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	1.99	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	1.99	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.47	8	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1.99	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.79	4	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	1.99	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	1.99	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	4.3	1	1
Acetonemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	8.45	8	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.69	3	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	4.06	3	1
CKD-MBD [description not available]	2	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2	1	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	2	1	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.4	2	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2	1	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	2.37	2	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.92	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	3.76	2	1
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	7.41	2	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include EOSINOPHILIA, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn WD, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)	2	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2	1	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2	1	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	2	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	2	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.65	3	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.01	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.37	2	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.35	2	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	3.56	3	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	1.95	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	4.88	5	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	4.88	5	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	3.2	6	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.35	2	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	1.95	1	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	1.95	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	3.27	2	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	3.27	2	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	3.04	5	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	1.95	1	0
Dental Granuloma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	1.95	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.87	4	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	8.2	6	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.95	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	1.95	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.65	3	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	1.95	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	3.74	2	1
Amentia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.35	2	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.35	2	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.95	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Childhood Torsion Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	1.95	1	0
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	1.95	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)	1.95	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.65	3	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	1.95	1	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	2.64	3	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.36	2	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	1.95	1	0
Amelia [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.86	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	1.95	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	3.06	5	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.35	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	1.95	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.35	2	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	3.2	6	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.95	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.95	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.35	2	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	2.89	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.67	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	1.98	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	2.86	4	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	3.56	3	0
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.97	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.44	5	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.44	5	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.89	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	3.57	3	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	1.97	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	1.97	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	7.38	2	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cyclitis, Heterochromic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	1.97	1	0
Iridocyclitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.	1.97	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	1.97	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	1.97	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	1.96	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	9.09	16	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	4.96	3	3
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	1.97	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.35	2	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	1.97	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.05	5	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	1.97	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	1.97	1	0
Epiphora [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	1.97	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	1.97	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	1.97	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	3.35	1	1
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	2.64	3	0
Periapical Diseases Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.	1.97	1	0
Periapical Cyst [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.64	3	0
Cervix Erosion [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Apudoma A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification.	1.96	1	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	1.96	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	1.96	1	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	6.96	1	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	1.96	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.37	2	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.96	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	1.96	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	1.96	1	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	1.96	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	4.24	7	0
Aleutian Disease of Mink [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	2.86	4	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	1.95	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	1.95	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	1.95	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	5.93	26	1
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	3.81	12	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.35	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	1.95	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	1.95	1	0
Rida [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.04	5	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.34	7	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	2.34	2	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.86	4	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.64	3	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.63	3	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.63	3	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1.94	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	1.94	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.35	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.04	5	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1.94	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	1.94	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.04	5	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.35	2	0
Acariasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.35	2	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.63	3	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Alastrim [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	1.94	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	2.35	2	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.95	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	2.64	3	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dentigerous Cyst Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.	1.95	1	0
Nonodontogenic Cysts Cysts formed from epithelial inclusions in the lines of fusion of the embryonic processes which form the jaws. They include nasopalatine or incisive canal cyst, incisive papilla cyst, globulomaxillary cyst, median palatal cyst, median alveolar cyst, median mandibular cyst, and nasoalveolar cyst.	1.95	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.35	2	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.86	4	0
ALDOB Deficiency [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic [description not available]	2.63	3	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.35	2	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.86	4	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	1.94	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	1.95	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	1.95	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.95	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.95	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	1.95	1	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.94	1	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.35	2	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	1.94	1	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.35	2	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	1.94	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	1.94	1	0
Synovioma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	1.94	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	1.94	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	1.95	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.35	2	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	1.95	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.63	3	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	1.95	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	1.95	1	0
Harelip [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Angle's Classification [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.64	3	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.86	4	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	1.95	1	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	2.86	4	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	1.94	1	0
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	1.94	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	1.94	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	1.94	1	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	1.94	1	0
Blennorrhea, Inclusion [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.	2.35	2	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	1.94	1	0
Avian Reticuloendotheliosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.35	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	1.95	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	1.95	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.35	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.95	1	0
Christmas Disease [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	2.63	3	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	1.95	1	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	1.95	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	1.95	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	1.95	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	1.95	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.35	2	0
Cacchi Ricci Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	1.94	1	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	1.94	1	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	1.94	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	1.94	1	0
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.94	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	1.94	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	1.94	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	1.94	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	1.94	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	1.94	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	1.94	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	1.94	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	1.94	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	1.94	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	6.94	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	1.94	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	3.73	11	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	1.94	1	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	1.94	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	1.94	1	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Plasmacytic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Plasma Cell A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.	1.94	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	1.94	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	1.94	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	1.94	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	2.63	3	0
Aerophagy Spasmodic swallowing of air.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1.94	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	1.94	1	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	2.35	2	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	1.94	1	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	1.94	1	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	2.35	2	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.94	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	1.94	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	1.94	1	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	2.34	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	1.94	1	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	1.94	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	1.94	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.34	2	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	1.94	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.94	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2.35	2	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.94	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	1.94	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.	1.94	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	1.94	1	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	1.94	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	1.94	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.94	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	2.34	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	2.08	1	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.62	3	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	1.94	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	1.97	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.96	1	0

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