holmium profile

Holmium (Ho) is a rare earth element. It is a silvery-white, malleable, and ductile metal. It is found in small quantities in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. Holmium is not found in nature in its pure form. It is obtained by reducing holmium oxide with lanthanum. Holmium has a wide range of applications, including:
* Lasers: Holmium lasers are used in medicine for surgery, dentistry, and dermatology. They are also used in industry for cutting, welding, and drilling.
* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Holmium isotopes are used as contrast agents in MRI.
* Nuclear Reactors: Holmium is used as a control rod material in nuclear reactors.
* Neutron Capture Therapy: Holmium-166 is used in neutron capture therapy, a type of cancer treatment.
* Other Applications: Holmium is also used in making high-intensity magnets, in optical fibers, and in certain types of glass.
Holmium is an important element for research because of its unique properties. For example, holmium has a high magnetic moment, which makes it useful in magnetic materials. Holmium also has a high neutron capture cross section, which makes it useful in nuclear applications.
Holmium is a relatively expensive element, but it is becoming more widely available as new extraction and purification techniques are developed.'

Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Products

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	23988
CHEBI ID	49648
MeSH ID	M0010492

Synonym
AKOS015833253
HO ,
holmium
holmium atom
holmium, chips, 99.9% trace metals basis
holmium, ingot, 99.9% trace metals basis
holmio
CHEBI:49648
7440-60-0
67ho
w1xx32sqn1 ,
unii-w1xx32sqn1
einecs 231-169-0
holmium [mi]
holmium, elemental
DTXSID3064699 ,
holmium pieces, distilled dendritic
holmium pieces
holmium foil, 1.0mm (0.04in) thick
holmium foil, 0.127mm (0.005in) thick
holmium foil, 0.62mm (0.024in) thick
holmium powder, -200 mesh
mfcd00011049
holmium powder
holmium chips
holmium ingot
holmium foil
holmium foil, 0.025mm (0.001in) thick
holmium, wire reel, 100mm, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.9%
holmium, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 10 x 26 mm, purity 99%
holmium, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99%
holmium, wire reel, 100mm, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.9%
holmium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, rod, 50mm, diameter 6.35mm, cast, 99%
holmium, wire reel, 200mm, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.9%
holmium, rod, 100mm, diameter 6.35mm, cast, 99%
holmium, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.05mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, rod, 2.0 mm diameter, length 50 mm, purity 99%
holmium, foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.05mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, rod, 200mm, diameter 3.8mm, 99%
holmium, wire reel, 200mm, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.9%
holmium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, wire reel, 50mm, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.9%
holmium, powder, 5g, max. particle size 500 micron, 99.9%
holmium, wire reel, 50mm, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.9%
holmium, foil, thickness 0.50 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, tolerance 0.2
holmium, rod, 100mm, diameter 3.8mm, 99%
holmium, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99%
holmium, rod, 50mm, diameter 3.8mm, 99%
holmium, powder, 10g, max. particle size 500 micron, 99.9%
holmium, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium, foil, thickness 0.50 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, tolerance 0.2
holmium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99%
holmium nanofoil
Q1846
AMY22467
ultra thin holmium nanofoil
molybdenum trioxide (moo3) powder
aluminum fluoride (alf3) sputtering targets
dtxcid0047664
holmium metallicum
holmium standard: ho @ 10000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
holmium standard: ho @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
holmium - ho @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Holmium LAS is a viable option for the management of intermediate-sized stones. "	( Laser-Assisted Sialolithotripsy: A Correlation of Objective and Subjective Outcomes. Monga, U; Munjal, M; Rai, D; Rai, V; Verma, J; Walvekar, RR, 2022)	2.16
"Holmium-166 is a high-energy β"	( Activity measurements and determination of nuclear decay data of Bobin, C; Bouchard, J; Chisté, V; Collins, SM; Dryák, P; Fenwick, A; Keightley, J; Lépy, MC; Lourenço, V; Robinson, AP; Sochorová, J; Šolc, J; Thiam, C, 2019)	1.96
"Holmium-166 ((166)Ho) is a neutron-activated radioactive isotope whose effectiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was first reported in a preclinical study in 1991. "	( Phase II study of transarterial holmium-166-chitosan complex treatment in patients with a single, large hepatocellular carcinoma. Choi, HJ; Kim, E; Kim, JH; Lee, JD; Lee, JT; Moon, YM; Park, K; Park, KB; Sohn, JH; Yoo, NC, 2009)	2.08
"Holmium laser is an effective and safe therapy for recalcitrant verruca vulgaris. "	( Treatment of facial recalcitrant verruca vulgaris with holmium: YAG laser: an update. Liu, S; Yang, C; Yang, S, 2013)	2.08
"The holmium:YAG laser is an effective modality for intracorporeal lithotripsy. "	( Effect of pulse width on object movement in vitro using holmium:YAG laser. Bagley, D; Kalra, P; Le, NB, 2007)	1.14
"(166)Holmium-DOTMP is a beta-emitting radiophosphonate that localizes specifically to the bone surfaces and can deliver high-dose radiation to the bone marrow. "	( Results of a retrospective single institution analysis of targeted skeletal radiotherapy with (166)Holmium-DOTMP as conditioning regimen for autologous stem cell transplant for patients with multiple myeloma. Impact on transplant outcomes. Aleman, A; Alexanian, R; Breitz, H; Champlin, R; Christoforidou, AV; Giralt, S; Mendoza, F; Podoloff, D; Qazilbash, M; Roden, L; Saliba, RM; Weber, D; Wendt, R; Williams, P, 2007)	1.07
"A holmium laser is a safe and effective modality of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in patients with significant renal impairment or even obstructive anuria. "	( Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy in patients with renal impairment. Abdalla, MA; Bissada, NK; Elanany, FG; Eltaher, AM; Kumar, U; Safwat, AS; Taha, MI, 2008)	1.43
"The holmium laser is a recent addition to the urologist's armamentarium, being used primarily for the destruction of urinary calculi. "	( Combination holmium and Nd:YAG laser ablation of the prostate: initial clinical experience. Cass, CB; Fraundorfer, MR; Gilling, PJ; Malcolm, AR, 1995)	1.23
"The holmium: YAG laser is a multipurpose device with many potential applications in urology as well as other surgical disciplines."	( Laser prostatectomy with the holmium: YAG laser. Chun, SS; Denstedt, JD; Razvi, HA, 1995)	1.06
"The holmium:YAG laser is a safe, reliable laser with adequate coagulative properties and precise cutting abilities. "	( Retrograde endoureteropyelotomy with the holmium:YAG laser. Initial experience. Biyani, CS; Cornford, PA; Powell, CS, 1997)	1.12
"166Holmium (166Ho) is a radionuclide of rare earth chemical and is known to have antitumor activity. "	( Toxicities of 166Holmium-chitosan in mice. Choi, CH; Chung, YH; Lee, DK; Lee, J; Lee, WY; Moon, EY; Nam, SC; Park, KB; Ryu, JM; Yoon, SJ, 1998)	1.26
"The holmium: YAG laser is a solid-state, pulsed laser that emits light at 2100 nm. "	( The holmium laser in urology. Denstedt, JD; Wollin, TA, 1998)	1.42
"The holmium: YAG laser is a multi-purpose, multi-specialty surgical laser. "	( The holmium laser in urology. Denstedt, JD; Wollin, TA, 1998)	1.42
"The holmium laser is a relatively new multipurpose medical laser that recently became available for use in urology. "	( Holmium: YAG laser resection of the prostate. Bukala, B; Denstedt, JD, 1999)	2.3
"The holmium:YAG is a safe and effective intracorporeal lithotripter when deployed in a retrograde manner in conjunction with a mini-ureteroscope."	( Holmium laser lithotripsy in the management of ureteric calculi. Chin, CM; Ho, SH; Lim, PH; Ng, FC; Peh, OH; Quek, P, 2001)	2.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The holmium laser has a short absorption depth in tissue and possesses excellent properties both in ablation and hemostasis. "	( Holmium laser incision technique for ureteral stricture using a small-caliber ureteroscope. Fukatsu, H; Hibi, H; Honda, N; Mitsui, K; Mizumoto, H; Taki, T; Yamamda, Y, )	2.13
"Holmium: YAG laser has gained its popularity throughout the years and is used to treat sialolithiasis, which helps to overcome the limitations of traditional sialendoscopic lithotripsy for larger-sized salivary stones. "	( Prognostic Factors for the Outcome of Salivary Gland Holmium: YAG Laser Intraductal Lithotripsy. Chen, LC; Chen, PY; Chen, YC; Dang, LH; Hung, SH; Lin, YC; Su, CH; Wang, SJ, 2023)	2.6
"The holmium laser has gained increasing acceptance as being safe and effective for endoscopic lithotripsy."	( Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis after holmium laser lithotripsy. Hu, V; Larkin, G; Muir, G; Stanford, M; Zaidi, F, 2007)	1.08
"The holmium laser has been used most recently to perform a transurethral resection of the prostate in 381 patients to date."	( The use of the holmium laser in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cass, CB; Cresswell, MD; Fraundorfer, MR; Gilling, PJ; Malcolm, AR, 1996)	1.13
"The Holmium laser has now been in clinical use in urology for several years. "	( Urologic applications of the Holmium laser. Dushinski, JW; Lingeman, JE, 1997)	1.15
"The holmium:YAG laser has been verified to be useful for many purposes in urology."	( Transurethral holmium laser resection of the prostate. Iida, S; Matsuoka, K; Noda, S; Shimada, A; Tomiyasu, K, 2000)	1.15
"The holmium laser has proven to be safe and effective in clearing urinary stone burdens of a variety of sizes, sites and compositions in this cohort of patients."	( Experience with the holmium laser as an endoscopic lithotrite. Costello, AJ; Peters, JS; Westcott, MJ, 2000)	1.11
"The holmium laser has various urologic applications. "	( Urologic applications of the holmium laser. Ball, R; Young, GS, 1999)	1.15
"The holmium laser has a short absorption depth in tissue and possesses excellent properties both in ablation and hemostasis. "	( Holmium laser incision technique for ureteral stricture using a small-caliber ureteroscope. Fukatsu, H; Hibi, H; Honda, N; Mitsui, K; Mizumoto, H; Taki, T; Yamamda, Y, )	2.13
"The holmium laser has several advantages over excimer systems and may prove an effective adjunct or alternative to coronary balloon angioplasty."	( Holmium laser angioplasty after failed coronary balloon dilation: use of a new solid-state, infrared laser system. Heuser, RR; Mehta, SS, 1991)	2.2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The Holmium:YAG laser can produce four different biological effects: (1) fragmentation of stones in small fragments that can be retrieved with grasping instruments, thereby increasing the immediate stone-free outcome. "	( Optimal settings for the Holmium: YAG laser in pediatric endourology: Tips and tricks. Boissier, R; Faure, A, 2020)	1.42

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Holmium laser treatment leads to considerable vessel wall injury and results in SMC proliferation in the intimal and medial layer with a maximum of proliferative activity within the first 2 weeks. "	( Vascular injury and time course of smooth muscle cell proliferation after experimental holmium laser angioplasty. Betz, E; Haase, KK; Hanke, H; Hanke, S; Hassenstein, S; Kamenz, J; Karsch, KR; Oberhoff, M; Riessen, R, 1992)	1.95

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The Holmium laser remains a safe and efficacious tool in performing chondroplasty."	( Safe parameters for laser chondroplasty of the knee. Bendel, M; Bonati, AO; Janecki, CJ; Perry, MW, 1998)	0.81
"It is feasible and safe to perform percutaneous DMR with the Biosense system and the channels created with the chosen laser parameters are rapidly sealed with platelet thrombi and at 3 weeks are replaced by well-healed granulation tissue."	( Feasibility and safety of percutaneous laser revascularization using the Biosense system in porcine hearts. Haudenschild, CC; Hong, MK; Kornowski, R; Leon, MB, 1998)	0.3
" Current ureteroscopes are capable of high degrees of deflection, which may stress laser fibers beyond safe limits during lower-pole use."	( Performance and safety of holmium: YAG laser optical fibers. Beiko, DT; Chew, BH; Denstedt, JD; Glickman, RD; Knudsen, BE; Maswadi, S; Stallman, KJ; Teichman, JM, 2005)	0.63
"In the hands of an experienced surgeon, ureteroscopy can be a safe and efficient treatment for ureteral stones in children."	( Safety and outcome of rigid ureteroscopy for management of ureteral calculi in children. El-Assmy, A; El-Kappany, HA; El-Nahas, AR; Eraky, I; Hafez, AT, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to get insight into the toxic effects of holmium-166-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres (Ho-PLLA-MS) which have very interesting features for treatment of liver malignancies."	( Long-term toxicity of holmium-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres in rats. Bakker, CJ; Dullens, HF; Hennink, WE; Krijger, GC; Nijsen, JF; Seppenwoolde, JH; van het Schip, AD; van Rijk, PP; Zielhuis, SW; Zonnenberg, BA, 2007)	0.89
" This approach is effective and safe with an acceptable complication rate."	( Ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy: is this procedure safe in pregnant women with ureteral stones at different locations? Adanur, S; Aksoy, M; Aydın, HR; Bedir, F; Ozbey, I; Yapanoglu, T; Yılmaz, M; Ziypak, T, 2014)	0.74
"Extrahepatic deposition of a (166)Ho scout dose seems to be theoretically safe in most patients."	( Safety of a Scout Dose Preceding Hepatic Radioembolization with 166Ho Microspheres. Bol, GH; de Jong, HW; Lam, MG; Prince, JF; van den Bosch, MA; van Rooij, R, 2015)	0.42
"Holmium: YAG laser is effective and safe in partial nephrectomy."	( [Comparison of validity and safety between holmium: YAG laser and traditional surgery in partial nephrectomy]. Bi, S; Xia, M, 2015)	2.12
"• A holmium-166 scout dose is safe in a clinical setting."	( Safety analysis of holmium-166 microsphere scout dose imaging during radioembolisation work-up: A cohort study. Braat, AJAT; Bruijnen, RCG; Lam, MGEH; Prince, JF; van den Bosch, MAAJ; van Rooij, R, 2018)	1.37
" Nonetheless, HoLEP appears to be a safe and effective procedure in those patients."	( Perioperative Safety in Patient Under Oral Anticoagulation During Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate. Becker, B; Böhme, A; Gross, AJ; Hansen, J; Lehrich, K; Netsch, C; Zacharias, M, 2019)	0.75
"Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy is an effective and safe treatment for broncholithiasis, over a long-term follow up."	( Feasibility and long-term safety of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy in broncholithiasis patients. Cheng, Y; Wang, G; Wang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.62
" Maximum acute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) adverse events were 12 grade 1 and 3 grade 2 for GU, and 3 grade 1 for GI, respectively."	( Toxicity and outcomes after external beam irradiation for prostate cancer in patients with prior holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: Early experience. Cheney, SM; Humphreys, MR; Keole, SR; Laughlin, BS; Narang, GL; Rwigema, JM; Schild, SE; Vargas, CE; Wong, WW, 2023)	1.13
"S-HoLEP is safe and efficacious for patients requiring additional BPH surgical intervention."	( Salvage versus primary holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: trends, outcomes and safety analysis. Cheney, S; Durant, AM; Humphreys, M; Mi, L; Moore, J; Narang, G; Voleti, S; Wu, S, 2022)	1.03
"HoLEP represents a safe and effective treatment option for BPH also in patients with high comorbidity burden."	( Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is safe and effective in patients with high comorbidity burden. Cadenar, A; Di Maida, F; Giudici, S; Grosso, AA; Lambertini, L; Minervini, A; Nardoni, S; Salamone, V; Salvi, M; Tellini, R; Tuccio, A, )	1.57
"While postoperative symptoms and urodynamic parameters improved irrespective of technique, we report significantly less adverse events (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥II vs	( Efficacy, Efficiency, and Safety of En-bloc vs Three-lobe Enucleation of the Prostate: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis. Atzler, M; Ebner, B; Hennenberg, M; Keller, P; Magistro, G; Schott, M; Stief, CG; Tamalunas, A, 2023)	0.91
"While HoLEP in general is a safe and effective procedure, en-bloc enucleation techniques offer better surgical performance."	( Efficacy, Efficiency, and Safety of En-bloc vs Three-lobe Enucleation of the Prostate: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis. Atzler, M; Ebner, B; Hennenberg, M; Keller, P; Magistro, G; Schott, M; Stief, CG; Tamalunas, A, 2023)	0.91
" However, the safe clinical application of this technology requires an understanding of core principles as well as awareness of the safety and technical aspects that can help in protecting patient, surgeon and operating staff."	( Holmium and Thulium Fiber Laser Safety in Endourological Practice: What Does the Clinician Need to Know? Beisland, C; Gjengstø, P; Juliebø-Jones, P; Somani, BK; Ulvik, Ø; Æsøy, MS, 2023)	2.35
"The initial analysis of our results suggests that outpatient HoLEP is a safe and effective alternative with low rate of complications."	( Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) as same-day surgery: A safe and feasible option. Alonso Calvar, L; Blanco Fernández, R; Fernández-Pello Montes, S; González Rodríguez, I; Miranda García, P; Rodríguez Villamil, L; Sánchez Verdes, P; Suárez Sal, PJ, 2023)	2.35
" Our in vitro findings suggest that the Femtosecond laser holds promise as a safe and effective alternative to holmium lasers."	( Femtosecond laser lithotripsy: a novel alternative for kidney stone treatment? Evaluating the safety and effectiveness in an ex vivo study. Dong, C; He, Z; Jiang, S; Liao, W; Song, C; Sun, C; Wang, Y; Xiong, Y; Yang, S, 2023)	1.12

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"166Ho-DOTMP has physical and pharmacokinetic characteristics compatible with high-dose myeloablative treatment of multiple myeloma."	( High-dose 166Ho-DOTMP in myeloablative treatment of multiple myeloma: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and absorbed dose estimation. Bensinger, W; Durack, LD; Eary, JF; Fritzberg, A; Rajendran, JG; Vernon, C, 2002)	0.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To determine the feasibility of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) combined with mechanical morcellation to surgically treat bladder outflow obstruction due to the larger prostate."	( Holmium:YAG laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation: preliminary results. Fraundorfer, MR; Gilling, PJ, 1998)	2.03
"To report our experience with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) combined with mechanical morcellation for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)."	( Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation in 155 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Hurle, R; Manzetti, A; Piccinelli, A; Valenti, S; Vavassori, I; Vismara, A, 2002)	2.05
"From January 2000 to May 2001, 155 consecutive patients with BPH underwent HoLEP combined with mechanical morcellation and were followed up for at least 6 months."	( Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation in 155 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Hurle, R; Manzetti, A; Piccinelli, A; Valenti, S; Vavassori, I; Vismara, A, 2002)	1.76
"HoLEP combined with mechanical morcellation is an efficient surgical intervention for BPH, regardless of gland size."	( Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation in 155 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Hurle, R; Manzetti, A; Piccinelli, A; Valenti, S; Vavassori, I; Vismara, A, 2002)	1.76
" The preliminary data regarding cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA) are encouraging and suggest a possible additive effect of CBA with combination with vascular brachytherapy."	( Intracoronary 166Holmium brachytherapy combined with cutting balloon angioplasty for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. Cho, SY; Choi, D; Jang, Y; Kang, WC; Ko, YG; Lee, JD; Park, S; Rhee, JH; Shim, WH, )	0.47
"To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for treating ureteral calculi combined with acute renal failure."	( [Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy under ureteroscopy for treating urinary caluli combined with acute renal failure]. Ding, J; Peng, KL; Qi, L; Tang, ZY; Zu, XB, 2006)	1.5
"To present a prospectively studied series of patients who underwent second-look flexible nephroscopy combined with holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy under local anesthesia for residual stone removal after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)."	( Second-look Flexible Nephroscopy Combined With Holmium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Lithotripsy Under Local Anesthesia: A Prospective Study. Bantis, A; Gardikis, S; Giannakopoulos, S; Giannopoulos, S; Kalaitzis, C; Touloupidis, S; Zissimopoulos, A, 2017)	0.92
"For patients with a minimal to moderate residual stone burden after PCNL, second-look flexible nephroscopy can be combined with Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy using only local anesthesia."	( Second-look Flexible Nephroscopy Combined With Holmium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Lithotripsy Under Local Anesthesia: A Prospective Study. Bantis, A; Gardikis, S; Giannakopoulos, S; Giannopoulos, S; Kalaitzis, C; Touloupidis, S; Zissimopoulos, A, 2017)	0.71
"To investigate the clinical effect of "3+1" bladder function restoration combined with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with acontractile detrusor (ACD)."	( ["3+1" bladder function restoration combined with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia with acontractile detrusor]. Cai, ZK; Chen, Q; Chen, YB; Gu, M; Liu, C; Peng, YB; Wan, X; Wang, Z; Xu, H, 2017)	0.93
""3+1" bladder function restoration combined with HoLEP produced a desirable effect on BPH with ACD, though its long-term effect remains to be further investigated."	( ["3+1" bladder function restoration combined with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia with acontractile detrusor]. Cai, ZK; Chen, Q; Chen, YB; Gu, M; Liu, C; Peng, YB; Wan, X; Wang, Z; Xu, H, 2017)	0.71
"To assess the clinical effects of transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) combined with Jisheng Shenqi Decoction (HoLEP + JSSD) on BPH."	( [Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with Jisheng Shenqi Decoction for benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Ding, YF; Hu, XN; Wang, W; Yang, GT; Yang, JJ; Yang, ZP; Zhou, X; Zhu, W, 2019)	1.12
" The objective was to determine whether administering remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia would decrease the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression without affecting cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients."	( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)	0.93
"The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of stone baskets combined with flexible ureteroscope holmium laser lithotripsy (FURL) in the treatment of lower calyceal stones (LCS)."	( Retrospective analysis of stone basket combined with flexible ureteroscope holmium laser lithotripsy in the treatment of lower calyceal stones. Jinhua, D; Wanlin, D, 2022)	1.17
"Stone basket combined with FURL is safe and feasible for the treatment of LCS, which can improve the stone clearance rate and reduce the risk of steinstrasse formation after the operation."	( Retrospective analysis of stone basket combined with flexible ureteroscope holmium laser lithotripsy in the treatment of lower calyceal stones. Jinhua, D; Wanlin, D, 2022)	0.95

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" When the Holmium:YAG laser is used at an optimal dosage (optimal joule and Hertz) with an optimal technique (keeping the handpiece at an appropriate angle and distance) and for an optimal time (avoiding overtreatment), it does not cause osteonecrosis."	( Does the Holmium:Yag laser cause osteonecrosis? Atik, OS; Tali, T, 1999)	1.12
"When Ho:YAG laser is used in optimal dosage (optimal joule and Hertz) with optimal technique (keeping the handpiece at an appropriate angle and distance) and avoiding overtreatment, it does not cause cartilage damage."	( Histological alterations after irradiation of cartilage using Ho:YAG laser. Atik, OS; Eksioglu, F; Erdogan, D; Korkusuz, F; Omeroglu, S; Uslu, MM, 2003)	0.32
" By observing the change of root tips and calculating the frequency of micronucleus (FMN), the frequency of chromosomal aberrations(CAF) and mitosis index (MI),we find that the dosage below 4mg/L (expressed by concentration of holmium trioxide) could accelerate the growth of root tips of Vicia faba."	( [Research on the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of rare-earth element holmium to Vicia faba]. Bo, J; Qu, A; Wang, CR, 2004)	0.74
" Furthermore, the shape and size of the products can be further manipulated by adjusting the dosage of Cit(3-) and pH values in the initial solution."	( Highly uniform and monodisperse GdOF:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Tm, Dy, Ho, Sm) microspheres: hydrothermal synthesis and tunable-luminescence properties. Cheng, Z; Geng, D; Kang, X; Li, X; Lian, H; Lin, J; Shang, M; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" No influence of the anti-reflux catheter on the dose-response rate was found."	( Use of an anti-reflux catheter to improve tumor targeting for holmium-166 radioembolization-a prospective, within-patient randomized study. Bastiaannet, R; Braat, AJAT; Bruijnen, RCG; de Keizer, B; Lam, MGEH; Smits, MLJ; van den Hoven, AF; van Roekel, C, 2021)	0.86
"Dexmedetomidine administration has no influence on postoperative cognitive dysfunction but could reduce both the dosage of remifentanil and propofol needed during ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy and the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression in elderly patients."	( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)	1.12

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Vitamins & Supplements	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Heaven Sent Wellgenix Balanced Essentials + Plus Liquid Vitamins Berry -- 32 fl oz	Heaven Sent	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, Antimony, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Kelp, Barium, Beryllium, Biotin, Bismuth, Boron, Bromide, Omega 3, Cerium, Cesium, Chromium, citric acid, Cobalt, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Fluoride, Folate, Gadolinium, Gallium, Vitamin E, Glycine, Gold, Hafnium, Histidine, Holmium, Inositol, Iodine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Lanthanum, Leucine, Calcium Carbonate, Lithium, Lutetium, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, Nickel, Niobium, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Praseodymium, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Rhenium, Riboflavin, Rubidium, Samarium, Scandium, Selenium, Serine, Silicon, Silver, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Terbium, Thallium, Thiamin, Thorium, Threonine, Thulium, Tin, Titanium, Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zirconium	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Class	Description
lanthanoid atom
f-block element atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	43 (3.97)	18.7374
1990's	218 (20.11)	18.2507
2000's	266 (24.54)	29.6817
2010's	297 (27.40)	24.3611
2020's	260 (23.99)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	107 (9.43%)	5.53%
Reviews	92 (8.11%)	6.00%
Case Studies	54 (4.76%)	4.05%
Observational	9 (0.79%)	0.25%
Other	873 (76.92%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	7.69	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	1.95	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.06	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.36	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.46	8	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.04	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.09	19	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	8.39	1	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.6	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.01	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.01	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.39	2	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.01	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.69	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.94	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.96	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.06	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.72	3	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.44	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.09	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.11	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.52	8	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	1.93	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	1.99	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.41	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.6	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.03	1	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	8.39	1	1	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	1.94	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	1.99	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.15	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	2	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	8.8	1	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.96	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	1.99	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	7.6	1	0	amino acid
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	7.71	3	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	1.99	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.03	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.37	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.95	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.03	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.41	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	1.95	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.11	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	1.99	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
siderite ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.	2.03	1	0	carbonate mineral; carbonate salt; iron molecular entity; one-carbon compound
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is a metabolite of methyl tertiary-butyl ether.	2.41	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	2.43	2	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.73	3	0
germanium oxide germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2	2.08	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.74	3	0	zinc molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.03	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.13	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.03	1	0	carbon oxoanion
dysprosium Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.	5.71	27	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.25	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	9.49	24	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	4.38	21	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.05	1	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.15	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neptunium Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.	2.07	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	10.47	51	2	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.07	1	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.97	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	4.09	16	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
promethium Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.	3.48	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	5.67	10	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2	1	0	cobalt group element atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.42	22	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	3.35	7	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.46	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.25	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.45	2	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	4.21	18	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	15.95	118	17	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	10.36	7	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	3.11	5	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2.07	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	5.04	5	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.66	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	4.45	5	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	7.07	45	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	4.32	20	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.72	30	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.79	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	1.99	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	10.18	46	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	14.37	140	6	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.15	5	0	titanium group element atom
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	1.99	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	1.99	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.74	3	0	calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.45	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	1.94	1	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.44	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
fluorine monoxide [no description available]	2.95	4	0	oxygen halide
lead fluoride lead fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.1	1	0
zinc fluoride [no description available]	2.49	2	0
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.57	8	0	tellurium oxoacid
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.01	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.05	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	2.08	1	0
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.08	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
fluorides [no description available]	4.25	17	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	1.94	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.08	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	4.96	8	1	organic calcium salt
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	8.8	1	1	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.96	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.53	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
tellurium dioxide [no description available]	2.44	2	0
barium fluoride barium fluoride: detector material used in position emission tomography (PET) cameras	2.48	2	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	1.95	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.59	2	0
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.15	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenanthroline
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.11	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
goethite [no description available]	2.03	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.78	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.94	4	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	11.61	22	4
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.01	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
dysprosium dtpa dysprosium DTPA: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not available 6/88	1.98	1	0
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.21	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical; has been complexed with gadolinium (see Gd-DOTP) and holmium	8	8	5
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.78	3	0
gadolinium oxide gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3	2.07	1	0
potassium titanylphosphate [no description available]	4.63	3	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.25	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.42	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.72	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.13	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
lithium fluoride lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P	2.07	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.05	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	1.98	1	0	peptide
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	7.69	3	0
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.36	2	2	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.05	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxypyridin-2-one 3-hydroxypyridin-2-one: structure in first source	7.04	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.11	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.96	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
cystine [no description available]	7.69	3	0
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	7.71	3	0
erbium oxide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.21	1	0
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.6	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	8.8	1	1	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.38	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.69	3	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	8.71	56	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.98	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.99	4	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.08	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.02	4	0	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.44	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.82	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	3.09	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
acetyl acetonate [no description available]	4.68	10	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.76	3	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.37	2	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	1.95	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	3.01	4	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	4	13	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	8.64	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	4.38	6	0
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	2.51	2	0
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	1.99	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.95	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chitosan [no description available]	4.93	4	2
lithium niobate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.03	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.11	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.	2.11	1	0	aldonolactone phosphate
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.08	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.09	1	0
soda lime soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant	2.03	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.96	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	1.95	1	0
lutetium lu 177 dotatate 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist	5.94	2	2
eye [no description available]	7.13	1	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.97	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	14.43	69	10
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	18.48	217	26
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	14.43	69	10
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	18.48	217	26
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	6.73	12	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	11.68	58	12
Kidney Stones [description not available]	11.2	61	3
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	16.2	61	3
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	7.64	19	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	9.2	21	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	9.2	21	2
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	7.77	10	1
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	7.77	10	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	9.72	18	3
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	9.72	18	3
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	5.61	9	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.8	1	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.12	5	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	5.29	12	1
Salivary Gland Calculi Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.	4.92	6	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	5.29	12	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	4.63	6	1
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	4.63	6	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	11.86	9	3
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	14.93	59	19
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	14.93	59	19
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	6.3	7	2
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Diverticula [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.83	9	3
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.83	9	3
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	9.87	18	6
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.47	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.41	1	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	7.67	18	1
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	9.74	6	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	8.05	11	1
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	11.62	38	3
Impotence [description not available]	6.49	9	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	6.49	9	1
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	3.98	4	0
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	4.3	5	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	3.98	4	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	4.64	4	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	4.64	4	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	4.08	5	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	2.6	1	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.6	1	0
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	3.52	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	14.37	10	5
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	9.37	10	5
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	7.6	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Ureterocele A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.	7.6	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	7.6	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.6	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.6	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	2.6	1	0
Debility [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	6.5	11	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.76	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	7.15	12	3
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.79	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pain, Procedural Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.	2.21	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.22	4	1
Prostatism Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.	4.04	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Ache [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.64	1	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.12	3	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	7.52	11	1
Genital Warts [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	2.69	2	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	7.59	5	2
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	4.94	8	1
Kraurosis Vulvae [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.	7.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.9	13	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.91	13	2
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.25	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.34	4	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	5.55	11	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	5.55	11	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	4.74	2	1
Calculosis [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.57	2	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2.8	3	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.61	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	5.26	4	1
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.26	4	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.17	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6.19	6	2
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	11.19	6	2
Bladder, Underactive [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.15	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	3.93	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	3.93	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	5.69	3	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	5.69	3	2
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	5.89	13	2
Cancer of Head [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	4.05	5	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.17	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	7.36	10	2
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	7.36	10	2
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.21	1	0
Hematospermia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	2.17	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	7.17	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.52	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.17	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	3.87	4	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.21	1	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	2.48	2	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	2.08	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4.67	6	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4.67	6	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.09	5	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	7.71	5	4
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	7.71	5	4
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Paget Disease, Extramammary A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)	2.1	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	4.31	4	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.11	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	2.13	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.13	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.4	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	7.92	7	4
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.5	1	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.7	3	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	7.47	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	8.95	10	7
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	13.95	10	7
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.04	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.04	1	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	2.04	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.04	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ureterolithiasis Formation of stones in the URETER.	3.43	1	1
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	2.05	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.91	4	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.05	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	3.84	4	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.48	2	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	2.08	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	8.47	1	1
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	3.47	1	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	5.56	9	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.3	4	1
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	10.56	9	2
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	7.38	10	3
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	5.67	4	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	7.38	10	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	5.67	4	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.01	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.01	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.39	14	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.39	14	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	7.44	4	4
Blood Clot [description not available]	7.44	4	4
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	7.44	4	4
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.44	4	4
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	7.44	4	4
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.25	6	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	12.25	6	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	7.91	4	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.01	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.9	4	0
Granulomas [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	1.93	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.93	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	1.93	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	10.32	7	2
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	5.32	7	2
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.02	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.02	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.7	3	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.7	3	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.16	6	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.68	3	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	5.43	8	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	5.43	8	0
Dacryoadenitis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	4.29	7	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	4.29	7	0
Varices [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	7.02	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.41	8	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.02	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.71	3	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5	3	1
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.94	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.03	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Atresia, Choanal [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	2.94	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.32	2	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	3.32	2	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.03	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	2.03	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	7.03	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.03	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.03	1	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	3.37	1	1
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	5.18	6	2
Mucocele A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)	1.98	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	1.98	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	1.98	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.39	2	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	3.09	5	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	1.98	1	0
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	5.95	5	2
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	1.98	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	1.98	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	1.98	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	5.45	3	1
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	5.45	3	1
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	6.59	7	3
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	6.59	7	3
Back Ache [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	3.77	2	1
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.21	4	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.9	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	3.31	2	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	1.98	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	4.48	5	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	1.99	1	0
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.66	3	0
Tennis Elbow A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.	1.99	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	4.69	2	1
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	1.99	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	1.99	1	0
Glenohumeral Dislocation [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Farsightedness [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.47	5	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	1.99	1	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.39	2	0
Leukoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	1.99	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	7.39	2	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	1.99	1	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	3.37	1	1
Bowen Disease [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	3.38	1	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	3.38	1	1
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	1.99	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	1.99	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	1.99	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.07	3	1
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	1.99	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.38	1	1
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	3.77	2	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.34	2	2
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	4.28	4	1
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	3.38	1	1
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	4.28	7	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	1.99	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	1.99	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	8.79	2	1
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	1.99	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	1.99	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Neurilemoma [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	3.38	1	1
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	8.38	1	1
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	3.38	1	1
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	3.38	1	1
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	1.98	1	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	1.98	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2	1	0
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2	1	0
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	2	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.01	1	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.67	3	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	1.98	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	1.98	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.98	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	1.98	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.98	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	1.97	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.95	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.94	1	0

holmium

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Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

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Research Demand Index: 72.02

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holmium

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (69)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Drug Classes (2)

Research

Studies (1,084)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 72.02

Study Types

Related Drugs (217)

Related Conditions (400)