Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Presbyopia

The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Presbyopia

Research Excerpts

Overview

Excerpt	Reference
"Presbyopia is caused by changes in the visco-elastic properties of the lens or the choroid or both."	( Beers, AP; van der Heijde, GL, 1996)
"Presbyopia is an early manifestation of physiological ageing resulting in the impossibility to read without additional spectacle correction."	( De Laey, JJ; Tassignon, MJ, 2004)
"Presbyopia is characterized by a decline in the ability to accommodate the lens."	( Doki, Y; Endo, S; Funakoshi-Tago, M; Kobayashi, R; Morisita, N; Nagai, N; Nakazawa, Y; Sugiyama, Y; Tamura, H, 2021)

Context

Excerpt	Reference
"Presbyopia has a significant impact on an individual's quality of life and emotional state."	( Davies, LN; Sheppard, AL; Wolffsohn, JS, 2023)

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference
"This special commentary reviews the treatment of presbyopia with a focus on the recently approved medication Vuity (pilocarpine 1."	( Ho, AC; Lee, JK; Meghpara, BB; Mian, SI; Rapuano, CJ, 2022)
"We recognize this paradigm shift in the treatment of presbyopia and anxiously await additional treatment options for this ubiquitous condition."	( Ho, AC; Lee, JK; Meghpara, BB; Mian, SI; Rapuano, CJ, 2022)

Research

Studies (133)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	40 (30.08)	23.3326
1990's	10 (7.52)	12.5806
2000's	20 (15.04)	18.1394
2010's	33 (24.81)	28.8240
2020's	30 (22.56)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
choline	medium	1	1
salicylic acid	low	1	0
lactic acid	low	1	0
thioctic acid	medium	2	1
pyruvaldehyde	low	2	0
melatonin	low	1	0
cyclopentolate	low	4	0
cyproheptadine	low	1	0
erythrosine	low	2	0
2-propanol	low	11	0
pirenoxine	medium	1	1
proxymetacaine	low	1	0
prednisolone	low	1	0
prednisolone acetate	low	1	0
aspartic acid	low	1	0
lysine	low	1	0
physostigmine	low	1	0
phenylephrine	medium	1	1
arginine	low	1	0
acrylic acid	low	1	0
propoxycaine	low	1	0
methysergide	low	1	0
echothiophate iodide	low	2	0
hesperidin	low	1	0
fluorescein	low	1	0
carbonates	low	1	0
trolamine salicylate	low	1	0
fomesafen	low	2	0
vanadates	low	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer	low	1	0
hesperetin	low	1	0
ketorolac tromethamine	low	1	0
htr composite	low	1	0
moxifloxacin	low	1	0
atropine	low	3	0
esculin	low	1	0
latanoprost	low	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate	low	2	0
vitamin b 12	medium	1	1
eye	low	37	0

Protein Targets (516)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	6	0	0	6
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	12	0	0	12
GLI family zinc finger 3	10	0	0	10
AR protein	18	0	0	18
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	10	0	0	10
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	12	0	0	12
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	9	0	0	9
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	19	0	0	19
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	5	0	0	5
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	8	0	0	8
activating transcription factor 6	5	0	0	5
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	10	0	0	10
Histone H2A.x	4	0	0	4
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	3	0	0	3
heat shock protein beta-1	5	0	0	5
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	7	0	0	7
lamin isoform A-delta10	10	0	0	10
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	5	0	0	5
Glutamate receptor 2	6	0	0	6
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	10	0	0	10
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	13	0	0	13
peripheral myelin protein 22	4	0	0	4
Choline O-acetyltransferase	0	1	0	2
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	8	0	0	8
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
thioredoxin reductase	8	0	0	8
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	5	0	0	5
NFKB1 protein, partial	2	0	0	2
GLS protein	7	0	0	7
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	6	0	0	6
alpha-galactosidase	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	6	0	0	6
chromobox protein homolog 1	7	0	0	7
flap endonuclease 1	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	3	0	0	3
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	4	0	0	4
lethal factor (plasmid)	4	0	0	4
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	1	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	0	0	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	1	3
Cationic amino acid transporter 3	0	2	0	2
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	7	0	0	7
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	6	0	0	6
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	2	0	0	2
arylsulfatase A	5	0	0	5
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	9	0	0	9
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	0	0	1	1
Excitatory amino acid transporter 4	0	1	0	1
Glutamate transporter homolog	0	0	1	1
Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	4	0	5
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	4	0	5
N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	1	0	1
Excitatory amino acid transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	1	0	1
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2	0	0	1	1
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	1	0	1
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	5	0	0	5
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	6	0	0	6
pregnane X nuclear receptor	10	0	0	10
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	0	1	0	1
DNA polymerase beta	3	0	0	3
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 1	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	2
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	5	0	5
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	5	0	5
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	6	0	6
Bile salt export pump	0	9	0	9
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	9	4	17
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	8	3	14
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	7	2	14
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	7	2	13
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	7	1	12
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	7	1	12
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	9	3	15
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	8	1	14
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	9	5	18
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	1	2	4
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	8	3	14
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	6	0	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	1	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	3	0	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH	0	0	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	0	3	1	4
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	5	0	5
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	5	0	0	5
acetylcholinesterase	8	0	0	8
GALC protein	1	0	0	1
TDP1 protein	7	0	0	7
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	7	0	0	7
IDH1	3	0	0	3
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	3	0	0	3
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor	3	0	0	3
geminin	7	0	0	7
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	0	2	0	2
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	0	2
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	0	1	3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	0	0	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	3	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 15	0	2	0	2
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Putative Glycine Betaine-binding Abc Transporter Protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, PUTATIVE GLYCINE BETAINE-BINDING ABC TRANSPORTER PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Choline-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	2
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	6	0	7
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	2
High affinity choline transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	1	0	2
Chain A, HADH2 protein	5	0	0	5
Chain B, HADH2 protein	5	0	0	5
ATAD5 protein, partial	4	0	0	4
Fumarate hydratase	2	0	0	2
PPM1D protein	2	0	0	2
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	4	0	0	4
EWS/FLI fusion protein	3	0	0	3
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	11	0	0	11
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	5	0	0	5
cytochrome P450 2D6	9	0	0	9
polyprotein	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	5	0	0	5
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a	3	0	0	3
D(1A) dopamine receptor	3	0	0	3
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	2	0	0	2
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	6	0	0	6
huntingtin isoform 2	2	0	0	2
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	1	0	0	1
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	9	0	0	9
chaperonin GroEL	1	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	1	0	0	1
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	1	0	1
Interferon beta	6	0	0	6
Cellular tumor antigen p53	10	0	0	10
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	5	1	6
Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form	0	1	0	1
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form	0	1	0	1
Angiotensin-converting enzyme	0	2	0	2
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	5	0	5
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	3	1	4
D	0	1	0	1
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	4	0	4
Endothelin receptor type B	0	1	0	1
D(1A) dopamine receptor	0	4	0	4
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	0	0	0	1
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	2	0	2
Endothelin receptor type B	0	1	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	0	2	0	2
D(1B) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	0	4	0	4
D(4) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
Histamine H1 receptor	0	2	1	3
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	4	0	4
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	4	0	4
Spike glycoprotein	5	0	0	5
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	3	0	4
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3	0	2	0	2
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7	0	2	0	2
Ataxin-2	2	0	0	2
Transporter	0	1	0	1
USP1 protein, partial	7	0	0	7
Microtubule-associated protein tau	4	0	0	4
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	8	0	0	8
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	3	0	0	3
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
snurportin-1	1	0	0	1
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	1	0	0	1
Glutathione S-transferase P	0	1	0	1
Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	2	0	0	2
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1	4	0	0	4
Genome polyprotein	0	1	1	2
Luciferase	6	0	0	6
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog	2	0	0	2
SMAD family member 2	5	0	0	5
SMAD family member 3	5	0	0	5
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	1	0	0	1
hypothetical protein, conserved	1	0	0	1
G	3	0	0	3
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	3	0	0	3
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	6	0	0	6
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	7	0	0	7
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	2	0	0	2
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a	1	0	0	1
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a	1	0	0	1
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	4	0	0	4
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	3	0	0	3
Flavin reductase (NADPH)	0	0	1	1
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	3	0	0	3
large T antigen	0	1	0	1
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor	0	2	0	2
Taste receptor type 2 member 16	0	0	0	1
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	4	0	0	4
progesterone receptor	6	0	0	6
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form	0	1	0	1
Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	0	1	1	2
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	3	0	0	3
serine-protein kinase ATM isoform a	1	0	0	1
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	2	0	0	2
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	2	0	0	2
ras-related protein Rab-9A	3	0	0	3
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	5	0	0	5
Carbonic anhydrase 12	0	2	0	2
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 1A1	0	2	0	2
Integrin beta-3	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	2	0	2
Integrin alpha-IIb	2	0	0	2
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	2	1	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	5	0	0	5
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	5	0	0	5
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	0	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	0	0	1
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	2	0	2
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	5	0	0	5
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 1B1	0	2	0	2
GABA theta subunit	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	5	0	0	5
Carboxylic ester hydrolase	0	3	0	3
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	1	0	0	1
Neuraminidase	0	1	0	1
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	3	0	0	3
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	1	0	0	1
carboxy-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase 1 isoform 1	0	1	0	1
Calmodulin-1	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1	0	1	0	1
Substance-P receptor	0	1	0	1
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2	0	1	0	1
Nischarin	0	1	0	1
Substance-K receptor	0	1	0	1
Heparanase	0	0	1	1
Parkin	1	0	0	1
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	1	0	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	3	0	3
beta-2 adrenergic receptor	1	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1	0	1	0	1
15-lipoxygenase, partial	1	0	0	1
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	2	0	0	2
caspase-3	2	0	0	2
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	3	0	0	3
Free fatty acid receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	1	0	1
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1	0	1	0	1
Trypsin	0	1	0	1
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart	0	2	0	2
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-1	0	1	0	1
Coagulation factor VII	0	1	0	1
Aromatase	0	2	0	2
Tissue factor	0	1	0	1
Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte	0	2	0	2
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	2	0	2
Adenosine receptor A1	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7	0	1	0	1
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2	0	0	1	1
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 3	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	1	0	1
Fatty acid-binding protein 5	0	1	0	1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	1	0	0	1
Free fatty acid receptor 4	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast	0	1	0	1
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial	0	2	0	2
interleukin 8	1	0	0	1
ClpP	1	0	0	1
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
M-phase phosphoprotein 8	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	1	0	1
Myeloperoxidase	0	1	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	4	0	4
Cytochrome P450 2C11	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2D6	0	2	0	2
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]	0	2	0	2
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	2	0	2
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Nociceptin receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	3	0	3
Melatonin receptor type 1A	0	2	1	3
Melatonin receptor type 1C	0	0	1	1
Melatonin receptor type 1A	0	1	1	2
Melatonin receptor type 1B	0	2	1	3
Melatonin receptor type 1C	0	1	1	2
Melatonin receptor type 1B	0	1	1	2
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	2	0	0	2
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2	0	0	0	1
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM	0	1	0	1
Histamine H3 receptor	0	1	0	1
endonuclease IV	2	0	0	2
dopamine D1 receptor	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase III, partial	1	0	0	1
hexokinase-4 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
glucokinase regulatory protein	2	0	0	2
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	0	1	0	1
DNA gyrase subunit B	0	1	0	1
DNA gyrase subunit A	0	1	0	2
DNA gyrase subunit B	0	1	0	2
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A	0	1	0	1
DNA gyrase subunit B	0	1	0	1
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	1	0	1
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	0	0	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1	0	1	0	1
DNA gyrase subunit A	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1	0	1	0	1
DNA gyrase subunit B	0	1	0	2
DNA gyrase subunit A	0	1	0	2
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
glp-1 receptor, partial	1	0	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	0	0	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
nonstructural protein 1	1	0	0	1
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	2	0	0	2
Acetylcholinesterase	0	2	0	3
Bile salt export pump	0	2	0	2
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	2	0	3
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Carboxylic ester hydrolase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	1	1	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor DM1	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A13	0	1	1	2
luciferase	0	0	0	1
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	2	0	0	2
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	3	0	0	3
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver	0	1	0	1
Estrogen receptor	0	2	0	2
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	2	1	8
Progesterone receptor	0	2	0	3
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	1	1	2
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	0	1	1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	0	2	0	2
Corticosteroid-binding globulin	0	1	0	1
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	2	1	3
Androgen receptor	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	2	0	2
Glutamine synthetase	0	0	1	1
Androgen receptor	0	1	0	1
Glycine receptor subunit beta	0	2	0	2
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	2	0	2
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	0	2
Histamine H1 receptor	0	0	1	1
Nociceptin receptor	0	0	1	1
Cytochrome P450 2J2	0	1	0	1
Estrogen receptor beta	0	2	0	2
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	1	0	0	1
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	2	0	0	2
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	2	0	2
Estrogen receptor beta	0	0	0	1
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Polyphenol oxidase 2	0	1	0	2
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2	0	0	0	1
Albumin	0	1	0	1
Polymerase acidic protein	0	0	1	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	1	0	1
Stromelysin-1	0	0	1	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH	0	1	0	1
High mobility group protein B1	0	0	1	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	2	0	2
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	0	2	0	4
Estrogen receptor	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 6	0	1	0	1
Cystathionine gamma-lyase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1	0	0	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2	0	0	0	1
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 9	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 7	0	0	0	1
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 20	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3	0	0	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 14	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1	0	0	0	1
Caspase-7	1	0	0	1
caspase-3	1	0	0	1
Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2	0	1	0	1
SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1	0	1	0	1
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	1	0	0	1
hexokinase	0	1	0	1
SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9	0	1	0	1
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform 4	0	1	0	1
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform 1	0	1	0	1
Vif	0	1	0	1
Tat	0	1	0	1
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1	0	1	0	1
bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase/glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor 1	1	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor 3	1	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor 4	1	0	0	1
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	1	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	1	0	1
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	0	1	0	1
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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Presbyopia

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Treatment

Research

Studies (133)

Drugs Studied (54)

Protein Targets (516)