Compounds > aluminum phosphate
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

aluminum phosphate

Description

Aluminum phosphate is a white, odorless, and tasteless inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlPO4. It is a naturally occurring mineral known as variscite. Aluminum phosphate is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications, including as a fire retardant, a catalyst, a filler in plastics and paints, and an adsorbent. It is often used in the synthesis of other aluminum-containing compounds. Aluminum phosphate is also studied for its potential use in various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation. Its importance lies in its unique properties, such as its thermal stability, its ability to absorb water, and its catalytic activity.'

aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID64655
CHEMBL ID3833315
MeSH IDM0059957

Synonyms (56)

Synonym
aluminum phosphate (usp)
D02862
7784-30-7
phosphaljel (tn)
aluminum acid phosphate
aluminiumphosphat [german]
phosphaljel
aluphos
aluminium orthophosphate, natural
phosphoric acid, aluminum salt (1:1)
aluminum phosphate (1:1)
aluminophosphoric acid
aluminum phosphate
aluminum monophosphate
einecs 232-056-9
ffb 32
monoaluminum phosphate
phosphalugel
aluminum phosphoric acid
aluminum dihydrogen phosphate
unii-f92v3s521o
f92v3s521o ,
aluminum phosphate [usp]
aluminiumphosphat
aluminium orthophosphate
ec 232-056-9
FT-0622223
aluminium phosphate
aluminium phosphate gel [ep monograph]
aluminum phosphate gel
aluminum phosphate [mi]
aluminum phosphate [vandf]
aluminium phosphate (1:1)
aluminium phosphate [who-dd]
aluminum phosphate [usp impurity]
aluminium phosphate gel
aluminium phosphate [mart.]
phosphoric acid, aluminium salt (1:1)
AKOS015856690
ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K
DTXSID5064839 ,
98499-64-0
aluminumphosphate
mfcd00003430
aluminum phosphate, puratronic
CHEMBL3833315
56574-68-6
phosphoric acid, aluminum salt, basic
DB14517
aluminum monophosphate; aluminum orthophosphate;phosphalutab; phosphaluvet; rehydraphos
alo4p
aluminium phosphate (mart.)
aluminum phosphate (usp impurity)
aluminium phosphoricum
dtxcid6048042
aluminium phosphate gel (ep monograph)

Research Excerpts

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Upon treatment with aluminum phosphate, however, these protein levels were restored to normal gradually over 30-60 d in rats with acid RE (30.4% +/- 2.1% vs 20.5% +/- 2.1%, P > 0.05, treated vs untreated, respectively)."( Interleukin-6, desmosome and tight junction protein expression levels in reflux esophagitis-affected mucosa.
Li, FY; Li, Y, 2009)		0.67

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" From the 2nd day to the next immunization only data about adverse events necessitating a physician's visit or about serious adverse events were collected."( Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine containing aluminum phosphate adjuvant administered at 2, 3 and 4 months of age.
Baldini, A; Ceyhan, M; Kanra, G; Kara, A; Mutlu, B; Ozmert, E; Podda, A; Viviani, S; Yalçin, S; Yurdakök, K, )		0.35
" Nine serious adverse events were reported in seven cases of which none were related to vaccines."( Effect of aluminum adjuvants on safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-CRM197 conjugate vaccine.
Anemona, A; Baldini, A; Bilgili, N; Cengiz, AB; Demiralp, O; Kanra, G; Kara, A; Marchetti, E; Mutlu, B; Ozmert, E; Podda, A; Viviani, S; Yalçin, S; Yurdakök, K, 2003)		0.32
" We conducted a phase II trial of the Bot F vaccine over 3 years in 144 healthy adult volunteers to identify one of three vaccination schedules that was safe and maximally immunogenic for adult volunteers."( Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of type F botulinum toxoid in adult volunteers.
Bodison, SA; DeTolla, LJ; Edelman, R; O'Donnoghue, M; Perry, JG; Wasserman, SS, 2003)		0.32
" In conclusion, the EBA-175 vaccine with adjuvant was safe and immunogenic in malaria-naïve subjects."( Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant nonglycosylated erythrocyte binding antigen 175 Region II malaria vaccine in healthy adults living in an area where malaria is not endemic.
Atmar, RL; Dube, T; El Sahly, HM; Keitel, WA; Lanford, TA; Long, C; Patel, SM; Sim, BK; Thompson, D, 2010)		0.36
"The RSV F nanoparticle vaccine candidate was well tolerated without dose-related increases in adverse events."( Safety and immunogenicity of a Sf9 insect cell-derived respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine.
Boddapati, S; Fries, L; Glenn, GM; Hickman, SP; Kpamegan, E; Lu, H; Piedra, PA; Raghunandan, R; Smith, G; Thomas, DN; Zhou, B, 2013)		0.39
" No serious adverse events were detected and the vaccine was well tolerated by both age groups."( A Reduced Dose Whole Virion Aluminum Adjuvanted Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Is Immunogenic, Safe, and Well Tolerated in Pediatric Patients.
Balaton, G; Torzsa, P; Vajo, P; Vajo, Z, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Subjects were studied after an initial dose given without gastric protection, after ingestion of a single dose given with aluminum phosphate and, lastly, after four days of continuous treatment with this product."( [The bioavailability of ketoprofen (Profenid) administered orally in combination with a gastric protector (aluminum phosphate, Phosphalugel)].
Ambert, D; Bannier, A; Brazier, JL; Tamisier, JN, 1983)		0.69

Bioavailability

The effect of aluminum phosphate on the bioavailability of ranitidine has been investigated in 10 young, healthy volunteers. Results of plasma peak level and its time of occurrence, area under the curve, half-life and elimination constant establish that ketoprofen is not changed by association with aluminum phosphate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Al bioavailability depends on the solubility of the salt ingested as well as on the physicochemical properties of the Al soluble complexes formed in the gi fluid."( Why aluminum phosphate is less toxic than aluminum hydroxide.
Berthon, G; Daydé, S, 1992)		0.84
"The effect of aluminum phosphate on the bioavailability of ranitidine has been investigated in 10 young, healthy volunteers."( Effect of aluminum phosphate on the bioavailability of ranitidine.
Albin, H; Begaud, B; Bistue, C; Perez, P; Vinçon, G, 1987)		1.04
" Results of plasma peak level and its time of occurrence, area under the curve, half-life and elimination constant establish that bioavailability of ketoprofen is not changed by association with aluminum phosphate."( [The bioavailability of ketoprofen (Profenid) administered orally in combination with a gastric protector (aluminum phosphate, Phosphalugel)].
Ambert, D; Bannier, A; Brazier, JL; Tamisier, JN, 1983)		0.67
" During the absorption phase isofezolac plasma levels were slightly decreased in association with isofezolac-aspirin, but bioavailability of isofezolac was not modified."( The effect of antacid and aspirin on the bioavailability of isofezolac in man.
Flouvat, B; Henry, JF; Rocher, I, 1984)		0.27
" The results indicate that aluminium phosphate does not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone."( Effect of aluminium phosphate on the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone.
Albin, H; Bedjaoui, A; Begaud, B; Demotes-Mainard, F; Vincon, G, 1984)		0.27
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concomitant single dose of antacid (aluminium phosphate), or multiple doses of this antacid, administered prior to and with ketoprofen would alter the bioavailability of this non steroidal anti-inflammatory agent."( Bioavailability of ketoprofen in man with and without concomitant administration of aluminium phosphate.
Ambert, D; Bannier, A; Brazier, JL; Tamisier, JN, 1981)		0.26
" Transformation from non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) to apatite phosphorus (AP), which has a higher bioavailability and more extensive industrial applications, was studied at 750-950°C by sewage sludge incineration and model compound incineration with a calcium oxide (CaO) additive."( Transformation of apatite phosphorus and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus during incineration of sewage sludge.
Li, R; Li, Y; Teng, W; Wang, W; Yang, T; Zhang, Z, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The transesterification was optimal at 453 K for 5h with a methanol/oil ratio of 30:1 and catalyst dosage of 5 wt."( Transesterification of soybean oil over WO3 supported on AlPO4 as a solid acid catalyst.
Xie, W; Yang, D, 2012)		0.38
" The hazardous dyes MG and MB removal studied under the various conditions like contact time, dye concentration, temperature, pH and adsorbent dosage to examine the adsorption characteristics of the newly synthesized mesoporous AlPO(4) molecular sieves."( Hazardous dyes removal from aqueous solution over mesoporous aluminophosphate with textural porosity by adsorption.
Devi, MR; Kannan, C; Muthuraja, K, 2013)		0.39
" The present study established the feasibility to formulate a dosage form with improved efficacy and reduced aluminum concentration for vaccination."( Evaluation of synergistic effect of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles and aluminum based adjuvant for improving vaccine efficacy.
Bansal, V; Brahmne, HG; Dalela, M; Kumar, M; Singh, H, 2014)		0.4
"70) and dosage (≥1."( Risk factors for granulomas in children following immunization with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines: A Danish population-based cohort study.
Hoffmann, SS; Hviid, A; Johansen, JD; Thiesson, EM, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (4 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Other2
Snacks, Snacks salés, Amuse-gueules, Blinis1
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränke, Pflanzliche Lebensmittel, Getreide und Kartoffeln, Getreideprodukte, en:Specific products, Teigwaren, en:Products for specific diets, Glutenfrei, Spaghettis1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved

Research

Studies (312)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199068 (21.79)18.7374
1990's47 (15.06)18.2507
2000's110 (35.26)29.6817
2010's75 (24.04)24.3611
2020's12 (3.85)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.65

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index77.65 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.90 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.58 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index136.10 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (77.65)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials31 (9.34%)5.53%
Reviews10 (3.01%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.60%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other289 (87.05%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effectiveness Evaluation of Mixed Gel of Hydrocortisone and Aluminium Phosphate Preventing Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Postoperative Stenosis for Patients With Early Esophageal Cancer Invading More Than 2/3 Esophageal Perimeter [NCT03165344]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-10Completed
[NCT02200237]Phase 2366 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
A Phase I, Multicenter, Observer-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose Escalation Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of the OSP:rTTHc Cholera Conjugate Vaccine in 19 to 45 Years Old Healthy Korean Participants [NCT05559983]Phase 1150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-05Recruiting
Safety and Immunogenicity Study to Evaluate Single- or Two-Dose Regimens Of RSV F Vaccine With and Without Aluminum Phosphate or Matrix-M1™ Adjuvants In Clinically-Stable Older Adults [NCT03026348]Phase 2300 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
Phase I, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Dosage-Escalation Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of EBA-175 RII-NG Malaria Vaccine Administered Intramuscularly [NCT00347555]Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled (Positive and Placebo) Phase I Clinical Trial to Estimate Safty and Immunogenicity of the SCT1000 in Healthy Women Aged 18 to 45 Years [NCT04921111]Phase 1240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-02Recruiting
A Phase 1 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine (V160) in Healthy Adults [NCT01986010]Phase 1190 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-25Completed
Phase IV, Open Label Trial to Evaluate Immunogenicity of Tdap Vaccine in Post-Partum Women to Optimize Vaccination Schedule for Women Who May Have a Subsequent Child [NCT01711645]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-26Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 12
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 18
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 24
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Week 2
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Week 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 12
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 18
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 24
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Week 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Baseline.
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Month 6.
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Week 2.
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Week 6.
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to Pertussis Toxin (PT) at Baseline.
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Month 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Week 2
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Week 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) by ELISA at Week 2
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 18
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 24
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Week 2
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Week 6
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA Geometric Mean Concentrations (GMC) of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Baseline
NCT01711645 (27) [back to overview]ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 12
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued Study Treatment Due to an AE
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Serious Vaccine-Related Adverse Event
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Systemic AE
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Injection-site AE
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Events of Clinical Interest (ECI)
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Concentration of Interferon-Gamma After Stimulation of Whole Blood Sample With Pooled HCMV Antigen Peptides
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Count of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Secreting Interferon-Gamma
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Titer of HCMV-specific Neutralizing Antibody After Vaccinations 1 and 2
NCT01986010 (11) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Titer of HCMV-specific Neutralizing Antibody After Vaccination 3

Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 12

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 12 months after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 12 months after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine552826

[back to top]

ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 18

Blood was collected from participants at 18 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 18 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine15.144.6121.1330.7

[back to top]

ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 24

Blood was collected from participants at 24 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 24 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine10.839.0114.1298.0

[back to top]

ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 6

Blood was collected from participants at 6 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine19.262.4212.3492.8

[back to top]

ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Week 2

Blood was collected from participants at 2 weeks after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 2 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine51.5154.3581.51156.3

[back to top]

ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Week 6

Blood was collected from participants at 6 weeks after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine37.5126.1496.8905.1

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 12

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 12 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 12 months following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine1.62.55.16.9

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 18

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 18 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 18 months following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine1.62.44.66.8

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 24

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 24 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 24 months following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine1.42.24.97.0

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Month 6

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 6 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 6 months following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine1.93.48.110.1

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum IgG by ELISA at Week 6

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 6 weeks after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 6 weeks following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine3.56.719.118.6

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Baseline.

Breast milk (colostrum) was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to the FHA antigen by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL along with the 95% confidence interval. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to vaccination)

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine28.3

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Month 6.

Breast milk was collected from participants at 6 months post vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to the FHA antigen by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL along with the 95% confidence interval. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.2

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Week 2.

Breast milk was collected from participants at 2 weeks post vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to the FHA antigen by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL along with the 95% confidence interval. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 2 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.4

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to FHA at Week 6.

Breast milk was collected from participants at 6 weeks post vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to the FHA antigen by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL. Note that for the FHA at this timepoint, all participants had a concentration of 5, the imputed value for below the LLOQ of the assay (<10), and so the 95% CI is not reported, as there was no measurable variability in the data. The range is reported. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.0

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to Pertussis Toxin (PT) at Baseline.

Breast milk (colostrum) was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to the PT antigen by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL along with the 95% confidence interval. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of the assay was 10. Results of <10 were reported as half the LLOQ (5). (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to vaccination)

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine28.8

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Month 6

Breast milk was collected from participants at 6 weeks after vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to PT and FHA by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL. Note that for the PT at this timepoint, all participants had a value of 5, the imputed value for below the LLOQ of the assay (<10), and so the 95% CI is not reported, as there was no measurable variability in the data. The range is reported. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.0

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Week 2

Breast milk was collected from participants at 2 weeks after vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to PT and FHA by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL. Note that for the PT at this timepoint, all participants had a value of 5, the imputed value for below the LLOQ of the assay (<10), and so the 95% CI is not reported, as there was no measurable variability in the data. The range is reported. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 2 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.0

[back to top]

ELISA GMC of Breast Milk IgA to PT at Week 6

Breast milk was collected from participants at 6 weeks after vaccination for assessment of secretory IgA (sIgA) to PT and FHA by ELISA. Available data at the timepoint were summarized by geometric mean of the concentration as reported in EU/mL. Note that for the PT at this timepoint, all participants had a value of 5, the imputed value for below the LLOQ of the assay (<10), and so the 95% CI is not reported, as there was no measurable variability in the data. The range is reported. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5.0

[back to top]

Geometric Mean Fold Rise in Serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) by ELISA at Week 2

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination and at 2 weeks after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemaggluttinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and fimbrae (FIM) antigens. Antibody concentrations were reported as ELISA units per milliliter (EU/mL). The geometric mean of participants' fold rise in antibody concentrations from baseline to post vaccination was calculated, along with the 95% confidence interval (CI). (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 2 weeks following vaccination

InterventionFold Rise (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine4.88.621.622.4

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Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 18

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 18 months after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 18 months after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine372526

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Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 24

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 24 months after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 24 months after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine121920

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Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Month 6

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 6 months after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 6 months after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine5183429

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Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Week 2

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 2 weeks after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 2 weeks after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine31454334

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Count of Participants With 4-fold Rise in ELISA Antibody Concentrations at Week 6

Blood samples were collected from participants for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens at baseline prior to vaccination and 6 weeks after vaccination. A 4-fold rise in antibody concentration from prior to vaccination was defined as a post-vaccination IgG greater than or equal to 40 EU/mL for participants with baseline IgG concentrations less than the LLOQ (10), or 4 times the baseline IgG concentration for baseline IgG concentrations greater than the LLOQ. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Prior to and 6 weeks after vaccination

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine21444234

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ELISA Geometric Mean Concentrations (GMC) of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Baseline

Blood was collected from participants at baseline prior to vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. Antibody concentrations were reported as ELISA units per milliliter (EU/mL). A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) (<10 EU/mL). The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to vaccination)

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine6.615.920.338.1

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ELISA GMCs of Serum IgG to PT, FHA, PRN and FIM at Month 12

Blood was collected from participants at 12 months after vaccination for assessment of IgG by ELISA against the PT, FHA, PRN and FIM antigens. A value of 5 EU/mL was imputed for results reported as below LLOQ. The geometric mean of participants' concentrations at the timepoint was calculated, along with the 95% CI. (NCT01711645)
Timeframe: 12 months post vaccination

InterventionEU/mL (Geometric Mean)
PTFHAPRNFIM
Adacel® Tdap Vaccine15.146.2141.1368.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued Study Treatment Due to an AE

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol - specified procedure. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, is also an AE. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)0
HCMV + V160 30u IM7.1
HCMV+ V160 100u IM0
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM0
HCMV+ Placebo IM0
HCMV+ V160 30u ID0
HCMV+ Placebo ID0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 100u IM9.1
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 250u IM9.1
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM0
HCMV- V160 30u ID9.1
HCMV- Placebo ID0

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Percentage of Participants With a Serious Adverse Event (SAE)

A serious adverse event is any adverse event occurring at any dose or during any use of Sponsor's product that does the following: results in death; is life threatening; results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity; results in or prolongs an existing inpatient hospitalization; is a congenital anomaly/birth defect; is a cancer; is associated with an overdose; is another important medical event (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to 2 weeks after vaccination on Day 1, Month 1 and Month 6 (up to Day 15, Week 6 and Week 26)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)0
HCMV + V160 30u IM0
HCMV+ V160 100u IM0
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM0
HCMV+ Placebo IM0
HCMV+ V160 30u ID0
HCMV+ Placebo ID0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 100u IM0
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 250u IM0
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM0
HCMV- V160 30u ID0
HCMV- Placebo ID0

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Percentage of Participants With a Systemic AE

A Systemic AE includes, but is not exclusive of, the following AEs: fatigue, myalgia, headache and joint pain (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to 2 weeks after vaccination on Day 1, Month 1 and Month 6 (up to Day 15, Week 6 and Week 26)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)66.7
HCMV + V160 30u IM64.3
HCMV+ V160 100u IM69.2
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM90.0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM90.9
HCMV+ Placebo IM57.9
HCMV+ V160 30u ID80.0
HCMV+ Placebo ID50.0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM66.7
HCMV- V160 30u IM90.0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM70.0
HCMV- V160 100u IM100.0
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM70.0
HCMV- V160 250u IM90.9
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM56.3
HCMV- V160 30u ID100.0
HCMV- Placebo ID100.0

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Percentage of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)

An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol - specified procedure. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, is also an AE. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to 2 weeks after vaccination on Day 1, Month 1 and Month 6 (up to Day 15, Week 6 and Week 26)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)75.0
HCMV + V160 30u IM92.9
HCMV+ V160 100u IM84.6
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM100.0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM100.0
HCMV+ Placebo IM57.9
HCMV+ V160 30u ID100.0
HCMV+ Placebo ID50.0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM75.0
HCMV- V160 30u IM90.0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM90.0
HCMV- V160 100u IM100.0
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM90.0
HCMV- V160 250u IM90.9
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM56.3
HCMV- V160 30u ID100.0
HCMV- Placebo ID100.0

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Percentage of Participants With an Injection-site AE

Injection-site AEs are defined as redness, swelling, and pain/tenderness. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to 2 weeks after vaccination on Day 1, Month 1 and Month 6 (up to Day 15, Week 6 and Week 26)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)58.3
HCMV + V160 30u IM85.7
HCMV+ V160 100u IM69.2
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM80.0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM100.0
HCMV+ Placebo IM26.3
HCMV+ V160 30u ID90.0
HCMV+ Placebo ID0.0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM66.7
HCMV- V160 30u IM80.0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM80.0
HCMV- V160 100u IM90.9
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM90.0
HCMV- V160 250u IM81.8
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM31.3
HCMV- V160 30u ID100.0
HCMV- Placebo ID50.0

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Percentage of Participants With Events of Clinical Interest (ECI)

An event of clinical interest (ECI) is identified as any overdose, elevated liver values meeting threshold criteria (aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase ≥3x upper limit of normal (ULN); total bilirubin ≥2x ULN, and, at the same time, alkaline phosphatase <2xULN). Additionally, confirmed, diagnosed autoimmune conditions are considered ECIs. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)0
HCMV + V160 30u IM0
HCMV+ V160 100u IM0
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV+ V160 250u IM0
HCMV+ Placebo IM0
HCMV+ V160 30u ID0
HCMV+ Placebo ID0
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u IM0
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 100u IM0
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM0
HCMV- V160 250u IM0
HCMV- V160 Placebo IM0
HCMV- V160 30u ID0
HCMV- Placebo ID0

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Geometric Mean Concentration of Interferon-Gamma After Stimulation of Whole Blood Sample With Pooled HCMV Antigen Peptides

In response to HCMV-specific stimulation of whole blood specimens the whole Blood Cytokine Stimulation (WBStim) assay was used to detect the secretion of interferon gamma (IFN -γ) by an ELISA assay. Results are presented for the following HCMV proteins: pp65, IE1, and gB. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Month 7 (1 month after vaccination 3 at Month 6)

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Interventionug/mL (Geometric Mean)
pp65IE1gB
HCMV + V160 30u IM1937040
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM64627
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)1689053
HCMV- Placebo IM or ID556
HCMV- V160 100u IM89407
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM81110
HCMV- V160 250u IM28459
HCMV- V160 30u ID24405
HCMV- V160 30u IM973510
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM24285
HCMV+ Placebo IM or ID1122416
HCMV+ V160 100u IM791364
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM863527
HCMV+ V160 250u IM2112027
HCMV+ V160 30u ID642762

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Geometric Mean Count of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Secreting Interferon-Gamma

In order to evaluate the cellular immune response to the vaccine(s), the HCMV enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was used to detect interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting HCMV-specific cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results are expressed as the frequency of spot forming cells (SFCs) per million PBMCs (SFC/10^6 PBMCs). Results are presented for the following HCMV proteins: pp65, Immediate early Protein 1 (IE1), Immediate early Protein 2 (IE2), Glycoprotein B (gB), and also for purified HCMV virion stock. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Month 7 (1 month after vaccination 3 at Month 6)

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionSFC/10^6 PBMCs (Geometric Mean)
pp65IE1IE2gBVirus
HCMV + V160 30u IM419340101287384
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM886776119105668
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)8198551221951190
HCMV- Placebo IM or ID1912101817
HCMV- V160 100u IM380577146185621
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM13259338686777
HCMV- V160 250u IM512742131135413
HCMV- V160 30u ID114517961941741160
HCMV- V160 30u IM468358221479
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM8659133438268
HCMV+ Placebo IM or ID800200491401357
HCMV+ V160 100u IM138441930911372134
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM1105370722171348
HCMV+ V160 250u IM1206417932531708
HCMV+ V160 30u ID108037932294937

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Geometric Mean Titer of HCMV-specific Neutralizing Antibody After Vaccinations 1 and 2

Serum samples for measuring neutralizing antibodies using the Merck NAb assay were collected at months 1 and 2. The LiCor-based near-infrared dye (NIRDye) In-Cell Western (ICW) HCMV microneutralization assay was used to detect and quantify anti-HCMV neutralizing antibodies. Values below the lower limit of titer are represented by NA. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Month 1 and 2 (one month after vaccination 1 [Day 1] and vaccination 2 [Month 1])

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionGeometric Mean Titer (Geometric Mean)
Month 1Month 2
HCMV + V160 30u IM51865443
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM73143
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)31243144
HCMV- Placebo IM or IDNANA
HCMV- V160 100u IM91288
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM134590
HCMV- V160 250u IM281589
HCMV- V160 30u ID183451
HCMV- V160 30u IM95264
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM65264
HCMV+ Placebo IM or ID23352313
HCMV+ V160 100u IM62326959
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM66957022
HCMV+ V160 250u IM38314261
HCMV+ V160 30u ID91279412

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Geometric Mean Titer of HCMV-specific Neutralizing Antibody After Vaccination 3

Serum samples for measuring neutralizing antibodies using the Merck Neutralizing Antibody (NAb) assay were collected at month 7. The LiCor-based near-infrared dye (NIRDye) In-Cell Western (ICW) HCMV microneutralization assay was used to detect and quantify anti-HCMV neutralizing antibodies. The primary hypothesis was that for HCMV-seronegative participants, at least 1 of the vaccination groups receiving V160 formulated with or without adjuvant would exhibit higher HCMV-specific neutralizing antibody titers than the placebo group. (NCT01986010)
Timeframe: Month 7 (1 month after vaccination 3 at Month 6)

InterventionGeometric Mean Titer (Geometric Mean)
HCMV Seropositive (+) V160 10u Intramuscular (IM)3301
HCMV + V160 30u IM4177
HCMV+ V160 100u IM7740
HCMV+ V160 100u MAPA IM5701
HCMV+ V160 250u IM3535
HCMV+ V160 30u ID8601
HCMV+ Placebo IM or ID2224
HCMV Seronegative (-) V160 10u IM328
HCMV- V160 30u IM1532
HCMV- V160 30u MAPA IM1361
HCMV- V160 100u IM820
HCMV- V160 100u MAPA IM2573
HCMV- V160 250u IM1241
HCMV- V160 30u ID1261
HCMV- Placebo IM or ID20

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4220ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.9540azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzene
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		2.110amino-acid anion
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.0510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.4320tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9910halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.3511monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.0210gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.99102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0710aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0110alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.4420elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.110indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.7330metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.0310gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		3.0910uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0410acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.3511benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.3122aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.9321acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.39111,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		7.3620benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9710maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.3911aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9610benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.0710naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.351111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0710glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0710glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.1510ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.5820organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		2.110acyl chloride
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.8221alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.0710trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
tripropylamine
tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0510tertiary amine
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		2.0410alkaneplant metabolite
tetralin
tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.		2.0510ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon;
tetralins
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.0310tertiary amine
aluminum acetate
[no description available]		1.9910
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.7721calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.110arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.0810organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.0810
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate
hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.		2.110diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.4220
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		1.9810vanadium oxide
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		1.9710carbon oxoanion
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.0210elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.4420copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.0710titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.0710chromium group element atommicronutrient
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.4620cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.0410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.5320chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		2.0610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.0610copper group element atom;
elemental gold
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		1.9810elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		1.9910aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		1.9710sodium phosphate
magnesium phosphate (2:3)
[no description available]		2.110inorganic magnesium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		4.6261calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		4.6261calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		6.36121calcium phosphate
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.4220diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		3.0910calcium phosphate
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		1.9810epoxide
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		8.4170aluminium sulfate
ferric phosphate
ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.		2.9640inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic phosphate;
iron molecular entity
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		2.0310
fluorides
[no description available]		2.0410halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.7821benzenes;
phenyl acetates
aluminum oxide hydroxide
aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O		2.520aluminium hydroxides;
aluminium oxides
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0510
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		3.0910organic calcium salt
chromic phosphate
chromic phosphate: P32 labeled is separate SCR since that is form of major interest		2.0510
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.610organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.2860cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.110
(3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium
(3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium: a cationic lipid; RN refers to bromide salt		2.0110
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.4520oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
strontium phosphate
strontium phosphate: RN given refers to Sr salt without specified ratio		2.110
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		4.6261
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.1310
scorodite
[no description available]		7.0510
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		1.9510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
stearyl tyrosine
stearyl tyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L)-isomer		2.3820
anatoxin a
anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)		2.3320tropane alkaloid
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		1.9710N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		1.9910one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.730triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source		2.0410
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		5.1943C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.0110alkali metal atom
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.6830
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.420prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.6830carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		10.35646boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		2.110alkaline earth metal atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0510metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		1.9810boron group element atom
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.7130carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		4.36190monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0410cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.0110
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		1.9710
aluminum citrate
[no description available]		2.0210
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		1.9710
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.250
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		1.9710organic molecular entity
ferrous phosphate
[no description available]		340
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		5.651dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
zeolites
[no description available]		4.84100
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.520
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		2.0110
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		210hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.4110
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		6.9610
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0110
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0410organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
pyromorphite
[no description available]		2.1710
mannans
[no description available]		210
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1110
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		1.9610
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.3511monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
gpi0100
GPI0100: quillaja saponin semi-synthetic analog; a systemic and mucosal adjuvant, has potential use in the development of vaccines against periodontal, as well as other pathogens		2.0110
quil a
Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus		210
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		6.9310aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
anorthite
[no description available]		2.0410
qs 21
[no description available]		1.9910
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.9640
aluminum hydroxyphosphate
[no description available]		210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		1.9610
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.1150
cord factors
Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.		1.9810
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.3620
quillaja saponins
Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.5820
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.5820
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.4110
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.4110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.2510
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.520
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.2510
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.2510
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.520
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2510
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.2510
Grippe
[description not available]		07.4174
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		07.4174
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1710
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.1710
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.1710
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.1710
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.1710
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		03.8821
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		15.8821
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.3520
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.2760
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.3520
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.110
Lassitude
[description not available]		09.7199
Ache
[description not available]		09.941110
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		09.7199
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		09.7199
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		014.941110
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		09.7199
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.110
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.4320
Metastase
[description not available]		02.1110
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.1110
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.730
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.730
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.1110
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.0410
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.0410
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.4951
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.4951
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.0410
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0410
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.0250
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		03.0250
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.9440
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.0510
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.0510
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		03.63100
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		03.63100
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0510
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		03.4411
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		15.4411
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.5832
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		05.5832
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		03.4511
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		02.0610
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.0710
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.0710
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.4711
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.4711
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.3720
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.3720
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.0710
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.0710
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		05.243
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		010.243
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		07.0110
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		07.3320
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		07.3320
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.6530
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		07.6530
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		01.9310
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		01.9310
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		01.9310
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		01.9310
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		01.9310
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9410
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9410
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9410
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9410
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		01.9410
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		07.6430
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.0210
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.0210
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.0210
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.0210
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.0210
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.0210
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		04.3411
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		04.3411
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9610
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9610
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6630
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.6630
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9610
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		01.9610
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		01.9610
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		01.9610
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.3411
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		08.3411
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9610
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9610
Bile Reflux
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.		01.9610
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9610
Anasarca
[description not available]		01.9810
Itching
[description not available]		01.9810
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		01.9810
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		01.9810
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		01.9810
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3711
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.3711
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		03.3711
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		01.9810
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9810
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		06.9810
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		01.9910
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.9110
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.9110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.9110
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.9110
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.9110
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.3811
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.3811
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.9210
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.9210
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		0210
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		0210
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		01.9710
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		01.9710
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Meniscitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Indigestion
[description not available]		01.9710
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		01.9710
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		01.9710
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		01.9710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		01.9710
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		01.9710
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		01.9610
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		01.9610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		01.9710
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		01.9710
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		03.3511
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