ozone profile

Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE). [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Products

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	24823
CHEMBL ID	2447938
CHEBI ID	25812
MeSH ID	M0015711

Synonym
trisauerstoff
ozon
ozono
[oo2]
CHEBI:25812 ,
trioxygen
trioxygene
o3
ozone
10028-15-6
triatomic oxygen
ccris 4503
ozone heavy work
oxygen, mol (o3)
hsdb 717
ozon [polish]
einecs 233-069-2
66h7zzk23n ,
unii-66h7zzk23n
CHEMBL2447938
ozone [inci]
ozone [mi]
ozone [who-dd]
ozone [fcc]
ozone [hsdb]
CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
DTXSID0021098 ,
DB12510
Q36933
dtxcid001098
oxygen, mol. (o3)
ozone(16o16o16o)
oxygen, mol
(oo2)
ozone (o3)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ozone is a highly reactive environmental pollutant with well-recognized adverse effects on lung health. "	( Identification of an ATP/P2X7/mast cell pathway mediating ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Adouli, J; Bennett, WC; Budney, SD; Chason, KD; Cruse, G; German, Z; Hedgespeth, BA; Hua, X; Jania, CM; Jaspers, I; Kelada, SN; Kong, X; Lazarowski, ER; Oby, BT; Randell, SH; Schworer, SA; Smith, GJ; Tilley, SL; van Heusden, C, 2021)	2.31
"Ozone is considered to be a major phytotoxic pollutant. "	( Potential involvement of proline and flavonols in plant responses to ozone. Boublin, F; Cabassa-Hourton, C; Leitao, L; Leymarie, J, 2022)	2.4
"Ozone is an air pollutant that may play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathoetiology."	( Gene-environment interactions increase the risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis associated with ozone pollution. Aaen, G; Adams, C; Barcellos, LF; Benson, L; Candee, M; Casper, TC; Chitnis, T; Gorman, M; Graves, J; Greenberg, B; Harris, Y; Hart, J; Lavery, AM; Lotze, T; Mar, S; Rensel, M; Rose, J; Shao, XM; Waldman, AT; Waubant, E; Weinstock-Guttman, B; Ziaei, A, 2022)	1.66
"Ozone treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to achieve material disinfection, and this disinfection method is of utmost importance in the present global pandemic. "	( Bacterial and fungal disinfection via ozonation in air. Burns, A; Cusack, M; Epelle, EI; Macfarlane, A; Mackay, W; Rateb, ME; Thissera, B; Yaseen, M, 2022)	2.16
"Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant that causes lung damage and altered functioning. "	( Microvesicle-Derived miRNAs Regulate Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation in the Lung Following Ozone Exposure. Carnino, JM; Cervelli, J; Jin, Y; Kwok, ZH; Laskin, DL; Laskin, JD; Lee, H; Ni, K; Rancourt, RC; Smith, LC; Sunil, VR; Vayas, K, 2022)	2.38
"Ozone (O3) is a reactive gas component of air pollution linked to increased AD risk, but is confined to the respiratory tract after inhalation, implicating the peripheral immune response to air pollution in AD neuropathology."	( The bidirectional lung brain-axis of amyloid-β pathology: ozone dysregulates the peri-plaque microenvironment. Ahmed, C; Block, ML; Dunbar, AL; Greve, HJ; Johnson, JA; Kodavanti, UP; Lombo, CG; Messenger, EJ; Mumaw, CL; Oblak, AL; Thang, M, 2023)	1.88
"Ozone is a potent environmental oxidant with high chemical reactivity and is present in the ambient environment at a low level of a few tens of ppb. "	( Quantitative Evaluation on the Degradation Process of the Pulmonary Surfactant Monolayer When Exposed to Low-Level Ozone of Ambient Environment. Chen, Z; Chiba, H; Hui, SP; Inoue, KI; Qiao, L; Takada, C; Ye, S, 2022)	2.37
"Ozone is a powerful oxidative gas widely used as a green pretreatment to enhance the delignification of cereal straws. "	( Highly digestible nitrogen-enriched straw upgraded by ozone-urea pretreatment: Digestibility metrics and energy-economic analysis. Aghbashlo, M; Arabhosseini, A; Asefpour Vakilian, K; Ghorbani, M; Kianmehr, MH; Li, Q; Pan, J; Sarlaki, E; Tabatabaei, M; Varjani, S; Wang, Y; Wei, D, 2022)	2.41
"Ozone is a primary air pollutant that impairs photosynthesis and reduces crop yields, an effect that received little attention in Taiwan, especially under the context of climate warming. "	( Projecting ozone impact on crop yield in Taiwan under climate warming. Chen, JP; Cheng, CT; Hsieh, PR; Shu, LS; Tsai, IC, 2022)	2.55
"Ozone (O3) is a ubiquitous pollutant known to exacerbate stress through oxidative injury and inflammation."	( Parenchymal and Inflammatory Cell Responses to Single and Repeated Ozone Exposure in Healthy and Surfactant Protein-C Mutant Lung. Armstrong, BS; Deering-Rice, CE; Massa, C; Nguyen, J; Reilly, CA; Venosa, A, 2022)	1.68
"Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that has been widely used in disinfection processes for decades."	( Ozone Eliminates SARS-CoV-2 from Difficult-to-Clean Office Supplies and Clinical Equipment. Blanco, A; Clavo, B; Córdoba-Lanús, E; García-Pérez, O; González-Martín, JM; Lorenzo-Morales, J; Martín-Barrasa, JL; Piñero, JE; Rodríguez-Esparragón, F; Ruiz-Apodaca, F; Serrano-Aguilar, P; Torres-Mata, LB; Villar, J, 2022)	2.89
"Ozone therapy is a really effective biostimulator, that reduces spots and wrinkles. "	( Alternative approach to treating dark circles: A case report. de Barros, TEP; de Campos, FUF; Grillo, R; Jodas, CRP, 2022)	2.16
"Ozone therapy is a safe, inexpensive, and quick treatment for dark circles under the eyes. "	( Alternative approach to treating dark circles: A case report. de Barros, TEP; de Campos, FUF; Grillo, R; Jodas, CRP, 2022)	2.16
"Ozone exposure is an important risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which is a global public health concern. "	( Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress ozone-mediated airway inflammation in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bao, W; Fei, X; Han, L; Hao, H; Xue, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2022)	2.42
"Ozone is an inexpensive, accessible, and easily applicable treatment for OA."	( Efficacy of an Intra-articular Ozone Injection for Chronic Knee Pain Due to Osteoarthritis. Akkemik, U; Aliyev, D; Asik, I, 2023)	1.92
"Ozone is a highly oxidizing, harmful substance in ground-level atmosphere."	( Advances in understanding mechanisms underlying mitochondrial structure and function damage by ozone. Li, Z; Wei, Y; Wu, T, 2023)	1.85
"Ozone is a highly reactive oxidant molecule consisting of triatomic oxygen atoms. "	( Ozone therapy for skin diseases: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gao, L; Liu, L; Lu, J; Zeng, J; Zeng, L, 2023)	3.8
"Ozone is a phytotoxic air pollutant that has various damaging effects on plants, including chlorosis and growth inhibition. "	( Phytocyanin-encoding genes confer enhanced ozone tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Aono, M; Nakajima, N; Ono, M; Sage-Ono, K; Saji, H; Saji, S, 2022)	2.43
"Ozone is an emerging therapy that has been proposed as a potential treatment, due to that, the evidence about its efficacy should be reviewed."	( Ozone for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Argueta-Figueroa, L; Flores-Mejía, LA; Marcela Castro-Gutiérrez, ME; Nieto-García, RM; Torres-Rosas, EU; Torres-Rosas, R, )	2.3
"Ozone therapy is a minimally invasive technique now widely used for the treatment of pain due to herniated discs. "	( Serious spondylodiscitis, septic sacroiliitis and multiple abscesses after ozone therapy for low back pain: A case report on good response to combined treatment with empiric antibiotic and neridronate. Cantatore, FP; Corrado, A; Erroi, F; Rotondo, C; Sciacca, S; Trotta, A, 2023)	2.58
"Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable reuse and ecosystem protection. "	( Critical Review on Bromate Formation during Ozonation and Control Options for Its Minimization. Dickenson, ERV; Hogard, S; Mohan, A; Morrison, CM; Pearce, R; Pisarenko, AN; von Gunten, U; Wert, EC, 2023)	2.35
"Ozone gas is an effective surface disinfectant, but toxicity limits its use in human applications."	( In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ozonated water via novel hand hygiene device. Bradner, KN; Landsberger, SA; Leon, BR; Lubitz, RM; Romary, DJ, 2023)	1.63
"Ozone is an overlooked and invisible risk factor, and it plays a significant role in the development of CVD."	( Mortality Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Ozone in China: 2019 vs 2050. Ji, JS; Kan, H; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Niu, Y; Wang, S; Yao, M; Zhao, B, 2023)	1.87
"Ozone is a powerful oxidizer, but low concentrations of ozone can protect various organs from oxidative stress."	( Ozone pretreatment alleviates ischemiareperfusion injury-induced myocardial ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/Slc7a11/Gpx4 axis. Ding, S; Duanmu, X; Wu, Z; Xu, L; Zhu, L, 2023)	3.07
"Ozone pollution is a major environmental concern. "	( Effects of ozone exposure on lipid metabolism in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells. Gao, S; Peng, J; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yu, W; Zha, Y, 2023)	2.74
"Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant with the most frequent incidence of exceeding air quality standards. "	( Gestational ozone inhalation elicits maternal cardiac dysfunction and transcriptional changes to placental pericytes and endothelial cells. Baird, B; Barrozo, ER; Begay, J; Bleske, B; Brayer, K; Campen, MJ; Garcia, M; Goitom, S; Herbert, G; Hines, C; Hunter, R; Lucas, S; Ottens, AK; Padilla, J; Scieszka, D; Suter, MA, 2023)	2.73
"Ozone is an asthma trigger. "	( Ozone-induced changes in the serum metabolome: Role of the microbiome. Bell, LN; Cho, Y; Karoly, ED; Osgood, RS; Shore, SA, 2019)	3.4
"Ozone is a highly reactive compound composed of three oxygen atoms that acts as an oxidant and oxidizer. "	( Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine. Gandhi, J; Joshi, G; Kaitlyn, R; Khan, SA; Patel, S; Smith, NL; Suh, Y, )	1.9
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant that is increasingly used as sanitizing agent in the wine industry and even in the vineyard to control grapevine diseases. "	( Spraying ozonated water on Bobal grapevines: Effect on grape quality. Alonso, GL; Campayo, A; García-Martínez, MM; Salinas, MR; Sánchez-Martínez, JF; Serrano de la Hoz, K, 2019)	1.96
"Ozone therapy is an emerging treatment for infectious and noninfectious dermatological diseases."	( Successful Treatment of Multiple Common Warts With Intralesional Ozone. Elkot, RA; Ibrahim, AM; Khashaba, SA, 2020)	1.52
"Ozone is an important oxidant in the environment. "	( Kinetics and Condensed-Phase Products in Multiphase Ozonolysis of an Unsaturated Triglyceride. Abbatt, JPD; Zhou, S; Zhou, Z, 2019)	1.96
"Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant that exacerbates and increases the incidence of chronic pulmonary diseases. "	( In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure. Gowdy, KM; Hodge, MX; Madenspacher, JH; Reece, SW, 2019)	2.19
"Ozone is a nonatopic asthma trigger that causes airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs."	( Early life microbiome perturbation alters pulmonary responses to ozone in male mice. Brown, TA; Cho, Y; Kasahara, DI; Shore, SA; Tashiro, H, 2020)	1.52
"Ozone is a toxic and highly reactive gaseous oxidizing chemical with well-documented adverse health effects in humans. "	( Characterization of low-dose ozone-induced murine acute lung injury. Aulakh, GK; Brocos Duda, JA; Guerrero Soler, CM; Singh, J; Snead, E, 2020)	2.29
"Ozone pollution is a known respiratory irritant, yet we do not fully understand the magnitude or timing of respiratory effects based on short-term exposure. "	( Evaluating changes in ambient ozone and respiratory-related healthcare utilization in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Fuller, CH; Jones, JW; Roblin, DW, 2020)	2.29
"Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its use in aquaculture has been shown to improve water quality and fish health. "	( The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water-Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds. Espmark, ÅMO; Gerwins, J; Good, C; Kolarevic, J; Lazado, CC; Mota, VC; Stiller, KT; Summerfelt, ST, 2020)	2.35
"Ozone pollution is a damaging air pollutant that reduces maize yields equivalently to nutrient deficiency, heat, and aridity stress. "	( Ozone tolerant maize hybrids maintain Rubisco content and activity during long-term exposure in the field. Ainsworth, EA; Bezodis, W; Cavanagh, AP; Choquette, NE, 2020)	3.44
"Ozone is a gaseous constituent of urban air pollution resulting from photochemical interaction of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and organic compounds."	( Oxidative Stress in Ozone-Induced Chronic Lung Inflammation and Emphysema: A Facet of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chung, KF; Li, F; Ryffel, B; Togbe, D; Wiegman, CH, 2020)	1.6
"Ozone is an antiviral drug enhancer and is not an alternative to antiviral drugs."	( Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review. Angelone, L; Bertiond, C; Cattel, F; Corcione, S; De Rosa, FG; Giordano, S; Lupia, T; Scaldaferri, M, 2021)	2.79
"Ozone is a form of oxygen, which has an effective role in management of oral diseases."	( Ozone therapy a new vista in dentistry: integrated review. Sen, S, )	2.3
"Ozone is a secondary air pollutant, which causes oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) starting by an external attack of leaf apoplast. "	( Integrative role of plant mitochondria facing oxidative stress: The case of ozone. Dizengremel, P; Gandin, A; Jolivet, Y, 2021)	2.29
"Ozone is a major component of air pollution and carries potentially mutagenic and harmful affects to health. "	( Ozone-Induced DNA Damage: A Pandora's Box of Oxidatively Modified DNA Bases. Cadet, J; Madugundu, GS; Wagner, JR, 2021)	3.51
"Ozone is a strong oxidant commonly used in drinking water treatment, but its role in the transformation/formation of organic matters (OMs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the drinking water treatment chain had not been systematically studied. "	( Trade-off control of organic matter and disinfection by-products in the drinking water treatment chain: Role of pre-ozonation. Chen, Z; Fang, Y; Fu, C; Liu, H; Zhang, X, 2021)	2.06
"Ozone is an antimicrobial agent that in experimental and case-control studies has been found to exert a positive effect on wound healing. "	( Effect of topical ozonated sunflower oil on second intention wound healing in turtles: a randomised experimental study. Ginel, PJ; Guerra, R; Lucena, R; Mozos, E; Negrini, J; Ruiz-Campillo, MT, 2021)	2.06
"Ozone is a highly effective disinfectant which, combined with high humidity, is an effective agent against respiratory viruses."	( An automated room disinfection system using ozone is highly active against surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Becker, B; Belmar Campos, C; Brill, FH; Franke, G; Klupp, EM; Knobling, B; Knobloch, JK; Lütgehetmann, M; Pfefferle, S, 2021)	1.6
"Ozone therapy is a relatively fast administration of ozone gas. "	( The possibilities of using the effects of ozone therapy in neurology. Masan, J; Rabarova, D; Sramka, M, 2021)	2.33
"Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant known to increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiopulmonary diseases. "	( Sex Differences in Pulmonary Eicosanoids and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Response to Ozone Exposure. Armstrong, M; Bonner, JC; Dunigan-Russell, K; Gowdy, KM; Hannan, J; Hodge, MX; Kilburg-Basnyat, B; Luo, B; Manke, J; Pal, A; Reece, SW; Reisdorph, N; Shaikh, SR; Spangenburg, EE; Tighe, RM; Tokarz, D; Yaeger, MJ; You, DJ, 2021)	2.28
"Ozone is a highly reactive gas that enters in plants through stomata and initiates the overproduction of ROS which causes oxidative stress in plants that lead to the destruction of membranal lipids, proteins, impaired the production of sugars and other metabolites and ultimately damage the cell."	( Assessment of ozone toxicity on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars: Its defensive system and intraspecific sensitivity. Chaudhary, IJ; Rathore, D, 2021)	1.7
"Ozone is a gas normally present in the atmosphere with potent oxidizing power; it has been used for percutaneous intradiscal injection combined with oxygen (O"	( Intradiscal O Giurazza, F; Guarnieri, G; Murphy, KJ; Muto, M, 2017)	1.18
"Ozone is a highly reactive, oxidative gas associated with adverse health outcome, including mortality and morbidity. "	( The effects of ozone on human health. Nuvolone, D; Petri, D; Voller, F, 2018)	2.28
"Ozone is an air pollutant widely known to cause a decrease in productivity in many plant species, including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). "	( RNA-Seq study reveals genetic responses of diverse wild soybean accessions to increased ozone levels. Burkey, K; Carter, T; Dickey, D; Song, Q; Taliercio, E; Waldeck, N, 2017)	2.12
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant which can be used for killing insects and microorganisms. "	( Application of Ozone to Control Dried Fig Pests-Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)-and Its Organoleptic Properties. Mirabi Moghaddam, R; Sadeghi, R; Taghizadeh, M, 2017)	2.25
"Ozone is a highly oxidizing gas with insecticidal activity and it is a potential alternative to conventional fumigants, such as phosphine and methyl bromide, for managing stored product insects. "	( Efficacy of Ozone Against the Life Stages of Oryzaephilus mercator (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Amoah, BA; Mahroof, RM; Wrighton, J, 2018)	2.3
"Ozone is an atmospheric pollutant that causes lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. "	( Ozone-induced eosinophil recruitment to airways is altered by antigen sensitization and tumor necrosis factor- Drake, MG; Fryer, AD; Jacoby, DB; Lawson, KL; Wicher, SA, 2017)	3.34
"Ozone is a strong oxidant and a key stress elicitor. "	( Ozone-triggered surface uptake and stress volatile emissions in Nicotiana tabacum 'Wisconsin'. Kanagendran, A; Kännaste, A; Li, S; Liu, B; Niinemets, Ü; Pazouki, L, 2018)	3.37
"Ozone is an effective disinfectant against all types of waterborne pathogens. "	( Kinetics of Inactivation of Waterborne Enteric Viruses by Ozone. Kohn, T; von Gunten, U; Wolf, C, 2018)	2.17
"Ozone is an emerging tool in winemaking, recently applied for controlling spoilage micro-organisms in winery. "	( Application of ozone during grape drying for the production of straw wine. Effects on the microbiota and compositive profile of grapes. Carafa, I; Franciosi, E; Guzzon, R; Larcher, R; Moser, S, 2018)	2.28
"Ozone is a strong oxidant and has different food applications to ensure food safety. "	( Effect of ozone treatment on the quality of grain products. Zhu, F, 2018)	2.33
"Ozone is a major pollutant in the air we breathe, and elevated levels lead to significant morbidity and mortality. "	( Assessment of Ozone-Induced Lung Injury in Mice. Garantziotis, S; Stober, VP, 2018)	2.28
"Ozone is a ubiquitous and irritant gas. "	( An acute exposure to ozone impairs human olfactory functioning. Brieger, J; Gosepath, J; Letzel, S; Mayer-Popken, O; Melia, M; Muttray, A; Schmall, F, 2018)	2.24
"Ozone is a strong oxidant, highly unstable atmospheric gas. "	( Low ozone concentrations promote adipogenesis in human adipose-derived adult stem cells. Boschi, F; Carton, F; Conti, G; Costanzo, M; Covi, V; Malatesta, M; Sbarbati, A; Tabaracci, G, 2018)	2.48
"Ozone nucleolysis is a safe cost-effective minimally invasive technique for treatment of contained and uncontained lumbar disc herniations."	( Percutaneous ozone nucleolysis for lumbar disc herniation. Abdel-Wanis, ME; Cirillo, L; Dall'olio, M; Ezeldin, M; Leonardi, M; Princiotta, C; Tharwat, M; Zaki, M, 2018)	2.29
"Ozone is a risk factor for respiratory admission, especially amongst children under 5 years old in Hanoi, and ozone has a stronger effect in the winter than in the summer in this city."	( Seasonal association between ambient ozone and hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam. Dang, TN; Luong, LMT; Morawska, L; Phung, D; Sly, PD; Thai, PK, 2018)	2.2
"Ozone is a significant causative agent of mortality in cities. "	( Exploration of the heterogeneous effect of climate change on ozone concentration in an urban environment. Domokos, E; Nagy, G; Trájer, AJ, 2019)	2.2
"Ozone is a well-known disinfecting agent that is used as an alternative for chlorine in many applications, including water decontamination. "	( Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an open water system with ozone generated by a compact, atmospheric DBD plasma reactor. Choudhury, B; Johnson, JA; Mastanaiah, N; Portugal, S; Roy, S, 2018)	2.13
"Ozone is an important air pollutant that affects growth, transpiration, and water use efficiency (WUE) in plants. "	( Ozone changes the linear relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and decreases water use efficiency in rice. Kinose, Y; Kobayashi, K; Masutomi, Y; Oue, H; Takimoto, T; Yonekura, T, 2019)	3.4
"Ozone is a gas that can optimize cellular metabolism and, because of its antioxidant and antibacterial effects, can help the better healing of diabetic foot ulcer."	( Efficacy of comprehensive ozone therapy in diabetic foot ulcer healing. Aliyoldashi, MH; Izadi, M; Jafari, NJ; Khalili, N; Kheirjou, R; Khorvash, F; Moghadam, SJ; Mohammadpour, R; Shirvani, S, )	1.15
"Ozone is a harmful tropospheric pollutant, causing the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that lead to oxidative damage in living beings. "	( Curcumin Exerted Neuroprotection against Ozone-Induced Oxidative Damage and Decreased NF- Cortez-Álvarez, CR; Mendoza-Magaña, ML; Nery-Flores, SD; Ramírez-Herrera, MA; Ramírez-Mendoza, AA; Ramírez-Vázquez, JJ; Romero-Prado, MMJ, 2018)	2.19
"Ozone is a highly oxidative gas that has a long history of safe use as a disinfectant and sanitizer from producers of pharmaceuticals and many other organic compounds. "	( Disinfestation of stored wheat grain infested with Rhyzopertha dominica by ozone treatment: process optimization and impact on grain properties. Mishra, G; Mishra, HN; Palle, AA; Srivastava, S, 2019)	2.19
"Ozone was found to be an effective reagent for disinfestation, aimed at all life stages of R. "	( Disinfestation of stored wheat grain infested with Rhyzopertha dominica by ozone treatment: process optimization and impact on grain properties. Mishra, G; Mishra, HN; Palle, AA; Srivastava, S, 2019)	2.19
"Ozone is a strong oxidant in air pollution that exacerbates respiratory disorders and is a major risk factor for acute asthma exacerbation. "	( Nrf2 Activator RTA-408 Protects Against Ozone-Induced Acute Asthma Exacerbation by Suppressing ROS and γδT17 Cells. Chen, YP; Li, CQ; Yang, X; Zhang, JF; Zhang, JH, 2019)	2.22
"Ozone is an interesting alternative for modifying starch, as it is considered an emerging and environmentally friendly technology. "	( Hydrogels based on ozonated cassava starch: Effect of ozone processing and gelatinization conditions on enhancing 3D-printing applications. Augusto, PED; Le-Bail, A; Le-Bail, P; Lima, DC; Maniglia, BC; Matta Junior, MD, 2019)	2.21
"Ozone (O₃) is a pervasive air pollutant that produces pulmonary and cardiovascular dysfunction and possible neurological dysfunction. "	( Susceptibility of adult and senescent Brown Norway rats to repeated ozone exposure: an assessment of behavior, serum biochemistry and cardiopulmonary function. Gordon, CJ; Jarema, KA; Kodavanti, UP; Ledbetter, AD; Lehmann, JR; MacPhail, RC; Nyska, A; Schladweiler, MC; Schmid, JE; Ward, WO, 2013)	2.07
"Ozone is an environmentally reactive oxidant, and pycnogenol is a mixture of flavonoid compounds extracted from pine tree bark that have antioxidant activity. "	( The effects of pycnogenol on antioxidant enzymes in a mouse model of ozone exposure. Bae, DJ; Jang, AS; Lee, MS; Moon, KY; Park, MK, 2013)	2.07
"Ozone (O3) is a component of photochemical smog, which is a major air pollutant and demonstrates properties that are harmful to health because of the toxic properties that are inherent to its powerful oxidizing capabilities. "	( The effects of ozone exposure and associated injury mechanisms on the central nervous system. Custodio, V; del Carmen Rubio, M; Franco-Pérez, J; González-Guevara, E; Hernández-Cerón, M; Livera, C; Martínez-Lazcano, JC; Paz, C, 2013)	2.19
"Ozone is a tropospheric pollutant that can form at ground level as a result of an interaction between sunlight and hydrocarbon engine emissions. "	( Effects of ozone in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Brahmbhatt, K; Dong, K; McCarthy, JT; Pelle, E; Pernodet, N; Yarosh, D, 2013)	2.22
"Ozone is an important disinfecting agent, however its influence on enamel adhesion has not yet been clarified."	( Effect of ozone gas on the shear bond strength to enamel. Ferreira, JC; Melo, PR; Oliveira, SA; Pires, PT; Silva, MJ, )	1.98
"Ozone (O3) is a strong oxidant in air pollution that has harmful effects on airways and exacerbates respiratory disorders. "	( Exacerbated airway toxicity of environmental oxidant ozone in mice deficient in Nrf2. Cho, HY; Gladwell, W; Kleeberger, SR; Yamamoto, M, 2013)	2.08
"Ozone has proved to be a suitable solution for polishing secondary domestic effluents."	( Tertiary ozonation of industrial wastewater for the removal of estrogenic compounds (NP and BPA): a full-scale case study. Bertanza, G; Dal Grande, M; Papa, M; Pedrazzani, R; Repice, C, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone is an oxidizing environmental pollutant that contributes significantly to respiratory health. "	( A comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress in the ozone-induced lung inflammation mouse model. Adcock, IM; Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; Clarke, CJ; Jazrawi, E; Kirkham, P; Li, F; Wiegman, CH, 2014)	2.1
"Ozone is a strong oxidant that is globally used as disinfection agent for many purposes including indoor building air cleaning, during food preparation procedures, and for control and killing of bacteria such as E. "	( Real-time monitoring of ozone in air using substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors. Cardoso, AA; da Silveira Petruci, JF; Fortes, PR; Kokoric, V; Mizaikoff, B; Raimundo, IM; Wilk, A, 2013)	2.14
"Ozone (O3) is a toxic secondary pollutant able to cause an intense oxidative stress that induces visual symptoms on sensitive plant species. "	( Response of Brazilian native trees to acute ozone dose. Alves, ES; de Souza, SR; Moura, BB, 2014)	2.11
"Ozone is a more powerful oxidant than common oxidising agents, such as sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. "	( Ozone oxidation of cassava starch in aqueous solution at different pH. Colussi, R; da Rosa Zavareze, E; Dias, AR; Klein, B; Moomand, K; Pinto, VZ; Vanier, NL, 2014)	3.29
"Ozone oxidation is an advanced oxidation process for treatment of organic and inorganic wastewater. "	( Advanced treatment of sodium acetate in water by ozone oxidation. Yang, DM; Yuan, JM, 2014)	2.1
"Ozone is an air pollutant that causes oxidative stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the leaf. "	( Ozone affects ascorbate and glutathione biosynthesis as well as amino acid contents in three Euramerican poplar genotypes. Baldet, P; Cohen, D; Dizengremel, P; Dumont, J; Gibon, Y; Jolivet, Y; Keinänen, M; Keski-Saari, S; Kontunen-Soppela, S; Le Thiec, D; Ningre, N; Oksanen, E; Vaultier, MN, 2014)	3.29
"Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant that is associated with numerous adverse health effects, including altered respiratory immune responses. "	( Air toxics and epigenetic effects: ozone altered microRNAs in the sputum of human subjects. Alexis, NE; Bauer, R; Fry, RC; Jaspers, I; Peden, DB; Rager, JE; Sebastian, E, 2014)	2.12
"Ozone is an air pollutant that causes pulmonary symptoms. "	( γδ T cells are required for pulmonary IL-17A expression after ozone exposure in mice: role of TNFα. Brand, JD; Chen, L; Kasahara, DI; Mathews, JA; Ninin, FM; Shore, SA; Si, H; Williams, AS; Wurmbrand, AP, 2014)	2.09
"Ozone turned out to be a potent oxidant of LDL."	( In vitro oxidation of LDL by ozone. Cvirn, G; Hallström, S; Hörl, G; Jürgens, G; Kager, G; Koestenberger, M; Ledinski, G; Tafeit, E, 2014)	1.41
"Ozone is an important constituent of ambient air pollution and represents a major public health concern. "	( Ozone inhalation leads to a dose-dependent increase of cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes. Arjomandi, M; Balmes, JR; Davé, V; Donde, A; Holland, N; Venkat, S; Wong, H, 2015)	3.3
"Ozone (O3 ) is an air pollutant with detrimental effect on plants and O3 can also be used as a tool to study the role of ROS in signalling."	( Quantitative trait loci mapping and transcriptome analysis reveal candidate genes regulating the response to ozone in Arabidopsis thaliana. Brosché, M; Heyer, AG; Hincha, DK; Hõrak, H; Vaahtera, L; Xu, E, 2015)	1.35
"Ozone (O₃) gas is a molecule that consists of 3 oxygen atoms, found out in the mid-19th century [1]. "	( Anton syndrome during oxygen-ozone therapy. Avcı, S; Büyükcam, F; Demir, ÖF; Özkan, S, 2015)	2.15
"Ozone (O3) is a serious public health concern. "	( Ozone inhalation modifies the rat liver proteome. Andringa, KK; Bailey, SM; Dickinson, DA; Millender-Swain, T; Postlethwait, EM; Theis, WS, 2014)	3.29
"Ozone is a highly toxic air pollutant and global health concern. "	( Novel Roles for Notch3 and Notch4 Receptors in Gene Expression and Susceptibility to Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Bushel, PR; Gladwell, W; Kleeberger, SR; McCaw, Z; Trivedi, S; Verhein, KC, 2015)	2.08
"Ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant of long standing and increasing concern for environmental and human health, and as such, the US Environmental Protection Agency will revise the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 75 ppbv to ≤ 70 ppbv. "	( Identifying sources of ozone to three rural locations in Nevada, USA, using ancillary gas pollutants, aerosol chemistry, and mercury. Fine, R; Gustin, MS; Miller, MB; Pierce, AM, 2015)	2.17
"Ozone therapy is a modestly invasive procedure based on the regeneration capabilities of low ozone concentrations and used in medicine as an alternative/adjuvant treatment for different diseases. "	( Low ozone concentrations stimulate cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial activity and nuclear transcription. Cestari, T; Cisterna, B; Costanzo, M; Covi, V; Malatesta, M; Tabaracci, G; Vella, A, 2015)	2.42
"Ozone (O3) is a chemical oxidant capable of transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban runoff within minutes but complete oxidation to CO2 can take days to weeks. "	( Removing PAHs from urban runoff water by combining ozonation and carbon nano-onions. Chokejaroenrat, C; Comfort, SD; Harris, CE; Li, X; Sakulthaew, C, 2015)	1.86
"Ozone (O3) is an important atmospheric oxidant. "	( Heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by O3-aged black carbon and its dithiothreitol oxidative potential. Feng, X; Li, Q; Liu, J; Shang, J; Xu, W; Zhu, T, 2015)	1.86
"Ozone is a pollutant that has a relatively smooth spatial spread over a large scale although there can be significant small-scale variations."	( Data Verification Tools for Minimizing Management Costs of Dense Air-Quality Monitoring Networks. Ainslie, B; Alavi-Shoshtari, M; Bart, M; Grange, S; Henshaw, GS; McKendry, IG; Miskell, G; Salmond, J; Williams, DE, 2016)	1.16
"Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant leading to respiratory illness. "	( Ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade. Che, L; Chen, Z; Du, J; Jin, Y; Lai, T; Li, W; Liu, J; Shen, H; Tian, B; Wu, Y; Xia, L; Ying, S; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)	3.32
"Ozone is a known irritant to organisms on land and in water and therefore may be a significant additional hazard."	( Ground-Level Ozone Following Astrophysical Ionizing Radiation Events: An Additional Biological Hazard? Goracke, BD; Thomas, BC, 2016)	1.52
"Ozone is a kind of safe, environmentally friendly, efficient and no residue emerging sterilization technology."	( [Preliminary study on suitability of ozone sterilization in traditional Chinese medicine and its preparation]. Hu, YJ; Lan, JP; Wang, YQ; Wu, ZF; Yang, M; Zhang, LG, 2015)	1.41
"Ozone is a strong oxidizing biocide that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. "	( Ozonated water is inferior to propanol-based hand rubs for disinfecting hands. Appelgrein, C; Dunn, AL; Hosgood, G; Schaaf, O, 2016)	1.88
"Ozone is a common, potent oxidant pollutant in industrialized nations. "	( Effects of mannose-binding lectin on pulmonary gene expression and innate immune inflammatory response to ozone. Bushel, PR; Ciencewicki, JM; Gerrish, K; Kleeberger, SR; Li, J; McCaw, ZR; Verhein, KC, 2016)	2.09
"Ozone is a highly reactive environmental toxicant that can react with the double bonds of lipids in pulmonary surfactant. "	( Phospholipid Ozonation Products Activate the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway in Macrophages. Murphy, RC; Zemski Berry, KA, 2016)	1.88
"Ozone (O3) is a gas that contains three atoms of oxygen with a cyclic structure."	( The Effect of Ozone Therapy on Experimental Vasospasm in the Rat Femoral Artery. Emon, ST; Hakan, T; Meric, ZC; Orakdogen, M; Somay, H; Uslu, S, 2016)	1.52
"Ozone gel was found to be an effective topical agent that considerably improves patient comfort postoperatively and can be considered a substitute of postoperative systemic antibiotics."	( Does Topical Ozone Therapy Improve Patient Comfort After Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gopi, G; Panneerselvam, E; Raja, KV; Sivalingam, VP, 2017)	2.27
"Ozone therapy is an effective medical treatment for various diseases. "	( The NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential target of ozone therapy aiming to ease chronic renal inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Bai, Z; Chen, H; Chen, Z; Liu, Z; Wang, G; Yu, G, 2017)	2.15
"Ozone is an irritating gas found in photochemical smog. "	( Strain Differences in a Murine Model of Air Pollutant-induced Nonatopic Asthma and Rhinitis. Harkema, JR; Hotchkiss, LA; Jackson-Humbles, DN; Lewandowski, RP; Vetter, NA; Wagner, JG, 2017)	1.9
"Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant with increasing concentrations in many populous regions. "	( Ambient ozone and incident diabetes: A prospective analysis in a large cohort of African American women. Brook, R; Burnett, RT; Coogan, PF; Jerrett, M; Marshall, J; Palmer, JR; Rosenberg, L; Seto, E; Su, J; White, LF; Yu, J, 2017)	2.33
"Ozone is considered to be a promising method to inactivate viruses on surfaces."	( Inactivation of surface viruses by gaseous ozone. Li, C; Tseng, C, 2008)	1.33
"Ozone is a potent photochemical oxidant that produces transient, reversible decrements in the lung function of acutely exposed individuals. "	( Effects of exposure to 0.06 ppm ozone on FEV1 in humans: a secondary analysis of existing data. Bateson, TF; Brown, JS; McDonnell, WF, 2008)	2.07
"Ozone therapy is a significant modality for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss; no complications were observed."	( Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of ozone therapy as treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Behiry, E; Noaman, M; Ragab, A; Shreef, E; Zalat, S, 2009)	2.03
"Ozone is a potent oxidant and causes airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilia. "	( Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Adcock, IM; Chung, KF; Durham, A; Higgins, LS; Issa, R; Kapoun, A; Leung, SY; Medicherla, S; Williams, AS, 2008)	2.04
"Ozone is a predictor of crown transparency residuals in beech sites over two consecutive years, but the variance explained amounts to less than 10%."	( Visible injury, crown condition, and growth responses of selected Italian forests in relation to ozone exposure. Bussotti, F; Ferretti, M, 2009)	1.29
"Ozone (O(3)) is a respiratory irritant that leads to airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction. "	( Age, strain, and gender as factors for increased sensitivity of the mouse lung to inhaled ozone. Galdanes, K; Gordon, T; Gunnison, A; Hatch, G; Vancza, EM, 2009)	2.02
"Ozone is a secondary pollutant that, at high concentrations in urban environment, affects human health. "	( Description of the seasonal pattern in ozone concentration time series by using the strange attractor multifractal formalism. Ariza-Villarverde, AB; Giráldez, JV; Gutiérrez de Ravé, E; Jiménez-Hornero, FJ, 2010)	2.07
"Ozone is a common urban environmental air pollutant and significantly contributes to hospitalizations for respiratory illness. "	( Hyaluronan mediates ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Foster, WM; Garantziotis, S; Hollingsworth, JW; Kimata, K; Li, Z; Morgan, DL; Noble, PW; Potts, EN; Savani, RC; Schwartz, DA; Zhuo, L, 2009)	2.12
"Ozone is an undesirable byproduct of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) control. "	( Combination of photocatalysis downstream the non-thermal plasma reactor for oxidation of gas-phase toluene. Huang, H; Ye, D, 2009)	1.8
"Ozone is a common environmental toxicant to which individuals are exposed to on a daily basis. "	( Low-concentration ozone reacts with plasmalogen glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids in lung surfactant. Murphy, RC; Wynalda, KM, 2010)	2.14
"Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant that contributes to hospitalizations for respiratory illness. "	( TLR4 is necessary for hyaluronan-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness after ozone inhalation. Blackwell, TS; Foster, WM; Garantziotis, S; Hollingsworth, JW; Li, Z; Lindsey, JY; Polosukhin, VV; Potts, EN; Schwartz, DA; Stober, VP, 2010)	2.03
"Ozone is a molecule of high energetic content. "	( Effect of ozone/oxygen mixture on systemic oxidative stress and organic damage. Alonso, Y; Gonzáles, M; Gonzales, R; Guanche, D; Hernández, F; Mena, K; Roda, M; Zamora, Z, 2010)	2.21
"Ozone is a secondary pollutant and is a product of VOCs, NO(x), and sunlight."	( Ozone precursors for the São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Alvim, DS; Corrêa, SM; Gatti, LV; Orlando, JP; Yamazaki, A, 2010)	2.52
"Ozone is a strong oxidant used for the disinfection of surfaces, drinking water and foods."	( The effect of gaseous ozone treatment on egg components. Braun, P; Büchner, A; Fuhrmann, H; Rupp, N, 2010)	1.4
"Ozone exposure is a growing global health problem, especially in urban areas. "	( Specific fluorogenic probes for ozone in biological and atmospheric samples. Ando, S; Garner, AL; Koide, K; Leikauf, GD; Pitt, BR; St Croix, CM, 2009)	2.08
"Ozone is a major secondary air pollutant often reaching high concentrations in urban areas under strong daylight, high temperature and stagnant high-pressure systems. "	( Increased anion channel activity is an unavoidable event in ozone-induced programmed cell death. Bouteau, F; Briand, J; Errakhi, R; Hiramatsu, T; Iwaya-Inoue, M; Kadono, T; Kawano, T; Meimoun, P; Tran, D, 2010)	2.05
"Ozone is a main component of secondary pollutants of vehicle exhausts, and ozone exposure to children in urban areas may be associated with the development of asthma. "	( Ozone induces inflammation in bronchial epithelial cells. Song, H; Tan, W; Zhang, X, 2011)	3.25
"Ozone is an important air pollutant that affects lung function. "	( Relationship between surface and free tropospheric ozone in the Western U.S. Jaffe, D, 2011)	2.06
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant capable of killing insects and microorganisms, and eliminating odors, taste, and color. "	( Potential of ozone as a fumigant to control pests in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives. James, RR, 2011)	2.18
"Ozone application is an effective tool to reduce loads of (micro)pollutants in wastewater, however, its ecotoxicological implications are largely unknown. "	( Ozonation of secondary treated wastewater reduces ecotoxicity to Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda): are loads of (micro)pollutants responsible? Bundschuh, M; Schulz, R, 2011)	1.81
"Ozone is a key agent in species compositional change but is not associated with a reduction in species richness or diversity indices, showing the subtly different drivers on these two aspects of ecosystem degradation."	( Impacts of atmospheric pollution on the plant communities of British acid grasslands. Ashmore, MR; Dise, NB; Emmett, BA; Gowing, DJ; Payne, RJ; Phoenix, GK; Pilkington, MG; Stevens, CJ, 2011)	1.09
"Ozone (O(3)) is a colourless gas with a specific odour and consists of three oxygen atoms."	( Similarities and differences of hyperbaric oxygen and medical ozone applications. Akay, C; Ay, H; Korkmaz, A; Oter, S; Ozler, M, 2011)	1.33
"Ozone is a versatile sanitizer with promising applications in some high-risk foods."	( Decontamination of raw foods using ozone-based sanitization techniques. Perry, JJ; Yousef, AE, 2011)	1.37
"Ozone is an air pollutant with known proinflammatory effects on exposed epithelia, however, its impact on the expression of the cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (cox1/2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the nasal mucosa is not well known."	( Impact of ozone exposure on prostaglandin release in nasal polyps. Brieger, J; Fruth, K; Mann, WJ; Schneider, A; Zhu, CJ, 2012)	1.5
"Ozone (O₃) is a well-documented respiratory oxidant, but increasing epidemiological evidence points to extrapulmonary effects, including positive associations between ambient O₃ concentrations and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality."	( Overt and latent cardiac effects of ozone inhalation in rats: evidence for autonomic modulation and increased myocardial vulnerability. Carll, AP; Cascio, WE; Costa, DL; Farraj, AK; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; Kulukulualani, A; Lamb, CM; Lappi, E; Terrell, D; Winsett, DW, 2012)	2.1
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant that causes both visual and physiological damage to plants, impairing the ability of the plant to control processes like photosynthesis and transpiration."	( Ozone exposure causes a decoupling of conductance and photosynthesis: implications for the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model. Bonan, G; Levis, S; Lombardozzi, D; Sparks, JP, 2012)	2.54
"Ozone is a known oxidant present in the atmosphere and is commercially produced by simple ozonizer machines. "	( The antimicrobial effect of 0.1 ppm ozonated water on 24-hour plaque microorganisms in situ. Mohamed, NH; Razak, FA; Sadatullah, S, )	1.57
"Ozone is a commonly encountered oxidant air pollutant, yet its effects on influenza infections in humans are not known."	( Exposure to ozone modulates human airway protease/antiprotease balance contributing to increased influenza A infection. Bauer, R; Jaspers, I; Kesic, MJ; Meyer, M, 2012)	1.48
"Ozone is a model abiotic elicitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS). "	( microRNAs responsive to ozone-induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Iyer, NJ; Jia, X; Mahalingam, R; Sunkar, R; Tang, G, 2012)	2.13
"Ozone is a strong oxidant but, if used in small dosages on human blood ex vivo, acts as an acceptable stressor."	( How a calculated oxidative stress can yield multiple therapeutic effects. Bocci, V, 2012)	1.1
"Ozone is an important secondary air pollutant in the lower atmosphere. "	( [Application of artificial neural networks on the prediction of surface ozone concentrations]. Duan, L; Shen, LL; Wang, YX, 2011)	2.04
"Ozone is a pulmonary irritant known to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and tissue injury. "	( Classical and alternative macrophage activation in the lung following ozone-induced oxidative stress. Laskin, DL; Laskin, JD; Patel-Vayas, K; Shen, J; Sunil, VR, 2012)	2.06
"Ozone is a highly oxidative pollutant formed from precursors in the presence of sunlight, associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality. "	( Impact of climate change on ozone-related mortality and morbidity in Europe. Andersson, C; Aström, C; Ebi, KL; Forsberg, B; Langner, J; Orru, H, 2013)	2.13
"Ozone (O(3) ) is an air pollutant with an impact increasingly important in our industrialized world. "	( A role for oxalic acid generation in ozone-induced signallization in Arabidopis cells. Biligui, B; Bouteau, F; Briand, J; Errakhi, R; Kadono, T; Kawano, T; Molas, ML; Tran, D, 2013)	2.11
"Ozone is a highly unpredictable pollutant which severely affects living conditions in urban and surrounding areas in the Mediterranean basin. "	( Evaluation of the temporal scaling variability in forecasting ground-level ozone concentrations obtained from multiple linear regressions. de Ravé, EG; Jiménez-Hornero, FJ; Pavón-Domínguez, P, 2013)	2.06
"Ozone is a gas, so it penetrates very well even into such tissues and spaces that are not easily accessible."	( Ozone in dentistry: microbiological effects of gas action depending on the method and the time of application using the ozonytron device. Experimental study. Leszczyńska, K; Nowosielski, C; Stokowska, W; Wilczyńska-Borawska, M, 2011)	2.53
"Ozone is a recognized alternative to the fumigants methyl bromide and phosphine for the control of stored product insects. "	( Ozone toxicity and walking response of populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Faroni, LR; Guedes, RN; Silva, GN; Sousa, AH, 2012)	3.26
"Ozone is known to be a highly toxic gas present in the urban air which exerts its effect on pulmonary tissue through its facile chemical reactions with target molecules in the airway. "	( Oxidized phospholipids derived from ozone-treated lung surfactant extract reduce macrophage and epithelial cell viability. Ahmad, S; Allen, CB; Harrison, K; Murphy, RC; Uhlson, C; White, CW, 2002)	2.03
"Ozone formation is a complex function of local hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. "	( Influence of population density and temporal variations in emissions on the air duality benefits of NOx emission trading. Allen, DT; Kimura, Y; Lumbley, KE; McDonald-Buller, EC; Nobel, CE, 2002)	1.76
"Ozone (O3) is a well-known oxidant pollutant present in photochemical smog. "	( Inhalation of ozone induces DNA strand breaks and inflammation in mice. Bornholdt, J; Dybdahl, M; Hansen, M; Loft, S; Vogel, U; Wallin, H, 2002)	2.12
"Ozone (O(3)) is a significant component of atmospheric air pollution and produces detrimental effects in the lung. "	( Amelioration of ozone-induced lung injury by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Bai, C; Bhalla, DK; Gupta, SK; Reinhart, PG, 2002)	2.1
"Ozone is an important factor in urban pollution and represents a major concern for human health. "	( Mutagenic fingerprint of ozone in human cells. Jorge, SA; Menck, CF; Osborne, MR; Phillips, DH; Sarasin, A; Sies, H; Stary, A, 2002)	2.06
"Ozone (O3) is an air pollutant produced by sunlight-driven reactions involving the oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds. "	( Effects of ozone on lung function and lung diseases. Schapira, RM; Uysal, N, 2003)	2.15
"Ozone is an electrophile with a high selectivity."	( Ozonation of drinking water: part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. von Gunten, U, 2003)	1.04
"Ozone is an excellent disinfectant and can even be used to inactivate microorganisms such as protozoa which are very resistant to conventional disinfectants. "	( Ozonation of drinking water: part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. von Gunten, U, 2003)	1.76
"Ozone is a pollutant the production of which depends on weather conditions and car engine combustion. "	( [Ozone exposure and asthma]. Bartsch, P; Kleis, S; Louis, R, 2003)	2.67
"Ozone (O3) is a common trigger for asthma."	( Responses to ozone are increased in obese mice. Johnston, RA; Rivera-Sanchez, YM; Schwartzman, IN; Shore, SA, 2003)	1.41
"Ozone (O3) is a common air pollutant associated with adverse health effects. "	( Ozone-induced bronchial epithelial cytokine expression differs between healthy and asthmatic subjects. Blomberg, A; Bosson, J; Bucht, A; Frew, AJ; Helleday, R; Holgate, ST; Kelly, FJ; Pourazar, J; Sandström, T; Stenfors, N; Wilson, S, 2003)	3.2
"Ozone biomonitoring is a detection and monitoring technique that involves documenting ozone-induced visible injury to known ozone-sensitive species under conditions of ambient exposure. "	( A national ozone biomonitoring program--results from field surveys of ozone sensitive plants in northeastern forests (1994-2000). Coulston, J; Jepsen, E; Prichard, T; Smith, G, 2003)	2.15
"Ozone is an air pollutant that damages a variety of biomolecules. "	( Ozone-induced inactivation of antioxidant enzymes. Han, S; Lee, YK; Mok Kim, S, 2003)	3.2
"Ozone is a photochemical oxidant pollutant that is an important public health hazard. "	( Induction of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in nasal epithelium by ozone. Cacciola, RR; Davies, DE; Devalia, JL; Dokic, D; Holgate, ST; Howarth, PH; Polosa, R; Prosperini, G; Sapsford, RJ, 2004)	1.99
"Ozone (O(3)) is a toxic, oxidant air pollutant, and exposure has been shown to induce antioxidant depletion as well as oxidation of lipids and proteins within the outermost skin layer (stratum corneum) and the lung respiratory tract lining fluids (RTLFs)."	( In vivo ozone exposure induces antioxidant/stress-related responses in murine lung and skin. Corbacho, AM; Cross, CE; Davis, PA; Olano, E; Packer, L; Pagnin, E; Valacchi, G, 2004)	1.48
"Ozone is a potent environmental oxidant that appears to reduce plasma carotenoids in nonsupplemented individuals."	( Plasma and lung macrophage responsiveness to carotenoid supplementation and ozone exposure in humans. Arab, L; Craft, NE; Samet, JM; Steck-Scott, S, 2004)	1.27
"Ozone is an intrinsically toxic gas and its hazardous employment has led to a poor consideration of ozone therapy. "	( Ozone as Janus: this controversial gas can be either toxic or medically useful. Bocci, V, 2004)	3.21
"Ozone is a major air pollutant with adverse health effects which exhibit marked inter-individual variability. "	( Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms and ozone-induced change in lung function. Barton, SJ; Cakebread, JA; Holgate, ST; Holloway, JW; Holz, O; Jörres, RA; Magnussen, H; Rodríguez, S; Yang, IA, 2005)	2.01
"Ozone therapy is a nonconventional therapy that has been reported to offer benefits in late-onset wound healing and ischemic disorders."	( Intravesical ozone therapy for progressive radiation-induced hematuria. Clavo, B; Gutiérrez, D; Hernández, MA; Martín, D; Robaina, F; Suárez, G, 2005)	1.42
"Ozone is a key trace constituent of the atmosphere that is interesting for multiple reasons, including its ability to serve both as a screen against harmful solar radiation and as an aggressor against human health. "	( Learning to see the invisible: discovery and measurement of ozone. Farrell, AE, 2005)	2.01
"Ozone is a major component of air pollution mainly formed by photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides with volatile organic compounds and/or carbon monoxide. "	( Oxidative stress induction by short time exposure to ozone on THP-1 cells. Bennasroune, A; Falla, J; Foucaud, L; Klestadt, D; Laval-Gilly, P, 2006)	2.03
"Ozone is an oxidant gas that can directly induce lung injury. "	( Acute ozone-induced differential gene expression profiles in rat lung. Costa, DL; Hatch, GE; Nadadur, SS; Silbjoris, R; Slade, R, 2005)	2.25
"Ozone (O(3)) is an important component of air pollution and a potent oxidant of biomolecules. "	( Cytogenetic damage in buccal epithelia and peripheral lymphocytes of young healthy individuals exposed to ozone. Arjomandi, M; Balmes, J; Chen, C; Holland, N; Qin, H; Tager, I, 2006)	1.99
"Ozone functions as a powerful oxidizing agent and disinfecting agent, it improves finished water quality by reducing turbidity, it reduces the formation of many halogenated disinfection by-products, and it is capable of treating chlorine resistant organisms like cryptosporidia."	( A drinking water utility's perspective on bromide, bromate, and ozonation. Bonacquisti, TP, 2006)	1.06
"Ozone is a highly reactive gas present in urban air, which penetrates deep into the lung and causes lung injury. "	( Ozone induces oxidative stress in rat alveolar type II and type I-like cells. Manzer, R; Mason, RJ; McConville, G; Wang, J; Wang, S, 2006)	3.22
"Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent which is responsible for more damage to vegetation than any other air pollutant. "	( Anticipated yield loss in field-grown soybean under elevated ozone can be avoided at the expense of leaf growth during early reproductive growth stages in favourable environmental conditions. Ainsworth, EA; Christ, MM; Nelson, R; Schurr, U; Walter, A, 2006)	2.02
"Ozone is a potent oxidizing agent with a variety of potential uses, including its antimicrobial and deodorising properties. "	( The pharmacological effects of ozone on isolated guinea pig tracheal preparations. Lotriet, CJ; Oliver, DW; Venter, DP, 2007)	2.07
"The ozone scrubber acts as a water reservoir, either adding or removing water from the air sample, thereby modulating the detector signal and producing a positive or negative offset."	( Mechanism and elimination of a water vapor interference in the measurement of ozone by UV absorbance. Birks, JW; Wilson, KL, 2006)	1.04
"Ozone is a significant public health concern worldwide. "	( Effects of ozone on the nasal mucosa (epithelial cells). Dokic, D; Howarth, HP, 2006)	2.17
"Ozone (O(3)) is a major component of smog and an inhaled toxicant to the lung. "	( Activation of transcription factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by lipid ozonation products is crucial to interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Friedman, M; Hernandez, JM; Kafoury, RM; Lasky, JA; Toscano, WA, 2007)	1.78
"Ozone is a respiratory irritant associated with a spectrum of adverse health events. "	( Outdoor air pollution: ozone health effects. Chen, TM; Gokhale, J; Kuschner, WG; Shofer, S, 2007)	2.09
"Ozone is a very reactive gas that is toxic to the respiratory system. "	( The case for oxygen-ozonetherapy. Bocci, V, 2007)	2.11
"Ozone (O(3)) is a strong oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissue, and ambient ROS exposure associated with particles has been determined to cause DNA damage."	( Production of ozone and reactive oxygen species after welding. Chen, HL; Liu, HH; Wu, YC, 2007)	1.42
"Ozone (O3) is a primary gaseous contaminant in urban ambient, and its variation correlates well with nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO+ NO2). "	( [Analysis of the relationship between NO, NO2 and O3 concentrations in Beijing]. An, JL; Li, X; Shen, SH; Shi, LQ; Sun, Y; Wang, YS, 2007)	1.78
"Ozone is an electrophile with a high selectivity."	( The basics of oxidants in water treatment. Part B: ozone reactions. von Gunten, U, 2007)	1.31
"Ozone is a commonly encountered environmental oxidant which has been linked to asthma exacerbation in epidemiological studies. "	( Ozone enhancement of lower airway allergic inflammation is prevented by gamma-tocopherol. Ames, BN; Harkema, JR; Illek, B; Jiang, Q; Patel, DD; Peden, DB; Wagner, JG, 2007)	3.23
"Ozone (O3) is an oxidizing agent that acts on phospholipids, proteins and sugars of cellular membranes producing free radicals, which cause oxidative damages. "	( Ultrastructural alterations during embryonic rats' lung development caused by ozone. Acevedo, S; Bizarro, P; Fortoul, T; López, I; Sánchez, I; Ustarroz, M, 2008)	2.02
"Ozone is a strong oxidant, which can oxidize both biodegradable and non-biodegradable organics. "	( Color removal of distillery wastewater by ozonation in the absence and presence of immobilized iron oxide catalyst. Chavadej, S; Sreethawong, T, 2008)	1.79
"Ozone (O3) is a well-investigated gaseous air pollutant known to produce acute and chronic toxicity in the respiratory system. "	( Acute pulmonary effects of combined exposure to carbon nanotubes and ozone in mice. Andrews, R; Bhalla, DK; Gairola, CG; Han, SG, 2008)	2.02
"Ozone is a well-known oxidant air pollutant, inhalation of which can result in oxidative stress, and lead to pulmonary inflammation. "	( Lung inflammation and thrombogenic responses in a time course study of Csb mice exposed to ozone. Boere, AJ; Cassee, FR; Frederix, K; Kooter, IM; Leseman, DL; Spronk, HM; ten Cate, H; van Steeg, H, 2008)	2.01
"Ozone appears to be a weak mutagen and to produce chromosomal abnormalities."	( Ozone: an overview of its toxicity in man and animals. Menzel, DB, 1984)	2.43
"Ozone is a highly efficient disinfectant which may have significant advantages in water treatment compared to chlorine. "	( Minireview: the health implications of water treatment with ozone. Backhouse, BL; Borges, SH; Carmichael, NG; Lewis, PD; Winder, C, 1982)	1.95
"Ozone is a very strong oxidizing agent that may be used in water purification. "	( Effect of ozonation on the mutagenicity of carcinogens in aqueous solution. Burleson, GR; Chambers, TM, 1982)	1.71
"Ozone is a naturally occurring gas, formed in the trimolecular reaction of oxygen atoms with molecular oxygen. "	( [Man, the environment and ozone]. Alebić-Juretić, A; Kezele, N; Klasinc, L; Pavlović, M; Trinajstić, N; Turk, R, 1994)	2.03
"Ozone (O3) is a common air pollutant that has been associated with a dose-dependent increased bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation. "	( The effect of pre-exposure to 0.12 ppm of ozone on exercise-induced asthma. Fernandes, AL; McClean, PA; Molfino, NA; Raizenne, M; Silverman, F; Slutsky, AS; Tarlo, S; Zamel, N, 1994)	2
"Ozone (O3) is a powerfully oxidizing pollutant gas. "	( Oxidation of biologic molecules by ozone: the effect of pH. Cross, CE; Halliwell, B; Hu, ML; Kaur, H; Louie, S; O'Neill, CA; van der Vliet, A, 1993)	2.01
"Ozone (O3) is a major constituent of urban air pollution. "	( Ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects as determined by airway lavage and biopsy. Aris, RM; Balmes, JR; Christian, D; Finkbeiner, WE; Hearne, PQ; Kerr, K, 1993)	3.17
"Ozone is an ubiquitous air pollutant that affects both human health and vegetation. "	( Changes in diurnal patterns related to changes in ozone levels. Foley, JK; Lefohn, AS; Shadwick, DS; Tilton, BE, 1993)	1.98
"The ozone layer functions as a protective screen, filtering out most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. "	( Ozone depletion: causes, potential effects and remedies. Bogle, SP; Miller, BJ, 1993)	2.29
"Ozone is a constituent of the natural ambient atmosphere and occurs dependent on weather and environment in concentrations that can trigger airway inflammation. "	( [Oxygen concentrators are not ozone concentrators]. Mitlehner, W, 1993)	2.02
"Ozone is a major environmental oxidant pollutant. "	( Ozone exposure inhibits cardiac protein synthesis in the mouse. Birch, S; Kelly, FJ, 1993)	3.17
"Ozone is an oxidizing agent possessing potent in vitro microbicidal capacity. "	( Irrigation of the abdominal cavity in the treatment of experimentally induced microbial peritonitis: efficacy of ozonated saline. Chambers, R; Ferrara, JJ; Fish, JM; Flint, LM; Healy, JT; Nichols, RL; Ozmen, V; Tacchi, E; Thomas, WO, 1993)	1.73
"1. Ozone is a major constituent of air pollution in the summer. "	( Effect of ozone exposure on maximal airway narrowing in non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects. Dijkman, JH; Fokkens, PH; Hiemstra, PS; Hiltermann, TJ; Rombout, PJ; Sont, JK; Sterk, PJ; Stolk, J, 1995)	1.31
"Ozone is a potent respiratory irritant known to induce lung injury in humans and experimental animals. "	( Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperplasia. Gordon, RE; Laskin, DL; Park, E; Pendino, KJ; Schuller-Levis, GB, )	1.84
"Ozone (O3) is a ubiquitous pollutant with an array of established effects following acute and chronic exposure. "	( Uptake and fate of ozone in the respiratory tract. Miller, FJ, 1995)	2.06
"Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant which can affect numerous function s of the respiratory system. "	( Ozone-induced alteration in beta-adrenergic pharmacological modulation of pulmonary macrophages. Chen, LC; el-Fawal, HA; McGovern, TJ; Schlesinger, RB, 1996)	3.18
"Ozone is a ubiquitous pollutant that can cause acute pulmonary inflammation, cellular injury and may contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic lung diseases. "	( 4-Hydroxynonenal mimics ozone-induced modulation of macrophage function ex vivo. Eschenbacher, WL; Hamilton, RF; Hazbun, ME; Holian, A; Jumper, CA, 1996)	2.04
"Ozone is a widespread component of polluted air. "	( Reaction of ozone with enzymes of erythrocyte membranes. Adams, JR; Dawson, PJ; Mudd, JB; Santrock, J; Wingo, J, 1996)	2.12
"Ozone is a photochemically generated pollutant that can cause acute pulmonary inflammation and induce cellular injury and may contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic lung diseases. "	( 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts and apoptosis in murine lung cells after acute ozone exposure. Holian, A; Kirichenko, A; Li, L; Morandi, MT, 1996)	1.96
"Ozone is a photochemically generated pollutant that can cause acute pulmonary inflammation and induce cellular injury and may contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic lung diseases. "	( Potential involvement of 4-hydroxynonenal in the response of human lung cells to ozone. Eschenbacher, WL; Hamilton, RF; Holian, A; Li, L; Szweda, L, 1998)	1.97
"Ozone is an environmental pollutant with potent oxidizing properties. "	( Proliferation of airway epithelium after ozone exposure: effect of apocynin and dexamethasone. Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; Haddad, EB; Koto, H; Lamb, NJ; Lynch, OT; Quinlan, GJ; Salmon, M, 1998)	2.01
"Ozone is an important constituent of the atmosphere. "	( CFCS and the ozone layer. Hayman, GD, 1997)	2.11
"Ozone is an external pollutant."	( [Asthma and household chemical pollutants (with the exception of tobacco)]. de Blay, F; Kopferschmitt, MC; Krieger, P; Pauli, G, 1998)	1.02
"Ozone (O3) is a controversial gas because, owing to its potent oxidant properties, it exerts damaging effects on the respiratory tract and yet it has been used for four decades as a therapy. "	( Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 8. Effects on the total antioxidant status and on interleukin-8 production. Bocci, V; Corradeschi, F; Fanetti, G; Valacchi, G, 1998)	2.02
"Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive and toxic oxidant pollutant. "	( Inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression in C57BL/6J mice after lethal and sublethal ozone exposures. Avissar, NE; Finkelstein, JN; Johnston, CJ; Reed, CK; Reynolds, SD; Stripp, BR, )	1.8
"Ozone therapy is a beneficial adjuvant in combined treatment of otitis media."	( [Use of gaseous ozone and ozonized solutions in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media]. Ovchinnikov, IuM; Sin'kov, EV, 1998)	1.37
"Ozone is known to be an oxidizing medium with a strong bactericidal effect."	( Evaluation of ozonated oxygen in an experimental animal model of osteomyelitis as a further treatment option for skull-base osteomyelitis. Mutters, R; Schulz, S; Steinhart, H, 1999)	1.02
"Ozone (O3) is a strong antimicrobial agent with numerous potential applications in the food industry. "	( Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: a review. Dave, S; Kim, JG; Yousef, AE, 1999)	2.1
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant and toxic air pollutant. "	( Ozone and the lung: a sensitive issue. Kelly, FJ; Mudway, IS, )	3.02
"Ozone is a secondary air pollutant that has received extensive attention in the literature, mainly because of the adverse effects that exposure to it can cause, particularly in vegetation during the growing season. "	( Spatial and temporal variability of ground-level ozone in Castilla-León (Spain). Alvarez, E; de Pablo, F; Rivas, L; Tomás, C, 2000)	2
"Ozone is a gaseous AOS that was applied to non-transgenic plants."	( Active oxygen species as mediators of plant immunity: three case studies. Sandermann, H, 2000)	1.03
"Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant that can cause acute pulmonary inflammation and cell injury and may contribute to the exacerbation of chronic pulmonary diseases. "	( Protection against ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation and cell death by endotoxin pretreatment in mice: role of HO-1. Hamilton, RF; Holian, A; Li, L, 2000)	2.08
"Ozone (O(3)) is a powerful oxidant component of photochemical smog polluting the air of urban cities. "	( Diet restriction modulates lung response and survivability of rats exposed to ozone. Elsayed, NM, 2001)	1.98
"Ozone (O(3)) is a strong pulmonary irritant and causes a suite of respiratory tract inflammatory responses in humans and other mammals. "	( Effects of ozone on evaporative water loss and thermoregulatory behavior of marine toads (Bufo marinus). Andrade, JA; Dohm, MR; Gellert, KS; Looby, PG; Mautz, WJ, 2001)	2.14
"Ozone is a widely distributed phytotoxic air pollutant and is known to reduce the yield of several important agricultural crops in Spain. "	( Chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in tomato in response to ozone and benomyl. Barreno, E; Calatayud, A, 2001)	1.97
"Ozone is an environmental pollutant that has widely documented deleterious effects on exposed organisms. "	( Effect of nutritional status and ozone exposure on rat brain serotonin. Angel, DS; Barragán-Mejía, MG; Calderón-Guzmán, D; Castilla-Serna, L; Hernández-Islas, JL; Labra-Ruiz, NA; Rodríguez-Pérez, RA, )	1.86
"Ozone is a powerful oxidant, reactive to biomolecules. "	( Review of the genotoxicity of ozone. Victorin, K, 1992)	2.01
"The ozone is a product of photochemical reactions involving as precursors nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds."	( [Ozone in the layer of the atmosphere closest to the ground]. Filliger, P, 1992)	1.67
"Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that can cause lung damage and edema. "	( Endotoxin treatment protects rats against ozone-induced lung edema: with evidence for the role of manganese superoxide dismutase. Massaro, D; Rahman, I, 1992)	1.99
"Ozone is a photochemical oxidant and by this property able to damage function and structure of respiratory epithelium resulting in diffuse inflammation of the respiratory tract. "	( [Effects of tropospheric ozone on human respiratory organs]. Keller, R, 1992)	2.03
"Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent, and in many locations it is a major atmospheric pollutant. "	( Exposure of rats to ozone: evidence of damage to heart and brain. Massaro, D; Massaro, GD; Rahman, I, 1992)	2.05
"Ozone is a highly reactive gas that has been tested for genotoxicity in a number of systems. "	( Ozone is mutagenic in Salmonella. Combes, R; Dillon, D; McConville, M; Zeiger, E, 1992)	3.17
"Ozone (O3) is a toxic gaseous pollutant that has been implicated in laboratory studies as a potential lung carcinogen or cocarcinogen in mice. "	( Immunomodulating effects of ozone on macrophage functions important for tumor surveillance and host defense. Kraemer, GL; Schlesinger, RB; Vogel, MC; Zelikoff, JT, 1991)	2.02
"Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen produced in the atmosphere by photochemical reactions involving substrates emitted from automobile engines. "	( Effects of ozone on airway epithelial permeability and ion transport. Bromberg, PA; Ranga, V; Stutts, MJ, 1991)	2.11
"Ozone is a potent disinfecting agent which has been used successfully in water treatment, as well as to cure wounds. "	( [Antimicrobial activity of ozonized water in determined experimental conditions]. Andre, J; Cabronero, MJ; Gómez-Lus, ML; Minguez, F; Prieto, J, )	1.57
"Ozone (O3) is a powerful oxidizing component of air pollution that may react with other air pollutants before or after inhalation. "	( Induction of DNA damage in cultured human lung cells by tobacco smoke arylamines exposed to ambient levels of ozone. Agarwal, S; Kozumbo, WJ, 1990)	1.93
"Ozone is a photochemical oxidant which reacts with a variety of biological molecules. "	( An immunofluorescence study of T and B lymphocytes in ozone-induced pulmonary lesions in the mouse. Bleavins, MR; Dziedzic, D, 1990)	1.97
"Ozone is an oxidant gas and an ubiquitous oxidant air pollutant with the potential to adversely affect pulmonary immune function with a consequent increase in disease susceptibility. "	( Immunosuppression of pulmonary natural killer activity by exposure to ozone. Burleson, GR; Keyes, LL; Stutzman, JD, 1989)	1.95
"Ozone is a principal component of photochemical air pollution endogenous to numerous metropolitan areas, which may induce irritant effects on the respiratory tract which impair pulmonary function, result in subjective symptoms of respiratory discomfort, including cough and shortness of breath, and can limit exercise performance. "	( Effects of ozone exposure at ambient air pollution episode levels on exercise performance. Adams, WC, )	1.96
"Ozone is a potent oxidant gas and a common constituent of photochemical smog. "	( Acute and subchronic ozone inhalation in the rabbit: response of alveolar macrophages. Driscoll, KE; Schlesinger, RB; Vollmuth, TA, 1987)	2.03
"Ozone is a respiratory irritant that has been shown to cause an increase in the permeability of the respiratory epithelium in animals. "	( Ozone exposure increases respiratory epithelial permeability in humans. Bromberg, PA; Horstman, DH; Kehrl, HR; Kowalsky, RJ; McCartney, WH; O'Neil, JJ; Vincent, LM, 1987)	3.16
"Ozone is an oxidant gas which primarily injures the centroacinar portion of the lung. "	( Thymus and pulmonary lymph node response to acute and subchronic ozone inhalation in the mouse. Dziedzic, D; White, HJ, 1986)	1.95
"Ozone is a reactive environmental oxidant molecule whose deleterious effects are enhanced by interaction with other photochemical oxidants. "	( Toxicity and biochemical mechanisms of ozone. Borek, C; Mehlman, MA, 1987)	1.98
"Ozone (O3) is a major irritant pollutant."	( [Air burden and respiratory and vascular diseases]. Scherrer, M, 1985)	0.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ozone has a strong oxidation power that allows effective inactivation of waterborne viruses. "	( Inactivation kinetics of waterborne virus by ozone determined by a continuous quench flow system. Itamochi, M; Katayama, H; Torii, S, 2020)	2.26
"Ozone therapy has a beneficial effect on the course and wound process in patients with diabetes with purulent processes."	( THE STUDY OF ACTION THE OZONE IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES BY DIABETES MELLITUS. Bakun, OV; Karatieieva, SY; Muzyka, NY; Slobodian, KV; Yakovets, KI, 2021)	1.65
"Ozone has a stronger effect on the risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases and wheeze-associated disorders in the winter. "	( Seasonal association between ambient ozone and hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam. Dang, TN; Luong, LMT; Morawska, L; Phung, D; Sly, PD; Thai, PK, 2018)	2.2
"Ozone has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and each microorganism species has inherent sensitivity to the gas. "	( Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by ozone in different substrates. de Aguiar Ferreira, M; de Alencar, ER; de Oliveira Souza, SM; Ribeiro, JL, 2019)	2.22
"Ozone therapy has a large clinical application in many therapeutic areas because of its well-known antimicrobial, immunological, and oxygenating properties. "	( Randomized, controlled study of innovative spray formulation containing ozonated oil and α-bisabolol in the topical treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. Capparé, G; De Ascentii, A; Mattana, P; Solovăstru, LG; Stîncanu, A; Vâţă, D, 2015)	1.86
"Ozone has a preventive effect in the development of fibrosis by decreasing tissue damage and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity in an experimental model of corrosive esophageal injury."	( The efficacy of ozone therapy in experimental caustic esophageal burn. Erdogan, E; Gundogdu, G; Guven, A; Korkmaz, A; Ozturk, H; Sadir, S; Surer, I; Topal, T, 2008)	2.13
"Ozone has a more potent bactericidal effect than carbon dioxide gas, although this did not influence survival of the animals."	( Analysis of the bactericidal effect of ozone pneumoperitoneum. Garotti, JE; Navarini, A; Pacheco, AM; Silva, RA; Silva, RS, )	1.84
"Ozone has a strong microbicidal action against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses when these microorganisms are present in low ozone-demand media."	( Ozone and its current and future application in the food industry. Khadre, MA; Kim, JG; Yousef, AE, 2003)	2.48
"The ozone concentration has an obvious diurnal variation."	( [Ozone concentration distribution of urban]. Cui, ZJ; Li, CM; Ma, GX; Yin, YQ, 2004)	1.71
"Ozone gas has a high oxidation potential and is 1.5 times greater than chloride when used as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. "	( Ozone therapy in medicine and dentistry. Ferrari, PH; Kantorovich, EO; Lage-Marques, JL; Nogales, CG, 2008)	3.23
"Ozone has an effect on the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules and acute phase reactants, which are responsible in part for the respiratory inflammatory response observed after exposure to this gas."	( Effect of ozone on neutrophil function in vitro. Attias, D; Attias, E; Elstein, D; Margalit, M; Matzner, Y; Zimran, A, 2001)	1.43
"Ozone therapy has been used to treat disc herniation for more than four decades. "	( Ozone as Modulator of Resorption and Inflammatory Response in Extruded Nucleus Pulposus Herniation. Revising Concepts. Croce, E; Erario, MLÁ; Grangeat, AM; Moviglia Brandolino, MT; Moviglia, G, 2021)	3.51
"Ozone therapy has antiviral properties, improves blood flow, facilitates the transfer of oxygen in hypoxemic tissues, and reduces blood coagulation phenomena in COVID-19 patients."	( Potential therapeutic effect of oxygen-ozone in controlling of COVID-19 disease. Abdolshahi, A; Banihashemian, SZ; Emadi, A; Eslami, M; Feyzabadi, ZK; Hasanpour, S; Kokhaei, P; Yousefi, B, )	1.12
"Ozone has been applied in many processes (drinking water disinfection and wastewater treatment, among others) based on its high degree of effectiveness as a wide-spectrum disinfectant and its potential for the degradation of pollutants and pesticides. "	( The effects of ozone treatments on the agro-physiological parameters of tomato plants and the soil microbial community. Bastida, F; Díaz-López, M; Nicolás, E; Ros, C; Siles, JA, 2022)	2.52
"Ozone has been successfully employed in water treatment due to its ability to oxidize a wide variety of refractory compounds. "	( Clay, Zeolite and Oxide Minerals: Natural Catalytic Materials for the Ozonation of Organic Pollutants. Font, J; Inchaurrondo, NS, 2022)	2.16
"Ozone levels have been declining in the Los Angeles, CA, USA area for the last four decades, but there was a recent uptick in the 4th highest daily maximum 8-h (MDA8) ozone concentrations from 2014 to 2018 despite continued reductions in the estimated precursor emissions. "	( Separating emissions and meteorological impacts on peak ozone concentrations in Southern California using generalized additive modeling. Blanchard, CL; Do, K; Gao, Z; Ivey, CE; Lee, SM; Russell, AG, 2022)	2.41
"Ozone therapy has been shown to be effective in neuromodulation, neuroprotection, and nerve regeneration."	( Evaluation of targeted oxidative stress induced by oxygen-ozone Ambrosio, CE; Bressan, FF; de Paula Coutinho, M; Ferreira Pinto, PA; Godoy Pieri, NC; Machado, LC; Neto, PF; Orlandin, JR; Pinto Santos, SI; Recchia, K; Santucci, A; Travagli, V, 2022)	1.69
"Ozone therapy has long been used in the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, probably through its antioxidant properties and the supply of oxygen to hypoxic tissues."	( Benefits of ozone on mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Han, D; Shang, W; Wang, G; Wang, Y, 2023)	2.01
"Ozone therapy has been revealed to protect infection and inflammation-related diseases due to its role in antibiotic and immunoregulatory effect."	( Ozonated triglyceride protects against septic lethality via preventing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Liu, Y; Lu, J; Wang, D; Yan, S; Zong, X, 2023)	1.63
"Ozone has been studied to control microorganisms in food, as well as to control biofilm. "	( Ozonation for Pseudomonas paracarnis control: biofilm removal and preservation of chicken meat during refrigerated storage. Costa, NADS; de Alencar, ER; Falqueto, A; Faroni, LRD; Machado, SG; Okolo, EA; Silva, MVA, 2023)	2.35
"Ozone therapy has thus far been utilized with wound healing, dental caries, oral lichen planus, gingivitis and periodontitis, halitosis, osteonecrosis of the jaw, post-surgical pain, plaque and biofilms, root canals, dentin hypersensitivity, temporomandibular joint disorders, and teeth whitening."	( Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine. Gandhi, J; Joshi, G; Kaitlyn, R; Khan, SA; Patel, S; Smith, NL; Suh, Y, )	1.18
"Ozone has become a major atmospheric pollutant in China as the pattern of urban energy usage has changed and the number of motor vehicles has grown rapidly. "	( Spatio-temporal evolution of ozone pollution and its influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. Li, JX; Liang, LW; Wang, ZB, 2020)	2.29
"Ozone has already been well-known for its bactericidal and virucidal effects."	( Evaluation of the Anti-Adenoviral Activity of ALTANT, an Ozonated Alcohol Disinfectant. Fujimoto, T; Hanaoka, N; Nojiri, N; Takahashi, K; Yoshida, E, 2020)	1.28
"Ozone has adverse effects on human health. "	( Spatial distributions of ozonolysis products from human surfaces in ventilated rooms. Lakey, PSJ; Morrison, G; Rim, D; Shiraiwa, M; Won, Y, 2020)	2
"Ozone has been demonstrated as being useful in promoting wound healing as well as adverse events in individual studies."	( Effects of ozone for treating chronically refractory wounds and ulcers: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Chen, Q; Fang, S; Liu, D; Qiu, X; Wang, X; Wen, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.67
"Ozone has been shown to have a strong antimicrobial effect against bacteria that play a role in the etiology of gingival/periodontal diseases."	( Efficacy of gaseous ozone in smoking and non-smoking gingivitis patients. Çalişir, M; Talmaç, AC, 2021)	1.67
"Ozone has a strong oxidation power that allows effective inactivation of waterborne viruses. "	( Inactivation kinetics of waterborne virus by ozone determined by a continuous quench flow system. Itamochi, M; Katayama, H; Torii, S, 2020)	2.26
"Ozone has promise for use as an alternative acaricide, due to its proven efficiency in controlling agricultural and food pests, besides posing no risk of environmental contamination or to animal and human health."	( Morphophysiological analysis of the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to ozonated water: A control strategy. Abreu, MR; Camargo-Mathias, MI; Delalibera, I; Pereira, NRC, 2021)	1.34
"Ozone has proven to be highly effective in killing bacteria, fungi, and molds and inactivating viruses both on the surfaces and suspended in the air."	( Could ozone be an effective disinfection measure against the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)? Cristiano, L, 2020)	1.76
"Ozone has become a major air pollutant in recent years, which leading to a variety of lung diseases. "	( Ozone exposure promotes pyroptosis in rat lungs via the TLR2/4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Bian, L; Lai, W; Li, K; Lin, B; Liu, H; Liu, X; Tian, L; Xi, Z; Yan, J; Zhang, W, 2021)	3.51
"Ozone has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in the body."	( Effects of Ozone on Injury after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery. Arslanhan, A; Bozkurt, SU; Emon, ST; Meric, ZC; Unal, S; Ziyal, I, 2021)	1.73
"Ozone has been shown beneficial to wound healing with unclear mechanisms."	( Ozone oil promotes wound healing via increasing miR-21-5p-mediated inhibition of RASA1. Bi, XR; Wu, M; Xiao, WR, 2021)	2.79
"Ozone has been proposed as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of various disorders."	( Medical ozone induces proliferation and migration inhibition through ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB suppression in human liver cancer cells in vitro. He, X; Huang, Q; Li, J; Li, X; Tang, S; Zeng, T; Zhong, M, 2021)	1.78
"Ozone has been widely applied in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and it is essential to determine the ozone dosage and its ratio in ozone contact tank to increase the ozone absorption and utilization rates. "	( Optimization of ozone dosage in an ozone contact tank using a numerical model. Guo, X; Mao, Y; Qi, S; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2021)	2.41
"Ozone application has been suggested as an additional measure to the slaughter animals under hygiene programs. "	( Effect of gaseous ozone application during chilling on microbial and quality attributes of pig carcasses. Cardoso, M; Coldebella, A; Feddern, V; Kich, JD; Lopes, GV; Werlang, GO, 2022)	2.5
"Ozone therapy has tremendous therapeutic potential owing to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and potential to improve oxygenation. "	( A pilot study for treatment of COVID-19 patients in moderate stage using intravenous administration of ozonized saline as an adjuvant treatment-registered clinical trial. Captain, J; Gokulchandran, N; Gote, P; Kasekar, S; Khanbande, U; Khubchandani, P; Kulkarni, P; Lakshmi, S; Nair, V; Paranjape, A; Pradeep, MK; Pradhan, R; Sane, H; Shah, M; Sharma, A; Tuppekar, B; Varghese, R, 2021)	2.06
"Ozone has adverse effects on human health, it is necessary to obtain the refined ozone exposure concentration. "	( Simulation of average monthly ozone exposure concentrations in China: A temporal and spatial estimation method. Fan, Z; Huang, B; Liao, Y; Lin, J; Peng, C, 2021)	2.35
"Ozone therapy has a beneficial effect on the course and wound process in patients with diabetes with purulent processes."	( THE STUDY OF ACTION THE OZONE IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES BY DIABETES MELLITUS. Bakun, OV; Karatieieva, SY; Muzyka, NY; Slobodian, KV; Yakovets, KI, 2021)	1.65
"Ozone pollution has recently become a severe air quality issue in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. "	( [Application of ARIMA Model for Mid- and Long-term Forecasting of Ozone Concentration]. Guo, H; Han, TT; He, D; Jiao, RG; Li, YR; Ma, ZQ; Quan, WJ; Wang, JX; Wu, J, 2021)	2.3
"Ozone and asthma HAs are significantly associated with each other; susceptibility to ozone is age-dependent, with children at highest risk. "	( Concentration-response of short-term ozone exposure and hospital admissions for asthma in Texas. Goodman, JE; Lange, S; Liu, X; Loftus, CT; Shi, L; Tao, G; Zu, K, 2017)	2.17
"Ozone has been proven effective as a drinking water treatment against pathogenic microorganisms."	( Inactivation of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus on fresh raspberries by gaseous ozone treatment. Bertrand, I; Boudaud, N; Brié, A; Gantzer, C; Loutreul, J; Mssihid, A, 2018)	1.43
"Ozone therapy has proven to be one of the strongest antiseptics against the majority of microorganisms involved in skin infections."	( The antibacterial effect of topical ozone on the treatment of MRSA skin infection. Gao, L; Huang, J; Lu, J; Song, M; Wu, K; Xiang, Y; Zeng, Q, 2018)	1.48
"Ozone concentration has risen nowadays, and it's predicted that this trend will continue in the next few decades."	( Nitric oxide alleviates wheat yield reduction by protecting photosynthetic system from oxidation of ozone pollution. Gu, X; Guo, L; Li, C; Muminov, MA; Song, Y; Wang, T, 2018)	1.42
"Ozone therapy has been proposed as a treatment for chronic wounds, potentially acting by eliciting mild oxidative stress or disinfection."	( Ozone therapy for the treatment of chronic wounds: A systematic review. Fitzpatrick, E; Holland, OJ; Vanderlelie, JJ, 2018)	2.64
"Ozone therapies have been utilized for various purposes ever since it was discovered."	( Emerging roles of ozone in skin diseases. Wang, X, 2018)	1.54
"Ozone has been used as a curative agent for a variety of different diseases for over 150 years. "	( Ozone oxidative postconditioning inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway. Chen, Z; Du, Y; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, L, 2018)	3.37
"Ozone has been known for several decades, with its antiseptic and therapeutic effects determined by the hormesis theory. "	( Molecular insights into the effect of ozone on human hemoglobin in autohemotherapy: Highlighting the importance of the presence of blood antioxidants during ozonation. Ahmadian, S; Mehraban, F; Moosavi-Movahedi, AA; Poursasan, N; Rayati, S; Seraj, Z; Seyedarabi, A, 2018)	2.19
"Ozone has a stronger effect on the risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases and wheeze-associated disorders in the winter. "	( Seasonal association between ambient ozone and hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam. Dang, TN; Luong, LMT; Morawska, L; Phung, D; Sly, PD; Thai, PK, 2018)	2.2
"Ozone therapy has been suggested as an alternative due to its potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect."	( Ozone therapy for low back pain. A systematic review. Costa, T; Linhares, D; Neves, N; Ribeiro da Silva, M, )	2.3
"Ozone has multiple therapeutic effects in wound healing due to the property of releasing nascent oxygen, which has been shown to stimulate antioxidant enzymes."	( Non-invasive Oxygen-Ozone therapy in treating digital ulcers of patients with systemic sclerosis. Elawamy, A; Ghaly, MS; Hassanien, M; Mohamed, N; Rashad, S, )	1.18
"Ozone (O3) therapy has been shown to enhance cell metabolism, angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, and collagen synthesis."	( Is Ozone (O3) Treatment Effective in Atrophic Rhinitis? Experimental Animal Study. Altaş, B; Altınay, S; Koçak, HE; Oktay, MF; Taşkın, Ü; Yücebaş, K, 2018)	1.82
"Ozone therapy has been used to treat numerous diseases. "	( Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic wounds before and after treatment with medical ozone. Bozorgi, M; Hosseine, MS; Izadi, M; Jonaidi-Jafari, N; Khalili, N, 2018)	2.14
"Ozone has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and each microorganism species has inherent sensitivity to the gas. "	( Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by ozone in different substrates. de Aguiar Ferreira, M; de Alencar, ER; de Oliveira Souza, SM; Ribeiro, JL, 2019)	2.22
"Ozone therapy has been used widely to decrease pain related to osteoarthritis, but the effectiveness of this treatment has not been evaluated."	( Short-Term Therapeutic Effects of Ozone in the Management of Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis. Arias-Vázquez, PI; Barjau-Madrígal, HA; Bermudez-Ocaña, DY; González-Castro, TB; Hernández-Díaz, Y; Juárez-Rojop, IE; Legorreta-Ramírez, G; López-Narváez, ML; Tovilla-Zárate, CA, 2019)	2.24
"Ozone therapy has been widely used in everyday clinical practice over the last few years, leading to significant clinical results in the treatment of herniated discs and pain management. "	( The Biochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Ozone: The Smell of Protection in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Avola, R; Barbagallo, I; Bernardini, R; Cantarella, G; Di Mauro, R; Di Rosa, M; Distefano, A; Gulino, ME; Lazzarino, G; Li Volti, G; Longhitano, L; Nicolosi, D; Spampinato, M; Tibullo, D; Vicario, N, 2019)	2.21
"Ozone therapy has unique mechanisms of actions that may directly address the emerging discoveries of factors related to pathogenesis of the disorder and other pain conditions."	( Ozone Therapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Review and Case Report. Robins, H; Rowen, RJ, 2019)	2.68
"Ozone therapy has been found, in basic science studies, to ameliorate many of the mechanisms promoting chronic pain and inflammation, including hypoxia, inflammatory mediators, and infection. "	( Ozone Therapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Review and Case Report. Robins, H; Rowen, RJ, 2019)	3.4
"Ozone has been used for improving the postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. "	( Effects of ozone postharvest treatment on physicochemical and qualitative traits of Actinidia chinensis 'Soreli' during cold storage. Botondi, R; Forniti, R; Goffi, V; Petriccione, M; Zampella, L, 2019)	2.35
"Ozone has been recently used as a safe alternative treatment in musculoskeletal disorders with fewer adverse effects than corticosteroids. "	( A Randomized Control Trial of Comparing Ultrasound-Guided Ozone (O2-O3) vs Corticosteroid Injection in Patients With Shoulder Impingement. Ahadi, T; Babaei-Ghazani, A; Ebadi, S; Eftekharsadat, B; Fadavi, HR; Ghazaei, F; Khabbaz, MS, 2019)	2.2
"Ozone has become one of the most serious air pollutants in China in recent years. "	( Contributions of Indoor and Outdoor Sources to Ozone in Residential Buildings in Nanjing. Gao, Z; Huang, Y; Yang, Z, 2019)	2.21
"Ozone damage has been traditionally measured through manipulative experiments that do not consider long-term exposure and propagate large uncertainty by up-scaling leaf-level observations to ecosystem-level interpretations."	( Tropospheric ozone reduces carbon assimilation in trees: estimates from analysis of continuous flux measurements. Detto, M; Fares, S; Goldstein, AH; Karlik, J; Paoletti, E; Vargas, R; Vitale, M, 2013)	1.48
"Ozone (O3) has become one of the most toxic air pollutants to plants worldwide. "	( Exposure to elevated ozone levels differentially affects the antioxidant capacity and the redox homeostasis of two subtropical Phaseolus vulgaris L. varieties. Bortolin, RC; Caregnato, FF; Divan Junior, AM; Moreira, JC, 2013)	2.15
"Ozone treatments have been proven to be highly efficient in the removal, notably decreasing the concentrations for most of the emerging contaminants present in the water samples."	( Removal of emerging contaminants in sewage water subjected to advanced oxidation with ozone. Bijlsma, L; Gracia-Lor, E; Hernández, F; Ibáñez, M; Morales, E; Pastor, L, 2013)	1.33
"Ozone has proved to be a suitable solution for polishing secondary domestic effluents."	( Tertiary ozonation of industrial wastewater for the removal of estrogenic compounds (NP and BPA): a full-scale case study. Bertanza, G; Dal Grande, M; Papa, M; Pedrazzani, R; Repice, C, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone has proven to be effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi."	( Ozone therapy in the management and prevention of caries. Almaz, ME; Sönmez, IŞ, 2015)	2.58
"Ozone (O3) has attracted much attention because of its key role in human health and disease, and its detection is of great importance for various biochemical studies as well as environmental evaluation. "	( Sensitive detection of ozone by a practical resorufin-based spectroscopic probe with extremely low background signal. Li, X; Ma, H; Shi, W; Zhang, Y, 2013)	2.14
"Ozone treatment has been demonstrated as an effective means of rapidly degrading naphthenic acids, reducing process water toxicity, and increasing its biodegradability following seeding with the endogenous process water bacteria."	( Indigenous microbes survive in situ ozonation improving biodegradation of dissolved organic matter in aged oil sands process-affected waters. Brown, LD; El-Din, MG; Fedorak, PM; Martin, JW; Pérez-Estrada, L; Ulrich, AC; Wang, N, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone has been widely used for drinking water treatment recently. "	( Effects of ozonation on disinfection byproduct formation and speciation during subsequent chlorination. Mao, Y; Wang, H; Wang, X; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2014)	1.85
"Ozone has been associated with respiratory diseases as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and can reduce lung function and alter systemic markers of fibrinolysis."	( Interaction effects of temperature and ozone on lung function and markers of systemic inflammation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis: a crossover study of healthy young volunteers. Case, MW; Devlin, RB; Diaz-Sanchez, D; Kahle, JJ; Madden, MC; Neas, LM; Schmitt, MT, 2015)	1.41
"Ozone (O3) has been measured at Great Basin National Park (GBNP) since September 1993. "	( Variability and sources of surface ozone at rural sites in Nevada, USA: Results from two years of the Nevada Rural Ozone Initiative. Burley, J; Fine, R; Gustin, MS; Jaffe, DA; Lin, M; Miller, MB; Pierce, RB, 2015)	2.14
"Ozone has been used as a safe and efficient disinfectant in water treatment plants for many years."	( Ozonated saline shows activity against planktonic and biofilm growing Staphylococcus aureus in vitro: a potential irrigant for infected wounds. Al-Saadi, H; Messmer, P; Moriarty, TF; Potapova, I; Rochford, ET, 2016)	1.16
"Ozone (O3) has been recommended as a novel therapeutic agent in various medical conditions."	( Evaluation and comparison of the effect of hypothermia and ozone on ischemia-reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle in rats. Akyildiz, F; Ekinci, S; Ersen, O; Koca, K; Ozkan, H; Seven, MM; Turkkan, S; Uysal, B, 2015)	1.38
"Ozone has great potential for improved food safety because of four benefits: It is a potent sanitizer, it is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, it is permitted for food use as regulated by the U.S."	( Control of human norovirus surrogates in fresh foods by gaseous ozone and a proposed mechanism of inactivation. Lee, K; Li, J; Predmore, A; Sanglay, G, 2015)	1.38
"Ozone therapy has been in use since 1896 in the USA. "	( Prophylaxis and therapeutic potential of ozone in buiatrics: Current knowledge. Samardžija, M; Valpotić, H; Đuričić, D, 2015)	2.13
"Ozone has bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal properties."	( Evaluation of effect of topical ozone therapy on salivary Candidal carriage in oral candidiasis. Khatri, I; Kumar, NA; Moger, G, )	1.14
"Ozone therapy has a large clinical application in many therapeutic areas because of its well-known antimicrobial, immunological, and oxygenating properties. "	( Randomized, controlled study of innovative spray formulation containing ozonated oil and α-bisabolol in the topical treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. Capparé, G; De Ascentii, A; Mattana, P; Solovăstru, LG; Stîncanu, A; Vâţă, D, 2015)	1.86
"Ozone pollution has adverse effects on respiratory health in children and adults. "	( The lung response to ozone is determined by age and is partially dependent on toll-Like receptor 4. Correll, KA; Dakhama, A; Gabehart, K; Loader, JE; White, CW, 2015)	2.18
"Ozone process has been widely used for drinking water treatment recently. "	( Pathway fraction of bromate formation during O₃ and O₃/H₂O₂ processes in drinking water treatment. Lv, M; Mao, Y; Qi, S; Sun, L; Wang, X; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2016)	1.88
"Ozone has induced chemical changes in the coating as observed with an increase in dicarboxylic acids, short-chain fatty acids and aldehydes."	( Chemical modification of coating of Pinus halepensis pollen by ozone exposure. Choukri, A; Farah, J; Gosselin, S; Mendez, M; Naas, O; Quijada, M; Visez, N, 2016)	1.4
"Ozone use has more evident clinical effect, significantly affects the phase course of wound process, promotes the improvement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection indexes, reduces the length of hospital stay and term of treatment of patients with diabetic foot. "	( Ozone therapy effectiveness in patients with ulcerous lesions due to diabetes mellitus. Patskan, BM; Rosul, MV, 2016)	3.32
"Ozone has shown the potential to control stored product insect pests. "	( Numerical simulation of ozone concentration profile and flow characteristics in paddy bulks. Chandrasekar, V; Pandiselvam, R; Thirupathi, V, 2017)	2.2
"Ozone has been associated with daily mortality, mainly in the summer period. "	( Is there adaptation in the ozone mortality relationship: a multi-city case-crossover analysis. Schwartz, J; Zanobetti, A, 2008)	2.09
"Ozone has been proposed as an antioxidant enzyme activator, immunomodulator and cellular metabolic activator. "	( The efficacy of ozone therapy in experimental caustic esophageal burn. Erdogan, E; Gundogdu, G; Guven, A; Korkmaz, A; Ozturk, H; Sadir, S; Surer, I; Topal, T, 2008)	2.13
"Ozone has a preventive effect in the development of fibrosis by decreasing tissue damage and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity in an experimental model of corrosive esophageal injury."	( The efficacy of ozone therapy in experimental caustic esophageal burn. Erdogan, E; Gundogdu, G; Guven, A; Korkmaz, A; Ozturk, H; Sadir, S; Surer, I; Topal, T, 2008)	2.13
"Ozone treatment has been presented and discussed in the literature, as one of the "new" ways to treat dental caries. "	( Effect of ozone treatment on different cariogenic microorganisms in vitro. Dietz, W; Fagrell, TG; Lingström, P; Norén, JG; Steiniger, F, 2008)	2.19
"Ozone have been widely used as pre-oxidant before conventional water treatment processes, while some controversial results on the effects of preozonation on coagulation and particle stabilization, have been described. "	( Impact of preozonation on the performance of coagulated flocs. Li, T; Wang, D; Wang, F; Yan, X, 2009)	1.8
"Ozone has strong oxidizing power and has been utilized widely in water and wastewater treatment."	( [Effect of ozone on membrane fouling in water and wastewater treatment: a research review]. Huang, X; Wen, XH; Zhu, HT, 2009)	1.46
"Ozone has a more potent bactericidal effect than carbon dioxide gas, although this did not influence survival of the animals."	( Analysis of the bactericidal effect of ozone pneumoperitoneum. Garotti, JE; Navarini, A; Pacheco, AM; Silva, RA; Silva, RS, )	1.84
"Ozone has been proposed as an antioxidant enzyme activator, immunomodulator, and cellular metabolic activator."	( Medical ozone therapy reduces oxidative stress and intestinal damage in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Gundogdu, G; Guven, A; Korkmaz, A; Oztas, E; Ozturk, H; Uysal, B; Vurucu, S, 2009)	1.51
"Ozone has been reported to induce airway neutrophilia in mild asthmatics, but little is known about how it affects the airways of asthmatic subjects on inhaled corticosteroids."	( Ozone exposure enhances mast-cell inflammation in asthmatic airways despite inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Behndig, AF; Blomberg, A; Bosson, J; Frew, AJ; Helleday, R; Kelly, FJ; Mudway, IS; Pourazar, J; Sandström, T; Stenfors, N; Törnqvist, H, 2010)	2.52
"Ozone-PC and HBO-PC has protective effect against skeletal bone I/R injury by decreasing levels of MDA and PCO, increasing activities of SOD and GSH-Px in rats."	( Effect of preconditioned hyperbaric oxygen and ozone on ischemia-reperfusion induced tourniquet in skeletal bone of rats. Akgul, EO; Basbozkurt, M; Bilgic, S; Cayci, T; Durusu, M; Kaldirim, U; Koca, K; Korkmaz, A; Oguz, E; Ozkan, H; Topal, T; Tunay, S; Yanmis, I; Yurttas, Y, 2010)	1.34
"Ozone exposure has the capacity to affect multiple aspects of the "effector arc" of airway hyperresponsiveness, ranging from initial epithelial damage and neural excitation to neural reprogramming during infancy. "	( Biochemical effects of ozone on asthma during postnatal development. Auten, RL; Foster, WM, 2011)	2.12
"Ozone has been proposed as an adjunct antiseptic in periodontitis therapy. "	( Effectiveness of ozone against periodontal pathogenic microorganisms. Brand, K; Hickel, R; Huth, KC; Ilie, N; Kamereck, K; Lenzke, S; Paschos, E; Quirling, M, 2011)	2.15
"Ozone has become one of the most important air pollution issues around the world. "	( Ozone sensitivity analysis with the MM5-CMAQ modeling system for Shanghai. Chen, C; Chen, M; Chen, Y; Fu, J; Huang, C; Huang, H; Li, L; Streets, DG; Wang, H; Wangi, Y; Zhang, G, 2011)	3.25
"Ozone therapy has been widely used with clinical efficacy in DH."	( Ozone oxidative post-conditioning reduces oxidative protein damage in patients with disc hernia. Calunga Fernández, JL; Díaz Soto, MT; Dranguet, J; García Insua, M; León Fernández, OS; Menéndez Cepero, S; Pantoja, M; Viebhan-Hánsler, R, 2012)	2.54
"Ozone therapy has emerged as an additional treatment method."	( Ozone therapy as a treatment for low back pain secondary to herniated disc: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dotta, L; Fonoff, ET; Magalhaes, FN; Sasse, A; Teixera, MJ, )	2.3
"Ozone has been used as an alternative method for the decontamination of water, food, equipment and instruments. "	( Antimicrobial effects of ozonated water on the sanitization of dental instruments contaminated with E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, or the spores of B. atrophaeus. César, J; do Rego, MA; Jorge, AO; Junqueira, JC; Sumita, TC, 2012)	1.82
"Ozone has a strong microbicidal action against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses when these microorganisms are present in low ozone-demand media."	( Ozone and its current and future application in the food industry. Khadre, MA; Kim, JG; Yousef, AE, 2003)	2.48
"The ozone has been found to vary by factors of 2 and 3 within a park when average ozone is compared between locations."	( Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in national parks of California: interpretation of passive-sampler data. Ray, JD, 2001)	1.06
"Ozone (O3) has been reported to affect sleep patterns and also striatal and mesencephalic contents of 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in rats. "	( Ozone exposure alters 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid contents in dialysates from dorsal raphe and medial preoptic area in freely moving rats. Relationships with simultaneous sleep disturbances. Alfaro-Rodríguez, A; González-Piña, R, 2003)	3.2
"Ozone has been used as a pre-oxidation step for the treatment of stabilized leachates. "	( Stabilized leachates: ozone-activated carbon treatment and kinetics. Acedo, B; Beltrán, F; Carvalho, F; Gimeno, O; Rivas, FJ, 2003)	2.08
"Ozone has been applied in various ways in the food industry."	( Use of ozone to reduce molds in a cheese ripening room. Abrunhosa, L; Kozakiewicz, Z; Lima, N; Serra, R; Venâncio, A, 2003)	1.5
"Ozone has been associated with various adverse health effects, including increased rates of hospital admissions and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. "	( Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. Bell, ML; Dominici, F; McDermott, A; Samet, JM; Zeger, SL, 2004)	3.21
"Ozone therapy has been proposed as an immunomodulator and cellular metabolic activator which shows long-term anti-inflammatory effects and serves to reduce further the proinflammatory factors."	( Ameliorative effect of ozone on cytokine production in mice injected with human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast cells. Chang, JD; Chang, YF; Lu, HS; Wang, D, 2005)	1.36
"The ozone concentration has an obvious diurnal variation."	( [Ozone concentration distribution of urban]. Cui, ZJ; Li, CM; Ma, GX; Yin, YQ, 2004)	1.71
"Ozone therapy has become a useful treatment for pathological processes, in which the damage mediated by reactive oxygen species is involved. "	( Reversion by ozone treatment of acute nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. Borrego, A; González, R; Hernández, F; Menéndez, S; Montero, T; Rojas, E; Romay, C; Zamora, Z, 2004)	2.14
"Ozone has been shown to induce lung tumors in mice. "	( Mechanism of site-specific DNA damage induced by ozone. Hiraku, Y; Inoue, S; Ito, K; Kawanishi, S, 2005)	2.03
"Ozone recovery has been predicted by 2050, but no signs of recovery occur."	( Depletion of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic and Arctic: responses of plants of polar terrestrial ecosystems to enhanced UV-B, an overview. Blokker, P; Boelen, P; Rozema, J, 2005)	1.35
"Ozone has been investigated for its potential to remove marine dinoflagellate algae from ships' ballast water. "	( Ozonation of the marine dinoflagellate alga Amphidinium sp.--implications for ballast water disinfection. Hans van Leeuwen, J; Oemcke, DJ, 2005)	1.77
"Ozone has been successfully used in medicine because of its microbiologic properties for more than 100 years. "	( The use of ozone in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: a review. Filippi, A; Sader, R; Stübinger, S, 2006)	2.17
"Ozone has been proposed as an alternative antiseptic agent in dentistry based on reports of its antimicrobial effects in both gaseous and aqueous forms. "	( Effect of ozone on oral cells compared with established antimicrobials. Brand, K; Cappello, C; Hickel, R; Hollweck, R; Huth, KC; Jakob, FM; Paschos, E; Saugel, B, 2006)	2.18
"Ozone has been proposed as an alternative oral antiseptic in dentistry, due to its antimicrobial power reported for gaseous and aqueous forms, the latter showing a high biocompatibility with mammalian cells. "	( Effect of aqueous ozone on the NF-kappaB system. Brand, K; Cappello, C; Ern, K; Hickel, R; Huth, KC; Jakob, FM; Paschos, E; Quirling, M; Saugel, B, 2007)	2.12
"Ozone has potent oxidizing properties, and exposure to ozone causes airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation. "	( Attenuation of ozone-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness by c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. Adcock, IM; Bennett, BL; Chung, KF; Ferguson, GD; Issa, R; Leung, SY; Nath, P; Williams, AS, 2007)	2.14
"Ozone has heterogeneous effects on lung function. "	( Ozone exposure and lung function: effect modified by obesity and airways hyperresponsiveness in the VA normative aging study. Alexeeff, SE; Litonjua, AA; Schwartz, J; Sparrow, D; Suh, H; Vokonas, PS, 2007)	3.23
"Ozone (O3) has been suggested as an anti-microbial treatment in dentistry, with an ozone gas delivery system introduced for the treatment of fissure and root caries. "	( Ozone air levels adjacent to a dental ozone gas delivery system. Andersson-Wenckert, I; Hagenbjörk-Gustafsson, A; Johansson, E; Van Dijken, JW, 2007)	3.23
"Ozone has been shown to be able to degrade macromolecules and remove pigments due to its high oxidation potential."	( Simultaneous depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan by ozone treatment. King, JM; Prinyawiwatkul, W; Seo, S, 2007)	1.3
"Ozone has recently been subjected to criticism and emphasis in relation to clinical efficacy and toxicity, respectively. "	( Ozone therapy: clinical and basic evidence of its therapeutic potential. Hernández, F; León, OS; Mawsouf, MN; Menéndez, S; Re, L; Sánchez, GM, 2008)	3.23
"Ozone has obvious disinfecting effect on the 4 kinds of bacteria and the effect is correlated with the concentration of ozone."	( [The disinfecting effect of ozone on four kinds of bacteria]. Hu, LF; Huang, W; Li, MY; Shang, GW; Wang, RR; Wang, XP; Zhu, CL, 2008)	2.08
"Ozone gas has a high oxidation potential and is 1.5 times greater than chloride when used as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. "	( Ozone therapy in medicine and dentistry. Ferrari, PH; Kantorovich, EO; Lage-Marques, JL; Nogales, CG, 2008)	3.23
"B) Ozone has been demonstrated to induce deterioration of lung function and bronchial responsiveness but it is not clear whether subjects with asthma or rhinitis are more susceptible than normals."	( [Experimental effects of air pollutants on healthy probands and asthmatic patients]. Jörres, R; Magnussen, H; Nowak, D, 1994)	0.8
"Ozone exposure has been shown to increase the susceptibility of mice to pulmonary bacterial infection. "	( Ozone-enhanced pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mice. The role of alveolar macrophage function and capsular virulence factors. Gilmour, MI; Park, P; Selgrade, MK, 1993)	3.17
"Ozone has multiple effects on the lung ranging from alterations in pulmonary function to effects on lung defense mechanisms such as mucociliary transport of particles, and alveolar macrophage engulfment and translocation."	( Regional deposition of gases and particles in the lung: implications for mixtures. Gerrity, TR, 1995)	1.01
"Ozone has been reported to cause the formation of aldehydes in biological fluids that could explain many of the cellular effects caused by ozone."	( 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts and apoptosis in murine lung cells after acute ozone exposure. Holian, A; Kirichenko, A; Li, L; Morandi, MT, 1996)	1.24
"Ozone exposure has been related to adverse respiratory effects, in particular to lung function decrements. "	( Antioxidant supplementation and respiratory functions among workers exposed to high levels of ozone. Brunekreef, B; Dekker, R; Gerber, M; Grievink, L; Meneses, F; Perez Padilla, R; Ramirez, M; Romieu, I; Ruiz, S; Sienra, JJ; Walda, I, 1998)	1.96
"Ozone has been used for decades in many countries and recently, the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of this gas has been reaffirmed in the United States."	( Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: a review. Dave, S; Kim, JG; Yousef, AE, 1999)	1.38
"Ozone has been shown to be effective for the destruction of some classes of toxins under specific conditions, although most researchers agree that the dose and contact time required will depend on water quality."	( Ozonation of NOM and algal toxins in four treated waters. Newcombe, G; Nicholson, B; Rositano, J; Sztajnbok, P, 2001)	1.03
"Ozone prediction has become an important activity in many U.S. "	( Ozone predictions in Atlanta, Georgia: analysis of the 1999 ozone season. Ballagas, R; Cardelino, C; Chang, M; Cordle, J; Murphey, B; Patterson, L; Powell, K; St John, J; Stogner, J; Zimmer-Dauphinee, S, 2001)	3.2
"Ozone has an effect on the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules and acute phase reactants, which are responsible in part for the respiratory inflammatory response observed after exposure to this gas."	( Effect of ozone on neutrophil function in vitro. Attias, D; Attias, E; Elstein, D; Margalit, M; Matzner, Y; Zimran, A, 2001)	1.43
"Ozone has been used as a therapeutical agent and beneficial effects have been observed. "	( Ozone treatment reduces markers of oxidative and endothelial damage in an experimental diabetes model in rats. Al-Dalain, SM; Candelario-Jalil, E; Giuliani, A; León, OS; Martínez, G; Menéndez, S; Re, L, 2001)	3.2
"Ozone in Brussels has been found to be influenced by the meteorological conditions prevailing in central Europe."	( UV Fourier transform measurements of tropospheric O3, NO2, SO2, benzene, and toluene. Carleer, M; Colin, R; Tsouli, A; Vandaele, AC, 2002)	1.04
"Ozone stress has become an increasingly significant factor in cases of forest decline reported throughout the world. "	( An evaluation of ozone exposure metrics for a seasonally drought-stressed ponderosa pine ecosystem. Goldstein, AH; Kurpius, MR; Panek, JA, 2002)	2.1
"Ozone exposure has been shown to cause erythrocyte damage and thus may be affecting oxygen delivery by the red cell. "	( Lack of ozone effects on oxygen hemoglobin affinity. Frank, R; Hlastala, MP; Ross, BK, )	2.01
"Ozone has been shown to increase airway resistance and/or airway reactivity in vivo in animals and humans. "	( Functional and morphologic changes caused by acute ozone exposure in the isolated and perfused rat lung. Berry, JD; Hyde, DM; Joad, JP; McDonald, RJ; Pino, MV; Tarkington, BK, 1992)	1.98
"Ozone also has been reported to act alone and synergistically with ionizing radiation to induce changes related to neoplasia in primary hamster embryo cells and in the mouse C3H/10T1/2 cell line in culture."	( The role of ozone in tracheal cell transformation. Griffith, WC; Harkema, JR; Stephens, ND; Sun, JD; Thomassen, DG, 1992)	1.38

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Such ozone-pulses inhibit photosynthesis and trigger stomatal closure in a few minutes, but the signalling that underlies these responses remains largely unknown."	( Rapid depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase go hand-in-hand in mesophyll cells' ozone response. Brosché, M; Dietrich, P; Hedrich, R; Kollist, H; Nuhkat, M; Roelfsema, MRG; Stoelzle-Feix, S, 2021)	1.3
"Low-ozone doses cause alterations in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms due to the increase in reactive oxygen species, alter cell signaling, and produce deleterious metabolic responses for cells. "	( Oxidative Stress Caused by Ozone Exposure Induces Changes in P2X7 Receptors, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus. Gelista-Herrera, N; Gómez-Crisóstomo, N; Rivas-Arancibia, S; Rodríguez-Martínez, E; Valdés-Fuentes, M; Velázquez-Pérez, R, 2021)	1.48
"Ozone lower dose (G3) showed lower tibia and femur macroscopic scores."	( Intra-articular ozone slows down the process of degeneration of articular cartilage in the knees of rats with osteoarthritis. Bertol, CD; Cardoso, L; da Silva, JS; de Souza, SO; Dos Santos, RT; Rossato-Grando, LG; Spassim, MR; Wibelinger, LM, 2022)	1.79
"The ozone AHT did not cause evident RVR in the macular area, whereas the peripapillary area showed a partial response."	( Ozone-induced retinal vascular reactivity as assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography. Alkan, AA; Dikmen, NT; Düzgün, E; Şahin, T; Yeşiltaş, SK, 2022)	2.72
"Ozone can allow greater mobility of the knee joint, pain relief and decrease in effusion."	( The temporal effect of intra-articular ozone injections on pain in knee osteoarthritis. Giordano, L; Maffulli, N; Oliviero, A, 2019)	1.5
"Ozone is known to cause lung injury, and resident cells of the respiratory tract (i.e., epithelial cells and macrophages) respond to inhaled ozone in a variety of ways that affect their survival, morphology, and functioning. "	( Compartment-specific transcriptomics of ozone-exposed murine lungs reveals sex- and cell type-associated perturbations relevant to mucoinflammatory lung diseases. Choudhary, I; Patial, S; Paudel, K; Saini, Y; Vo, T, 2021)	2.33
"An ozone concentration increase of 1 ppb (part per billion) decreased daily deaths by 2.0% (95% CI, 0.1% to 3.6%); ozone levels below 38 ppb negatively correlated with deaths."	( Weather and COVID-19 Deaths During the Stay-at-Home Order in the United States. DuPré, N; Karimi, SM; Little, BB; Majbouri, M; McKinney, WP; White, KB, 2021)	1.14
"Ozone plays an important role in the thermal structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere. "	( Comparison of INSAT-3D retrieved total column ozone with ground-based and AIRS observations over India. Dasari, HP; Desamsetti, S; Giri, RK; Jain, MK; Kumar, RR; Soni, VK; Tiwari, A; Vankayalapati, KR, 2021)	2.32
"Ozone plays an increasingly important role in food processing for its antimicrobial ability and degradation effects on mycotoxins. "	( Untargeted GC-TOFMS-based cellular metabolism analysis to evaluate ozone degradation effect of deoxynivalenol. Blaženović, I; Ji, J; Pi, F; Sun, X; Wu, H; Xu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2019)	2.19
"Ozone can enhance the cardiac autonomic nervous system and systemic inflammation induced by PM2.5."	( [Effects of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on rat cardiac autonomic nervous system and systemic inflammation]. Jiang, R; Lü, P; Song, W; Wang, G; Zhen, L, 2013)	2.21
"Ozone therapy promotes the wound healing of DFUs via potential induction of VEGF, TGF-β, and PDGF at early stage of the treatment."	( Increased growth factors play a role in wound healing promoted by noninvasive oxygen-ozone therapy in diabetic patients with foot ulcers. Guan, M; Luo, X; Xie, C; Xue, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2014)	1.35
"Ozone did not produce lesions in the heart or kidney."	( Clinical and pathological manifestations of cardiovascular disease in rat models: the influence of acute ozone exposure. Kissling, GE; Kodavanti, UP; Ledbetter, AD; Nyska, A; Ramot, Y, 2015)	1.35
"The ozone increase resulting from the use of BFEG was large and significant compared to that from DFEG under all experimental conditions."	( Increase in ozone due to the use of biodiesel fuel rather than diesel fuel. Itano, Y; Maeda, Y; Muto, Y; Takenaka, N; Thang, PQ; Trung, NQ, 2016)	1.29
"Ozone alone did not inhibit growth of microorganisms; however, its association with chlorhexidine resulted in antimicrobial activity."	( In vitro evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial potential of ozone therapy. Borges, GÁ; da Silva, SM; Elias, ST; Guerra, EN; Macedo, SB; Magalhães, PO; Ribeiro, AP, 2017)	1.41
"Ozone is known to cause an immediate decrease in lung function and increased airway inflammation."	( The glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 null genotype modulates ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects. Alexis, NE; Bromberg, PA; Devlin, RB; Diaz-Sanchez, D; Harris, B; Hernandez, ML; Kleeberger, SR; Lay, JC; Lu, TS; Peden, DB; Zhou, H, 2009)	1.32
"Ozone plays a key role in both the Earth's radiative budget and photochemistry. "	( Measurement of atmospheric ozone by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Brown, SS; Dube, WP; Wagner, NL; Washenfelder, RA, 2011)	2.11
"Ozone levels are lower in Argamasilla probably due to fresh emissions from the close industrial area of Puertollano."	( Surface ozone comparison conducted in two rural areas in central-southern Spain. Adame, JA; Aranda, A; Díaz-de-Mera, Y; Muñoz, F; Notario, A; Parra, A; Parra, J; Romero, E, 2012)	1.53
"Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO."	( Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn. Ma, Z; Meng, W; Xu, J; Zhang, X; Zhao, X, 2011)	1.42
"Ozone caused increase in 6-keto-PG F1α by arterial but not by venous vessel tissues with peak activity 6-9h following insufflation."	( Ozone induces synthesis of systemic prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase-2 dependent mechanism in vivo. Ninke, S; Nüsing, RM; Schulz, S; Watzer, B, 2012)	2.54
"Ozone appeared to inhibit growth and caused the death of gram negative and gram positive tested bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. "	( Effects of ozone treatment on cell growth and ultrastructural changes in bacteria. Anupunpisit, V; Chanphetch, S; Poonkhum, R; Srisukonth, C; Thanomsub, B; Watcharachaipong, T, 2002)	2.15
"Ozone appeared to increase environmental stress and had a more pronounced effect on growth in better growing black cherry stands."	( Reduction of stem growth and site dependency of leaf injury in Massachusetts black cherries exhibiting ozone symptoms. Hofer, RM; Kelty, MJ; Vollenweider, P; Woodcock, H, 2003)	1.26
"The ozone of lower troposphere was affected by the pollutant over source area, so did the ozone in middle troposphere over down wind area."	( [Simulation of effects to tropospheric ozone over South East Asia and south China from biomass burning]. Chen, XM; Guo, SC; Jiang, WM; Liu, HN; Wang, WG; Wu, J; Xie, YQ, 2004)	1.07
"But ozone could increase obviously photocatalytic degradation rate of DMF in O3/TiO2 (F)."	( [Study on oxidant strengthening photocatalytic degradation of DMF over TiO2 fiber catalyst]. Feng, X; He, M; Huang, QM; Liu, ZG; Lu, XH; Que, ZL; Xu, HL; Yang, ZH; Zheng, Z, 2006)	0.81
"As ozone is known to activate defense responses in plants, we have monitored the concentration of jasmonic acid in tomato leaves during and after an acute exposure to this abiotic elicitor."	( Quantification of jasmonic acid by SPME in tomato plants stressed by ozone. Borgogni, A; Marucchini, C; Zadra, C, 2006)	1.08
"Ozone did not cause any significant changes in lignin, xylan, or glucan contents over time."	( A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Boyette, MD; Chen, Y; Osborne, J; Sharma-Shivappa, RR; Silverstein, RA, 2007)	1.06
"Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. "	( Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACl. Liu, HL; Shi, BY; Tang, HX; Wang, DS; Wang, M, 2006)	1.78
"Ozone is known to generate oxidized, proinflammatory lipids in lung lining fluid, such as 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol (beta-epoxide) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(9'-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine (PON-GPC)."	( Protection against inhaled oxidants through scavenging of oxidized lipids by macrophage receptors MARCO and SR-AI/II. Arredouani, M; Bauer, AK; Dahl, M; Kleeberger, SR; Kobzik, L; Soininen, R; Tryggvason, K, 2007)	1.06
"Ozone could increase the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the microviscosity in alveolar epithelial cell membrane, and induce inflammatory changes in morphologic structure. "	( Effect of sodium ferulate on fluidity and morphology of cell membrane in ozone induced lung injury. Dai, XJ; Sun, Y; Wang, DJ; Xu, F, 2006)	2.01
"Ozone is known to produce an acute influx of neutrophils, and alveolar epithelial cells can secrete chemokines and modulate inflammatory processes. "	( Ozone exposure of macrophages induces an alveolar epithelial chemokine response through IL-1alpha. Dinarello, CA; Manzer, R; Mason, RJ; McConville, G, 2008)	3.23
"Ozone failed to produce significant effects on either reproductive performance, postnatal somatic and neurobehavioral development (as assessed by a Fox test battery) or adult motor activity (including within-session habituation)."	( Medium and long-term behavioral effects in mice of extended gestational exposure to ozone. Alleva, E; Bignami, G; Dell'Omo, G; Fiore, M; Petruzzi, S, )	1.08
"Thus ozone appears to inhibit mast cell degranulation after IgE- or A23187-mediated stimulation and causes direct release of mast cell granule products and PGD2 only under conditions associated with membrane cytotoxicity."	( Modulation of mast cell functions by in vitro ozone exposure. Dailey, L; Peden, DB, 1995)	1
"Ozone is known to cause radicals to be formed in biological systems: for example, it initiates lipid peroxidation and vitamin E protects in vitro model systems, cells, and animals against the effects of ozone. "	( Mechanisms of radical formation from reactions of ozone with target molecules in the lung. Pryor, WA, 1994)	1.98
"Ozone can cause pulmonary edema and simultaneously decrease blood pressure. "	( Ozone increases atrial natriuretic peptides in heart, lung and circulation of aged vs. adult animals. Giordano, AT; Montgomery, MR; Raska-Emery, P; Vesely, DL, 1994)	3.17
"Ozone can cause pulmonary edema and simultaneously decrease blood pressure. "	( Ozone increases amino- and carboxy-terminal atrial natriuretic factor prohormone peptides in lung, heart, and circulation. Giordano, AT; Montgomery, MR; Raska-Emery, P; Vesely, DL, 1994)	3.17
"Ozone does not activate lipid peroxidation in blood, while it might activate electrochemical blood oxidation on the sorbent membrane and produce a direct therapeutic effect on hepatocytes."	( [The use of an ozonized sorbent in treating patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis]. Belianin, II; Shmelev, EI, 1994)	1.01
"Ozone can cause pulmonary edema and simultaneously decrease blood pressure. "	( Increase in atrial natriuretic factor in the lungs, heart, and circulatory system owing to ozone. Giordano, AT; Montgomery, MR; Raska-Emery, P; Vesely, DL, 1994)	1.95
"Ozone exposure may cause changes in brain protein metabolism."	( Proteolytic activity is altered in brain tissue of rats upon chronic exposure to ozone. Banay-Schwartz, M; Benuck, M; Lajtha, A, 1993)	1.23
"Ozone can also cause an increase in airways responsiveness to both non-specific bronchoconstrictors such as histamine and specific allergen."	( The role of air pollution in asthma. Wardlaw, AJ, 1993)	1.01
"Ozone caused an increase in total BALF cells and total cellular protein after 0.4 and 0.8 ppm ozone."	( Antioxidants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells isolated from ozone--exposed normal and ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. Costa, DL; Crissman, KM; Hatch, GE; Kodavanti, UP; Richards, J; Slade, R, )	1.09
"Ozone may increase the sensitivity of asthmatic patients to allergens."	( An update on air pollution. Weinmann, GG, 1996)	1.02
"Ozone caused an increase in monocyte chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar fluid that was inhibited by an antibody directed against MCP-1."	( Chemokine regulation of ozone-induced neutrophil and monocyte inflammation. Driscoll, KE; Leikauf, GD; Simpson, LG; Zhao, Q, 1998)	1.33
"Ozone induced an increase in pulmonary resistance with the SDB pattern but not with the RSB pattern."	( Effect of respiratory pattern on ozone injury to the airways of isolated rat lungs. Bric, JM; Hyde, DM; Joad, JP; Plopper, CG; Postlethwait, EM; Putney, L; Weir, AJ, 2000)	1.31
"Ozone exposure can cause inflammation and impaired lung function. "	( The effect of ozone exposure on the ability of human surfactant protein a variants to stimulate cytokine production. Al-Mondhiry, H; Floros, J; Phelps, DS; Umstead, TM; Wang, G, 2002)	2.12
"Ozone did not produce hyperresponsiveness in nonsensitized animals, but did exacerbate hyperresponsiveness to both specific and nonspecific bronchoprovocation challenges in sensitized animals, an effect that persisted through at least 4 wk after exposures ended."	( Ozone differentially modulates airway responsiveness in atopic versus nonatopic guinea pigs. Cohen, MD; Gordon, T; Ménache, MG; Nadziejko, C; Regal, JF; Schlesinger, RB; Sisco, M; Zelikoff, JT, 2002)	2.48
"Ozone caused an increase in BALF protein, fibronectin, and interleukin-6 above those in controls in both the NRS- and ANS-treated rats, but the only significant difference between the two groups was a level of fibronectin in the neutrophil-depleted animals higher than that in the neutrophil-sufficient animals at the 0-hr postexposure time."	( Acute ozone-induced lung injury in neutrophil-depleted rats. Devlin, RB; Hyde, DM; Koren, HS; Levin, JR; Pino, MV; Stovall, MY, 1992)	1.49
"Ozone induced an increase of the apparent Km for 2-aminoisobutyric acid transport, with a constant Vmax, indicating impairment of the carrier function, rather than a decrease in the number of transport sites."	( Toxic effects of ozone on murine L929 fibroblasts. Damaging action on transmembrane transport systems. Dubbelman, TM; Van der Zee, J; Van Steveninck, J, 1987)	1.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ozone treatments did not induce accumulation of proline in Col-0 nor in the mutant plants."	( Potential involvement of proline and flavonols in plant responses to ozone. Boublin, F; Cabassa-Hourton, C; Leitao, L; Leymarie, J, 2022)	1.68
"Ozone treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to achieve material disinfection, and this disinfection method is of utmost importance in the present global pandemic. "	( Bacterial and fungal disinfection via ozonation in air. Burns, A; Cusack, M; Epelle, EI; Macfarlane, A; Mackay, W; Rateb, ME; Thissera, B; Yaseen, M, 2022)	2.16
"Ozone-treated and control specimens were amplified with Qiagen Investigator ESSplex SE QS kit."	( Effect of ozone disinfection on forensic STR profiling. Fejes, V; Poor, VS; Sipos, K; Szucs, D, 2022)	1.85
"Ozone levels in the treatment room were undetectable before the start of daily treatment but reached 0.008 parts per million (ppm) or more at 1 h after the start of treatment. "	( Generation of ozone during irradiation using medical linear accelerators: an experimental study. Hara, N; Isobe, A; Oobuchi, J; Sasai, K; Sugimoto, S; Takatsu, J, 2022)	2.52
"Ozone treatment for 30min killed more than 93% of pathogens in the bedding of the two rodent species and 60min of treatment killed over 99% of pathogens."	( Effectiveness of treatment of bedding and feces of laboratory animal with ozone. Chen, LY; Gao, CQ; Honess, P; Li, JJ; Liu, QX; Liu, YB; Qiao, JJ; Wang, MM; Wang, SN; Yi, B; Zhang, C, 2022)	1.67
"Ozone treatment of bedding and feces is an effective and environment friendly way to deal with the waste of animal facilities, saving energy and potentially enabling their reuse as fertilizer."	( Effectiveness of treatment of bedding and feces of laboratory animal with ozone. Chen, LY; Gao, CQ; Honess, P; Li, JJ; Liu, QX; Liu, YB; Qiao, JJ; Wang, MM; Wang, SN; Yi, B; Zhang, C, 2022)	2.39
"Ozone treatment potentiated the apoptotic and anticancer activities of doxorubicin in MCF-7 cells and showed repairing and healing effect on healthy fibroblast cells, which were damaged from cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agent. "	( Ozone combined with doxorubicin exerts cytotoxic and anticancer effects on Luminal-A subtype human breast cancer cell line. Karagulle, OO; Yurttas, AG, 2022)	3.61
"The ozone-urea pretreatment resulted in a 50% reduction in lignin, a 4.2 times increase in crude protein, a 22.5% increase in bonded organic-N, a 2 times increase in 24 h-gas production, and a 43.67% increase in total digestible nutrients compared to the non-pretreated sample."	( Highly digestible nitrogen-enriched straw upgraded by ozone-urea pretreatment: Digestibility metrics and energy-economic analysis. Aghbashlo, M; Arabhosseini, A; Asefpour Vakilian, K; Ghorbani, M; Kianmehr, MH; Li, Q; Pan, J; Sarlaki, E; Tabatabaei, M; Varjani, S; Wang, Y; Wei, D, 2022)	1.45
"Ozone treatment is regarded as one of the most effective means to control decay and extend shelf life because of its cost-effective and eco-friendly properties."	( Ozone reduces the fruit decay of postharvest winter jujube by altering the microbial community structure on fruit surface. Cheng, Y; Gao, C; Guan, J; Mahidul Islam Masum, M; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.89
"This ozone treatment was used with adjunct therapy delivered by the system in vitro."	( Wearable adjunct ozone and antibiotic therapy system for treatment of Gram-negative dermal bacterial infection. Krishnakumar, A; Maruthamuthu, MK; Nejati, S; Nguyen, J; Rahimi, R; Roth, A; Sedaghat, S; Seleem, MN; Selvamani, V, 2022)	1.52
"Ozone microbubbles treatment as an eco-friendly washing technique was investigated for three vegetables (celery, pakchoi and cowpea) collected from the field applied with five pesticides."	( Accelerated removal of five pesticide residues in three vegetables with ozone microbubbles. Li, X; Lin, J; Liu, C; Liu, F; Peng, Q; Wu, G; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2023)	1.86
"Ozone treatment of pesticide residues in the soil, water and food is effective in removing pesticides residues."	( Remediation of pesticide residues using ozone: A comprehensive overview. Aidoo, OF; Antwi-Agyakwa, AK; Borgemeister, C; Chia, SY; Dofuor, AK; Duker, RQ; Edusei, G; Gyan, M; Ninsin, KD; Okyere, H; Osei-Owusu, J; Siddiqui, SA, 2023)	1.9
"Ozone pretreatment was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments."	( Ozone pretreatment alleviates ischemiareperfusion injury-induced myocardial ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/Slc7a11/Gpx4 axis. Ding, S; Duanmu, X; Wu, Z; Xu, L; Zhu, L, 2023)	3.07
"Ozone treatment activated antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle to prevent the increase of reactive oxygen species levels (H"	( Ozone treatment modulates reactive oxygen species levels in kiwifruit through the antioxidant system: Insights from transcriptomic analysis. Luo, A; Niu, Y; Shi, Y; Wang, Y; Ye, L, 2023)	3.07
"Ozone treatment improves the efficiency of antioxidative system and storability of 'Soreli' kiwifruits. "	( Response of antioxidant system to postharvest ozone treatment in 'Soreli' kiwifruit. Botondi, R; Goffi, V; Magri, A; Petriccione, M, 2020)	2.26
"The ozone treatment had a positive effect on the survival of the eggs."	( Plant-mediated effects of ozone on herbivores depend on exposure duration and temperature. Duque, L; Poelman, EH; Steffan-Dewenter, I, 2019)	1.29
"OzoneOP treatment downregulated the α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor β1, and phospho-Smad 2 protein expression in rats subjected to I/R at 10 days and 12 weeks. "	( Protective Effects of Ozone Oxidative Postconditioning on Long-term Injury After Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rat. Chen, Q; Dong, L; Jiang, B; Li, H; Su, Y; Wang, Y; Zhou, W, )	1.89
"Ozone treatment can improve AD conditions by its bactericidal effect on S."	( Topical ozone therapy restores microbiome diversity in atopic dermatitis. Chen, J; Ding, S; Dou, J; Gao, L; Huang, J; Lu, J; Luo, Z; Tan, W; Xiang, Y; Zeng, J; Zeng, Q, 2020)	1.71
"The ozone oxidation treatment could achieve desirable reuse of desorption eluate, although its chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration increased gradually in line with the reuse numbers."	( Removal of organic and inorganic matters from secondary effluent using resin adsorption and reuse of desorption eluate using ozone oxidation. Li, A; Li, Q; Li, X; Song, H; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, J, 2020)	1.25
"All ozone treatments promoted complete inactivation of POD activity and did not affect the content of phenolic compounds."	( Ozone and plasma processing effect on green coconut water. Alves Filho, EG; de Brito, ES; do Nascimento, RBR; Fernandes, FAN; Fonteles, TV; Porto, E; Rodrigues, S; Silva, LMA, 2020)	2.48
"Ozone treatments and the density of clams in the depuration tank probably influenced the level of contamination and the Vibrio community composition."	( Depuration processes affect the Vibrio community in the microbiota of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Babbucci, M; Boffo, L; Cardazzo, B; Carraro, L; Fasolato, L; Milan, M; Smits, M; Zampieri, A, 2020)	1.28
"Ozone treatment increased the peak viscosity of flour and the level of increase in heavily-pearled kernels was greater than un-pearled and lightly-pearled."	( Properties of flour from pearled wheat kernels as affected by ozone treatment. Ding, W; Li, L; Shen, W; Shi, YC; Shu, Z; Wang, P; Zeng, X; Zhang, W, 2021)	1.58
"Ozone treatment significantly removed the total ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) once ozonation process finished."	( Mechanism concerning the occurrence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes in composting product with ozone post-treatment. Bao, H; Chen, Z; Fu, Q; Wen, Q; Wu, Y, 2021)	1.56
"In ozone-treated wildtype, the levels of 16:3 were significantly decreased and this was mirrored by decreased levels of TOC132 and FAD5 transcripts, and increased levels of SP1 E3 ligase transcripts."	( Ozone-induced lipid changes in the wildtype and toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Afitlhile, M; Banigan, E; Hildebrand, D; Jirik, J; Worthington, R, 2021)	2.58
"Ozone and melatonin treatments significantly increased testis quality, sperm parameters, MDA, and antioxidant status, but they did not affect the TAC level."	( The effects of ozone and melatonin on busulfan-induced testicular damage in mice. Dadfar, R; Khorsandi, L; Moghadam, MT, 2021)	1.7
"The ozone/BAC/GAC treatment process was shown to meet all defined treatment goals for managed aquifer recharge."	( Demonstration-scale evaluation of ozone-biofiltration-granular activated carbon advanced water treatment for managed aquifer recharge. Bott, C; Heisig-Mitchell, J; Hogard, S; Nading, T; Pearce, R; Salazar-Benites, G; Schimmoller, L; Wilson, C, 2021)	1.38
"Ozone treatment was found to delay the postharvest cantaloupe melon decay and improve its intrinsic quality during the cold storage. "	( Comparative transcriptomic analysis of cantaloupe melon under cold storage with ozone treatment. Chen, C; Cheng, Y; Dong, C; Li, L; Tang, N; Zhang, H; Zhang, X, 2021)	2.29
"Ozone treatment was performed at a concentration of 3 ppm applied for exposure times of 0, 30, 90, 150, 210, and 280 min."	( Does the treatment of dried herbs with ozone as a fungal decontaminating agent affect the active constituents? Ali, EM; Ouf, SA, 2021)	1.61
"Ozone-based treatments can be associated with central nervous system toxicity, which we have termed ozone-induced encephalopathy (OIE). "	( Ozone-induced encephalopathy: A novel iatrogenic entity. Gasperini, C; Gerace, C; Haggiag, S; Prosperini, L; Stasolla, A; Tortorella, C, 2021)	3.51
"Ozone treatment inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation, colony formation. "	( Medical ozone induces proliferation and migration inhibition through ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB suppression in human liver cancer cells in vitro. He, X; Huang, Q; Li, J; Li, X; Tang, S; Zeng, T; Zhong, M, 2021)	2.5
"The ozone treatment protocol consisted of seven sessions (one session per day) of intravenous ozone administration, applied in a volume of 100 mL and a concentration of 30 μg/mL."	( Effectiveness of ozone therapy in addition to conventional treatment on mortality in patients with COVID-19. Çolak, Ş; Genç Yavuz, B; Öner, M; Özçelik, B; Özgültekin, A; Şenbayrak, S; Yavuz, M, 2021)	1.44
"The ozone treatment was associated with less pain 24 h after treatment (p < .0001) and less need for root canal treatment (p = .014), after 2 years follow up, than the conventional treatment."	( Treatment of symptomatic, deep, almost cariously exposed lesions using ozone. Al Nazeh, AA; Al-Omiri, MK; Alahmari, NM; Alqahtani, NM; Hassan, RA; Lynch, E, 2021)	1.34
"Ozone treatment might be used to assist in sciatic nerve injury."	( The Histological Effects of Ozone Therapy on Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury in Rats. Emon, ST; Hakan, T; Ince, U; Meric, ZC; Orakdogen, M; Somay, H; Uslu, S, 2017)	1.47
"The ozone treatment had significant negative effects on plant growth (height and tillering), stomatal conductance, SPAD value, spectral reflectance indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lipid peroxidation, as well as biomass and grain yields."	( Diagnosing ozone stress and differential tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) with ethylenediurea (EDU). Ashrafuzzaman, M; Frei, M; Holtkamp, F; Kraska, T; Lubna, FA; Manning, WJ, 2017)	1.33
"Ozone pre-treatment (ozonation, ozonisation) and biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration pre-treatment for the ceramic microfiltration (CMF) treatment of secondary effluent (SE) were studied. "	( Impact of ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration on ceramic membrane fouling. Duke, M; Gray, S; Ibn Abdul Hamid, K; Muthukumaran, S; Sanciolo, P, 2017)	1.9
"Ozone treatment of wheat flour tends to improve bread shelf life and quality in terms of physiochemical, baking properties, X-ray diffraction data, volatile compound levels, crumb structure, and textural characteristics."	( Shelf life characteristics of bread produced from ozonated wheat flour. Mahdi, AA; Mohammed, K; Obadi, M; Peng, W; Sulieman, AA; Zhou, HM; Zhu, KX, 2018)	1.2
"Ozone treatment led to a further reduction by one to two log10, but less for adenovirus."	( Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. Björlenius, B; Brodin, T; Larsson, DGJ; Lindh, M; Norder, H; Rutgersson, C; Sikora, P; Wang, H, 2018)	1.43
"The ozone treatment of one film side induces conversion of the aldehyde into carboxyl functionalities."	( Self-Standing Nanocellulose Janus-Type Films with Aldehyde and Carboxyl Functionalities. Amer, H; Konnerth, J; Nypelö, T; Potthast, A; Rosenau, T, 2018)	0.96
"Ozone treatment is currently being considered as a tool to expedite remediation, as it is known to degrade toxic organic compounds present in OSPW."	( Growth and recovery of zebrafish embryos after developmental exposure to raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water. Gamal El-Din, M; Lyons, DD; Morrison, C; Philibert, DA; Tierney, KB, 2018)	1.2
"Ozone treatment is considered an eco-friendly and cost-effective food processing technique."	( Effect of ozone treatment on the quality of grain products. Zhu, F, 2018)	1.6
"Ozone treatment was applied for 5 days after the contrast agent was introduced in Group V."	( An experimental study on the preventive effects of N-acetyl cysteine and ozone treatment against contrast-induced nephropathy. Adali, Y; Eroglu, HA; Kuzucu, M; Ozturk, O; Ustebay, S, 2018)	1.43
"Ozone treatment is currently being studied as a tool to facilitate the removal of organic constituents associated with toxicity."	( Assessment of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure in developing zebrafish: Associating morphological changes with gene expression. Gamal El-Din, M; Huang, R; Lyons, DD; Philibert, DA; Qin, R; Tierney, KB; Zablocki, T, 2018)	1.2
"Ozone treatment can effectively inhibit fruit decay in many fruits during postharvest storage. "	( Comparative volatile compounds and primary metabolites profiling of pitaya fruit peel after ozone treatment. Gao, H; Jiang, Y; Li, T; Wu, Q; Yun, Z; Zhang, Z; Zhu, H; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.18
"Ozone treatment significantly reduced the decay rate and induced the enzyme activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, and also reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species. "	( Comparative volatile compounds and primary metabolites profiling of pitaya fruit peel after ozone treatment. Gao, H; Jiang, Y; Li, T; Wu, Q; Yun, Z; Zhang, Z; Zhu, H; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.18
"Ozone treatment significantly reduced decay and prolonged shelf-life without reducing fruit quality. "	( Comparative volatile compounds and primary metabolites profiling of pitaya fruit peel after ozone treatment. Gao, H; Jiang, Y; Li, T; Wu, Q; Yun, Z; Zhang, Z; Zhu, H; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.18
"Ozone treatment was moderate at the histopathological level. "	( Is Ozone (O3) Treatment Effective in Atrophic Rhinitis? Experimental Animal Study. Altaş, B; Altınay, S; Koçak, HE; Oktay, MF; Taşkın, Ü; Yücebaş, K, 2018)	2.54
"Ozone-serum treated cells increased the release of a critical inhibitor of invasion and angiogenesis (soluble fms-like receptor 1; sFlt1) compared with air-serum treatment."	( Ozone Exposure During Implantation Increases Serum Bioactivity in HTR-8/SVneo Trophoblasts. Dye, JA; Farraj, AK; Kodavanti, UP; Miller, CN; Richards, JH; Schladweiler, MC; Snow, SJ; Stewart, EJ; Thompson, LC; Williams, WC, 2019)	2.68
"Ozone treatment helped to reduce the interception of BP and HS in HPO and improved the interception of BP and HS in N-HPI, as well as BB and LMWN, in both fractions."	( Investigation of the fouling behaviors correlating to water characteristics during the ultrafiltration with ozone treatment. Dong, B; Hu, M; Huang, W; Lv, W; Zhou, W, 2019)	1.45
"Ozone treatment achieved microbial population reductions. "	( Ozone-Based Interventions To Improve the Microbiological Safety and Quality of Poultry Carcasses and Parts: A Review. Cano, C; Chaves, BD; Meneses, Y, 2019)	3.4
"Ozone therapy-treated wounds presented granulation tissue with a reduced number of inflammatory cells and greater dermal cellularity, and intense collagen deposition."	( Effects of subcutaneous injection of ozone during wound healing in rats. Araújo, RMFG; Belloco, VG; Carreiro, EM; Carreiro, EP; Jorge-Junior, J; Mariz, BALA; Meyer, PF; Morais, TML; Oliveira, EAF; Silva, RMV; Soares, CD, 2019)	1.51
"Ozone treatment is more effective for phenol elimination than nanofiltration alone: with a combination of the two processes, 100% elimination efficiency can be achieved."	( Treatment of waste thermal waters by ozonation and nanofiltration. Hodúr, C; Kertész, S; Kiss, ZL; László, Z; Szép, A, 2013)	1.11
"The ozone treatment reduced the S. "	( Antibacterial efficacy of prophylactic ozone treatment on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Ateş, M; Aykut-Yetkiner, A; Eden, E; Ergin, E; Ertuğrul, F, 2013)	1.22
"Ozone treatment did not alter the concentration of the effluent's DOC and filtered chemical oxygen demand (CODf)."	( Treating wastewater from a pharmaceutical formulation facility by biological process and ozone. Avisar, D; Lester, Y; Mamane, H; Zucker, I, 2013)	1.33
"Ozone treatments have been proven to be highly efficient in the removal, notably decreasing the concentrations for most of the emerging contaminants present in the water samples."	( Removal of emerging contaminants in sewage water subjected to advanced oxidation with ozone. Bijlsma, L; Gracia-Lor, E; Hernández, F; Ibáñez, M; Morales, E; Pastor, L, 2013)	1.33
"Ozone treatment was performed up to 120min under continuous stream of two different constant ozone concentrations (2.8 and 5.3mg/L)."	( Efficacy of gaseous ozone against Salmonella and microbial population on dried oregano. Sert, D; Torlak, E; Ulca, P, 2013)	1.43
"Ozone treatment could remove most pollutants with a global efficiency of over 95% for 209 μM ozone dosage."	( Energy efficiency for the removal of non-polar pollutants during ultraviolet irradiation, visible light photocatalysis and ozonation of a wastewater effluent. Fernández-Alba, AR; García-Calvo, E; Gómez, MJ; Herrera-López, S; Rosal, R; Santiago-Morales, J, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone pretreatment effectively degraded the straw lignin and increased reducing sugar yield."	( Effect of ozone pretreatment on hydrogen production from barley straw. Ein-Mozaffari, F; Upreti, S; Wu, J, 2013)	1.51
"Ozone treatment ameliorated joint damage, reduced TNF-α concentrations as well as TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels."	( Ozone oxidative postconditioning ameliorates joint damage and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress in PG/PS-induced arthritis in rats. Barberá, A; Delgado, L; Díaz, MT; Fahmy, Z; Fernández, OS; Fraga, A; Mallok, A; Menéndez, S; Vaillant, JD; Viebahn-Hänsler, R, 2013)	2.55
"Ozone treatment achieved the highest efficiency of all."	( Assessing the application of advanced oxidation processes, and their combination with biological treatment, to effluents from pulp and paper industry. Blanco, A; Blanco, L; Cortijo, L; Hermosilla, D; Merayo, N, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone treatment has been demonstrated as an effective means of rapidly degrading naphthenic acids, reducing process water toxicity, and increasing its biodegradability following seeding with the endogenous process water bacteria."	( Indigenous microbes survive in situ ozonation improving biodegradation of dissolved organic matter in aged oil sands process-affected waters. Brown, LD; El-Din, MG; Fedorak, PM; Martin, JW; Pérez-Estrada, L; Ulrich, AC; Wang, N, 2013)	1.11
"Ozone treatment of wastewater generally increased the bioavailability of specific metals."	( Impacts of municipal wastewater oxidative treatments: changes in metal physical speciation and bioavailability. Cejka, PJ; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Trépanier, S; Turcotte, P, 2014)	1.12
"The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg(-1), which corresponds to a 95% reduction."	( Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality. De Oliveira, AF; de Queiroz, ME; Faroni, LR; Freitas, RS; Heleno, FF; Neves, AA, 2014)	1.27
"Ozone treatment dramatically improved the removability of d-limonene, removing 87% from the EPDM gasket at 60 min and 100% from the silicone gasket at 30 min."	( A green procedure using ozone for Cleaning-in-Place in the beverage industry. Nakai, S; Nishijima, W; Okada, M; Okuda, T, 2014)	1.43
"Ozone treatment of PRGF using the continuous flow protocol impaired formation of the fibrin scaffold, drastically reduced the levels of growth factors and significantly decreased the proliferative potential of PRGF on primary osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts. "	( Ozone dosing alters the biological potential and therapeutic outcomes of plasma rich in growth factors. Anitua, E; Orive, G; Troya, M; Zalduendo, MM, 2015)	3.3
"Ozone-based treatment trains offer a sustainable option for potable reuse applications, but nitrosamine formation during ozonation poses a challenge for municipalities seeking to avoid reverse osmosis and high-dose ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. "	( Nitrosamines in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment plants with ozonation. Dickenson, E; Gerringer, F; Gerrity, D; Marti, E; Pisarenko, AN; Reungoat, J; Trenholm, RA, 2015)	1.86
"Ozone treatment yielded a value of 31 and 33 (mg·min)/L for ARB and ARGs respectively."	( Comparison of different disinfection processes in the effective removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. Kim, S; Medriano, CA; Oh, J; Salcedo, DE, 2014)	1.12
"Ozone (O3 ) treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in distilled water was performed in the presence and absence of calcium (Ca(2+) ). "	( Effect of calcium-ozone treatment on chemical and biological properties of polyethylene terephthalate. Ishikawa, K; Rashid, AN; Tsuru, K, 2015)	2.19
"Ozone treatment was conducted 3 times, at 24-h intervals, and the parameters of the process were determined assuring the least possible losses of biologically active substances (essential oils and polyphenols): ozone concentration 160 to 165.0 g/m(3) ; flow rate 0.1 L/min; pressure 0.5 atm; time 30 min."	( The impact of ozone treatment on changes in biologically active substances of cardamom seeds. Brodowska, K; Catthoor, R; Czyżowska, A; Joanna Brodowska, A; Nowak, A; Śmigielski, K, 2014)	1.48
"The ozone pre-treatment possibly led to easier degradable wastewater, and better results could potentially be obtained when other post-treatment steps are applied."	( Impact of ozone pre-treatment on the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket treating pre-treated grain distillery wastewater. Britz, TJ; Robertson, L; Sigge, GO, 2014)	1.29
"Ozone treatments are used to preserve quality during cold storage of commercially important fruits due to its ethylene oxidizing capacity and its antimicrobial attributes. "	( Ozone-induced kiwifruit ripening delay is mediated by ethylene biosynthesis inhibition and cell wall dismantling regulation. Crisosto, CH; Dhanapal, AP; Goulas, V; Manganaris, GA; Minas, IS; Molassiotis, A; Vasilakakis, M; Vicente, AR, 2014)	3.29
"Ozone pre-treatment was observed to positively impact the active biomass in biofilters."	( Effect of ozone on biopolymers in biofiltration and ultrafiltration processes. Anderson, WB; Bonsteel, J; Huck, PM; Siembida-Lösch, B; Wang, YM, 2015)	1.54
"Ozone treatment (4 min) of pH 3.0 apple juice resulted in >5.36 log CFU ml(-1) reduction of E."	( Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in apple juice at different pH levels by gaseous ozone treatment. Kang, DH; Ryu, S; Shin, JY; Song, WJ, 2015)	1.34
"ULS-Ozone pre-treatment increased the residual organic amount in the digested sludge."	( Impact of ozone assisted ultrasonication pre-treatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge. Lin, LL; Ng, WJ; Tian, X; Trzcinski, AP, 2015)	1.3
"Ozone treatments helped to maintain egg quality for a longer time. "	( Ozone treatment of shell eggs to preserve functional quality and enhance shelf life during storage. Aday, MS; Caner, C; Yüceer, M, 2016)	3.32
"Ozone treatment effectively reduces this inhibition."	( Toxicity and biogas production potential of refinery waste sludge for anaerobic digestion. Haak, L; Pagilla, K; Roy, R, 2016)	1.16
"Ozone treatment resulted in significant decrease in the expressions of these genes in diabetic kidney tissue compared to both C and D group (p < 0.05 for all)."	( The effects of ozone therapy on caspase pathways, TNF-α, and HIF-1α in diabetic nephropathy. Akçılar, A; Dodurga, Y; Erken, G; Erken, HA; Güçlü, A; Koçak, FE; Özçoban, Ö; Şimşek, H; Yay, A, 2016)	1.51
"Ozone treatment in dynamic bed was conducted 9 times."	( The Impact of Ozone Treatment in Dynamic Bed Parameters on Changes in Biologically Active Substances of Juniper Berries. Brodowska, AJ; Czyżowska, A; Nowak, A; Otlewska, A; Śmigielski, K, 2015)	1.5
"The ozone-treated group showed significantly higher quality of life than control group on postoperative day 6 (P = 0.002)."	( Effects of Ozone Therapy on the Early Healing Period of Deepithelialized Gingival Grafts: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Albayrak, H; Alkan, BA; Taşdemir, Z, 2016)	1.31
"The ozone treatment resulted in decreased abundance of M."	( Control of Microthrix parvicella and sludge bulking by ozone in a full-scale WWTP. Hallin, S; Kragelund, C; Levén, L; Tuvesson, M; Wijnbladh, E, 2016)	1.16
"Ozone treatment resulted in reduced MDA and TOS levels, while the levels of tGSH and TAC were increased (p<0.05)."	( Use of Ozone to Treat Ileostomy Dermatitis in an Experimental Rat Model. Aydın, M; Biçer, Ş; Demiryilmaz, İ; Gürsul, C; Işık, A; Peker, K; Sayar, İ, 2016)	1.61
"The ozone-treated HS were titrated with acid and base solutions, and the shifts of the slopes were then analyzed and finally related to the ionic alterations of the HS."	( Conductometric measurement of the changes in humic substances caused by ozone oxidation. Alarcón-Herrera, MT; Hansen-Hansen, AM; Lara-Sánchez, A; Martín-Domínguez, A, 2016)	1.15
"An ozone treatment system was investigated to analyze its impact on clinically relevant antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). "	( Ozone treatment of conditioned wastewater selects antibiotic resistance genes, opportunistic bacteria, and induce strong population shifts. Alexander, J; Dötsch, A; Knopp, G; Schwartz, T; Wieland, A, 2016)	2.5
"Ozone treatment reduced the morphometric changes as irregularity of the elastic lamina, disruption of the endothelial cells, vacuolization and hemorrhages that caused by vasospasm. "	( The Effect of Ozone Therapy on Experimental Vasospasm in the Rat Femoral Artery. Emon, ST; Hakan, T; Meric, ZC; Orakdogen, M; Somay, H; Uslu, S, 2016)	2.24
"In ozone treatment of BAS, unlike its chlorination, there was as high as 2-fold decrease in the concentration of C6-C9 alcohols present in their composition, giving rise to C6-C9 aldehydes (0.5%) and C6-C9 organic acids (as high as 3% of the mass content)."	( [Transformation of surfactants in different ways of water disinfection]. Bezzubov, AA; Kublanov, EE; Lutsevich, IN; Malysheva, AG; Teplova, TIu, )	0.65
"Two ozone treatments were established: ambient air (approximately 30 nmol x mol(-1) ) (CK) and elevated O3 concentrations (80 nmol x mol(-1) ) (O3 )."	( [Effects of elevated O3 on the volatile organic compounds emit from Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabulaeformis]. He, XY; Li, DW; Shi, Y, 2008)	0.83
"Ozone treatment of commercially available vegetable oils gives rise to the formation of chemical species that are responsible for the therapeutic properties of ozonated oil derivatives in dermatological diseases. "	( Physico-chemical characterization of sesame oil derivatives. Bocci, V; Chiasserini, L; Gabbrielli, A; Travagli, V; Zanardi, I, 2008)	1.79
"Ozone treatment significantly reduced the sludge bioactivity, decreased the partition coefficients of heavy metals between sludge and supernatant, but did not alter the sludge size distribution."	( Sludge ozonation: disintegration, supernatant changes and mechanisms. Liu, H; Yang, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2009)	1.07
"Ozone treatment has been presented and discussed in the literature, as one of the "new" ways to treat dental caries. "	( Effect of ozone treatment on different cariogenic microorganisms in vitro. Dietz, W; Fagrell, TG; Lingström, P; Norén, JG; Steiniger, F, 2008)	2.19
"Ozone treatment proved superior in removal of the analysed pharmaceuticals, while the MBR provided higher removal efficiencies than the activated sludge process."	( Serial mixed-mode cation- and anion-exchange solid-phase extraction for separation of basic, neutral and acidic pharmaceuticals in wastewater and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Adolfsson-Erici, M; Alsberg, T; Lavén, M; Sun, H; Yu, Y, 2009)	1.07
"Ozone treatment may represent a therapeutic approach for minimising renal damage after transplantation."	( Ozone oxidative post-conditioning in acute renal failure. Alonso, Y; Calunga, JL; Menéndez, S; Merino, N; Montero, T; Trujillo, Y; Zamora, Z, 2009)	2.52
"In ozone-treated plants, accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) was inhibited, and antioxidant levels were higher."	( Isoprene synthesis protects transgenic tobacco plants from oxidative stress. Cojocariu, CI; Laothawornkitkul, J; Mullineaux, PM; Nicholas Hewitt, C; Possell, M; Ryan, A; Velikova, VB; Vickers, CE, 2009)	0.87
"The ozone-BAC pretreatment has the potential of reducing fouling in the CDI process."	( Ozone-biological activated carbon as a pretreatment process for reverse osmosis brine treatment and recovery. Hu, JY; Kekre, K; Lay, W; Lee, LY; Ng, HY; Ong, SL; Seah, H; Tao, G; Viswanath, B, 2009)	2.28
"In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8+/-0.7 mg L(-1) of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor."	( Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in soil by microwave treatment compared to UV and ozone treatment. Cho, SH; Kim, TS; Mun, S; Oh, BT; Yoon, J, 2009)	1.09
"Ozone treatment significantly reduced the severity of NEC by modulating antioxidative defense and antiinflammatory protection in our experimental animal model."	( Medical ozone therapy reduces oxidative stress and intestinal damage in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Gundogdu, G; Guven, A; Korkmaz, A; Oztas, E; Ozturk, H; Uysal, B; Vurucu, S, 2009)	2.23
"The ozone treatments with the low dose treatment in particular, resulted in the overall least negative effects."	( Comparison of six sewage effluents treated with different treatment technologies--population level responses in the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes. Björlenius, B; Breitholtz, M; Brinkmann, M; Hollert, H; Lundström, E; Persson, JO, 2010)	0.84
"The ozone treatment duration required for achieving a 5-log reduction was faster (4 min) at the lowest pH than at the highest pH (18 min) studied."	( Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ozone treatment of apple juice at different pH levels. Bourke, P; Cullen, PJ; Frias, J; Patil, S; Valdramidis, VP, 2010)	1.12
"Ozone treatment was carried out by spiking ozone stock solutions to solutions containing ERY-ERY:O3 = 1:5 and 1:10 (M:M), while, in parallel, t-BuOH was used as a hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenger."	( Identification of degradation products of erythromycin A arising from ozone and advanced oxidation process treatment. Gebhardt, W; Genena, AK; José, HJ; Luiz, DB; Moreira, RF; Schröder, HF; Virmond, E, )	1.09
"Two ozone treatments were used - a low-level long-term exposure (0.4 μmol/mol for 21 days) and high-level short-term exposure (300 μmol/mol for 5 to 120 min)."	( Effects of ozone exposure on the xerophilic fungus, Eurotium amstelodami IS-SAB-01, isolated from naan bread. Antony-Babu, S; Singleton, I, 2011)	1.24
"The ozone treatment did not significantly affect the repair strength."	( Influence of ozone application on the repair strength of silorane-based and ormocer-based composites. Ferrari, M; Hickel, R; Ilie, N; Magni, E; Papacchini, F, 2010)	1.21
"Ozone treatment reduced significantly the amount of S."	( The antibacterial effect of gas ozone after 2 months of in vitro evaluation. Hahn, P; Halili, A; Pelz, K; Polydorou, O; Wittmer, A, 2012)	1.38
"Ozone treatments on eggs and larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) were not effective, but pupae were more susceptible."	( Efficacy of ozone fumigation against the major grain pests in stored wheat. Beeby, RL; Bonjour, EL; Hardin, J; Jones, CL; Opit, GP; Payton, ME, 2011)	1.47
"Ozone pretreatment favorably affected the marginal sealing ability of the tested fissure sealants."	( Effect of ozone pretreatment on the microleakage of pit and fissure sealants. Cehreli, SB; Cehreli, ZC; Guven-Polat, G; Yalcinkaya, Z, 2010)	2.21
"Ozone treatment oxidized lipids, increased brightness and reduced the yellow hue of flour, and increased peak viscosity and setback viscosity of flour. "	( Quality of bread made from ozonated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour. Manthey, FA; Sandhu, HP; Simsek, S, 2011)	1.81
"Ozone and SMT treatment in combination did not have better biochemical, microbiological and histological data compared to ozone or SMT treatments separately in experimental ANP."	( Inhibition of iNOS reduces the therapeutic effects of ozone in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: an in vivo animal study. Cayci, T; Cekli, Y; Kaldirim, U; Korkmaz, A; Oter, S; Ozler, M; Oztas, Y; Poyrazoglu, Y; Sadir, S; Topal, T; Uysal, B; Yasar, M, 2011)	1.34
"Ozone treatment of E."	( Safety and quality assessment during the ozonation of cloudy apple juice. Bourke, P; Cullen, PJ; O'Donnell, CP; Patil, S; Tiwari, BK; Torres, B; Valdramidis, VP; Wijngaard, HH, 2010)	1.08
"Ozone treatment led to a decrease of the mutagenic activity of the samples."	( Impact of ozonation on the genotoxic activity of tertiary treated municipal wastewater. Cichna-Markl, M; Ferk, F; Grummt, T; Knasmueller, S; Kreuzinger, N; Mišík, M; Schaar, H, 2011)	1.09
"Ozone treatment increased ABA content but did not change iPA or DHZR content or change fresh or dry needle weights."	( Elevated carbon dioxide and/or ozone concentrations induce hormonal changes in Pinus tabulaeformis. Li, XM; Li, YY; Ma, LJ; Zhang, LH, 2011)	1.38
"Ozone treatment was administered once weekly for 3 weeks starting at 21 days after the modeling."	( [Effect of intra-articular ozone injection on serum and synovial TNF-α, TNFR I, and TNFR II contents in rats with rheumatoid arthritis]. Chen, HQ; Lin, QR; Lu, CH; Qin, CH; Wang, BW; Yu, B, 2011)	1.39
"The ozone treatment was found to be the most effective treatment modality, resulting in the shortest period of days open (95, 89 and 79 days in groups A, B and C, respectively; p < 0.05), the fewest number of inseminations until pregnancy (2.38, 1.84 and 1.63 in groups A, B and C, respectively; p < 0.05) and the smallest number of culled cows (20, 23 and 12 in groups A, B and C, respectively; p < 0.05)."	( Efficacy of ozone as a novel treatment option for urovagina in dairy cows. Buić, V; Pipal, I; Stoković, I; Tkalčić, S; Zobel, R, 2012)	1.24
"Ozone treatment did not affect the surface structures of the test specimens and did not influence osteoblastic cell adhesion and proliferation negatively."	( Influence of gaseous ozone in peri-implantitis: bactericidal efficacy and cellular response. An in vitro study using titanium and zirconia. Dard, M; Deronjic, I; Gass, C; Hauser-Gerspach, I; Mauth, C; Meyer, J; Stübinger, S; Vadaszan, J; Waltimo, T, 2012)	1.42
"Ozone treatment also eliminated the ability of OSPW organic fraction to down-regulate the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in the liver of mice, one week after oral exposure."	( Ozone treatment ameliorates oil sands process water toxicity to the mammalian immune system. Belosevic, M; El-Din, MG; Garcia-Garcia, E; Ge, JQ; Martin, JW; Montgomery, B; Oladiran, A; Perez-Estrada, LC; Stafford, JL, 2011)	2.53
"Ozone therapy as treatment in vascular diseases has been described, but the effects on brain tissue have not been well documented."	( Brain ischemia and hypometabolism treated by ozone therapy. Aguilar, Y; Carreras, JL; Clavo, B; Cubero, A; Gutierrez, D; Ponce, P; Robaina, F; Suarez, G, 2011)	1.35
"Ozone treatment was applied to malting barley during steeping via a submerged gas sparger."	( Effect of ozone treatment on the safety and quality of malting barley. Dodd, JG; Schwarz, P; Tobias, D; Vashisht, A; Vegi, A; Wolf-Hall, CE, 2011)	1.49
"UV-ozone treated MWNT/PEDOT:PSS composite film showed higher conductivity (14000 Ω/□) and work function (4.9 eV) than acid-oxidized MWNT/PEDOT:PSS composite film and showed better performance as a source/drain electrode in organic thin film transistor (OTFT) than other types of MWNT/PEDOT:PSS composite films."	( Composite films of oxidized multiwall carbon nanotube and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a contact electrode for transistor and inverter devices. Rhee, SW; Yun, DJ, 2012)	0.89
"Ozone treatment for 20 seconds or more was effective to kill oral microorganisms."	( Molar incisor hypomineralization. Morphological and chemical aspects, onset and possible etiological factors. Fagrell, T, 2011)	1.09
"Ozone treatment with 4000 mg/L reduced E."	( Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on blueberries by electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, and ozone. Hung, YC; Kim, C, 2012)	1.32
"Ozone treatment induced a reduction in carbon supply and effective lignin synthesis as well as transcripts from all steps of the lignin pathway and some corresponding enzyme activities."	( Elevated CO2 and/or ozone modify lignification in the wood of poplars (Populus tremula x alba). Afif, D; Banvoy, J; Cabané, M; Dizengremel, P; Gross, P; Huber, F; Lapierre, C; Maillard, P; Perré, P; Pollet, B; Priault, P; Richet, N; Tozo, K, 2012)	1.42
"The ozone treatment of eggs may fail to remove the virus, so a new strategy to prevent NNV is needed."	( Nervous necrosis virus replicates following the embryo development and dual infection with iridovirus at juvenile stage in grouper. Chen, PP; Chen, TY; Chen, YM; Hsu, HH; Ku, HT; Kuo, HC; Lee, GB; Lee, SH; Tsai, TJ; Wang, CK; Wang, TY, 2012)	0.86
"The ozone treatment (groups A and B) was found to be the most effective modality resulting in the shortest period of days open, the smallest number of artificial inseminations until pregnancy, the smallest number of animals diagnosed with fever within 10 days post-calving, the highest percentage of animals pregnant within 200 days after calving and the smallest number of animals culled because of infertility, when compared to the other treatment groups."	( Efficacy of ozone and other treatment modalities for retained placenta in dairy cows. Tkalčić, S; Zobel, R, 2013)	1.25
"Ozone treatments tend to decrease toxicity up to a certain dosage, from which point the presence of toxic transformation products has adverse effects on aquatic microorganisms."	( Oxidative and photochemical processes for the removal of galaxolide and tonalide from wastewater. Fernández-Alba, AR; García-Calvo, E; Gómez, MJ; Herrera, S; Rosal, R; Santiago-Morales, J, 2012)	1.1
"Ozone treatment significantly (P<0.001) improved prothrombin time when compared to the antithrombotic therapy only group, without modifying bleeding time."	( Effects of ozone therapy on haemostatic and oxidative stress index in coronary artery disease. Delgado-Roche, L; Díaz-Batista, A; Martínez-Sánchez, G; Pérez-Davison, G; Re, L, 2012)	1.49
"Ozone treatment removed mainly lignin, but also small amounts of polysaccharides."	( Combined pretreatment using ozonolysis and wet-disk milling to improve enzymatic saccharification of Japanese cedar. Endo, T; Inoue, S; Lee, SH; Miura, T, 2012)	1.1
"Ozone treatment was applied on whey protein isolate and egg white proteins which have been extensively used in food products to improve textural, functional and sensory attributes."	( Effects of ozone on functional properties of proteins. Catal, H; Ibanoglu, E; Ibanoglu, S; Uzun, H, 2012)	1.49
"Ozone treatment (50 mg/L O(3)) of the secondary effluent eliminated the chronic toxicity and significantly reduced estrogen activity."	( Biological activity of bleached kraft pulp mill effluents before and after activated sludge and ozone treatments. Aquino, DS; Lopes, AC; Mounteer, AH; Stoppa, TV, 2013)	1.33
"Ozone treatment diminished total biomass of all the cultivars; reduction was highest in Wardan with least O3 resistance followed by Bundel, JHB-146, Saidi, Mescavi, and Fahli."	( Intraspecific responses of six Indian clover cultivars under ambient and elevated levels of ozone. Agrawal, SB; Chaudhary, N, 2013)	1.33
"Ozone pre-treatment results in the disappearance of the lag-phase and the occurrence of a secondary free chlorine inactivation curve with generally two pseudo-first-order segments, the first segment at a faster rate than the second."	( Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine. Corona-Vasquez, B; Mariñas, BJ; Rennecker, JL; Samuelson, A, 2002)	1.29
"Ozone-treated plants from New Jersey showed reductions in photosynthetic rate, leaf and shoot number, and root dry weights."	( The impact of ozone on a salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Davis, DD; Pell, EJ; Sinn, JP; Taylor, MD, 2002)	1.4
"An ozone treatment system was introduced as an alternative method for municipal sludge treatment and disposal. "	( Ozonation of wastewater sludge for reduction and recycling. Ahn, KH; Choi, S; Hwang, JH; Lee, JW; Maeng, SK; Park, KY; Song, KG, 2002)	0.94
"Ozone treatments were carried out in a special reactor at low consistency (0.5% o.d.p.)."	( TCF bleaching of wheat straw pulp using ozone and xylanase. Part B: kinetic studies. Colom, JF; Roncero, MB; Torres, AL; Vidal, T, 2003)	1.31
"Ozone treatment decreased shoot ramification significantly."	( Influence of elevated CO2 and O3 on Betula pendula Roth crown structure. Kull, O; Tulva, I; Vapaavuori, E, 2003)	1.04
"Ozone treatment was carried out by spraying surfaces with an aqueous ozone solution (80 lb/in2 at 28 degrees C) containing 95 mg of ozone per liter."	( Ozone treatment for reduction of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella serotype typhimurium on beef carcass surfaces. Acuffi, GR; Castillo, A; Lucia, LM; McKenzie, KS, 2003)	2.48
"The ozone treatments were non-filtered air (NF, accumulated daylight AOT40 over the two growing seasons of 3.0 l l-1 h), non-filtered air with extra ozone (NF+, accumulated daylight AOT40 of 27.3 l l-1 h) and non-filtered air with additional extra ozone (NF++, accumulated daylight AOT40 of 120 l l-1 h)."	( Impact of ozone on the growth of birch (Betula pendula) saplings. Karlsson, PE; Selldén, G; Skärby, L; Uddling, J; Wallin, G, 2003)	1.2
"The ozone pretreatment solubilized around 19% and 37% of the solids at 0.015 and 0.05 gO3/gTS ozone dose."	( Anaerobic digestion of excess activated sludge with ozone pretreatment. Goel, R; Tokutomi, T; Yasui, H, 2003)	1.05
"The ozone pretreatment resulted in improved TVS reduction efficiencies and the degradation efficiencies were observed to depend on the applied ozone dose and system SRT."	( Optimal process configuration for anaerobic digestion with ozonation. Goel, R; Noike, T; Tokutomi, T; Yasui, H, 2003)	0.8
"Ozone treatment induced deposition of autofluorescent compounds and callose 24 h from the start of treatment."	( Ozone-induced cell death in tobacco cultivar Bel W3 plants. The role of programmed cell death in lesion formation. Della Torre, G; Ederli, L; Ferranti, F; Pasqualini, S; Piccioni, C; Reale, L, 2003)	2.48
"Both ozone treatments rapidly stimulated monoterpene synthesis, but had no effect on photosynthesis and caused no visible damage to leaves maintained at 25, 30 or 32 degrees C."	( Impact of ozone on monoterpene emissions and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action of monoterpenes emitted by Quercus ilex leaves. Kollist, H; Loreto, F; Manes, F; Pinelli, P, 2004)	1.18
"Ozone treatment of beef surfaces enhanced the effectiveness of cooking temperatures ranging from 45 to 75 degrees C against enterotoxin-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens. "	( Increased inactivation of ozone-treated Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores on fabricated beef surfaces using mild heat. Novak, JS; Yuan, JT, 2004)	2.07
"UV/Ozone treatment up to 900 s was used to increase the surface oxygen concentration of PS surfaces from 0% to approximately 35% (unwashed) and 0% to approximately 27% (washed)."	( Cellular attachment and spatial control of cells using micro-patterned ultra-violet/ozone treatment in serum enriched media. Bradley, RH; Davidson, MR; Emmison, N; Mitchell, SA; Poulsson, AH; Shard, AG, 2004)	1.06
"Ozone treatment may have important clinical implications, particularly in view of the increasing hepatic transplantation programs."	( Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on nitric oxide generation and cellular redox balance in a rat model of hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion. Ajamieh, HH; Candelario-Jalil, E; Fernández, OS; Giuliani, A; Martínez-Sánchez, G; Menéndez, S; Re, L, 2004)	1.43
"Ozone pretreatment prevented the increase in serum creatinine levels, the glutathione depletion and the inhibition of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities induced by cisplatin in the rat kidney. "	( Protection by ozone preconditioning is mediated by the antioxidant system in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Borrego, A; González, R; Hernández, F; Menéndez, S; Montero, T; Rojas, E; Romay, C; Zamora, ZB, 2004)	2.13
"Ozone treatment at the phase where the readily biodegradable COD component was biologically depleted is determined as the most promising alternative among others, since the highest COD removal efficiencies are achieved even with low feeding time of 5 min at the selected ozone flow-rate of 42.8 mg min."	( Ozonation of nonbiodegradable organics in tannery wastewater. Ates Genceli, E; Dogruel, S; Germirli Babuna, F; Orhon, D, 2004)	1.04
"Ozone pre-treatment was pro-inflammatory in sepsis with a trend to reduced survival. "	( Pre-treatment with ozonized oxygen (O3) aggravates inflammation in septic rats. Bauhofer, A; Eberhart, L; Middeke, M; Ruehlmann, S; Torossian, A; Wulf, H, 2004)	1.77
"Ozone treatment of apple cider and orange juice at 4 degrees C or in combination with mild heating (50 degrees C) may provide an alternative to thermal pasteurization for reduction of E."	( Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in apple cider and orange juice as affected by ozone and treatment temperature. Golden, DA; Sumner, SS; Williams, RC, 2004)	1.26
"Ozone treatment significantly decreased non-photochemical quenching (qN) in young leaves, but not in mature leaves."	( Involvement of the thylakoidal NADH-plastoquinone-oxidoreductase complex in the early responses to ozone exposure of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Barreno, E; Calatayud, A; Guéra, A; Sabater, B, 2005)	1.27
"Ozone treatment diminished the increase in serum creatinine levels, the glutathione depletion and also reversed the inhibition of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities induced by cisplatin in the rat kidney. "	( Reversion by ozone treatment of acute nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. Borrego, A; González, R; Hernández, F; Menéndez, S; Montero, T; Rojas, E; Romay, C; Zamora, Z, 2004)	2.14
"Ozone treatment preserved mitochondrial functions and cellular redox balance."	( Role of protein synthesis in the protection conferred by ozone-oxidative-preconditioning in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion. Ajamieh, HH; Berlanga, J; Carmona, AM; Cepero, SM; Giuliani, A; León, OS; Merino, N; Re, L; Sánchez, GM, 2005)	1.3
"Ozone treatment strongly induced ethylene formation in the sensitive SIPK-OX plants at ozone concentrations that failed to elicit stress ethylene release in WT plants."	( Overexpression of SIPK in tobacco enhances ozone-induced ethylene formation and blocks ozone-induced SA accumulation. Ellis, BE; Mansfield, SD; Samuel, MA; Walia, A, 2005)	1.31
"Ozone treatment enhanced the biodegradability of the effluent (monitored as 21% COD reduction and 13% BOD5 enhancement), allowing for a higher removal of pollutants."	( Integrated ozone and biotreatment of pulp mill effluent and changes in biodegradability and molecular weight distribution of organic compounds. Bijan, L; Mohseni, M, 2005)	1.44
"Ozone treatment improved glycemic control, prevented oxidative stress, normalized levels of organic peroxides, and activated superoxide dismutase."	( Therapeutic efficacy of ozone in patients with diabetic foot. Al-Dalain, SM; Alvarez, H; Candelario-Jalil, E; Fernández-Montequín, JI; Giuliani, A; León, OS; Martínez-Sánchez, G; Menéndez, S; Re, L, 2005)	1.36
"Ozone is one treatment option being considered for eliminating non-indigenous species in ballast water."	( Ozonation of seawater from different locations: formation and decay of total residual oxidant--implications for ballast water treatment. Cooper, WJ; Herwig, RP; Perrins, JC; van Leeuwen, J, 2006)	1.06
"An ozone treatment in the presence of ionic manganese, a catalyst, increased the sludge reduction ratio three times higher than that of a single ozonation, presumably due to an increase in OH radical production."	( Characteristics of sludge reduction in an integrated pretreatment and aerobic digestion process. Hwang, S; Jang, H; Kim, S; Lee, M; Song, J, 2006)	0.85
"Ozone pretreatment prevented the increase in serum creatinine levels and completely inhibited the acute tubular necrosis induced by cisplatin in renal tissue, diminishing the expression of Bax. "	( Ozone/oxygen mixture modifies the subcellular redistribution of Bax protein in renal tissue from rats treated with cisplatin. Berlanga, J; Borrego, A; González, R; Hernández, F; Menéndez, S; Montero, T; Romay, C; Zamora, ZB, 2006)	3.22
"Ozone treatment was effective in removing bacteria, phytoplankton, and mesozooplankton with initial TRO concentrations of 2-5 mg l(-1) as Br(2)."	( Mesocosm experiments for evaluating the biological efficacy of ozone treatment of marine ballast water. Cordell, JR; Ferm, NC; Grocock, JL; Herwig, RP; Perrins, JC, 2006)	1.29
"Ozone pretreatment was performed at 4 degrees C with constant sparging of stalks in water."	( A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Boyette, MD; Chen, Y; Osborne, J; Sharma-Shivappa, RR; Silverstein, RA, 2007)	1.06
"Ozone treatment eliminated the temperature sensitivity of the mitochondrial electron transport system, indicating a loss of interaction between temperature and urban pollution in terms of energy expenditure in mussels."	( Toxicological effects of primary-treated urban wastewaters, before and after ozone treatment, on freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata). André, C; Blaise, C; Cejka, P; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C, 2007)	1.29
"Ozone pretreatment did not affect biological activity during treatment of effluent E1 but resulted in a 38% lower specific oxygen uptake rate in effluent E2."	( Combined chemical biological treatment of bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill effluent. Brandão, FD; Girondoli, LM; Gomes, BL; Lopes, AC; Mounteer, AH; Ruas, DB, 2007)	1.06
"With ozone and alkaline treatment, the average SS reduction increased to 83 and 76%, respectively, at the same HRT."	( Evaluation of a membrane bioreactor system coupled with sludge pretreatment for aerobic sludge digestion. Lee, KR; Yeom, IT, 2007)	0.79
"Ozone treatment of non-cavitated occlusal lesions for 40 s failed to significantly reduce the numbers of viable bacteria in infected dentine beneath the demineralized enamel."	( Assessment of the ozone-mediated killing of bacteria in infected dentine associated with non-cavitated occlusal carious lesions. Baysan, A; Beighton, D, 2007)	1.39
"Ozone treatment of the effluent was not successful in removing phagocytic inhibition, but did completely remove cytotoxicity from hemocytes."	( Immunotoxic effects on freshwater mussels of a primary-treated wastewater before and after ozonation: a pilot plant study. André, C; Blaise, C; Cejka, P; Fournier, M; Gagné, F; Hausler, R, 2008)	1.07
"Ozone treatment may have important clinical implications, particularly in view of the minimizing renal damage before transplantation."	( Ozone oxidative preconditioning protects the rat kidney from reperfusion injury: the role of nitric oxide. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Liu, X; Xing, B; Zhan, B; Zhou, J; Zhu, H, 2008)	2.51
"By ozone treatment of perfluorane with the help of ozone medical plant UOTA-60-01 of the firma Medozon (Russia) the ozone-perfluorane complex was received with ozone concentration 120+/-15 ug/ml. "	( [Experimental-morphological study of the anti-inflammatory action of ozone-perfluorane complex application]. Grigor'ian, AS; Grigor'iants, LA; Guchetl', MN, 2008)	1.2
"Ozone-treatment of tRNA resulted in the degradation of guanine residues located on the loop regions, such as the anticodon and D-loop region. "	( Mode of degradation of tRNAs with ozone. Harada, F; Ikehata, A; Ishizaki, K; Kato, N; Miura, K; Shinriki, N; Ueda, T, 1981)	1.98
"Ozone treatment induced damages and necrotic phenomena of ciliated cells, as well as a significant increase in the population density of small mucous granule (SMG) cells compared to controls."	( Tracheal epithelium of bonnet monkey (Macaca radiaca) and its response to ambient levels of ozone. A cytochemical study. Dimitriadis, VK, 1993)	1.23
"Ozone treatment of transgenic (NahG) tobacco plants showed that the inability of these plants to accumulate salicylic acid is also accompanied by increased ozone tolerance."	( Pre-activating wounding response in tobacco prior to high-level ozone exposure prevents necrotic injury. Ellis, BE; McPherson, J; Orvar, BL, 1997)	1.26
"Ozone exposure was treated as a dichotomous variable, where subjects were assigned to the high-exposure group if they lived for 4 or more years in a U.S."	( Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of nonsmoking young adults [dsee comments]. Galizia, A; Kinney, PL, 1999)	1.3
"Ozone treatment (1 mg/kg daily during 10 days by rectal insufflation) is shown to be protective as it attenuated the increases in transaminases (AST, ALT) and lactate levels observed after I/R."	( Protective effect of ozone treatment on the injury associated with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion: antioxidant-prooxidant balance. Gelpí, E; Jalil, EC; León, OS; Peralta, C; Planell, ES; Prats, N; Puig-Parellada, P; Roselló-Catafau, J; Xaus, C, 1999)	1.34
"In ozone-treated erythrocyte membrane suspension a slow decrease occurs in the EPR signal of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). "	( Decrease in 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) EPR signal in ozone-treated erythrocyte membranes. Gomułkiewicz, J; Jezierski, A, 1999)	1.16
"Ozone treatment was ineffective in preventing fungal decay in strawberries after 4 days at 20 degrees C."	( Effects of ozone treatment on postharvest strawberry quality. Olías, JM; Olías, R; Pérez, AG; Ríos, JJ; Sanz, C, 1999)	1.41
"Ozone pretreatment markedly accelerated the rate of BSA desorption during subsequent alkali cleaning."	( Facilitation of cleaning of alumina surfaces fouled with heat-treated bovine serum albumin by ozone treatment. Fukuzaki, S; Urano, H, 2001)	1.25
"Ozone treatment in liver maintained adenosine levels similar to those found after ischemia but led to a marked reduction in xanthine accumulation."	( Effect of ozone treatment on reactive oxygen species and adenosine production during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Bartrons, R; Gelpi, E; Leon, OS; Peralta, C; Roselló-Catafau, J; Xaus, C, 2000)	1.43
"Ozone pretreatment to improve biodegradation via partial oxidation is a potential solution for this recalcitrance."	( Partial oxidation by ozone to remove recalcitrance from wastewaters--a review. Alvares, AB; Diaper, C; Parsons, SA, 2001)	1.35
"The ozone treatment efficiency was 86% for O&G and TPH at a dosage rate of 12 SCFH and 82% for a dosage rate of 6 SCFH."	( Industrial wastewater treatment by an advanced oxidation process. Gunukula, RV; Tittlebaum, ME, 2001)	0.79
"Ozone pretreatment prevented glycogen depletion (as demonstrated by biochemical and histopathological findings) and avoided lactate overproduction associated with the hepatotoxic effects of CCl(4)."	( Oxidative preconditioning affords protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced glycogen depletion and oxidative stress in rats. Ajamieh, HH; Candelario-Jalil, E; Fernández, OS; Menéndez, S; Merino, N; Mohammed-Al-Dalain, S; Pérez-Davison, G; Sam, S, )	0.85
"The ozone treatment improved glycemic control and prevented oxidative stress, the increase of aldose reductase, fructolysine content and advanced oxidation protein products."	( Ozone treatment reduces markers of oxidative and endothelial damage in an experimental diabetes model in rats. Al-Dalain, SM; Candelario-Jalil, E; Giuliani, A; León, OS; Martínez, G; Menéndez, S; Re, L, 2001)	2.23
"ozone pre-treatment increased the efficacy of free chlorine for about 4-6 times depending on the level of ozone primary kills."	( Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum using ozone and chlorine. Belosevic, M; Finch, GR; Li, H; Smith, DW, 2001)	1.28
"Ozone-treated aqueous suspensions of natural phospholipids yield at least two types of inhibitors of human erythrocyte membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. "	( Inhibition of erythrocyte membrane (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase by ozone-treated phospholipids. Chan, PC; Kesner, L; Kindya, RJ, 1979)	1.94
"The ozone-treated solutions were flowed through a granular activated carbon (GAC) column and the KMnO4 consumed of the effluent decreased to about 40-50%."	( Aldehydes as mutagens formed by ozonation of humic substances. Kito, H; Matsuda, H; Nagase, H; Ose, Y; Sato, T; Sumida, K, 1992)	0.76
"Ozone treatment offers promise as a means to inactivate human retroviruses in human body fluids and blood product preparations."	( Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by ozone in vitro. Gavalchin, J; Latino, J; Poiesz, BJ; Wells, KH, 1991)	1.25
"The ozone treatment, one of the compounds of the method, proves to be useless."	( [The role of ozone within the scope of the "Figurella Program"]. Kofler, B; Rochowanski, E; Spielmann, A, 1990)	1.13
"Ozone treatment under field conditions showed mostly a tendency to decrease the activity of organic mutagens."	( Evaluation of different treatment processes with respect to mutagenic activity in drinking water. Hrubec, J; Kool, HJ; Piet, GJ; van Kreijl, CF, 1985)	0.99
"Ozone-treated dogs developed airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas the control group did not."	( Release of epithelium-derived relaxing factor after ozone inhalation in dogs. Daniel, EE; Jones, GL; Lane, CG; O'Byrne, PM, 1988)	1.25
"Ozone treatment also effects the quantity of ATP and of other nucleoside triphosphates, reducing to about 50% of the initial value."	( Effect of ozone on ATP, cytosolic enzymes and permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hinze, H; Holzer, H; Prakash, D, 1987)	1.4
"Ozone treatment was performed with three different Ozone concentrations (0.03 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.3 ppm)."	( [Effect of ozone and ionizing radiation on an in vitro model--a pilot study of 4 gynecologic tumors]. Karlic, H; Kucera, H; Metka, M; Schönbauer, M; Söregi, G, 1987)	1.38
"Ozone treatment prior to chlorination did not alter the activity, while treatment with chlorine in combination with chlorine dioxide reduced the activity to a level somewhat over the background."	( Mutagenic activity in humic water and alum flocculated humic water treated with alternative disinfectants. Backlund, P; Kronberg, L; Pensar, G; Tikkanen, L, 1985)	0.99
"Treatment with ozone proved to be a suitable method for eliminating such MPs."	( Improvement of wastewater and water quality via a full-scale ozonation plant? - A comprehensive analysis of the endocrine potential using effect-based methods. Brückner, I; Dolny, R; Hollert, H; Linnemann, V; Oster, S; Pinnekamp, J; Schiwy, S; Shuliakevich, A; Wolf, Y, 2022)	1.06
"Treatment by ozone water is an emerging technology for the degradation of pesticide residues in vegetables. "	( Degradation of malathion and carbosulfan by ozone water and analysis of their by-products. Bai, B; Li, C; Tian, J; Wang, J; Wang, S; Wu, Z, 2022)	1.35
"Pretreatment with ozone water and superficial shaving before PDT is a potential new strategy for treating recalcitrant and large plantar warts."	( The combination treatment of ozone water, superficial shaving, and photodynamic therapy in recalcitrant plantar warts: A successful case. Cao, Z; Han, C; Liu, Y; Qu, B, 2022)	1.34
"Treatment with ozone therapy is of interest in many fields of medicine. "	( Ozone Therapy in the Comprehensive Treatment of Leg Ulcers: Case Report. Cieślar, G; Pasek, J; Stanek, A; Szyluk, K, 2022)	2.52
"Treatment with ozone prevents intestinal mucosal damage, stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death following intestinal IR in a rat."	( Effect of ozone on intestinal recovery following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat. Bitterman, A; Coran, AG; Haj, B; Matter, I; Pollak, Y; Shaoul, R; Sukhotnik, I, 2014)	1.16
"Rats treated with OzoneOP showed obviously less renal damage."	( Ozone oxidative preconditioning protects the rat kidney from reperfusion injury via modulation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Li, X; Wang, L; Weng, X; Xing, B, 2015)	2.18
"Pretreatment with ozone combined with aqueous ammonia was used to recover residual organic carbon from recalcitrant solid digestate for ethanol production after anaerobic digestion (AD) of rice straw. "	( Enhancing ethanol production from thermophilic and mesophilic solid digestate using ozone combined with aqueous ammonia pretreatment. Ai, P; Wang, D; Xi, J; Yan, S; Yu, L; Zhai, H; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.99
"Treatment with ozone coloclysis may effectively reduce the secretion of VEGF and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic retinopathy rats."	( Effect of ozone on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and related inflammatory cytokines in rats with diabetic retinopathy. Chen, XY; Lou, J; Xie, TY; Yan, W, 2016)	1.18
"Pretreatment with ozone and biologically active granular activated carbon minimized MX-analogue formation upon subsequent chlorination or chloramination, either because MX precursors were altered by ozone, removed by granular activated carbon, or degraded by biological filtration."	( Occurrence of halogenated furanones in U.S. drinking waters. Krasner, SW; Onstad, GD; Weinberg, HS, 2008)	0.67
"Pre-treatment with ozone altered the calcium response to hydrogen peroxide and vice versa, indicating that the calcium response to a given ROS may reflect the stress history of the plant."	( ROS perception in Arabidopsis thaliana: the ozone-induced calcium response. Evans, NH; Hetherington, AM; Knight, MR; McAinsh, MR, 2005)	0.91
"The treatment of ozone and meteorological data was performed by classical statistics and by time-series analysis."	( Contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to the increase of tropospheric ozone levels in the Oporto Metropolitan Area, Portugal since the 19th century. Alvim-Ferraz, MC; Martins, FG; Pereira, MC; Sousa, SI, 2006)	0.89
"Treatment with ozone at an applied dose of 3 mg/L for 30 min proved effective (60-100%) at transforming all of the compounds under investigation to unidentified products."	( Removal of neutral chloroacetamide herbicide degradates during simulated unit processes for drinking water treatment. Bouwer, EJ; Hladik, ML; Roberts, AL, 2005)	0.67
"Treated with ozone for 1 hour, it shows a significant decrease in band intensity."	( [Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of oxidation damnification of fetal bovine serum by ozone]. Chen, MZ; Lee, I; Li, QN; Liu, YN; Sun, HY; Wu, Y; Zou, ZQ, 2007)	0.92
"Treatment with ozone-based combination should produce shell eggs safer than those treated with heat alone."	( Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in shell eggs by sequential application of heat and ozone. Perry, JJ; Rodriguez-Romo, LA; Yousef, AE, 2008)	0.9
"Treatment with ozone inactivates the mutagenicity of many carcinogens in aqueous solution. "	( pH-sensitive mutagenic activity in ozone-treated 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Burleson, GR; Chambers, TM, 1982)	0.89
"Treatment with ozone/H2O2 at a pH of 8 and 25 degrees C required at least 100 minutes to achieve comparable mineralisation results."	( Treatment of diglyme containing wastewater by advanced oxidation--process design and optimisation. Grossmann, D; Köser, H; Kretschmer, R; Porobin, M, 2001)	0.65
"Treatment of ozone-sparged seeds at 60 degrees C for 3 h reduced the population to an undetectable level by direct plating (4 to 4.8 log10 CFU/g), although survivors were detected by enrichment."	( Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on inoculated alfalfa seeds with ozonated water and heat treatment. Beuchat, LR; Demirci, A; Fett, WF; Sharma, RR, 2002)	0.67

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"25 ppm) and to acrolein (4 to 35 ppm) for 30 minutes results in a significant untoward effect on the cells which is proportional to the concentration of the toxic agent."	( [Gaseous aerocontaminants and phagocytic defence of the respiratory tract. Cytotoxicity of NO2, of ozone and acrolein for alveolar macrophages in gaseous phase (author's transl)]. Aerts, C; Dutriez, N; Tonnel, AB; Voisin, C, 1979)	0.48
"Present models for predicting the pulmonary toxicity of O3 in humans from the toxic effects observed in animals rely on dosimetric measurements of O3 mass balance and species comparisons of mechanisms that protect tissue against O3."	( A method for comparison of animal and human alveolar dose and toxic effect of inhaled ozone. Aissa, M; Hatch, GE; Koren, H, 1989)	0.5
" Although the ozonation products of pyrene were not toxic under the conditions of this study, phenanthrene products were more hepatotoxic than was phenanthrene itself."	( Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Effect of phenanthrene, pyrene, and their ozonized products on blood chemistry in rats. Church, DF; Flory, W; Giamalva, D; Pryor, WA; Ruhr, LP; Yoshikawa, T, 1985)	0.27
" Therefore, O3 could be 40 times more toxic than NO2 in the PAR on the basis of the inspired concentration and the focal response."	( Effects of low levels of NO2 on terminal bronchiolar cells and its relative toxicity compared to O3. Chang, LY; Crapo, JD; Graham, JA; Mercer, RR; Miller, FJ; Ospital, JJ; Stockstill, BL, 1988)	0.27
" In this study their toxic mechanism of action was compared using an intact cell model."	( Toxicity of ozone and nitrogen dioxide to alveolar macrophages: comparative study revealing differences in their mechanism of toxic action. Alink, GM; Gijbels, MJ; Hempenius, RA; Poelen, MC; Rietjens, IM, 1986)	0.65
" While the pulmonary system is the primary target for ozone toxicity, at a morphological and biochemical level, extrapulmonary toxic effects are well documented."	( Toxicity and biochemical mechanisms of ozone. Borek, C; Mehlman, MA, 1987)	0.79
" Their combination completely prevented toxicity, suggesting that both H2O2 and O2 were major toxic species."	( Free radical species mediating the toxicity of ozone for cultured rat lung fibroblasts. Morgan, DL; Wenzel, DG, 1985)	0.53
" The nature of these radicals, their cellular production as well as the defence mechanism which oppose their toxic effects are successively and briefly analysed."	( [Pulmonary toxicity of free radicals of oxygen]. Housset, B; Junod, A, 1983)	0.27
"Ozone is one of the most toxic and ubiquitous air pollutants."	( Ozone: an overview of its toxicity in man and animals. Menzel, DB, 1984)	3.15
" These results further indicate that exposure of cultured cells to ozone by means of gas diffusion through teflon films may contribute to the evaluation of the toxic effects of this pollutant in vitro."	( Toxic effects of ozone on human cells in vitro, exposed by gas diffusion through teflon film. Alink, GM; de Boer, RM; Mol, J; Temmink, JH, 1980)	0.84
" Furthermore, these results suggest an integral role for both Tco and Ta in determination of the uptake of inhaled pollutants and modulation of the subsequent toxic effects and may have important implications with respect to the assessment of toxic risk."	( Ozone toxicity in the rat. I. Effect of changes in ambient temperature on extrapulmonary physiological parameters. Highfill, JW; Watkinson, WP; Wiester, MJ, 1995)	1.73
" Children, whose lungs are developing, are the most likely group to benefit from supplementation with vitamins C and E because the adverse effects of inflammation on the developing lung are likely to be greater and the time of exposure is longer than in adults."	( The toxicity of air pollution in experimental animals and humans: the role of oxidative stress. Menzel, DB, 1994)	0.29
" Indeed, the highest dose was toxic to O3-exposed animals."	( Effect of tracheal insufflation of deferoxamine on acute ozone toxicity in rats. Arata, MA; Halliwell, B; Louie, S; Offerdahl, SD, 1993)	0.53
" Studies with long-term exposure are used to assess potential adverse effects from continued exposure to low ambient concentrations."	( Human health and environmental toxicity issues for evaluation of halon replacements. Rubenstein, R, 1993)	0.29
" The two reactive dye wastewaters contained high concentrations of NaCl (89-112 g/L) in addition to potentially toxic dye components."	( Determining toxicity trends in the ozonation of synthetic dye wastewaters using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hitchcock, DR; Law, SE; Williams, PL; Wu, J, 1998)	0.3
" These data suggest that ozone has significant toxic effects on bronchial epithelial cells not mediated through the generation of hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radical."	( Comparison of the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Gabrielson, EW; Spannhake, EW; Yu, XY, 1994)	0.84
" Ozone has been used for decades in many countries and recently, the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of this gas has been reaffirmed in the United States."	( Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: a review. Dave, S; Kim, JG; Yousef, AE, 1999)	1.57
"To minimize the environmental impact of textile effluents, mainly related to their high coloration and the presence of toxic or carcinogenic reactive dyes, the efficiency of photochemical and ozonation processes, applied in the form of isolated and combined procedures, were evaluated."	( Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile effluent by combined photocatalytic and ozonation processes. de Moraes, SG; Durán, N; Freire, RS, 2000)	0.31
" It is also known that various factors may significantly influence the susceptibility of animals to the toxic effects of ozone."	( Hyperthyroidism increases the risk of ozone-induced lung toxicity in rats. Brumbaugh, K; Frazer, DG; Goldsmith, WT; Huffman, LJ; Judy, DJ; McKinney, WG; Reynolds, JS, 2001)	0.79
"The presence of toxic aromatic organic compounds in industrial wastewater affects the efficiency of conventional biological treatment."	( Kinetics and toxicity of direct reaction between ozone and 1,2-dihydrobenzene in dilute aqueous solution. Carrasco, V; Mansilla, H; Mondaca, MA; Perez, L; Soto, G; Zaror, C, 2001)	0.57
" Taken together, these findings may suggest that human airways are markedly more susceptible to the toxic effects of MCA than are the airways of the F344 rat."	( Respiratory tract toxicity in rats exposed to Mexico City air. Calderón-Garcidueñas, L; Gross, EA; Harkema, JR; Howard, AM; James, RA; Janszen, DB; Morgan, KT; Moss, OR; Roberts, KC; Ross, PW, 2001)	0.31
"Ozonated solution may be safe and a useful antiseptic of the ocular surface prior to ophthalmic surgery."	( Safety of ozonated solution as an antiseptic of the ocular surface prior to ophthalmic surgery. Ishijima, K; Kashiwagi, K; Saito, K; Takahashi, H; Tsukahara, S; Wang, YD, )	0.13
" Neither the synthetic nor ozonated synthetic swine manure, both of which contained higher concentrations of formaldehyde and three other unidentified carbonyl compounds than the ozonated swine manure, were toxic to the flies."	( Toxicity of ozonated animal manure to the house fly, Musca domestica. Kim-Yang, H; Masten, SJ; Roman, H; Walker, ED; Yokoyama, MT, )	0.13
" In view of these comments, we conclude that the suggested ozonation method can be considered as the acceptable modern technique for the chromium toxic effect monitoring in vitro."	( Chromium toxic effect monitoring using ozonation method. Kiseleva, E; Martinez, L; Poznyak, T; Puga, JM, )	0.13
"Inhalation of toxic doses of ozone causes lung injury and inflammation in humans and experimental animals."	( Upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B in alveolar macrophages following ozone inhalation. Role of NF-kappaB and STAT-1 in ozone-induced nitric oxide production and toxicity. Fakhrzadeh, L; Gerecke, D; Heck, DE; Laskin, DL; Laskin, JD, )	0.64
" Organophosphorus insecticide, dichlorvos (DDVP), was employed as a model chemical for assessing conventional ozonation and catalytic ozonation, because its oxidative intermediate is toxic and is not degraded by direct ozonation."	( Catalytic ozonation of an organophosphorus pesticide using microporous silicate and its effect on total toxicity reduction. Fujita, H; Kim, BS; Sakai, Y; Sakoda, A; Suzuki, M, 2002)	0.31
" This observation indicates that these dusts were not acutely toxic and the effects were gradual; it took some time for neutrophils to be recruited into and accumulate significantly in the lung."	( Pulmonary toxicity of simulated lunar and Martian dusts in mice: II. Biomarkers of acute responses after intratracheal instillation. Hamilton, RF; Holian, A; James, JT; Lam, CW; Latch, JN, 2002)	0.31
"The in vitro study of adverse cellular effects induced by inhaled pollutants poses a special problem due to the difficulties of exposing cultured cells of the respiratory tract directly to test atmospheres that can include complex gaseous and particulate mixtures."	( Novel approaches for studying pulmonary toxicity in vitro. Aufderheide, M; Knebel, JW; Ritter, D, 2003)	0.32
" Exposures to the particle mixtures plus O3 produced statistically significant changes consistent with adverse effects."	( Toxicity of chemical components of fine particles inhaled by aged rats: effects of concentration. Basbaum, C; Bhalla, DK; Bufalino, C; Hyde, DM; Kleinman, MT; Mautz, WJ, 2003)	0.32
" Commonly used herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba were shown to increase toxicity measured with the Microtox test at low irradiation doses resulting from formation of more toxic transient products, which can be decomposed at larger doses."	( Monitoring of toxicity during degradation of selected pesticides using ionizing radiation. Bojanowska-Czajka, A; Drzewicz, P; Gryz, M; Głuszewski, W; Kulisa, K; Nałecz-Jawecki, G; Sawicki, J; Trojanowicz, M; Wołkowicz, S, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, ozonated 3-CP and 4-CP also significantly induced new aqueous toxicity, if these toxic intermediates were not further ozonated."	( Toxicity measurements in aqueous solution during ozonation of mono-chlorophenols. Chang, CH; Liou, ML; Ma, HW; Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of this study was to determine if Oxygreen treatment could induce in the grain the formation of processing-related substances, able to provoke adverse effects, after ingestion of the wheat and/or derived products, and to establish the safety of the Oxygreen process for animals and consumers."	( Safety of Oxygreen, an ozone treatment on wheat grains. Part 1. A four-week toxicity study in rats by dietary administration of treated wheat. Coste, C; De Jouffrey, S; Dubois, M; Gaou, I; Parent-Massin, D; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A, 2005)	0.64
"Unchlorinated treated waters from two Australian reservoirs were spiked with microcystin-LA and -LR extracted from a toxic scum of Microcystis aeruginosa."	( Decrease in toxicity of microcystins LA and LR in drinking water by ozonation. Brooke, S; Klass, G; Newcombe, G; Nicholson, B, 2006)	0.33
" The HealOzone was safe to use."	( Assessment of the safety of two ozone delivery devices. Hodson, N; Millar, BJ, 2007)	1.04
" Toxic effects were found in tests with hydrolysates of metalliferous dyes."	( The use of respirometric measurements to determine the toxicity of textile dyes in aqueous solution and after oxidative decolourisation processes. Bley, T; Böhmer, U; Boschke, E; Constapel, M; Lange, J; Schellenträger, M, 2007)	0.34
" As a result of its wide use, unmetabolized BZF is released in the environment with potential toxic effects for aquatic living organisms."	( Bezafibrate removal by means of ozonation: primary intermediates, kinetics, and toxicity assessment. Andreozzi, R; Canterino, M; Dantas, RF; Esplugas, S; Marotta, R; Sans, C, 2007)	0.34
"Many nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) are toxic and recalcitrant contaminants that need to be degraded by advanced oxidation processes."	( Toxicity change patterns and its mechanism during the degradation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds by O(3)/UV. Huang, X; Wang, XM, 2007)	0.34
" The O(3)-treated OMWs are still toxic towards algal growth (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and only for dilutions equal to or higher than 1:160 a stimulation of algal growth is observed."	( Effect of combined physico-chemical processes on the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewaters. Andreozzi, R; Canterino, M; Di Somma, I; Lo Giudice, R; Marotta, R; Pinto, G; Pollio, A, 2008)	0.35
" Water used to extract bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands becomes toxic to various organisms due to the presence of naphthenic acids released from the bitumen."	( Ozonation of oil sands process water removes naphthenic acids and toxicity. Fedorak, PM; MacKinnon, MD; Scott, AC; Smith, DW; Zubot, W, 2008)	0.35
", Management Strategies for Toxic Blue Green Algae: Literature Review."	( Assessing drinking water treatment systems for safety against cyanotoxin breakthrough using maximum tolerable values. Bornmann, K; Imhof, L; Izydorczyk, K; Mankiewicz, J; Schmidt, W, 2008)	0.35
"Epidemiological and animal toxicity studies have raised concerns regarding possible adverse health effects of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water."	( Integrated disinfection by-products mixtures research: assessment of developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to concentrates of water disinfected by chlorination and ozonation/postchlorination. Best, DS; McDonald, A; Narotsky, MG; Rogers, EH; Sey, YM; Simmons, JE, 2008)	0.35
" However, the application of this method carries the inherent danger to produce toxic oxidation byproducts."	( Toxication or detoxication? In vivo toxicity assessment of ozonation as advanced wastewater treatment with the rainbow trout. Knacker, T; Magdeburg, A; Oehlmann, J; Stalter, D; Weil, M, 2010)	0.36
" The toxicity of the oxidation products obtained during the reaction was assessed by means of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna tests in order to evaluate the potential formation of toxic by-products."	( Identification of intermediates and assessment of ecotoxicity in the oxidation products generated during the ozonation of clofibric acid. Boltes, K; García-Calvo, E; Gonzalo, MS; Letón, P; Rosal, R; Vaquero, JJ, 2009)	0.35
"Effluents originated in cellulose pulp manufacturing processes are usually toxic and recalcitrant, specially the bleaching effluents, which exhibit high contents of aromatic compounds (e."	( Toxicity and recalcitrant compound removal from bleaching pulp plant effluents by an integrated system: anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor and ozone. Botta, CM; Chaparro, TR; Pires, EC, 2010)	0.56
"Oxygen/ozone treatment of herniated discs is an effective and extremely safe procedure."	( A metaanalysis of the effectiveness and safety of ozone treatments for herniated lumbar discs. Meaders, T; Murphy, KJ; Muto, M; Steppan, J, 2010)	1.07
" However, a toxicity evaluation is required to investigate toxicity reduction and to assess the potential formation of toxic oxidation byproducts during ozonation."	( Comparative toxicity assessment of ozone and activated carbon treated sewage effluents using an in vivo test battery. Magdeburg, A; Oehlmann, J; Stalter, D, 2010)	0.64
"Acetaminophen (APAP), also known as paracetamol, is the commonest cause of toxic ingestion in the world."	( Effects of medical ozone therapy on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Cayci, T; Demirbag, S; Guven, A; Kaldirim, U; Korkmaz, A; Ozcan, A; Ozler, M; Surer, I; Uysal, B, 2010)	0.69
" Sample evaporation reduced cytotoxic effects by 52 (AC) to 73% (O(3)), demonstrating that volatile substances contribute considerably to toxic effects, particularly after O(3)."	( Ozonation and activated carbon treatment of sewage effluents: removal of endocrine activity and cytotoxicity. Magdeburg, A; Oehlmann, J; Stalter, D; Wagner, M, 2011)	0.37
" This implies that, if any more toxic transformation products than diuron were formed, their concentration was not sufficiently high to affect the mixture toxicity, which was dominated by the parent compound diuron."	( Evolution of algal toxicity during (photo)oxidative degradation of diuron. Canonica, S; Escher, B; Mestankova, H; Schirmer, K; von Gunten, U, 2011)	0.37
"Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an adverse event that has been reported in patients receiving cancer treatment regimens, including bevacizumab, bisphosphonates, and denosumab."	( Efficacy and safety of medical ozone (O(3)) delivered in oil suspension applications for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with bone metastases treated with bisphosphonates: Preliminary results of a phase I-II study. Cislaghi, E; Maniezzo, M; Mariani, L; Ripamonti, CI, 2011)	0.66
"Water soluble organic compounds (OCs), including naphthenic acids (NAs), are potentially toxic constituents of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) that is generated during extraction of bitumen from Alberta oil sands."	( Effectiveness of ozonation treatment in eliminating toxicity of oil sands process-affected water to Chironomus dilutus. Anderson, JC; Gamal El-Din, M; Giesy, JP; Liber, K; Martin, JW; Moustafa, A; Perez-Estrada, L; Wang, N; Wiseman, SB, 2012)	0.38
" None of the short-term exposure ecotoxicity tests revealed any adverse effects of the tertiary effluent, neither before nor after the ozonation step."	( Impact of ozonation on ecotoxicity and endocrine activity of tertiary treated wastewater effluent. Altmann, D; Bartel, C; Grillitsch, B; Kreuzinger, N; Miller, I; Möstl, E; Schaar, H; Schorkopf, DL, 2012)	0.38
" Electron beam treatment could be an effective and safe method for the removal of antibiotic compounds."	( Degradation and toxicity assessment of sulfamethoxazole and chlortetracycline using electron beam, ozone and UV. Kim, HY; Kim, SD; Kim, TH; Lee, M; Lim, SJ; Yu, S, 2012)	0.6
" Currently, ozonation is considered one possible method for remediation of OSPW by reducing the concentrations of dissolved organic compounds, including naphthenic acids (NAs), which are considered the primary toxic constituents."	( Toxicity of untreated and ozone-treated oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) to early life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). El-Din, MG; Giesy, JP; He, Y; Hecker, M; Martin, JW; Patterson, S; Wang, N; Wiseman, SB, 2012)	0.68
" Data revealed a significant increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), total protein and albumin concentrations in the O₃ group, reflecting inflammatory and toxic responses."	( Tobacco smoke modulates ozone-induced toxicity in rat lungs and central nervous system. Bhalla, DK; Bhoopalan, V; Han, SG; Shah, MM; Thomas, DM, 2013)	0.7
" All the results suggested that the deleterious effects of AFB1 could be highly reduced by ozone, and ozone itself did not show any toxic effects on animals in this processing."	( Ozonolysis efficiency and safety evaluation of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. Chen, B; Diao, E; Dong, H; Hou, H; Shan, C, 2013)	0.61
" Efficient reclamation treatment technologies ensure the safe reuse of reclaimed water."	( Toxicity-based assessment of the treatment performance of wastewater treatment and reclamation processes. Du, Y; Tan, Z; Wei, D, 2012)	0.38
" These products might be ozone-resistant and more toxic to Vibrio fisheri than levofloxacin."	( Levofloxacin oxidation by ozone and hydroxyl radicals: kinetic study, transformation products and toxicity. Deborde, M; Hamdi El Najjar, N; Journel, R; Leitner, NK; Touffet, A, 2013)	0.99
" This study aims to evaluate the degradation of ibuprofen by ozonation once the operating variables have been optimized, investigating the degradation and degradation efficiency of the compound and assessing the toxic effect of ibuprofen and of the intermediate compounds generated during oxidative treatment."	( Ozonation of ibuprofen: a degradation and toxicity study. Acevedo, A; Garrido-Perez, MC; Quero-Pastor, MJ; Quiroga, JM, 2014)	0.4
"The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms."	( Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation. da Costa, JB; Daniel, LA; Espíndola, EL; Rodgher, S, 2014)	0.86
" In this review, we summarize the data on how EDU has been used, the treatment methods tested, and application doses found to be both protective and toxic in plants."	( Assessment of ethylene diurea-induced protection in plants against ozone phytotoxicity. Agrawal, M; Agrawal, SB; Singh, AA; Singh, S, 2015)	0.65
" OFX was toxic for the bacteria and the microalgae at the spiked concentration in untreated water."	( Continuous ozonation treatment of ofloxacin: transformation products, water matrix effect and aquatic toxicity. Carbajo, JB; Fernández-Alba, AR; García-Calvo, E; Herrera, S; Letón, P; Perdigón-Melón, JA; Petre, AL; Rosal, R, 2015)	0.42
" In particular, the acute toxicity test primarily performed in the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus (Thamnotoxkit F™ screening toxicity test) showed a significant attenuation of OMW-induced toxic effects, after ozonation for a period of 120 and in a lesser extent 300min, while further treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of ozonated-OMW toxic effects."	( Investigation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) ozonation efficiency with the use of a battery of selected ecotoxicity and human toxicity assays. Dailianis, S; Dareioti, MA; Efthimiou, I; Kornaros, M; Siorou, S; Vgenis, TT; Vidali, MS; Vlastos, D, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, serum from exposed rats was used in ex vivo preparations to examine whether bioactivity and toxic effects of inhaled O3 could be conveyed to extrapulmonary systems via the circulation."	( Ozone Inhalation Impairs Coronary Artery Dilation via Intracellular Oxidative Stress: Evidence for Serum-Borne Factors as Drivers of Systemic Toxicity. Campen, MJ; Lucas, SN; Paffett, ML; Robertson, S; Sheppard, L; Weaver, JM; Zychowski, KE, 2015)	1.86
" The acute toxicity test measured by luminescent bacteria showed that anaerobic digestion could degrade toxic compounds and result in a reduction in toxicity."	( Effect of ultrasonic and ozone pre-treatments on pharmaceutical waste activated sludge's solubilisation, reduction, anaerobic biodegradability and acute biological toxicity. Jiang, Y; Ma, L; Pei, J; Shan, D; Wang, H; Yao, H; Yu, X, 2015)	0.72
" All dosages of PUR118 were safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled calcium lactate PUR118 in the ozone challenge model--a clinical trial. Biller, H; Hanrahan, J; Hava, DL; Hohlfeld, JM; Holz, O; Kane, K; Mueller, M; Rosano, M, 2015)	0.66
" Treatment with multiple rising doses of PUR118 was safe and three applications within 25 h prior to the ozone challenge had small effects on ozone-induced airway inflammation."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled calcium lactate PUR118 in the ozone challenge model--a clinical trial. Biller, H; Hanrahan, J; Hava, DL; Hohlfeld, JM; Holz, O; Kane, K; Mueller, M; Rosano, M, 2015)	0.87
" In light of FLU's possible adverse effects on aquatic species, the removal of this antibiotic has received worldwide attention."	( Fast removal of the antibiotic flumequine from aqueous solution by ozonation: Influencing factors, reaction pathways, and toxicity evaluation. Feng, M; Sun, P; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yan, L; Yang, S; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" Based on these results, we believe that administration of ozonated water is a safe and potentially simple adjunct or alternative to existing antineoplastic treatments."	( The Safety and Anti-Tumor Effects of Ozonated Water in Vivo. Azuma, K; Imagawa, T; Ito, N; Itoh, F; Kawamoto, K; Kuroda, K; Mori, T; Murahata, Y; Okamoto, Y; Osaki, T; Tsuka, T, 2015)	0.42
"Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent toxic alkaloid produced by a number of cyanobacteria frequently found in lakes and reservoirs used as drinking water sources."	( Ozonation of Cylindrospermopsin (Cyanotoxin): Degradation Mechanisms and Cytotoxicity Assessments. Dionysiou, DD; Jia, A; Merel, S; O'Shea, KE; Snyder, SA; Song, W; Yan, S, 2016)	0.43
"Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a popular ultraviolet absorbing chemical and has an adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems and human health."	( Degradation of benzophenone-3 by the ozonation in aqueous solution: kinetics, intermediates and toxicity. Guo, Y; Lin, Q; Qi, F; Xu, B, 2016)	0.43
"In linear regression models, no adverse effects of air pollutants (PM10, NO2 or O3-AOT40 on HbA1c level were found, but O3-AOT40 was inversely associated with HbA1c (mmol/mol) in the crude (estimate per IQR: -1."	( No adverse effect of outdoor air pollution on HbA1c in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Hermann, J; Holl, RW; Krämer, U; Landwehr, S; Rathmann, W; Rosenbauer, J; Stahl-Pehe, A; Sugiri, D; Tamayo, T, 2016)	0.43
"Investigated pollutants had no adverse effect on metabolic control in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes in this cross-sectional study."	( No adverse effect of outdoor air pollution on HbA1c in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Hermann, J; Holl, RW; Krämer, U; Landwehr, S; Rathmann, W; Rosenbauer, J; Stahl-Pehe, A; Sugiri, D; Tamayo, T, 2016)	0.43
" The EpiAirway™ cells show minimal adverse effects after exposure suggesting that they are more toxicologically resistant compared to A549 cells."	( Assessment of biological responses of EpiAirway 3-D cell constructs versus A549 cells for determining toxicity of ambient air pollution. Jaspers, I; Lichtveld, K; O'Brien, B; Rusyn, I; Sexton, KG; Vizuete, W; Zavala, J, 2016)	0.43
" Ozone therapy alone almost completely reversed the toxic effects of ADR and restored all parameters to normal levels."	( Therapeutic effect of ozone and rutin on adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity in an experimental rat model. Hellstrom, WJ; Salem, EA; Salem, NA, 2017)	1.68
" Ozone was toxic to the cells on first contact, but cell viability was recovered."	( Ozone therapy as an adjuvant for endondontic protocols: microbiological - ex vivo study and citotoxicity analyses. Antoniazzi, JH; Ferreira, MB; Lage-Marques, JL; Montemor, AF; Nogales, CG; Rodrigues, MF, )	2.48
" However, the toxicity of treated water increased, suggesting the generation of toxic oxidation products (OPs)."	( Identification of New Oxidation Products of Bezafibrate for Better Understanding of Its Toxicity Evolution and Oxidation Mechanisms during Ozonation. Gebhardt, W; Lu, S; Schröder, HF; Sui, Q; Yu, G; Zhao, W, 2017)	0.46
"Ozone and laser combined therapy via puncture needle for the treatment of CS is safe and effective."	( Safety and Efficacy Study of an Ozone Laser Combined Therapy Using Puncture Needle in the Treatment of Patients With Cervical Spondylosis. Gu, K; Guo, Y; Li, Y; Liu, W; Wei, W; Yan, Y; Yu, L, 2017)	2.18
" Ozonation may be a treatment option for reducing the concentrations of recalcitrant CECs in wastewater, but this process may generate toxic transformation products."	( Evaluation of wastewater treatment by ozonation for reducing the toxicity of contaminants of emerging concern to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Evans, J; Isazadeh, S; Maya, N; Metcalfe, CD; Nasuhoglu, D; Yargeau, V, 2018)	0.48
" This study highlighted the potential adverse effects generated in ozonation process and the oxidation of N-heterocyclic containing pollutants."	( Chlorination, chloramination and ozonation of carbamazepine enhance cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: Multi-endpoint evaluation and identification of its genotoxic transformation products. Han, Y; Hou, R; Huang, C; Li, N; Ma, M; Oda, Y; Wang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The results showed:25 cases of adverse events were clearly related to the use of instruments;the cases mainly reported by equipment use enterprises; the delay treatment by instrument failure was the most common adverse event performances;adverse events might be relevant to the risk factors of product quality, technical operation, patient specificity and instrument disinfection."	( [Analysis of 47 Cases of Adverse Events of Ozonic Therapeutic Instrument]. Huang, H; Huang, P; Shi, C; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y; Zheng, S, 2016)	0.43
"Toxicity arising from toxic disinfection byproducts is an unintended result of disinfection during water reclamation."	( The impact of disinfection Ct values on cytotoxicity of agricultural wastewaters: Ozonation vs. chlorination. Dong, S; Massalha, N; Nguyen, TH; Plewa, MJ, 2018)	0.48
" Even though ozonation has proven to be very efficient in reducing pharmaceutical parent compound concentrations in wastewater effluents, much remains unclear regarding potentially toxic ozonation by-product (OBP) formation."	( Embryotoxicity of ozonated diclofenac, carbamazepine, and oxazepam in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ahrens, L; Carlsson, G; Golovko, O; Norrgren, L; Örn, S; Pohl, J; Weiss, J, 2019)	0.51
" Nevertheless, ozonation generates toxic transformation products that can be removed by a post-treatment."	( Systematic Review of Toxicity Removal by Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies via Ozonation and Activated Carbon. Miehe, U; Stapf, M; Völker, J; Wagner, M, 2019)	0.51
" The large amount of SDBS discharged into water bodies can cause eutrophication of water bodies and produce toxic effects in aquatic organisms."	( Degradation of SDBS in water solutions using plasma in gas-liquid interface discharge: Performance, byproduct formation and toxicity evaluation. Cui, Y; Liu, Y; Mu, Z; Oinuma, G; Yamauchi, T; Yang, M; Yu, J; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Considering the acute toxicity evolution under different conditions and profiles of acute toxicity in HPLC fractions, the highly toxic intermediates probably included same non-chlorine carboxylic acids though the three CPs had different substituent positions with higher polarity than their parent compounds."	( Acute toxicity evolution during ozonation of mono-chlorophenols and initial identification of highly toxic intermediates. Ma, D; Shen, J; Wang, L; Wei, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The results of toxicity testing showed that ozonation could effectively control the acute and chronic toxicity of the water samples, although the toxicity increased in the initial reaction stage due to the accumulation of more toxic intermediates."	( Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol a by ozonation: Performance, products, mechanism and toxicity. Dong, W; Fan, H; Gu, Y; Han, Q; Liu, P; Ma, H; Song, X; Wang, H, 2019)	0.51
" The beneficial effects of ozone has been proven in many diseases such as diabetes, but the critical issue is the determination of the safe and effective concentration of ozone reacting with blood and in particular hemoglobin."	( Personalizing the safe, appropriate and effective concentration(s) of ozone for a non-diabetic individual and four type II diabetic patients in autohemotherapy through blood hemoglobin analysis. Ahmadian, S; Mehraban, F; Mirzaaghaei, V; Moosavi-Movahedi, AA; Seyedarabi, A, 2019)	1.04
"In this study, we determined the personalized concentration(s) for a safe and effective ozonation of a non-diabetic individual and four diabetic type II patients, based on blood hemoglobin analysis."	( Personalizing the safe, appropriate and effective concentration(s) of ozone for a non-diabetic individual and four type II diabetic patients in autohemotherapy through blood hemoglobin analysis. Ahmadian, S; Mehraban, F; Mirzaaghaei, V; Moosavi-Movahedi, AA; Seyedarabi, A, 2019)	0.75
"A number of techniques were used to determine the personalized ozone concentration(s) for a safe and effective autohemotherapy based on blood hemoglobin analysis."	( Personalizing the safe, appropriate and effective concentration(s) of ozone for a non-diabetic individual and four type II diabetic patients in autohemotherapy through blood hemoglobin analysis. Ahmadian, S; Mehraban, F; Mirzaaghaei, V; Moosavi-Movahedi, AA; Seyedarabi, A, 2019)	0.99
"Chlorination and ozonation of various waters may be associated with the formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and cause health risks to humans."	( Toxicity of chlorinated and ozonated wastewater effluents probed by genetically modified bioluminescent bacteria and cyanobacteria Spirulina sp. Bhuvaneshwari, M; Borisover, M; Eltzov, E; Sadhasivam, G; Shapiro, O; Veltman, B, 2019)	0.51
" This state of the art study aims at exposing the numerous adverse effects of UV and pollution as well as their mode of action on skin."	( Mechanisms of pollutant-induced toxicity in skin and detoxification: Anti-pollution strategies and perspectives for cosmetic products. Catoire, S; Creusot, T; Egles, C; Ficheux, H; Richard, F, 2019)	0.51
"Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may contain various pollutants with potential toxic effects."	( Surrogates for the removal by ozonation of the cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand break effects of wastewater on mammalian cells. Du, Y; Wang, WL; Wu, QY; Yang, Y; Zhou, YT, 2020)	0.56
" It is reported that DCF has adverse effects on aquatic organisms."	( Ozonation of diclofenac in the aqueous solution: Mechanism, kinetics and ecotoxicity assessment. An, Z; Bo, X; Han, D; He, M; Li, M; Mei, Q; Qiu, Z; Sun, J; Wang, X; Wei, B; Wei, F; Xie, J, 2020)	0.56
" Products F1, F2 and F3 were found to be toxic substances, but their toxicity to aquatic organisms was lower than that of FLP."	( Degradation of fluopyram in water under ozone enhanced microbubbles: Kinetics, degradation products, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation. Cheng, Y; Guo, Y; Jiang, F; Li, C; Qian, H; Xie, Y; Yao, W; Yu, H; Yuan, S, 2020)	0.83
" It is our intention to discuss in logical terms the numerous papers that commendably reported adverse reactions attributable to OT, focusing our attention mainly to the techniques of administration and not to the simple contact of ozone with biological material."	( Safety, pitfalls, and misunderstandings about the use of ozone therapy as a regenerative medicine tool. A narrative review. Bonetti, M; Gadelha Serra, ME; Mollica, P; Noci, JB; Re, L; Travagli, V, )	0.56
"Triclosan (TCS) has attracted increasing concern due to its ubiquitous occurrence in aquatic environments as well as its potential adverse effects on human health."	( Toxicity evaluation and by-products identification of triclosan ozonation and chlorination. Li, L, 2021)	0.62
" Primary outcome measures were antimicrobial effect and adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ozone Therapy in Dental Caries Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Benavent Caldas Bellotto, EF; Bussadori, SK; de Oliveira Cruz Latorraca, C; Martimbianco, ALC; Mota, P; Pacheco, RL; Riera, R; Santos, EM; Santos, GM, 2020)	0.85
" Regarding safety of ozone therapy, results from individual studies presented no adverse events during or after treatment."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ozone Therapy in Dental Caries Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Benavent Caldas Bellotto, EF; Bussadori, SK; de Oliveira Cruz Latorraca, C; Martimbianco, ALC; Mota, P; Pacheco, RL; Riera, R; Santos, EM; Santos, GM, 2020)	1.17
" No adverse events were reported in OZ group, as against 2 deaths reported in ST group."	( Safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients: A phase 1/11 randomized control trial (SEOT study). Captain, J; Ganu, G; Kulkarni, A; Nair, PMK; Shah, M; Vaidya, V; Valsangkar, K, 2021)	0.93
"Biological safety evaluation and toxic by-products identification are critical issues in the partial oxidation process."	( New insight into increased toxicity during ozonation of chlorophenol: The significant contribution of oxidizing intermediates. Li, J; Liu, X; Ma, D; Ma, X; Shen, J; Sheng, Q; Sun, X; Wang, L; Wei, J; Zheng, M, 2021)	0.62
"Hydrogen molecules have attracted attention as a new antioxidant, but are left to be confirmedly verified whether the oral administration is highly safe or not, concurrently with retention of abundant hydrogen."	( Electrolytic hydrogen-generating bottle supplies drinking water with free/combined chlorine and ozone repressed within safety standard under hydrogen-rich conditions. Hatae, T; Miwa, N, )	0.35
" However, the formation of potentially toxic ozonation byproducts (OBPs) is a matter of concern."	( Gene co-expression network analysis reveals mechanisms underlying ozone-induced carbamazepine toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Ahi, EP; Carlsson, G; Golovko, O; Örn, S; Pohl, J; Schmitz, M, 2021)	0.86
"Anthropogenic activities help the ozone formation at the troposphere which causes toxic effects on plants and humans."	( Assessment of ozone toxicity on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars: Its defensive system and intraspecific sensitivity. Chaudhary, IJ; Rathore, D, 2021)	1.26
" Possible adverse effects of gaseous ozone on quality of fresh produce also need to be carefully evaluated for the purpose of enhancing microbial and chemical safety of fresh produce."	( Gaseous ozone to preserve quality and enhance microbial safety of fresh produce: Recent developments and research needs. Fan, X, 2021)	1.33
"Pre-ozonation can reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and related adverse effects during subsequent chlorination, but the change of each molecular weight (MW) fraction during each step of combined pre-ozonation and post-chlorination has not been well illustrated."	( Understanding the influence of pre-ozonation on the formation of disinfection byproducts and cytotoxicity during post-chlorination of natural organic matter: UV absorbance and electron-donating-moiety of molecular weight fractions. Du, Y; Hu, HY; Lee, MY; Wang, WL; Wu, QY; Yang, ZW; Zhou, TH, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, the formation of disinfection by-products and their potential toxic effects were investigated in eight pool water samples using different disinfection methods including the ozone-bromine treatment."	( Pool water disinfection by ozone-bromine treatment: Assessing the disinfectant efficacy and the occurrence and in vitro toxicity of brominated disinfection by-products. El-Athman, F; Grunert, A; Junek, R; Kämpfe, A; Mahringer, D; Selinka, HC; Zehlike, L, 2021)	1.11
" To optimize a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, the recoveries at each step were evaluated."	( A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for determination of by-products originating from ozonation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon spiked in cherry tomato and perilla leaf. Kim, YJ; Na, YC; Park, J, 2022)	0.72
" CP was given once intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg,) eliciting acute kidney injury as assured by several adverse histological changes; glomerulopathy, tubulopathy, and vasculopathy, an inflammatory response including elevated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β."	( TGF-β1, NAG-1, and antioxidant enzymes expression alterations in Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model: Comparative modulating role of Melatonin, Vit. E and Ozone. Abd El-Emam, MM; Abdel-Rahman Mohamed, A; Bin Emran, T; El-Shetry, ES; Khater, SI; Metwally, MMM; Mostafa-Hedeab, G; Nassan, MA, 2022)	0.92
" They have received attention recently due to findings that demonstrate estrogenic impacts and other adverse effects of parabens."	( Identifying potential paraben transformation products and evaluating changes in toxicity as a result of transformation. Cobb, GP; Penrose, MT, 2022)	0.72
"Industrial wastewater contains a mixture of refractory and hazardous pollutants that have comprehensive toxic effects."	( Variation of the toxicity caused by key contaminants in industrial wastewater along the treatment train of Fenton-activated sludge-advanced oxidation processes. Cao, X; Gao, L; Li, X; Liu, T; Lu, S; Ma, H; Pan, J; Tian, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YF; Yang, H; Zheng, X, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Mice exposed to 9800 micrograms O3/m3 (5 ppm) for 3 h had a 106% increase in the plasma half-life of pentobarbital; at 1960 micrograms O3/m3 (1 ppm) for 3 h, a 71% increase was observed."	( Influence of ozone on pentobarbital pharmacokinetics in mice. Gardner, DE; Graham, JA; Menzel, DB; Miller, FJ; Mole, ML, )	0.5
"The pharmacokinetic profile and renal clearance of a novel synthetic ozonide antimalarial (1) was found to be significantly altered when intravenously administered to rats as a cyclodextrin-based formulation (0."	( Alteration of the intravenous pharmacokinetics of a synthetic ozonide antimalarial in the presence of a modified cyclodextrin. Charman, SA; Charman, WN; Chiu, FC; McIntosh, KA; Perry, CS; Prankerd, RJ, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rectal ozone on portal vein oxygenation and the pharmacokinetic changes of propranolol in patients with liver cirrhosis."	( The effect of rectal ozone on the portal vein oxygenation and pharmacokinetics of propranolol in liver cirrhosis (a preliminary human study). Fouad, EA; Kotb, HI; Zaky, S, 2011)	0.93
" There was a decrease in the elimination half-life and mean residence time."	( The effect of rectal ozone on the portal vein oxygenation and pharmacokinetics of propranolol in liver cirrhosis (a preliminary human study). Fouad, EA; Kotb, HI; Zaky, S, 2011)	0.69

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Eight adult male volunteers were exposed to ozone (O3) alone and then in combination with nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide under conditions simulating ambient air pollution exposures."	( Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants. II. Four-hour exposure to ozone alone and in combination with other pollutant gases. Breisacher, P; Hackney, JD; Linn, WS; Mohler, JG; Pedersen, EE; Russo, A, 1975)	0.74
"50 ppm, and to O3 in combination with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), with secondary stresses of heat, intermittent light exercise, and repeated exposure."	( Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants. III. Two-hour exposure to ozone alone and in combination with other pollutant gases. Buckley, RD; Greenberg, H; Hackney, JD; Karuza, SK; Law, DC; Linn, WS; Pedersen, EE, 1975)	0.48
"After analyzing comparative data on various treatments for progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis, it is inferred that ozonized sorbent hemocarboperfusions are effective modality against the above condition."	( [The use of an ozonized sorbent in treating patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis]. Belianin, II; Shmelev, EI, 1994)	0.29
"Evidence is given on the use of hemocarboperfusion for treating patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis."	( [Hemocarboperfusion with an ozonized sorbent in the treatment of patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis]. Belianin, II, 1993)	0.29
"The advanced oxidation effect of ozonation combined with electrolysis (electrolysis-ozonation) was discussed through the treatment of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) as a hydroxyl radical probe."	( Advanced oxidation effect of ozonation combined with electrolysis. Kishimoto, N; Mizutani, H; Morita, Y; Oomura, T; Tsuno, H, 2005)	0.33
"The decolorization and degradation of CI Direct Red 23, which is suspected to be carcinogenic, were investigated using ozonation combined with sonolysis."	( Mechanism of decolorization and degradation of CI Direct Red 23 by ozonation combined with sonolysis. Chen, J; He, Z; Song, S; Ying, H, 2007)	0.34
"An investigation on the process of ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation has been carried out in order to establish the kinetics for photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide (PAM) in aqueous solution."	( Kinetics study on photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide by ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. Chung, JS; Ren, GM; Sun, DZ, 2006)	0.85
" The degradation of PNT in aqueous solution by ozonation (O(3)) combined with sonolysis (US) was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments in which pH, initial concentration of PNT, O(3) dose and temperature were varied."	( Degradation of p-nitrotoluene in aqueous solution by ozonation combined with sonolysis. Chen, J; He, Z; Lü, B; Song, S; Xia, M; Ying, H, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the protective effect of Yigan Fuzheng Paidu Capsules (YC) combined with medical ozone against hepatic injury in dogs induced by hepatotoxic drug."	( [Protective effect of Yigan Fuzheng Paidu capsules combined with ozone on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in dogs]. Chen, PC; Guo, YB; Hua, HY; Huo, D; Li, LJ; Wang, C; Yang, YG; Zhang, HS; Zhang, ZL, 2007)	0.8
"YC combined with medical ozone may decrease transaminase and blood ammonia levels, relieve jaundice, prolong the survival time of dogs with CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury."	( [Protective effect of Yigan Fuzheng Paidu capsules combined with ozone on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in dogs]. Chen, PC; Guo, YB; Hua, HY; Huo, D; Li, LJ; Wang, C; Yang, YG; Zhang, HS; Zhang, ZL, 2007)	0.88
"Ozonation combined with electrolysis (ozone-electrolysis) is a new advanced oxidation process for water treatment."	( Ozonation combined with electrolysis of 1,4-dioxane using a two-compartment electrolytic flow cell with solid electrolyte. Abe, M; Asano, M; Kishimoto, N; Nakagawa, T; Ono, Y; Yamada, M, 2008)	0.62
"To investigate the protective effect of medical ozone (O(3)) combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Yigan Fuzheng Paidu Capsules (YC) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatic injury in dogs."	( Protective effects of medical ozone combined with traditional Chinese medicine against chemically-induced hepatic injury in dogs. Guo, YB; Hu, YJ; Hua, HY; Li, F; Li, LJ; Li, Z; Nie, SF; Yang, YG; Zhang, HS; Zhang, ZL, 2007)	0.88
"Medical ozone combined with TCM YC could exert a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by CCl(4)."	( Protective effects of medical ozone combined with traditional Chinese medicine against chemically-induced hepatic injury in dogs. Guo, YB; Hu, YJ; Hua, HY; Li, F; Li, LJ; Li, Z; Nie, SF; Yang, YG; Zhang, HS; Zhang, ZL, 2007)	1.06
" Minimally invasive group of patients was treated with the injection of oxygen-ozone combined with collagenase into the lumbar disc or the epidural space; the other group was treated with traditional surgery."	( Percutaneous treatment of non-contained lumbar disc herniation by injection of oxygen-ozone combined with collagenase. Li, J; Ni, D; Wang, Y; Wei, LX; Wu, Z; Yang, P; Zhang, Y, 2009)	0.8
" UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV/O(3)) was examined in this investigation for its ability to inhibit the regeneration of NDMA after degradation."	( Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation. Chen, Z; Ma, J; Qi, F; Wu, F; Xu, B, 2009)	0.35
"To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and/or dibutyl phthalate (DBP)."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of ozone in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and dibutyl phthalate in B6C3F1 mice for 16 and 32 weeks. Cho, MY; Kim, MY, 2009)	0.89
" Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of ozone in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and dibutyl phthalate in B6C3F1 mice for 16 and 32 weeks. Cho, MY; Kim, MY, 2009)	0.88
"Degradation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in aqueous solution by means of ozonolysis or ozonolysis combined with sonolysis was investigated for a variety of operating conditions."	( Degradation of EDTA in aqueous solution by using ozonolysis and ozonolysis combined with sonolysis. Guo, P; Li, G; Luo, Z; Wang, J; Wang, X, 2010)	0.36
"Previous published paper "Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation" by our research group, was commented by Dr."	( Authors' response to comments on "Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation" by F. Xiao. Chen, Z; Ma, J; Qi, F; Wu, F; Xu, B, 2010)	0.36
"We present an assessment of xenobiotic organic micro-pollutants (XOM) occurrence and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a novel biofilm system combined with ozonation, the BIOZO concept, treating partly stabilised landfill leachate."	( The BIOZO process--a biofilm system combined with ozonation: occurrence of xenobiotic organic micro-pollutants in and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen from landfill leachate. Heiaas, HH; Langford, KH; Liltved, H; Lopez, A; Macrae, K; Plósz, BG; Vogelsang, C, 2010)	0.36
"To assess the therapeutic effect of ozone therapy combined with sulfasalazine sulfasalazine delivered via a colon therapy system in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis."	( [Ozone therapy combined with sulfasalazine delivered via a colon therapy system for treatment of ulcerative colitis]. Geng, Y; Liang, ZH; Ma, Q; Peng, LQ; Wang, W, 2010)	1.55
"Ozone therapy combined with sulfasalazine delivered via a colon therapy system is feasible and effective for treatment of ulcerative colitis."	( [Ozone therapy combined with sulfasalazine delivered via a colon therapy system for treatment of ulcerative colitis]. Geng, Y; Liang, ZH; Ma, Q; Peng, LQ; Wang, W, 2010)	2.71
"The oxidation of bromoxynil and trifluralin was investigated using ozone (O(3)) and O(3) combined with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in natural waters using batch reactors."	( Oxidation kinetics of two pesticides in natural waters by ozonation and ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide. Adams, CD; Chelme-Ayala, P; El-Din, MG; Smith, DW, 2011)	0.84
"Authors propose a new method of uveitis treatment based on plasmapheresis in combination with cell mass ozonation."	( [Plasmapheresis combined with cell mass ozonation in endogenous uveitis treatment]. Chernysheva, AD; Dantsiger, OV; Kolbasko, AV; Onishchenko, AL; Surzhikova, GS, )	0.13
"The present research evaluated the effects of tea polyphenol (TP) combined with ozone water (O(3)) on the quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus) over a period of 15 days storage at 4°C."	( Effects of tea polyphenol coating combined with ozone water washing on the storage quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). Feng, L; Jiang, T; Li, J; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.86
" The toluene degradation efficiency increased when non-thermal plasma technology was combined with the catalyst."	( Toluene degradation by non-thermal plasma combined with a ferroelectric catalyst. Li, J; Liang, WJ; Liu, H; Ma, L, 2013)	0.39
" Different treatment strategies based on advanced oxidation processes (ozonation and TiO2-photocatalysis), and their combination with biological treatment (MBR), are herein assessed for effluents of a recycled paper mill and a kraft pulp mill."	( Assessing the application of advanced oxidation processes, and their combination with biological treatment, to effluents from pulp and paper industry. Blanco, A; Blanco, L; Cortijo, L; Hermosilla, D; Merayo, N, 2013)	0.39
"The efficiency of titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic degradation of pollutants can be enhanced by combination with another advanced oxidation procedure such as ozonation."	( Degradation of industrial surfactants by photocatalysis combined with ozonation. Fónagy, O; Hajós, P; Horváth, K; Horváth, O; Szabó-Bárdos, E; Zsilák, Z, 2014)	0.4
"To compare the clinical effects between coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation and single radiofrequency ablation of nucleus pulposus in treating a simple segment inclusive lumbar intervertebral disc herniation."	( [Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation]. Ren, XC; Wang, XY; Wei, XC; Yang, ZQ; Zhang, SH, 2013)	0.85
"From June 2009 to June 2011,33 patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were treated with coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation (group A),including 19 males and 14 females,ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old with an average of (40."	( [Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation]. Ren, XC; Wang, XY; Wei, XC; Yang, ZQ; Zhang, SH, 2013)	0.82
"Clinical effects of coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation is better in treating a simple segment inclusive lumbar intervertebral disc herniation."	( [Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with coblation combined with ozone nucleus pulposus ablation]. Ren, XC; Wang, XY; Wei, XC; Yang, ZQ; Zhang, SH, 2013)	0.88
"This work is an attempt in order to help towards understanding the influence of the adsorption process on the removal of a VOC (acetaldehyde, CH3CHO) using cyclic non thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a packed-bed of a catalyst support, α-Al2O3."	( Acetaldehyde removal using an atmospheric non-thermal plasma combined with a packed bed: role of the adsorption process. Duten, X; Hassouni, K; Jestin, P; Klett, C; Tieng, S; Touchard, S; Vega-González, A, 2014)	0.4
"Elimination of bacteria by ozonation in combination with charcoal or slow sand filtration for advanced sewage treatment to improve the quality of treated sewage and to reduce the potential risk for human health of receiving surface waters was investigated in pilot scale at the sewage treatment plant Eriskirch, Baden-Wuerttemberg/Germany."	( Removal of total and antibiotic resistant bacteria in advanced wastewater treatment by ozonation in combination with different filtering techniques. Gallert, C; Güde, H; Heß, S; Löffler, H; Lüddeke, F; Winter, J, 2015)	0.42
"Pretreatment with ozone combined with aqueous ammonia was used to recover residual organic carbon from recalcitrant solid digestate for ethanol production after anaerobic digestion (AD) of rice straw."	( Enhancing ethanol production from thermophilic and mesophilic solid digestate using ozone combined with aqueous ammonia pretreatment. Ai, P; Wang, D; Xi, J; Yan, S; Yu, L; Zhai, H; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.99
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of ozone gas bath combined with EVLT in comparison with EVLT alone for the treatment for lower limb venous ulcers."	( Ozone Gas Bath Combined with Endovenous Laser Therapy for Lower Limb Venous Ulcers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jiang, JW; Li, XS; Wu, ZH; Zhao, XD; Zhou, YT, 2016)	2.12
"Ninety-two patients with venous ulcers were randomized to receive ozone gas bath combined with EVLT (OEVLT group) or EVLT alone (EVLT group)."	( Ozone Gas Bath Combined with Endovenous Laser Therapy for Lower Limb Venous Ulcers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jiang, JW; Li, XS; Wu, ZH; Zhao, XD; Zhou, YT, 2016)	2.11
"Ozone gas bath combined with EVLT showed improved efficacy for the treatment of lower limb venous ulcers and lower recurrence ratio comparison with EVLT alone."	( Ozone Gas Bath Combined with Endovenous Laser Therapy for Lower Limb Venous Ulcers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jiang, JW; Li, XS; Wu, ZH; Zhao, XD; Zhou, YT, 2016)	3.32
"Pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) combined with charcoal (PDP-charcoal) was employed to treat dye wastewater, with methyl orange (MO) as the model pollutant."	( Research on dye wastewater decoloration by pulse discharge plasma combined with charcoal derived from spent tea leaves. Hu, S; Liang, D; Pei, S; Qu, G; Wang, T, 2016)	0.43
" LC-elution time alignment combined with accurate mass and arrival time extraction of ozonolysis products facilitated correlation of precursor and product ions without mass-selection (and associated reductions in duty cycle)."	( Online Ozonolysis Combined with Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Provides a New Platform for Lipid Isomer Analyses. Baker, ES; Blanksby, SJ; Mitchell, TW; Poad, BLJ; Smith, RD; Zheng, X, 2018)	0.48
" The aim was to investigate the biologic potency of ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) combined with O3 in the lungs of mature adult normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) Wistar-Kyoto rats."	( Ultrafine Particulate Matter Combined With Ozone Exacerbates Lung Injury in Mature Adult Rats With Cardiovascular Disease. Schelegle, ES; Tablin, F; Walby, WF; Wilson, DW; Wong, EM, 2018)	0.74
"In this experiment, corn stover was treated with optimal combined pretreatment conditions: 2% NaOH at 80 °C treated 2 h combined with initial pH 9 at the ozone concentration of 78 mg/mL treated 25 min."	( Evaluation of the Effects of Isolated Lignin on Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover Pretreatment by NaOH Combined with Ozone. Fang, S; Liu, P; Tong, S; Wang, W; Zhang, C, 2018)	0.88
"This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ozone in combination with insulin on cranial and spinal neuropathy in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM)."	( Evaluation of therapeutic potential of intraperitoneal ozone gas in combination with insulin above cranial and spinal neuropathy in rats with diabetes mellitus. Akcilar, R; Eser, O; Karademir, M; Kocak, E; Sonmez, MA; Yay, A, )	0.62
"Algal treatment was combined with ozone pretreatment for treatment of synthetic reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) prior to microfiltration."	( Treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate using an algal-based MBR combined with ozone pretreatment. Byun, S; Han, C; Kim, HC; Kim, S; Nam, JY; Ryu, H; Timmes, TC; Woo, H; Yang, HS, 2019)	1.02
"9%) but it was much more effective if combined with Th-T22 in a post-ozonation regime, whereas pre-ozonation negatively affected the subsequent biodegradation, likely due to its disinfectant and oxidizing effect on Th-T22."	( Mycoremediation effect of Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 combined with ozonation in diesel-contaminated sand. Caivano, M; Camele, I; Caniani, D; Elshafie, HS; Masi, S; Mazzone, G; Sofo, A, 2020)	0.56
"Purpose This experimental sepsis model created with Escherichia coli aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of two different doses of ozone combined with antibiotherapy on lung tissue."	( Pulmonary effects of ozone therapy at different doses combined with antibioticotherapy in experimental sepsis model. Adali, Y; Demir, ET; Elmas, S; Kapicibaşi, HO; Kiraz, HA, 2020)	1.08
"In order to minimize waste liquor, save resources, and reduce costs, the effects of alkali recycling and ozone recycling on enzymatic conversion in alkali combined with ozone pretreatment of corn stover and the mechanism were studied."	( Effects and Mechanisms of Alkali Recycling and Ozone Recycling on Enzymatic Conversion in Alkali Combined with Ozone Pretreatment of Corn Stover. Li, F; Li, Y; Liu, P; Zhang, J; Zhao, Z, 2021)	1.09
"PRP combined with O3 may prevent cartilage destruction and improve weight-bearing asymmetry by restoring homeostasis between anabolism and catabolism of extracellular matrix in progressive OA."	( Platelet-rich plasma combined with ozone prevents cartilage destruction and improves weight-bearing asymmetry in a surgery-induced osteoarthritis rabbit model. Guan, Y; Huang, P; Pang, X; Wang, R; Yang, Y; Zhang, D, 2022)	1
" MCF-7 cells may acquire sensitivity against the doxorubicin combined with ozone treatment through activating tumor necrosis factor alpha, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions."	( Ozone combined with doxorubicin exerts cytotoxic and anticancer effects on Luminal-A subtype human breast cancer cell line. Karagulle, OO; Yurttas, AG, 2022)	2.39
" The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of semicontinuous and batch ozonation as well as their combination with peroxymonosulfate salt (PMS) as methods to be used to ensure compliance with regulation D2 of the BWMC using Tetraselmis suecica as a standard microorganism."	( Semicontinuous and batch ozonation combined with peroxymonosulfate for inactivation of microalgae in ballast water. Acevedo-Merino, A; García-Morales, JL; Ibáñez-López, ME; Nebot, E; Rivas-Zaballos, I; Romero-Martínez, L, 2022)	0.72
" To achieve the reutilization of the condensate, the ozonation combined with ion-exchange method was used."	( Exploring the resourcing technology of condensate using ozonation combined with ion-exchange in ethanol fermentation. Li, Z; Sheng, X; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The computation of an absorption rate constant, Ka, revealed that the efficiency of O3 uptake increased with longitudinal position throughout most of the conducting airways but began to fall off at a penetration of 160 ml."	( Longitudinal distribution of ozone absorption in the lung: quiet respiration in healthy subjects. Ben-Jebria, A; Hu, SC; Ultman, JS, 1992)	0.57
", ozonation and biodegradation) to overcome the inherent bacterial bioavailability limitation, and hence bioremediation limitation, of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil."	( Combined ozonation and biodegradation for remediation of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Kukor, JJ; Nam, K, 2000)	0.31
" It destroys harmful microbes, but it also degrades organic matter in water, increasing the bioavailability of organic matter."	( Microbially available organic carbon, phosphorus, and microbial growth in ozonated drinking water. Lehtola, MJ; Martikainen, PJ; Miettinen, IT; Myllykangas, T; Vartiainen, T, 2001)	0.31
" Because bioavailability of the contaminants is of great importance for a successful bioremediation, a chemical pre-oxidation step by ozone was tested to enhance the subsequent biodegradation steps."	( Basic examinations on chemical pre-oxidation by ozone for enhancing bioremediation of phenanthrene contaminated soils. Kamnerdpetch, C; Müller, T; Scheper, T; Stehr, J; Svensson, K, 2001)	0.77
" A significant increase in toxicity for Reactive Blue 21 was verified, caused by the increase in the bioavailability of th e cooper ion that was in the complexed form before the treatment with ozone."	( A degradation and toxicity study of three textile reactive dyes by ozone. Durán, N; Kunz, A; Mansilla, H, 2002)	0.74
" The ozone absorption rate ranged between 53% (ozonation) and 68% (perozonation)."	( Combined chemical and biological oxidation of penicillin formulation effluent. Alaton, IA; Baykal, E; Dogruel, S; Gerone, G, 2004)	0.84
" By oxidation and soil washing the biodegradability and bioavailability of these otherwise recalcitrant compounds can be enhanced."	( Aged chlorophenol contaminated soil's integrated treatment by ozonation, soil washing and biological methods. Haapea, P; Tuhkanen, T, 2005)	0.33
"The effect of soil ozonation on Pb and Zn extraction with EDTA, bioavailability (Ruby's Physiologically Based Extraction Test, PBET) and mobility (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, TCLP) of Pb was studied on contaminated soils taken from 7 different locations in the Mezica Valley, Slovenia."	( Influence of ozonation on extractability of Pb and Zn from contaminated soils. Finzgar, N; Hanc, A; Lestan, D, 2005)	0.33
" Ozonation pre-treatment of sludge allowed to increase biodegradability or bioavailability of each PAH, and the PAH removals were well correlated to the PAH solubility."	( Ozone pre-treatment as improver of PAH removal during anaerobic digestion of urban sludge. Bernal-Martinez, A; Carrère, H; Delgenès, JP; Patureau, D, 2007)	1.78
"The effect of two ecologically contrasting earthworm species Eisenia fetida (epigeic) and Octolasion tyrtaeum (endogeic) on the fractionation (accessed using sequential extractions), mobility (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, TCLP) and oral bioavailability (Ruby's physiologically based extraction test, PBET) of Pb, Zn and Cd was studied before and after soil remediation with soil leaching."	( The effect of earthworms on the fractionation, mobility and bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd before and after soil leaching with EDTA. Lestan, D; Plavc, Z; Udovic, M, 2007)	0.34
" This removal is always well correlated to the total solids removal meaning that bioavailability remains the main limiting factor."	( Impact of sewage sludge treatment processes on the removal of the endocrine disrupters nonylphenol ethoxylates. Delgenes, JP; Delgenes, N; Patureau, D, 2008)	0.35
" Interventions that can increase NO bioavailability have significant therapeutic potential."	( Enhancement of nitric oxide release from nitrosyl hemoglobin and nitrosyl myoglobin by red/near infrared radiation: potential role in cardioprotection. Bienengraber, M; Hogg, N; Keszler, A; Lohr, NL; Pratt, P; Warltier, DC, 2009)	0.35
" The quantification of relevant NO metabolites in multiple biological compartments provides valuable information with regards to in vivo NO production, bioavailability and metabolism."	( Analytical techniques for assaying nitric oxide bioactivity. Bryan, NS; Jiang, H; Mian, A; Parthasarathy, D; Torregrossa, AC, 2012)	0.38
" This study assessed the impact of ozonation and UV oxidative treatment processes on metal forms - particulate, colloidal and permeable fractions - and bioavailability in disinfected wastewaters."	( Impacts of municipal wastewater oxidative treatments: changes in metal physical speciation and bioavailability. Cejka, PJ; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Trépanier, S; Turcotte, P, 2014)	0.4
" This study presents a kinetic model based on UV photolysis parameters, including UV absorption rate and quantum yield, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) oxidation parameters, including second-order rate constants for ·OH reactions and steady-state ·OH concentrations, that can be used to predict micropollutant abatement in wastewater."	( Organic Contaminant Abatement in Reclaimed Water by UV/H2O2 and a Combined Process Consisting of O3/H2O2 Followed by UV/H2O2: Prediction of Abatement Efficiency, Energy Consumption, and Byproduct Formation. Canonica, S; Gamage, S; Gerrity, D; Lee, M; Lee, Y; Pisarenko, A; Snyder, SA; Trenholm, RA; von Gunten, U, 2016)	0.43
"Manufacturing poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with sufficient bioavailability is a significant challenge in pharmaceutical research."	( Preparation of submicron drug particles via spray drying from organic solvents. Dobrowolski, A; Dräger-Gillessen, JF; Pieloth, D; Schaldach, G; Strob, R; Thommes, M; Wiggers, H, 2019)	0.51
" The original bioavailability and biosafety of L-PBS was very low."	( Bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in biogas slurry enhanced by catalytic ozonation combined with membrane separation. Gu, L; Kou, H; Sun, Y; Tang, X, 2020)	0.56
" Compared with the traditional process, the absorption rate and utilization rate of ozone were increased by 41."	( Efficiency and mechanism of ozonated microbubbles for enhancing the removal of algae and algae-derived organic matter. Chen, W; Jin, L; Li, J; Liu, B; Sun, W; Tian, L; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xue, J, 2023)	1.13

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" An obvious dose-response relationship was demonstrated during the first step of the inactivation curve."	( Measurement of the inactivation kinetics of poliovirus by ozone in a fast-flow mixer. Biedermann, N; Katzenelson, E; Koerner, G; Peleg, M; Shuval, HI, 1979)	0.5
" Attempts to develop dose-response relationships have not yielded consistent results in the several studies thus far reported."	( Does ambient ozone pose a serious public health concern as a widespread environmental mutagen? Calabrese, EJ; DiNardi, SR; Yao, JS, )	0.5
"75 ppm dosage regimen."	( Ultrastructural pathology of ozone-induced experimental parathyroiditis. IV. Biphasic activity in the chief cells of regenerating parathyroid glands. Atwal, OS, 1979)	0.55
" The effective dose of substance P (in micrograms) that produced a doubling of baseline specific airway resistance (ED200SP) was determined by interpolation of cumulative substance P dose-response curves."	( Aerosolized neutral endopeptidase reverses ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity to substance P. Chodimella, V; Lang, Z; Murlas, CG; Williams, GJ, 1992)	0.55
"The distribution of ozone-induced injury across ventilatory units of the lungs was determined and compared with the predicted distribution of ozone dose across the same units to evaluate dose-response relationships."	( Distribution of injury and microdosimetry of ozone in the ventilatory unit of the rat. Crapo, JD; Mercer, RR; Pinkerton, KE; Plopper, CG, 1992)	0.87
" Dose-response curves to methacholine were determined in all animals at the start of the experiment."	( The effect of platelet activating factor antagonist on ozone-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Bethel, RA; Tan, WC, 1992)	0.53
" The data show that ozone is a very weak bacterial mutagen and only when tested under narrowly prescribed, subtoxic dosing conditions."	( Ozone is mutagenic in Salmonella. Combes, R; Dillon, D; McConville, M; Zeiger, E, 1992)	2.05
" These studies indicate that inhalation of ozone can induce functional alterations in the lung endothelium, and that this effect occurs at a dosage of ozone that produces minimal ventilatory changes and no observable endothelial ultrastructural changes."	( The effect of ozone inhalation on metabolic functioning of vascular endothelium and on ventilatory function. Gross, KB; Sargent, NE; White, HJ, 1991)	0.9
" Graphical analysis indicated a dose-response relationship with no evidence of a threshold down to concentrations below half of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter."	( Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Detroit. Schwartz, J, 1991)	0.28
"A dose-response relationship for the effects of ozone on pulmonary function in humans has been derived using the concept of internal thoracic dose."	( Effects of ozone on pulmonary function: the relationship of response to dose. Kleinman, MT, 1991)	0.93
"Southern quahog clams, Mercenaria campechiensis, were dosed with Vibrio vulnificus and placed in a pilot-scale depuration system using ozonated recirculated artificial seawater."	( Ozone depuration of Vibrio vulnificus from the southern quahog clam, Mercenaria campechiensis. Noss, CI; Rodrick, GE; Schneider, KR; Sierra, FS; Steslow, FS, 1991)	1.72
" Furthermore, it appears that the early intense exposure to ozone produced a persistent decrease in lung function and baseline shift for three days after the episode that obscured the daily dose-response relationship."	( Accumulated exposure to ozone and measurement of health effects in children and counselors at two summer camps. Berry, M; Buckler, G; Gelperin, K; Klotz, J; Lioy, PJ, 1991)	0.83
" Despite limited data upon which to base the model, it successfully predicts the human response to ozone reported in a series of published short-term chamber studies and is superior to "effective dose" (the product of ozone concentration, minute ventilation, and exposure duration) used by other investigations to describe dose-response relationships."	( A nonlinear pharmacologic model of the acute effects of ozone on the human lungs. Kriebel, D; Smith, TJ, 1990)	0.74
" The general result is a maximal dosing in airway generations 17 to 18 that is much larger (up to an order of magnitude) than the predictions of previous theories."	( An analysis of pollutant gas transport and absorption in pulmonary airways. Grotberg, JB; Mockros, LF; Sheth, BV, 1990)	0.28
" The dosage of various air pollutants during exercise is much higher due to the marked increase in ventilatory rate and concomitant nasal and oral breathing."	( Impact of air pollutants on athletic performance. Pierson, WE, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (n = 8) and histamine (n = 4) were measured before and after exposure to ozone (3 ppm for 30 min)."	( Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in airway hyperresponsiveness after ozone inhalation. Jones, GL; Lane, CG; Manning, PJ; O'Byrne, PM, 1987)	0.71
" The air pollution dosage during exercise is much higher than during rest because of a higher ventilatory rate and both nasal and oral breathing in the former case."	( Implications of air pollution effects on athletic performance. Covert, DS; Kim, YS; Koenig, JQ; Namekata, T; Pierson, WE, 1986)	0.27
" These changes closely paralleled the temporal and dose-response characteristics of changes in total lung DNA synthesis."	( DNA synthesis in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and type II cells: effects of ozone exposure and treatment with alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Brady, AN; D'Arcy, JB; Li, LC; Smiler, KL; White, DM; Wright, ES, 1987)	0.5
" On 1 day, airway responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of acetylcholine aerosol versus pulmonary resistance."	( The responsiveness of airway smooth muscle in vitro from dogs with airway hyper-responsiveness in vivo. Fabbri, LM; Graf, PD; Nadel, JA; O'Byrne, PM; Walters, EH, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response correlation may be observed with SO2 concentrations and bronchial hyperreactivity."	( [Air burden and respiratory and vascular diseases]. Scherrer, M, 1985)	0.27
" Airway responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of acetylcholine aerosol versus pulmonary resistance in two sets of experiments."	( An anti-inflammatory drug (BW755C) inhibits airway hyperresponsiveness induced by ozone in dogs. Aizawa, H; Bethel, RA; Fabbri, LM; Holtzman, MJ; Nadel, JA; O'Byrne, PM; Walters, EH, 1985)	0.49
" A dose-response relationship was demonstrated."	( Liquid-phase study of ozone inactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Akey, DH; Walton, TE, 1985)	0.58
" This paper examines the possibility of quantitatively extrapolating such animal dose-response data to humans."	( Oxidant-induced enhanced sensitivity to infection in animal models and their extrapolations to man. Gardner, DE, 1984)	0.27
" Responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of acetylcholine aerosol versus pulmonary resistance; depletion was assessed by counting neutrophils in venous blood and in biopsies of the airway epithelium."	( Neutrophil depletion inhibits airway hyperresponsiveness induced by ozone exposure. Aizawa, HA; Alpert, SE; Fabbri, LM; Gold, BD; Holtzman, MJ; Nadel, JA; O'Byrne, PM; Walters, EH, 1984)	0.5
" Airway responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of acetylcholine aerosol versus pulmonary resistance in 2 sets of experiments: in one set, 5 dogs were given no indomethacin treatment and were studied both before and after ozone exposure (3."	( Indomethacin inhibits the airway hyperresponsiveness but not the neutrophil influx induced by ozone in dogs. Aizawa, H; Fabbri, LM; Holtzman, MJ; Nadel, JA; O'Byrne, PM; Walters, EH, 1984)	0.67
" Airway reactivity was defined as the slope of the dose-response curve and airway sensitivity as the largest increase in SRL after carbachol challenge."	( Differences between inhaled and intravenous carbachol in detecting O3-induced airway effects. Abraham, W; Chapman, GA; Marchette, B, 1984)	0.27
" To assess responsiveness we anesthetized the dogs and obtained dose-response curves of increasing concentrations of acetylcholine or histamine aerosols delivered to the airways vs."	( Time course of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by ozone in dogs. Aizawa, H; Fabbri, LM; Holtzman, MJ; Nadel, JA; O'Byrne, PM; Skoogh, BE; Walters, EH, 1983)	0.52
" The salient results were: (1) shorter wavelength components appear to preferentially produce tumors; (2) resultant observable dose-response behavior for each regimen is a complicated function of concurrent "light" and "dark" reactions; (3) time-dose reciprocity is absent; and (4) there are no straightforward relationships among tumor efficiency, dose fractionation, and spectral distribution of excitation radiation."	( Effect of varying dose of UV radiation on mammalian skin: simulation of decreasing stratospheric ozone. Menter, JM; Willis, I, 1983)	0.48
"The estimates of a dose-response model for human skin cancer (non-melanotic) incidence have been compared with the observed records for the Bristol area over the period 1952--1972."	( Holidays, ozone and skin cancer. Skin cancer in bristol--a comparison of theory with observation. Beadle, PC; Leach, JF, 1982)	0.67
" Attempts to define dose-response relationships and effects on sensitive subject populations are described."	( Effects of ozone exposure on lung function in man: a review. Folinsbee, LJ, 1981)	0.65
"125 mg/kg histamine were the optimum time interval and dose, respectively, as determined by appropriate time-response and dose-response studies."	( Effect of ozone on respiratory response of guinea pigs to histamine. Amdur, MO; Gordon, T, 1980)	0.66
" Dose-response curves of mean pulmonary flow resistance (RL) to carbachol were obtained by measuring RL after five breaths of carbachol aerosol with stepwise increases in drug concentration."	( Sensitivity of bronchoprovocation and tracheal mucous velocity in detecting airway responses to O3. Abraham, WM; Januszkiewicz, AJ; Mingle, M; Sackner, MA; Wanner, A; Welker, M, 1980)	0.26
"Epidemiological and environmental chamber studies in man, and toxicological studies in animals, have provided valuable insights into the biological effects, the mechanisms of action, and the dose-response characteristics of some major air pollutants."	( Respiratory effects of air pollutants: experimental studies in humans. Sandström, T, 1995)	0.29
"8-fold) and albumin (19-fold) while lower O3 dosage (0."	( Differential effects of ozone on lung epithelial lining fluid volume and protein content. Boat, TF; Cheng, PW; Costa, DL; Hu, PC; Shaikh, S; Wang, OL, )	0.44
" The amount of IV SP, IV ACh, or inhaled capsaicin necessary to increase baseline specific airway resistance by 100% (ED200ACh or ED200SP) or 35% (ED135CAP) was determined by interpolation from dose-response curves."	( Dexamethasone reduces tachykinin but not ACh airway hyperreactivity after O3. Chodimella, V; Lang, Z; Murlas, CG, 1993)	0.29
" Up to a certain threshold dosage of residual ozone (RO), and depending on the type of test virus and the ionic or organic load in the stock suspension, the logarithm of the reaction rate constant of viral inactivation rate was observed to vary in a rather sigmoidal manner with log RO concentration."	( Ozone disinfection dynamics of enteric viruses provide evidence that infectious titer reduction is triggered by alterations to viral colloidal properties. Krietemeyer, S; Vanden Bossche, G; Wustmann, U, 1994)	1.99
" Data were analyzed over the time course of exposure and by exposure level of ozone at each time point to reveal dose-response relationships more closely."	( Oxidant and acid aerosol exposure in healthy subjects and subjects with asthma. Part II: Effects of sequential sulfuric acid and ozone exposures on the pulmonary function of healthy subjects and subjects with asthma. Cox, C; Frampton, MW; Gibb, FR; Levy, PC; Morrow, PE; Speers, DM; Utell, MJ, 1994)	0.72
" A dose-response evaluation for the health risk assessment of the replacement chemical HCFC-123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is also presented to show an innovative use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Mechanistic insights aid the search for CFC substitutes: risk assessment of HCFC-123 as an example. Fisher, JW; Jarabek, AM; Lipscomb, JC; McDougal, JN; Rubenstein, R; Vinegar, A; Williams, RJ, 1994)	0.29
" Exposure to UVB radiation is known to induce basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers, and dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological data can be combined with the UVB enhancements to estimate the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of future expected increases in the incidence of these cancers."	( Stratospheric ozone depletion between 1979 and 1992: implications for biologically active ultraviolet-B radiation and non-melanoma skin cancer incidence. de Gruijl, FR; Madronich, S, 1994)	0.65
" Sensitized guinea pigs with or without ozone exposure for 1 h at 3 ppm, 18 h prior to study, were challenged with a dose-response curve to histamine (0."	( Effect of ozone exposure on antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Campos, MG; Hong, E; Montaño, LM; Segura, P; Vargas, MH, 1994)	0.96
" The experiment of toxicity comparison between moniliformin and its analogous material squaric acid was made using one-day age Beijing Ducklings by oral applying both medicines at dosage of 8mg/kg and 24mg/kg body weight separately."	( [Detoxification of moniliformin]. Li, J; Zhang, H, 1994)	0.29
" Airway responsiveness was determined from the dose-response curve of Rrs to acetylcholine."	( A 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, FR110302, inhibits ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs and dogs. Asano, M; Hiroi, J; Imai, T; Inamura, N; Inoue, H; Masunaga, T; Nakahara, K; Notsu, Y; Takishima, T; Yatabe, T, 1993)	0.54
"Measurements of ozone uptake efficiency in the human respiratory tract provide critical information toward understanding ozone dose-response characteristics."	( Bronchoscopic determination of ozone uptake in humans. Biscardi, F; Bromberg, PA; Brown, JS; Garlington, AR; Gerrity, TR; Strong, A, 1995)	0.92
" We found that ozone exposure increased the uptake of both asbestos and titanium dioxide in a dose-response fashion; this effect appeared at lower exposure levels and was more marked with titanium dioxide than with amosite."	( Ozone enhances the uptake of mineral particles by tracheobronchial epithelial cells in organ culture. Brauer, M; Churg, A; Keeling, B, 1996)	2.09
" The dosage of ozone was 2500-3000 micrograms for each treatment, one cycle consisting of 16 treatments."	( Effects of ozonized autohaemotherapy on human hair cycle. Borrello, P; Castellacci, P; Misciali, C; Riva Sanseverino, E; Venturo, N, 1995)	0.64
" The aim of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship for O3 in both human isolated bronchi and rat tracheae and to investigate the mechanisms underlying O3-induced airway responsiveness."	( Human and rat airway smooth muscle responsiveness after ozone exposure in vitro. Crevel, H; Guibert, C; Marthan, R; Roux, E; Savineau, JP, 1996)	0.54
"The aims of this work were (1) to determine the dose-response relationship between ex vivo exposure to oxidizing pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the aldehyde acrolein, and ozone (O3), and the reactivity to agonists in isolated human bronchial smooth muscle; and (2) to investigate the alterations in the cellular mechanisms of human airway smooth muscle contraction induced by such exposures."	( Human bronchial smooth muscle responsiveness after in vitro exposure to oxidizing pollutants. Marthan, R; Roux, E; Savineau, JP, 1996)	0.49
"Risk assessment comprises four steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization."	( Risk assessment for the harmful effects of UVB radiation on the immunological resistance to infectious diseases. de Gruijl, FR; Garssen, J; Goettsch, W; Slob, W; Van Loveren, H, 1998)	0.3
"To estimate potential public health benefits from ozone (O3) pollution reduction attributable to the use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline, O3 dose-response estimates from the biomedical literature were combined with model estimates of O3 reduction."	( Projection of health benefits from ambient ozone reduction related to the use of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in the reformulated gasoline program. Erdal, S; Gong, H; Linn, WS; Rykowski, R, 1997)	0.81
" For all microorganisms tested, a biphasic curve was generated when the number of survivors vs time was plotted in dose-response cures."	( Room temperature sterilization of surfaces and fabrics with a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma. Brickman, C; Carr, AK; Kelly-Wintenberg, K; Montie, TC; Roth, JR; Sorge, K; Tsai, PP; Wadsworth, LC, 1998)	0.3
" There was no significant difference between placebo and rALP treatment (change in area under the dose-response curve to methacholine: 117."	( Ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma: role of neutrophil-derived serine proteinases. Alberts, B; Borggreven, PA; Dijkman, JH; Hiemstra, PS; Hiltermann, TJ; Kwikkers, K; Peters, EA; Stolk, J; van Bree, LA, 1998)	1.74
" Moreover, due to the heterogenous nature of O3 reactions within the ELF, dose-response relationships may not be linear with respect to O3 absorption."	( O3-induced formation of bioactive lipids: estimated surface concentrations and lining layer effects. Cueto, R; Postlethwait, EM; Pryor, WA; Velsor, LW, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), and histamine were constructed in lungs isolated from rabbits immediately or 48 h after air or O3 exposure O3 induced a significant increase in the baseline value of deltaPt, more markedly 48 h after the exposure."	( Comparison of ozone-induced effects on lung mechanics and hemodynamics in the rabbit. Ansay, M; Delaunois, A; Gustin, P; Montaño, LM; Segura, P; Vargas, MH, 1998)	0.66
" Assessment of the damage to materials, associated with ozone depletion, requires a knowledge of the wavelength dependence as well as the dose-response characteristics of the polymer degradation processes of interest."	( Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials. Andrady, AL; Hamid, SH; Hu, X; Torikai, A, 1998)	0.55
" First, dose-response relationships between weather parameters and many of the likely health effects have not been developed, and second, reliable estimates of future regional climates across the United States are still beyond the scope of current modeling efforts."	( Public health consequences of global climate change in the United States--some regions may suffer disproportionately. Longstreth, J, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to ACh were constructed in air- or O(3)-exposed rabbits."	( Interactions between cytochrome P-450 activities and ozone-induced modulatory effects on endothelial permeability in rabbit lungs: influence of gender. Delaunois, A; Florquin, S; Gustin, P; Montano, LM; Segura, P; Vargas, MH, 1999)	0.55
" Initial dose-response studies showed that a concentration of 60 microg ZEN/mouse/d produced uterine weights that were significantly higher than the uterine weights of control animals (2."	( Assessment of the estrogenic effects of zearalenone after treatment with ozone utilizing the mouse uterine weight bioassay. Fickey, C; Kubena, LF; Lemke, SL; Mayura, K; McKenzie, KS; Ottinger, SE; Phillips, TD; Wang, N, 1999)	0.54
" Respiratory symptom frequency and severity were analyzed for dose-response relationships with estimated vanadium and PM(10) doses to the lung and upper airway by using robust regression."	( Acute respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to vanadium-rich fuel-oil ash. Christiani, DC; Hauser, R; Liu, Y; Neuberg, D; Smith, TJ; Woodin, MA, 2000)	0.31
" A statistically significant dose-response pattern for frequency and severity of both upper and lower respiratory symptoms was seen with vanadium and PM(10) in the three lower exposure quartiles."	( Acute respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to vanadium-rich fuel-oil ash. Christiani, DC; Hauser, R; Liu, Y; Neuberg, D; Smith, TJ; Woodin, MA, 2000)	0.31
" We also demonstrated a dose-response relationship with mean daytime ozone concentration."	( Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children. Capon, AG; Chey, T; Jalaludin, BB; Leeder, SR; O'Toole, BI; Smith, WT, 2000)	0.81
" Adaptation and/or onset of compensatory mechanisms might be responsible for the lack of linear dose-response relationships."	( Prolonged exposure to low doses of ozone: short- and long-term changes in behavioral performance in mice. Alleva, E; de Acetis, L; Santucci, D; Sorace, A, 2001)	0.59
" The optimal reaction time and ozone dosage of pre-ozonation for bio-refractory conversion were determined to be 30 min and 100-200 mg O3/hr, respectively."	( Enhanced biodegradation of petrochemical wastewater using ozonation and BAC advanced treatment system. Chen, MC; Lin, CK; Liu, JC; Tsai, TY, 2001)	0.6
" Nuclear protein extracts were analyzed for the activated transcription factor NF-kappaB by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA), and showed a small dose-response activation of NF-kappaB that coincided with O(3)-induced free radical production."	( Effects of ozone exposure on nuclear factor-kappaB activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in human nasal epithelial cells. Corral, J; Koenig, JQ; Luchtel, DL; Nichols, BG; Woods, JS, 2001)	0.7
" The ozone treatment efficiency was 86% for O&G and TPH at a dosage rate of 12 SCFH and 82% for a dosage rate of 6 SCFH."	( Industrial wastewater treatment by an advanced oxidation process. Gunukula, RV; Tittlebaum, ME, 2001)	0.82
" Both of these compounds revealed that either a high compound concentration or low ozone dosage applied incurred a strong color forming phenomena."	( The biotoxicity and color formation results from ozonation of wastewaters containing phenol and aniline. Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2001)	0.54
" ORP monitor was combined into the system to obtain the optimum ratio of H2O2 to O3 by automatically adjusting the dosage of H2O2, and ion exchange resin was used for removing organic acids formed during oxidation."	( Improved O3/H2O2 oxidation process for wastewater reclamation. Myoga, H; Qi, R; Uesugi, K; Yang, M; Zhang, Y, 2001)	0.31
" For this purpose, a number of variables such as the solids concentration in the excess sludge, ozonation time, and ozonation dosage rate are studied."	( Evaluation of an ozonation system for reduced waste sludge generation. Corpening, J; Egemen, E; Nirmalakhandan, N, 2001)	0.31
"Swine manure slurries were ozonated at a dosage of 1 g/L and tested for their toxicity to the house fly (Musca domestica)."	( Toxicity of ozonated animal manure to the house fly, Musca domestica. Kim-Yang, H; Masten, SJ; Roman, H; Walker, ED; Yokoyama, MT, )	0.13
"Ozone (O(3))-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in laboratory animals is usually demonstrated through dose-response curves with inhaled or intravenous bronchoconstrictor agonists."	( Differences between inhaled and intravenous bronchial challenge to detect O(3)-induced hyperresponsiveness. Carbajal, V; Chavez, J; Montaño, LM; Segura, P; Sommer, B; Vargas, MH, 2001)	1.75
" At 36 h before and 16 h after O(3) exposure, methacholine inhalation challenge tests (Mch) were performed, and PC(20) and maximal % fall from baseline (MFEV(1)) were calculated from dose-response curves."	( Effect of apocynin on ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in asthmatics. Hiltermann, JT; Peters, EA; Stolk, J, 2001)	0.63
" Removal efficiencies, depending on the dosed H2O2 and O3, up to 94% were found."	( Combination of advanced oxidation processes and gas absorption for the treatment of chlorinated solvents in waste gases. De Smedt, E; Dewulf, J; Geuens, S; Van Langenhove, H, 2001)	0.31
" The maximum toxicity normally occurred before the maximum color intensity was monitored, while ozone dosage applied was within 1 mg of ozone per mg of initial CPs."	( Variation of toxicity during the ozonation of monochlorophenolic solutions. Ma, HW; Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2002)	0.53
" Evaluation of this hypothesis has been limited by the paucity of high-quality UV dose-response data and reliable estimates of typical UV doses that occur in amphibian habitats."	( Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. III. Prediction of impacts in selected northern midwestern wetlands. Ankley, GT; Diamond, SA; Peterson, GS; Tietge, JE, 2002)	0.31
" In most instances, the slopes of the dose-response curves were not significantly different when we compared the infectivity models for each isolate."	( Comparison of in vitro cell culture and a mouse assay for measuring infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum. De Leon, R; Johnson, AM; Korich, DG; Marshall, MM; Mead, JR; Rochelle, PA; Rosen, JS, 2002)	0.31
" In the Fenton oxidation experiments, the effects of pH, temperature, dosage of ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide, and the proper ratio of Fe(II)/H2O2 were studied."	( Decolorization of textile wastewater by ozonation and Fenton's process. Kinaci, C; Sevimli, MF, 2002)	0.31
"A useful approach for constructing dose-response relationships and for studying the underlying mechanisms by which a xenobiotic agent enhances airway reactivity is to measure the response of an isolated airway following ex vivo exposure to a pollutant."	( In vitro effect of air pollutants on human bronchi. Hyvelin, JM; Marthan, R; Ouedraogo, N; Roux, E; Savineau, JP, 2002)	0.31
"4 and the ozone dosage within 8 to approximately 12 mg/L."	( Ozonation of domestic secondary effluent for recycling and reuse--a pilot plant study. Chen, CH; Chen, JN; Chen, WB; Ni, CH; Tsai, YC, 2002)	0.72
" Semibatch ozonation experiments were proceeded under different reaction conditions to study the effects of ozone dosage and UV radiation on the oxidation of 2-NS."	( Decomposition of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in aqueous solution by ozonation with UV radiation. Chang, CY; Chen, JN; Chen, YH; Chiang, PC; Chiu, CY; Huang, SF; Ji, D; Ku, Y; Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2002)	0.53
" Experimental results demonstrated that with the same dosage of applied ozone and hydrogen peroxide, the multiple steps addition of ozone and hydrogen peroxide showed a much higher removal efficiency than that obtained by adding hydrogen peroxide within one step before the start of the experiment."	( [Study on removal of nitrobenzene in water by O3/H2O2]. Ma, J; Shi, F, 2002)	0.55
" Batch experiments have been performed in order to analyze the influence of ozone dosage and reaction time on color removal, molecular weight distribution and decolorization kinetics."	( Chemical oxidation of wastewater from molasses fermentation with ozone. Coca, M; García, MT; González, G; Peña, M; Rioja, R, 2003)	0.79
" There is an optimum ozone dosage in the interval 3-5 min of treatment which allows to achieve the maximum increase in biodegradability (more than 10 times) and a high efficiency of the ozonisation process (COD decreases to a half of its initial value)."	( Ozonisation coupled with biological degradation for treatment of phenolic pollutants: a mechanistically based study. Amat, AM; Arques, A; Beneyto, H; García, A; Miranda, MA; Seguí, S, 2003)	0.64
"In this study the influences of microorganism species, relative humidity, and ozone dosage on ozone surface disinfection were evaluated."	( Surface germicidal effects of ozone for microorganisms. Li, CS; Wang, YC, )	0.65
" The effect of different process parameters (flow rates, buffer concentration, pH, hydrogen peroxide/ozone dosage ratio, TCE dosage) on TCE removal was investigated."	( Removal of trichloroethylene from waste gases via the peroxone process. Dewulf, J; Van Craeynest, K; Van Langenhove, H; Vandeburie, S, 2003)	0.53
" Raw leachate was initially coagulated by ferric chloride (FeCl3) at the experimental-determined optimal dosage of 900 mgl(-1), and the ozone-based AOPs were subsequently applied."	( Treatment of landfill leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Chang, CC; Ma, HW; Wu, CC; Wu, JJ, 2004)	0.81
" Other systems, however, could not bring the cyanide abatement to the targeted value even with higher dosage of oxidants and an extended period of reaction time."	( Application of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of cyanide containing effluent. Kim, YJ; Min, KS; Qureshi, TI, 2003)	0.32
" In general, bromoform (CHBr3) and aldehydes concentration first increased, then diminished, as the dosage of ozone was increased."	( Evaluation of disinfection by-products formation during ozonation of bromide-containing groundwater. Chu, C; Huang, WJ; Tsai, YY, 2003)	0.53
" Ozonation kinetics of beta-endosulfan and effects of some parameters such as pH, temperature, partial pressure and ozone dosage on oxidation were investigated."	( Beta-endosulfan removal from water by ozone oxidation. Kinaci, C; Yazgan, MS, 2003)	0.8
"Effects of H(2)O(2) dosage (0, 10, 50, 100 and 300 mg/l), reaction pH (11."	( Decolorization of alkaline TNT hydrolysis effluents using UV/H(2)O(2). Bouwer, EJ; Davis, JL; Hwang, S; Larson, SL, 2004)	0.32
" Methacholine-induced Penh was increased in the OVA-sensitized/ozone-exposed/OVA-challenged group, with a shift in the dose-response curve to the left, compared with the OVA-sensitized/saline-challenged group."	( Changes in the expression of NO synthase isoforms after ozone: the effects of allergen exposure. Choi, IS; Jang, AS; Lee, JH; Lee, JU; Park, CS; Park, SW, 2004)	0.81
" The dose-response curve of ozone effects on total mortality during the summer did not deviate significantly from linearity."	( Acute effects of ozone on mortality from the "air pollution and health: a European approach" project. Analitis, A; Anderson, HR; Dörtbudak, Z; Forsberg, B; Gryparis, A; Katsouyanni, K; Kosnik, M; Kriz, B; Medina, S; Niciu, EM; Samoli, E; Schwartz, J; Skorkovsky, J; Touloumi, G; Vonk, JM; Wichmann, HE, 2004)	0.96
" The kinetic effects of the inlet concentration of hexane, flow rate, water concentration and ozone dosage on the conversion of hexane in the three processes were examined respectively."	( [Kinetics of degradation of hexane in the gas phase by photocatalysis and combined photocatalysis and ozone]. Liang, FY; Liu, J; Yu, G; Zhang, PY; Zhu, WP, 2004)	0.76
" It was found that both processes enhanced the degradation of nitrobenzene that can be hardly degraded by ozonation and had respective optimum dosage of H2O2 and Mn(II) under the experimental conditions."	( [Comparative study on O3/H2O2 and O3/Mn processes for removal of refractory organics in water]. Ma, J; Shi, FH, 2004)	0.32
" The waters were treated with the MIEX resin using jar test procedures to find the optimal MIEX dosage based upon the removal of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing substances, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and bromide."	( Impact of a magnetic ion exchange resin on ozone demand and bromate formation during drinking water treatment. Johnson, CJ; Singer, PC, 2004)	0.59
" In this work, different AOPs (O3, TiO2/UV, Fenton and H2O2/UV) were examined to treat tannery wastewater or as a pre-treatment step for improving the biodegradation of tannery wastewater, at different pH and dosage of the chemicals."	( Comparison of different advanced oxidation process to reduce toxicity and mineralisation of tannery wastewater. José, HJ; Moreira, RF; Schrank, SG; Schröder, HF, 2004)	0.32
" An optimal catalyst dosage of 100mg/L existed in this experiment."	( [Catalytic ozonation of trace nitrobenzene in water by iron hydroxide]. Chen, ZL; Ma, J; Sui, MH; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.32
"We used tobacco Bel-W3 biomonitoring data and ozone flux modelling (WINDEP model) with the aim of developing the absorbed dose-response relationship, and comparing this approach with the most commonly used AOT40 (the sum of hourly ozone concentrations above a cut-off of 40 ppb during daylight hours, when global radiation exceeds 50 W m(-2)) in the estimation of exposure-damage curves."	( Using plant biomonitors and flux modelling to develop O3 dose-response relationships in Catalonia. Filella, I; Peñuelas, J; Ribas, A, 2005)	0.59
" Semibatch ozonation experiments were conducted under various reaction conditions to study the effects of ozone dosage and UV radiation on the oxidation of 2-NS."	( Decomposition of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in electroplating solution by ozonation with UV radiation. Chang, CY; Chen, YH; Chiang, PC; Chiou, CS; Chiu, CY; Huang, SF; Shang, NC; Shie, JL; Yu, YH, 2005)	0.54
" Effect of dosage of hydrogen peroxide and acidity of reaction matrices on oxidation efficiencies were investigated."	( Destruction of organic pollutants in reusable wastewater using advanced oxidation technology. Chia, LS; Goh, NK; Teo, KC; Xie, RJ; Xu, YR; Yang, C, 2005)	0.33
" Laboratory batch scale experiments were carried out as a function of ozone and UV dosage in order to study the removal kinetics."	( Removal of disinfection by-product precursors with ozone-UV advanced oxidation process. Bérubé, PR; Chin, A, 2005)	0.81
" AC dosed with low, medium and high loadings (28-100% of capacity) of VOCs were exposed to humidified and ozonated air."	( Effect of VOC loading on the ozone removal efficiency of activated carbon filters. Batterman, SA; Metts, TA, 2006)	0.63
" The lowest ozone dosage leading to the decrease of GSH and GSHt concentrations could be estimated to be lower than 10mg O(3)g(-1) COD(sludges) for GSH, and close to 10mg O(3)g(-1) COD(sludges) for GSHt."	( Variations of respiratory activity and glutathione in activated sludges exposed to low ozone doses. Block, JC; Dziurla, MA; Ginestet, P; Leroy, P; Paul, E; Salhi, M, 2005)	0.93
" The investigated effluents, which varied in suspended solids concentrations, comprised an effluent of conventional activated sludge treatment (CAS), the same effluent dosed with 15 mg of TSS L(-1) of activated sludge (CAS + SS), and the effluent of a membrane bioreactor pilot plant (MBR)."	( Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluents: a pilot study. Göbel, A; Hermann, N; Huber, MM; Joss, A; Löffler, D; McArdell, CS; Ried, A; Siegrist, H; Ternes, TA; von Gunten, U, 2005)	0.33
" However, when O3 dosage decreased the amount of BPA conversion exhibits significant differences between two processes."	( Degradation of 17beta-estradiol and bisphenol A in aqueous medium by using ozone and ozone/UV techniques. Akgerman, A; Erbatur, O; Irmak, S, 2005)	0.56
" DOC removal increased with ozone dosage and EBCT in BAC, however, 3 mg l(-1) ozone dosage with 15 min oxidation time and 15 min EBCT in BAC were more economical and efficient."	( Comparison of AC/O3-BAC and O3-BAC processes for removing organic pollutants in secondary effluent. Han, W; Li, L; Wu, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, Z; Zhu, W, 2006)	0.63
" The largest inhibition of OUR appeared at one mol of applied ozone dosage per mol of initial 2-CP, and the percentage of inhibition was 63."	( Toxicity measurements in aqueous solution during ozonation of mono-chlorophenols. Chang, CH; Liou, ML; Ma, HW; Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2006)	0.57
" Data on the dose-response relation between ocular exposure to ultraviolet B radiation and cortical cataract were derived from a population-based study (the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project, Salisbury, Maryland) in which extensive data on cataract and ultraviolet radiation were collected in persons aged 65-84 years."	( Model of risk of cortical cataract in the US population with exposure to increased ultraviolet radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Duncan, DD; Longstreth, JD; Munoz, BE; Pitcher, HM; West, SK, 2005)	0.53
"TiO2/UV/O3-BAC (biological activated carbon) process was employed to treat raw water and compared to UV/O3-BAC process in its optimum parameters (3 mg/L ozone dosage with 15 min oxidation time and 15 min empty bed contact time in BAC)."	( TiO2/UV/O3-BAC processes for removing refractory and hazardous pollutants in raw water. Li, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhu, W, 2006)	0.53
"Granular activated carbon (AC)/O(3)-biological activated carbon (BAC) process was employed to treat raw water and compared to O(3)-BAC process in its optimum parameters (3 mg/L ozone dosage with 15 min oxidation time and 15 min empty bed contact time in BAC)."	( AC/O3-BAC processes for removing refractory and hazardous pollutants in raw water. Li, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhu, W, 2006)	0.53
" Influence of pH and hydrogen peroxide dosage on process efficiency was investigated."	( UV-based processes for reactive azo dye mineralization. Koprivanac, N; Kusic, H; Peternel, I, 2006)	0.33
"This study was conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of preozonation or O3-BAC or combination of these two process in controlling DBPs for treating a dam source water in South China through SBR and continuous flow (200 L/h) experiments and the variables in the treatment train included the point of preozonation with respect to coagulation; the point of ozonation with respect to BAC, the ozone dosage required for preozonation and the Br- content of raw water."	( [Study on the combination of preozonation and post-ozonation-BAC process for drinking water treatment]. Guo, ZH; Hirotsuji, J; Pei, YS; Yang, M; Zhang, JZ; Zhang, Y, 2005)	0.5
" With the same total dosage of applied ozone, the multiple steps addition of ozone showed a much higher removal efficiency than that obtained by one step in three processes."	( [Degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution by modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation]. Ma, J; Sun, ZZ; Zhao, L, 2005)	0.6
" It can be proposed that different ozone dosage might change biodegradation characteristics of organic matters."	( Using respirometer in biodegradation phenomenon of natural organic matters. Chen, CY; Huang, WJ; Lee, YP; Lu, CJ, 2005)	0.61
"5, 25, and 50 mg/ml, with a dose-response curve to the right of that for the filtered-air group."	( Prolonged ozone exposure in an allergic airway disease model: adaptation of airway responsiveness and airway remodeling. Choi, IS; Jang, AS; Lee, JH; Park, CS, 2006)	0.74
" The CLA-bonding PSF membrane could offer protection for patients against oxidative stress and could also reduce the dosage of anticoagulant required during hemodialysis."	( The effect of covalently bonded conjugated linoleic acid on the reduction of oxidative stress and blood coagulation for polysulfone hemodialyzer membrane. Kung, FC; Yang, MC, 2006)	0.33
"1 x 10(-5) M) as NH3, >75% As(III) oxidation could be achieved within 10 s of dosing 1-2 mg/L Cl2 (1."	( Kinetics and mechanistic aspects of As(III) oxidation by aqueous chlorine, chloramines, and ozone: relevance to drinking water treatment. Ammann, A; Berg, M; Cao, TH; Dodd, MC; Kissner, R; Le, VC; Pham, HV; Von Gunten, U; Vu, ND, 2006)	0.55
" The ozone treatment yielded the effective sludge reduction ratio with an increasing ozone dosage, and an effective dosage of the catalyst was found to be 4 mg-Mn/g-TS."	( Characteristics of sludge reduction in an integrated pretreatment and aerobic digestion process. Hwang, S; Jang, H; Kim, S; Lee, M; Song, J, 2006)	0.85
" Subsequently, dosage calculations, as based on disinfectant level and exposure time, indicated that the simultaneous use of UV and ozone could substantially reduce their individual doses."	( Combined ozone and ultraviolet inactivation of Escherichia coli. Magbanua, BS; Savant, G; Truax, DD, 2006)	0.96
" Using a range of different dosage of coagulant, the breakage of flocs was followed at a high stirring speed, corresponding to average shear rate (G) of about 518 s(-1)."	( Effect of ozone on the formation and breakup of flocs in raw waters with high algae content. Gregory, J; O'Halloran, K; Yukselen, MA, 2006)	0.74
" Factors studied included bromide, pH, alkalinity, ratio of O3/TOC, reaction time, and dosage of FeOOH."	( [Control of THMs formation potential of filtered surface water with catalytic ozonation by ferric hydroxide]. Chen, ZL; Jiang, J; Lu, JF; Ma, J; Zhang, T, 2006)	0.33
" Modeling results revealed that the empirical pathway was capable of predicting the ozonation reaction at the beginning phase under a higher ozone dosage (e."	( Kinetics of the degradation of 2-chlorophenol by ozonation at pH 3. Huang, CP; Sung, M, 2007)	0.54
" The dose-response relation was represented by the typical best fit to a third-degree polynomial and it was parameterized by a coefficient multiplying a cubic polynomial function."	( Variability among polysulphone calibration curves. Borra, M; Casale, GR; Colosimo, A; Colucci, M; Militello, A; Siani, AM; Sisto, R, 2006)	0.33
" The objective was to determine: the contribution of algae cells and algae extracellular organic matter (EOM) to the disinfection by-products formation potential (DBPFP), and the effects of preozonation including ozone dosage and preozonation time on DBPFP of algae cells and EOM and mechanism of these effects."	( [Effect of preozonation on disinfection by-products formation potential of algae cells and extracellular organic matter]. Chen, ZL; Fang, JY; Gao, YH; Ma, J; Wang, LN; Zhang, T, 2006)	0.52
" The optimal initial calcium dosage shows linear relationship with the initial phenol concentration, which is useful for practical application."	( Calcium enhanced COD removal for the ozonation of phenol solution. Chen, JH; Hsu, YC; Yang, HC, 2007)	0.34
" Increasing ozone dosage and UV light intensity accelerated the decomposition rate of 2-nitrophenol in an aqueous solution."	( Decomposition of 2-nitrophenol in aqueous solution by ozone and UV/ozone processes. Hung, JJ; Ku, Y; Wang, WY, 2006)	0.96
" However, in medicine ozone is used as a real drug and a precise concentration and therapeutic dosage must be calibrated against the antioxidant capacity of blood."	( Tropospheric ozone toxicity vs. usefulness of ozone therapy. Bocci, VA, 2007)	1.02
" Both ozone dosage and initial concentration of nitrobenzene exerted a positive influence on the catalytic ozonation."	( [Degradation of trace nitrobenzene by nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation]. Ma, J; Qin, QD; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J; Zhao, L, 2006)	0.81
" The oxidative degradation tests were carried out to elucidate the influence of various operating variables on the performance of mineralization of total organic compounds (TOC) in spent acid, including reaction temperature, intensity of UV (254 nm) irradiation, dosage of ozone and concentration of sulfuric acid."	( Decomposition of dinitrotoluene isomers and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in spent acid from toluene nitration process by ozonation and photo-ozonation. Chen, WS; Juan, CN; Wei, KM, 2007)	0.52
" The semi-batch ozonation experiments were proceeded under different reaction conditions to study the effects of ozone dosage and UV radiation on the oxidation of MMA."	( Oxidation of methyl methacrylate from semiconductor wastewater by O3 and O3/UV processes. Chang, CH; Chen, YH; Lee, CH; Lee, CW; Ma, HW; Shang, NC; Yu, YH, 2007)	0.55
" Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated."	( Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors--di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation. Li, HY; Liu, HJ; Qu, JH, 2006)	0.58
" Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation."	( Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACl. Liu, HL; Shi, BY; Tang, HX; Wang, DS; Wang, M, 2006)	0.33
"5 mg/L of DOC, and approximately 58% triclosan depletion for dosage of 6 mg/L(1."	( Kinetics of triclosan oxidation by aqueous ozone and consequent loss of antibacterial activity: relevance to municipal wastewater ozonation. Dodd, MC; Omil, F; Suarez, S; von Gunten, U, 2007)	0.6
" The effect of t-butanol addition and ozone gas flow dosage on the degradation rate was evaluated."	( Degradation of DMSO by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Chen, SH; Muruganandham, M; Wu, JJ, 2007)	0.92
" COD removal of 85% was observed with an ozone dosage of 4000 mg/L into a 40x-diluted sample."	( Ozone treatment of process water from a dry-mill ethanol plant. Brown, RC; Fan, M; Singh, S, 2008)	2.05
" The system shows the patient's redox status and estimation of the oxidative stress level, with this information being relevant regarding implications on dosage and therapeutic effectiveness of ozone therapy."	( To what extent does ozone therapy need a real biochemical control system? Assessment and importance of oxidative stress. Hernández, FA, 2007)	0.85
" Increasing zeolite dosage and ozone concentration also enhanced nitrobenzene removal."	( [Efficiency study on nitrobenzene removal by ozone/zeolite process]. Liu, K; Ma, J; Qin, QD; Yang, YX, 2007)	0.89
" The results show that the effect of pre-ozonation on coagulation is associated with the dosage of ozone, coagulant type, and water contamination characteristics."	( Effect of pre-ozonation on optimized coagulation of a typical North-China source water. Shi, B; Wang, D; Wang, M; Yan, M; Yan, Y, 2007)	0.56
"The appropriate ozone dosage was determined, and then the changes of TOC, UV254 and THM formation potential (THMFP) in the combined system were evaluated."	( Control of bromate and THM precursors using ozonation combined system. Shi, DW; Wang, R; Wen, DH; Xi, DL; Xie, SG, 2007)	0.69
" There was a significant dose-response relationship between NC and DNA damage, with the 57-nm mode as the major contributor to effects."	( Exposure to ultrafine particles from ambient air and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Bräuner, EV; Forchhammer, L; Glasius, M; Loft, S; Møller, P; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Simonsen, J; Wåhlin, P, 2007)	0.34
"5-3g/l TiO2 was added, the effect of TiO2 dosage for RR2 decolorization was insignificant in the UV/TiO2/O3 system."	( Decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by catalytic ozonation processes. Chang, CL; Kuo, CY; Wu, CH, 2008)	0.35
" With the ozone dosage increase, AOC began to reduce slightly because the low molecular size organic carbon was mineralized."	( [Impacts of AOC by O3/TiO2 catalytic oxidation in drinking water]. Liang, T; Ma, J; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.74
" Ozone dosage must be increased much further to obtain a relevant effect."	( Effect of ozonation on sludge reduction in a SBR plant. Chiavola, A; Naso, M; Rolle, E; Trombetta, D, 2007)	1.25
" The data clearly show that the ozonation of iopromide using a common applied ozone dosage leads to the formation of numerous iodinated transformation products, which are detectable by LC-ESI-MS."	( Ozonation and reductive deiodination of iopromide to reduce the environmental burden of iodinated X-ray contrast media. Jekel, M; Miehe, U; Putschew, A; Tellez, AS, 2007)	0.57
" The effects of pH and catalyst dosage were evaluated in O3/Mn(II), O3/Fe(II), O3/Fe(III), O3/Zn(II), O3/Co(II) and O3/Ni(II) systems."	( Homogeneous catalytic ozonation of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by metallic ions in a bubble column reactor. Chang, CL; Kuo, CY; Wu, CH, 2008)	0.35
" These systems are necessary for determining the dose-response relationship of toxicants under a variety of exposure conditions."	( Computer-controlled ozone inhalation exposure system. Frazer, D; McKinney, W, 2008)	0.67
"In this study, the degradation rate constants of humic substances by ozonation under the different empirical conditions such as ozone-air flow rate, ozone generation potential, pH, temperature, powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosage and HCO(3)(-) ions concentration were determined."	( Determination of the apparent rate constants of the degradation of humic substances by ozonation and modeling of the removal of humic substances from the aqueous solutions with neural network. Keskinler, B; Oguz, E; Tortum, A, 2008)	0.55
" Effect of ozone dosage, catalyst dosage and temperature were investigated respectively."	( [Influence of nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation on the ammonia concentration in Songhua River water]. Liang, T; Ma, J; Qin, QD; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.73
" The removal gets better with increasing dosage of catalyst."	( [Effect and mechanism of removal of trace p-chloronitrobenzene in aqueous solution by ZnOOH/O3]. Ben, Y; Chen, ZL; Ma, XH; Xu, ZZ; Ye, MM, 2007)	0.34
" Results of these studies confirmed low dosage bicarbonate affecting the ozonation pathways, influencing the intermediate species formation and impacting its subsequent TCMFP yields through inhibiting the ."	( Effect of preozonation on the characteristic transformation of fulvic acid and its subsequent trichloromethane formation potential: presence or absence of bicarbonate. Li, J; Liu, H; Liu, R; Qu, J; Ru, J; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
" Cells were exposed to an ozone-saturated physiological solution using various dosing regimens, including acute exposure and various repetitive exposures."	( Studies on cellular resilience and adaptation following acute and repetitive exposure to ozone in cultured human epithelial (HeLa) cells. Brink, CB; Oliver, DW; Pretorius, A; van Niekerk, BP; Venter, DP, 2008)	0.87
" The teeth in Group 1 were subjected to a 10-second dosage of ozone from the HealOzone unit (Kavo) after etching and to a further 10 seconds of ozone after bonding the brackets using a 5 mm delivery cup."	( The effects of ozone gas application on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel. Al Shamsi, AH; Cunningham, JL; Lamey, PJ; Lynch, E, 2008)	0.94
"Branch-level gas exchange provided the basis for assessing ozone flux in order to derive the dose-response relationship between cumulative O3 uptake (COU) and carbon gain in the upper sun crown of adult Fagus sylvatica."	( Deriving ozone dose-response of photosynthesis in adult forest trees from branch-level cuvette gas exchange assessment. Löw, M; Matyssek, R; Then, C; Wieser, G, 2008)	1.01
"1% bromate formation by increasing cerium oxide dosage from 0 to 250 mg/L."	( [Reducing bromate formation by catalyzed ozonation]. Chen, WP; He, R; Lu, JF; Ma, J; Zhang, T, 2008)	0.35
" Applying ozone dosages between 25 and 35 mg O(3)/gTSS, the organic matter solubilisation obtained through ozonation increases proportionally to ozone dosage until a maximum value of 430 mg COD/L."	( The effect of operational parameters of the process of sludge ozonation on the solubilisation of organic and nitrogenous compounds. Manterola, G; Sancho, L; Uriarte, I, 2008)	0.75
" The bacterial population was reduced by one log with respect to the control when ozone was dosed at a concentration above 47+/-2mg/L."	( Ozone as a selective disinfectant for nonaseptic fungal cultivation on corn-processing wastewater. Khanal, SK; Pometto, AL; Sankaran, S; van Leeuwen, JH, 2008)	2.01
" In particular, soluble and biodegradable fractions seemed to be higher at lower dosage and longer contact time."	( Application of excess activated sludge ozonation in an SBR Plant. Effects on substrate fractioning and solids production. Chiavola, A; Naso, M; Rolle, E, 2008)	0.35
" Significant linear dose-response relationships were obtained between accumulated fluxes and optical indices (PRI, NDI, DeltaF/F'(m))."	( A flux-based assessment of the effects of ozone on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) in open-top chambers. Colombo, R; Faoro, F; Gerosa, G; Iriti, M; Marzuoli, R; Meroni, M; Panigada, C; Rossini, M, 2009)	0.62
" Lutein extracts from corn inhibited the mutagenicity of AFB1 in a dose-response manner more efficiently than lutein standard."	( Lutein from ozone-treated corn retains antimutagenic properties. King, JM; Losso, J; Prudente, A; Wang, Y; Xu, Z, 2008)	0.72
" The treatment was conducted in a semi-batch reactor under different experimental conditions by varying ozone gas dosage and incident UV light intensity."	( Treatment of groundwater contaminated with gasoline components by an ozone/UV process. Garoma, T; Gurol, MD; Osibodu, O; Thotakura, L, 2008)	0.8
" Our results indicate the need for monitoring fluctuations in Bt toxin concentrations to reveal the potential of ozone exposure for altering dosing of Bt proteins to target and non-target herbivores in field environments experiencing increasing ozone pollution."	( Elevated atmospheric ozone increases concentration of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein in Bt Brassica napus and reduces feeding of a Bt target herbivore on the non-transgenic parent. Himanen, SJ; Holopainen, JK; Nerg, AM; Nissinen, A; Poppy, GM; Stewart, CN, 2009)	0.88
"1% by O3H2O2 system when the O3 was dosed as 10."	( [Degradation of simazine by O3/H2O2 system]. Li, SF; Shi, Y; Zhang, RQ, 2008)	0.35
"An ozone dosage of 25 ppm for 20 minutes, with a short burst of humidity in excess of 90% relative humidity, was able to inactivate more than 3 log(10) colony-forming units of most of the bacteria, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridium difficile, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in both in a laboratory test system and simulated field conditions."	( Ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. Hudson, JB; Sharma, M, 2008)	2.41
" Another set of mice were dosed 6 h after exposure and 1 h before assessing airway hyperresponsiveness."	( Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Adcock, IM; Chung, KF; Durham, A; Higgins, LS; Issa, R; Kapoun, A; Leung, SY; Medicherla, S; Williams, AS, 2008)	0.6
") dosing compared to vehicle dosing inhibited ozone-induced AHR (-logPC100 vehicle: -0."	( Role of cathepsin S in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Adcock, IM; Chung, KF; De Sanctis, GT; Eynott, PR; Jupp, R; Leung, SY; Nath, P; Resnick, R; Williams, AS, 2009)	0.92
" Dose-response and time-course curves were generated using SJL/J pups, and (18)O lung burden dose was assessed in additional mice."	( Age, strain, and gender as factors for increased sensitivity of the mouse lung to inhaled ozone. Galdanes, K; Gordon, T; Gunnison, A; Hatch, G; Vancza, EM, 2009)	0.57
"68), with a positive dose-response relationship."	( Chronic exposure to ambient ozone and asthma hospital admissions among children. Hwang, SA; Le, LH; Lin, S; Liu, X, 2008)	0.64
" Both appropriately dosed preoxidants are shown to be beneficial to algae coagulation removal."	( Effect of ozone and permanganate on algae coagulation removal--pilot and bench scale tests. Chen, JJ; Tseng, IC; Yeh, HH, 2009)	0.76
" A reliable dose-response relationship was defined by a sigmoidal curve model."	( Ozone fluxes and foliar injury development in the ozone-sensitive poplar clone Oxford (Populus maximowiczii x Populus berolinensis): a dose-response analysis. Ballarin-Denti, A; Bussotti, F; Desotgiu, R; Gerosa, G; Marzuoli, R, 2009)	1.8
" Moreover, the effects of ozone dosage, catalyst dosage and initial solution pH on the degradation of 4-CNB by TiO(2)/UV/O(3) process were also investigated."	( Ozone enhanced activity of aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions for photodegradation of 4-chloronitrobenzene. Ben, Y; Chen, Z; Liu, X; Shen, J; Ye, M, 2009)	2.1
"8 microg L(-1) after UV irradiation regardless of the dosage of Cl(2)."	( Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation. Chen, Z; Ma, J; Qi, F; Wu, F; Xu, B, 2009)	0.35
" The increasing of both the bauxite dosage and the ozone dosage enhanced the removal effectiveness of TCA."	( Ozonation catalyzed by the raw bauxite for the degradation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in drinking water. Chen, Z; Ma, J; Qi, F; Sun, D; Wu, F; Xu, B; Zhang, L, 2009)	0.6
" The dye decay rate increases as ozone dosage increases."	( Azo dye Acid Red 27 decomposition kinetics during ozone oxidation and adsorption processes. Beak, MH; Ijagbemi, CO; Kim, DS, 2009)	0.89
" If the practical dosage applied in drinking water treatment is considered, it is expected that most of the pesticides will be completely degraded by ozone, a few by permanganate, but probably none by UV254 ."	( [Reactivity of several classes of pesticides with UV, ozone and permanganate]. Liu, C; Qiang, ZM; Tian, F; Zhang, T, 2009)	0.8
" The decomposition efficiency of total organic compound (eta(TOC)) of HG-UV-OZ with power of UV (P(UV)) of 16W is 54% at applied dosage of ozone per volume sample m(A,in)=1200 mg L(-1) (reaction time t=20 min), while that of HG-OZ without the UV irradiation is 24%."	( Pt-catalyzed ozonation of aqueous phenol solution using high-gravity rotating packed bed. Chang, CC; Chang, CF; Chang, CY; Chen, YH; Chiu, CY; Ji, DR; Tseng, JY; Yu, YH, 2009)	0.56
" Potency measurements were determined from dose-response relationships obtained by exposing Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis reference strains to treated samples of each antibacterial compound via broth micro- or macrodilution assays and related to the measured residual concentrations of parent antibacterial in each sample."	( Oxidation of antibacterial compounds by ozone and hydroxyl radical: elimination of biological activity during aqueous ozonation processes. Dodd, MC; Kohler, HP; von Gunten, U, 2009)	0.62
" Meanwhile, it can be concluded from the model that: when the initial UV radiation, H2O2 dosage and the ozone dosage were set, pH value and carbonate (or bicarbonate) concentrations were the two main aspects which influenced the reaction rate."	( [Modified kinetics model of degradation of MCLR by advanced oxidation process]. Gao, NY; Guo, JW; Li, L; Yin, DD; Zhang, KJ, 2009)	0.57
" But the products of brominated trihalomethanes, especially CHBr3 would be markedly increased by enhanced chlorine dosage and Br(-) concentration."	( [Removal characters of ozone-biological activated carbon process for typical pollutants in southern brooky regions of China]. Chen, W; Lin, T; Wang, LL, 2009)	0.66
" The influence of several variables was investigated, including pH of solution, NaCl concentration, and dosage of GAC, for their effects on COP phenol degradation in a synthetic saline wastewater."	( The investigation of catalytic ozonation and integrated catalytic ozonation/biological processes for the removal of phenol from saline wastewaters. Alizadeh, R; Khavanin, A; Moussavi, G, 2009)	0.35
" The rate of DEET degradation increased exponentially with temperature in the range studied (20-50 degrees C) and in proportion with the dosage of ozone applied."	( Degradation of DEET by ozonation in aqueous solution. Abas, MR; Rahman, NA; Tay, KS, 2009)	0.55
" The dosage of ozone or activated carbon depended on the recycling rate and color intensity."	( Reducing the natural color of membrane bioreactor permeate with activated carbon or ozone. Abegglen, C; Boehler, M; Buetzer, S; Joss, A; Siegrist, H, 2009)	0.93
" the minimal ozone dosage resulting in a maximal removal of S(COD) and toxicity in the final effluent, is reached upon reaction of 500 mg O(3)/l for both ozonation processes."	( Conventional and (eco) toxicological assessment of batch partial ozone oxidation and subsequent biological treatment of a tank truck cleaning generated concentrate. Blust, R; De Schepper, W; Dries, J; Geuens, L; Robbens, J, 2009)	0.96
" However, the dose-response relationship between CAPs mass concentration and HRV indices seemed to vary depending on the presence of O(3)."	( Autonomic effects of controlled fine particulate exposure in young healthy adults: effect modification by ozone. Fakhri, AA; Gold, DR; Ilic, LM; Mittleman, MA; Silverman, F; Urch, B; Wellenius, GA, 2009)	0.57
" The dosage of coagulant also governed DOC removal."	( Effects of pre-ozonation on the removal of THM precursors by coagulation. Chang, EE; Chang, PC; Chiang, PC; Huang, CP, 2009)	0.35
" The removal percentage of trace MIB at any given time for a particular carbon dosage was irrelative to the initial concentration of MIB."	( Comparative study on the removal technologies of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in drinking water. Ge, XP; Liang, CZ; Sun, W; Wang, DS; Yang, M, 2006)	0.33
" To advance understanding of these relationships, further characterization of the dose-response and pollutant lag effects are needed, as are investigations of pollutant species beyond the commonly measured criteria pollutants."	( Short-term associations between ambient air pollutants and pediatric asthma emergency department visits. Darrow, LA; Flanders, WD; Klein, M; Mulholland, JA; Sarnat, JA; Sarnat, SE; Strickland, MJ; Tolbert, PE; Waller, LA, 2010)	0.36
" The ozonation reaction was very effective for elimination of microcystin; solutions of concentration up to 5 mg/L MC-LR were totally oxidized by an ozone dosage of 2 mg/L."	( Treatment and kinetic study of cyanobacterial toxin by ozone. Al Momani, FA; Jarrah, N, 2010)	0.81
" Ozone adding dosage was controlled to be 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg/L by adjusting the adding time."	( [Research on the organic biodegradability of secondary effluent treated by ozonation]. Chang, J; Gan, YP; Meng, CL; Peng, YZ; Yang, AM; Zhang, SJ, 2010)	1.27
"0% at ozone/MC-RR dosage of 6, and the degradation efficiency was decreased with increase of pH or NOM contents."	( [Degradation of microcystin-RR by ozonation process]. Miao, HF; Ruan, WQ; Wang, ZL; Yan, Q; Zhou, Q, 2010)	0.84
" Humic substances in the suspension scavenge dosed ozone that adversely affects ozone flotation efficiency of algal cells."	( Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus FSP-3 using dispersed ozone flotation. Chang, JS; Chen, CY; Chen, WM; Cheng, YL; Ho, SH; Juang, YC; Lee, DJ; Liao, GY; Liu, JC; Tsai, PW; Yeh, KL, 2011)	0.87
" The model consists of a component describing the co-evolution of COD and BOD as a function of ozone dosage and a mass transfer based component describing ozone dosage as a function of time."	( A kinetic model for multicomponent wastewater substrate removal by partial ozonation and subsequent biodegradation. Blust, R; De Schepper, W; Dries, J; Geuens, L, 2010)	0.58
" Only during the last decade it has been learned how to tame its great reactivity by precisely dosing its concentration and permanently incorporating the gas into triglycerides where gaseous ozone chemically reacts with unsaturated substrates leading to therapeutically active ozonated derivatives."	( Ozone and ozonated oils in skin diseases: a review. Bocci, V; Travagli, V; Valacchi, G; Zanardi, I, 2010)	1.99
" An original aspect of this paper, not yet reported in the literature, is the comparison of the effects of these sludge reduction technologies on bacterial cell integrity and permeabilization by converting pressure, temperature and ozone dosage to an equivalent value of specific energy."	( Bacteria permeabilization and disruption caused by sludge reduction technologies evaluated by flow cytometry. Bruni, L; Foladori, P; Tamburini, S, 2010)	0.54
" Bronchial rings from ozone-exposed wild-type and MKP-1(-/-) mice showed increased contractile responses, with a leftward shift of the dose-response curve in MKP-1(-/-) mice."	( Inhibition of p38 MAPK-dependent bronchial contraction after ozone by corticosteroids. Bhavsar, PK; Chung, KF; Clark, AR; Hussain, F; Li, F; Triantaphyllopoulos, K; Zhang, M; Zhou, X, 2011)	0.93
" The authors found a marked dose-response relationship."	( Evidence of the role of short-term exposure to ozone on ischaemic cerebral and cardiac events: the Dijon Vascular Project (DIVA). Béjot, Y; Cottin, Y; Giroud, M; Henrotin, JB; Lorgis, L; Zeller, M, 2010)	0.62
" The nonlinear dose-response relationship affects the efficacy of the current 8-h O3 standard to describe adequately the observed spirometric response to typical diurnal O3 exposure patterns."	( An alternative form and level of the human health ozone standard. Adams, WC; Hazucha, MJ; Lefohn, AS; Shadwick, D, 2010)	0.61
"The ozonation performance of wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent of oxytetracycline (OTC) manufacturing wastewater was investigated in terms of ozone dosage and initial pH levels when OTC contributed to a negligible fraction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ingredients of the medium-organic-strength wastewater with low biodegradability."	( Ozonation performance of WWTP secondary effluent of antibiotic manufacturing wastewater. Cui, C; Liang, Q; Xia, X; Yang, F; Zheng, S, 2010)	0.56
" Since ozone itself is a radical, using a small dosage of it is known to create an oxidative preconditioning in the body and trigger a strong antioxidant response against that."	( The effects of ozone therapy and coenzyme Q₁₀ combination on oxidative stress markers in healthy subjects. Dokumacioglu, A; Inal, M; Özcelik, E; Ucar, O, 2011)	1.18
" A subsequent randomized study (placebo, 50 mg and 150 mg) was performed to explore the dose-response for ozone-induced airway inflammation, as measured by sputum biomarkers."	( SB-656933, a novel CXCR2 selective antagonist, inhibits ex vivo neutrophil activation and ozone-induced airway inflammation in humans. Alexis, NE; Chen, C; Lazaar, AL; MacDonald, AJ; Sweeney, LE; Tal-Singer, R, 2011)	0.8
" Influences of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, probe diameter, initial pH and O3 dosage on the COD removal were studied."	( Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process. Cheng, X; Sun, D; Xiong, Z, 2011)	0.61
"This study assessed future numbers of asthma emergency department visits for children aged 0-17 years using (1) baseline New York City metropolitan area emergency department rates; (2) a dose-response relationship between ozone levels and pediatric asthma emergency department visits; and (3) projected daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentrations for the 2020s as simulated by a global-to-regional climate change and atmospheric chemistry model."	( Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma. Carr, JL; Kinney, PL; Knowlton, K; Sheffield, PE, 2011)	0.8
" The molar ratio of oxalate degraded to ozone consumption increased with increasing catalyst dose and decreasing ozone dosage and pH under the conditions of this study."	( Catalytic ozonation of oxalate with a cerium supported palladium oxide: an efficient degradation not relying on hydroxyl radical oxidation. Croué, JP; Li, W; Zhang, T, 2011)	0.64
" We then estimated the resulting risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) using literature-derived dose-response values."	( Health impacts of the built environment: within-urban variability in physical inactivity, air pollution, and ischemic heart disease mortality. Brauer, M; Hankey, S; Marshall, JD, 2012)	0.38
" Ozone disinfection and sodium bisulfite dosing were able to reduce CDI fouling rate."	( RO brine treatment and recovery by biological activated carbon and capacitive deionization process. Kekre, K; Lee, LY; Ng, HY; Ong, SL; Seah, H; Tao, G; Viswanath, B, 2011)	1.28
" The study has demonstrate that dosed ozone application modulates the oxygen-transporting function of the blood and promotes adaptive capacities of the organism by activation of aerobic metabolism and stabilization of cellular membranes."	( [Peculiarities of metabolic rearrangement of gas-transporting function of the blood in the pregnant women under the influence of medical ozone applied in obstetrical practice]. Kovalenko, TD; Loginov, IA; Olempieva, EV, )	0.61
" The impact of ozone dosage and initial organic concentration on color, COD and TOC removal rates were studied along with characterization of the major organics in raw and treated wastewater."	( Ozonation as an advanced oxidant in treatment of bamboo industry wastewater. Sims, A; Tian, G; Wang, W; Wu, D; Xu, S; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.73
" An ozone dosage of 57 mg min(-1) was found to be optimal for the degradation of both endosulfan (89%) and lindane (43%)."	( Endosulfan and lindane degradation using ozonation. Begum, A; Gautam, SK, )	0.69
" Were the intensity and frequency of convective injection to increase as a result of climate forcing by the continued addition of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere, increased risk of ozone loss and associated increases in ultraviolet dosage would follow."	( UV dosage levels in summer: increased risk of ozone loss from convectively injected water vapor. Anderson, JG; Sayres, DS; Smith, JB; Wilmouth, DM, 2012)	0.83
" The odour removal efficiencies for different catalysts (FeCl(3), MnO, and MnSO(4)) under experimental conditions in terms of controlled pH, temperature and ozone dosage were determined before and after ozone treatment using dynamic olfactometry."	( Catalytic ozonation for odour removal of high temperature alumina refinery condensate. Guan, J; Stuetz, RM; Wang, X, 2012)	0.58
" Increasing of applied ozone dosage was not significantly effect on the removal percentages of pesticides whereas increasing of ozonation temperature caused a negative effect on the removal percentages of pesticides."	( Removal of chloropyrifos ethyl, tetradifon and chlorothalonil pesticide residues from citrus by using ozone. Ceyhan, M; Kusvuran, E; Mavruk, F; Yildirim, D, 2012)	0.9
" The shift in MW increases as ozone dosage increases."	( Molecular weight distribution of organic matter by ozonation and biofiltration. Lin, YH, 2012)	0.67
" The yield of nitrosamines increased with the oxidant dosage for both monochloramination and ozonation of DTCs."	( Oxidation of dithiocarbamates to yield N-nitrosamines by water disinfection oxidants. Huang, CH; Kim, JH; Padhye, LP, 2013)	0.39
"5) exposure, however, induced CRP, IL-6, CK, LDH and MDA increase, SOD and HRV decrease significantly in a dose-response way."	( Effects of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) on rat system inflammation and cardiac function. Jiang, R; Song, W; Wang, G; Zhao, Z, 2013)	0.78
"Use acetic acid as the media of ozone degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC), and effects of the initial dosing ratio of ozone/OTC, ozone flow, free radical scavenger, metal ions on the removal rate of OTC were investigated respectively."	( [Degradation of oxytetracycline with ozonation in acetic acid solvent]. Li, SY; Li, XR; Wang, GX; Zhu, JP; Zhu, YP, 2012)	0.66
" To improve the efficiency of ozonation and to stabilize the quality of the treated water, control-oriented modeling and a real-time control method for the ozone dosing process are developed in this study."	( Control-oriented modeling and real-time control for the ozone dosing process of drinking water treatment. Li, S; Wang, D; Zhou, X, 2013)	0.83
" Our studies demonstrate continuity, albeit subtle, of pathologic change from high dosage experimental animal exposure to low dosage human exposures."	( Correlative ultrastructural investigations of airway epithelium following experimental exposure to defined air pollutants and lifestyle exposure to tobacco smoke. Brighton, LE; Bromberg, PA; Carson, JL; Collier, AM, 2013)	0.39
"6 mg/L, SS≤15 mg/L, color≤8° were obtained after being decontaminated by ozone-BAF with ozone dosage of 20-25 mg/L."	( Application of integrated ozone biological aerated filters and membrane filtration in water reuse of textile effluents. Ge, Q; Gu, X; He, Y; Jian, L; Wang, X; Xu, J; Yan, J, 2013)	0.92
" Dosage requirements for the continuous treatment of the washwater recycle line with ultraviolet (UV) light for destruction of N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines, and with ozone or hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for destruction of amines and aldehydes, were evaluated."	( Application of ultraviolet, ozone, and advanced oxidation treatments to washwaters to destroy nitrosamines, nitramines, amines, and aldehydes formed during amine-based carbon capture. Dai, N; Mitch, WA; Shah, AD, 2013)	0.88
" Fortunately, the toxicity elevation could be avoided by optimizing the ozone dosage and using activated carbon after ozonation."	( Toxicity-based assessment of the treatment performance of wastewater treatment and reclamation processes. Du, Y; Tan, Z; Wei, D, 2012)	0.61
"The aim of the this study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality, originated from different raw wastewater and wastewater treatment processes."	( Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents. Andersen, HR; Antoniou, MG; Fick, J; Hey, G; la Cour Jansen, J; Rodríguez Vega, S; Spiliotopoulou, A; Tysklind, M, 2013)	1.06
" No dose-response trends were observed, and no clear relationships were found for specific histological cancer subtypes."	( Long-term residential exposure to air pollution and lung cancer risk. Brauer, M; Carpiano, RM; Demers, PA; Hystad, P; Johnson, KC, 2013)	0.39
" The effects of the initial concentration of APAP, pH value, ozone dosage and AC dosage on the variation of reaction rate were carefully discussed."	( [Mechanism of catalytic ozonation for the degradation of paracetamol by activated carbon]. Chen, JM; Dai, QZ; Wang, JY; Yan, YZ; Yu, J, 2013)	0.63
" Due to the low amount of viruses and protozoa in the tertiary effluent, bacteriophage MS2 and spores of Bacillus subtilis were dosed as surrogates."	( Microorganism inactivation by an ozonation step optimized for micropollutant removal from tertiary effluent. Kreuzinger, N; Schaar, H; Schürhagl, R; Sommer, R; Yillia, P, 2013)	0.39
" The removal efficiency was affected by initial NDMA concentration; higher NDMA dosing required higher ozone utilization."	( Reinvestigation on the ozonation of N-nitrosodimethylamine: Influencing factors and degradation mechanism. Li, Y; Lv, J; Song, Y, 2013)	0.6
"Cough reflex thresholds reflecting C-fiber sensitivity were evaluated by capsaicin single breath dose-response method."	( Relationship of pulmonary function response to ozone exposure and capsaicin cough sensitivity. Beine, A; Berresheim, H; Brüning, T; Bünger, J; Hoffmeyer, F; Jettkant, B; Monsé, C; Rosenkranz, N; Sucker, K, 2013)	0.65
" However, it is stated that a high ozone dosage would be necessary to achieve the complete mineralization of the intermediates."	( Bacterial community characterization of a sequencing batch reactor treating pre-ozonized sulfamethoxazole in water. Esplugas, M; González, O; Sans, C, )	0.41
" For O(3)/UV, lowering the ratio of O(3) dosage to UV intensity leads to a better selectivity for AOX."	( AOX removal from industrial wastewaters using advanced oxidation processes: assessment of a combined chemical-biological oxidation. Braeken, L; Liers, S; Luyten, J; Maertens, D; Sniegowski, K; Timmermans, S; Van Eyck, K, 2013)	0.39
"Seven experiments carried out in Italy and Spain have been used to parameterising a stomatal conductance model and establishing exposure- and dose-response relationships for yield and quality of tomato with the main goal of setting O3 critical levels (CLe)."	( Setting ozone critical levels for protecting horticultural Mediterranean crops: case study of tomato. Alonso, R; Bermejo, V; Calatayud, V; Calvo, E; Gerosa, G; González-Fernández, I; Marzuoli, R, 2014)	0.84
" The lowest ozone dosage tested (0."	( A comprehensive structural evaluation of humic substances using several fluorescence techniques before and after ozonation. Part II: evaluation of structural changes following ozonation. García-Valverde, M; Rodríguez, FJ; Schlenger, P, 2014)	0.78
" Ozone dosage of 5 mg/L or more was needed for desired CEC removal."	( Advanced treatment process for pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, and flame retardants removal. Emerick, RW; Shumaker, SE; Sundaram, V, 2014)	1.31
" Substantial dosing of both O3 and H2O2 (>70 mg/L and >24 mg/L, respectively) may be required to see at least 1-log-removal (>90%) of an OH-selective leachate contaminant (i."	( Hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging in young and mature landfill leachates. Ghazi, NM; Lastra, AA; Watts, MJ, 2014)	0.4
"Regression of ambient pollutants against fetal death as a dose-response toxicity curve revealed very strong dose-response correlations for SO2 r > 0."	( Seasonal ambient air pollution correlates strongly with spontaneous abortion in Mongolia. Enkhmaa, D; Enkhtur, S; Javzandulam, B; Khishigsuren, Y; Lodoysamba, S; Uyanga, J; Warburton, D; Warburton, N, 2014)	0.4
" The results showed that the suitable operating conditions of the ozonation unit were: ozone dosage 10 mg x L(-1), contact time 4 min and slightly alkaline pH."	( [Treatment of petrochemical secondary effluent by ozone-biological aerated filter]. Dong, D; Gao, Z; Liu, MG; Wang, PC; Wu, CY; Yang, Q; Zhou, YX, 2014)	0.88
" Based on the comprehensive experimental results, an empirical equation was proposed to illustrate the effects of initial dye concentration and ozone dosage rate on color removal."	( Degradation efficiency and mechanism of azo dye RR2 by a novel ozone aerated internal micro-electrolysis filter. Dong, J; Dong, WY; Sun, FY; Yang, W; Zhang, XB, 2014)	0.84
" Exactly, the membrane fouling can be controlled in situ with 3 mg L(-1) ozone at the permeate flux of 80 L m(-2) h(-1), yet the required dosage of ozone was dependent on the quality of the raw water."	( Study on an integrated process combining ozonation with ceramic ultra-filtration for decentralized supply of drinking water. Fan, XJ; Tao, Y; Wei, DQ; Zhang, XH; Zhu, J, 2014)	0.63
" When the concentration of Br(-) was lower than 100 μg/L, by keeping the ratio of O3 dosage to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at less than 1, BrO3 (-) production was effectively suppressed."	( Formation potentials of bromate and brominated disinfection by-products in bromide-containing water by ozonation. Chen, W; Lin, T; Wu, S, 2014)	0.4
" Catalyst dosage of 10 mg L(-1) led to approximately 25% of increase in DBP (initial concentration 2 mg L(-1)) removal in 60 min as compared with ozone alone, and when catalyst dosage increased to 100 mg L(-1), the DBP removal was further improved by 46%."	( Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of dibutyl phthalate in aqueous solution in the presence of iron-loaded activated carbon. Cui, C; Huang, Y; Li, L; Pan, D; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.62
" The Fenton process with a dosage of 100 mg L(-1) of Fe(2+) and 800 mg L(-1) of H2O2 resulted in about 78% TCOD and 96% colour reductions at an initial pH=3 after a reaction time of 30 min."	( Evaluation of Fenton method and ozone-based processes for colour and organic matter removal from biologically pre-treated swine manure. Coca, M; García-González, MC; Riaño, B, 2014)	0.69
" Regarding DBP species during chlorination, the bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids increases with increasing catalyst dosage in catalytic ozonation."	( Removal of disinfection by-products from contaminated water using a synthetic goethite catalyst via catalytic ozonation and a biofiltration system. Chen, KC; Wang, YH, 2014)	0.4
" This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dosing ozone on the formation potentials and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs, brominated DBPs in particular) during subsequent chlorination."	( Effects of ozonation on disinfection byproduct formation and speciation during subsequent chlorination. Mao, Y; Wang, H; Wang, X; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2014)	0.64
"3% when the sludge was pre-ultrasonicated at 9kJg(-1) TS; while, the same ozone dosage applied without prior ultrasonication only induced 21."	( Interpreting the synergistic effect in combined ultrasonication-ozonation sewage sludge pre-treatment. Lin, L; Ng, WJ; Tian, X; Trzcinski, AP; Wang, C, 2015)	0.65
"76, dosage of O3 of 217."	( Optimization and interpretation of O3 and O3/H2O2 oxidation processes to pretreat hydrocortisone pharmaceutical wastewater. He, J; Li, G; Meng, P; Wang, D; Zeng, M, )	0.13
" The effect of AC dosage and solution pH on the contribution of hydroxyl radicals (HO) in bulk solution and oxidation on the AC surface to the removal of oxalate was studied."	( Activated carbon enhanced ozonation of oxalate attributed to HO oxidation in bulk solution and surface oxidation: effect of activated carbon dosage and pH. Cao, H; Crittenden, JC; Minakata, D; Xiao, J; Xie, Y; Xing, L; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"9% was dosed for fifteen days on different female mice groups in an advanced stage of C6 tumor (n=6)."	( Ozone Dosage Effect on C6 Cell Growth: in Vitro and in Vivo Tests. Chairez, I; García-Becerra, R; Ordaz-Rosado, D; Pérez, A; Poznyak, T; Romero Piña, ME; Santos Cuevas, CL, 2015)	1.86
" Although the removal efficiencies were 47%-76% and 94%-100% for UV254 and color at ozone dosage of 10mg/L, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in secondary effluents was hardly removed by ozonation."	( Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation. Hu, HY; Jiang, H; Liu, S; Su, C; Yu, T; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.63
"Previous research demonstrated that ozone dosed before biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration reduces the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) upon subsequent chlorination."	( Terminating pre-ozonation prior to biological activated carbon filtration results in increased formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products upon subsequent chlorination. Chu, W; Gao, N; Li, C; Templeton, MR; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.69
" max seedlings using a dose-response curve."	( Protective effect of Mn(III)-desferrioxamine B upon oxidative stress caused by ozone and acid rain in the Brazilian soybean cultivar Glycine max "Sambaiba". Azevedo, RA; Cruz, LS; da Silva, LC; de Souza, SR; Esposito, BP; Esposito, JB, 2015)	0.64
" The effects of operating parameters such as initial pH; initial concentration of DEP, H2O2 and Fe2+; [H2O2]0/[Fe2+]0 ratio and O3 dosage on the degradation rates of DEP were investigated."	( Catalysed ozonation for removal of an endocrine-disrupting compound using the O3/Fenton reagents system. Bousselmi, L; Geissen, SU; Mansouri, L; Sabelfeld, M, )	0.13
" Ultrasonically induced deflocculation was optimized at an energy dosage of 76."	( Effect of sonically induced deflocculation on the efficiency of ozone mediated partial sludge disintegration for improved production of biogas. Adish Kumar, S; Kaliappan, S; Kavitha, S; Rajesh Banu, J; Sowmya Packyam, G; Yeom, IT, 2015)	0.66
"5%, agitation speed 700 r/min, temperature 60°C, Mn2+ dosage 40 g/L, ozone volume flow 80 L/hr, initial sulfuric acid concentration 1 mol/L, and reaction time 6 hr."	( Pretreatment of cyanided tailings by catalytic ozonation with Mn2+/O3. Hussain, A; Ji, H; Li, D; Li, J; Li, Y; wang, J; Zhai, Y, 2015)	0.65
" We therefore suggest that UV absorbance can be used as a feedback control parameter to achieve optimal ozone dosage in wastewater treatment plants and to gain a fast insight into the process efficiency and stability of the ozonation."	( Decreased UV absorbance as an indicator of micropollutant removal efficiency in wastewater treated with ozone. Böhler, M; Heisele, A; Longree, P; McArdell, CS; Siegrist, H; Wittmer, A, 2015)	0.85
" Regression modeling was used to examine dose-response trends between the endpoints and ozone exposure."	( Exposure to medium and high ambient levels of ozone causes adverse systemic inflammatory and cardiac autonomic effects. Arjomandi, M; Balmes, JR; Ching, W; Dalton, S; Donde, A; Frelinger, J; Power, K; Wong, H, 2015)	0.9
" In this paper, a pilot-scale DOF system fed by secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in China was used to study the effect of ozone dosage on the DOF process performance."	( A study on the effects of ozone dosage on dissolved-ozone flotation (DOF) process performance. Jin, P; Jin, X; Wang, X, 2015)	0.92
" Dosing 1mg PACl/mg CODo resulted in 44% COD and 72% α254 removal."	( A comparative study on the efficiency of ozonation and coagulation-flocculation as pretreatment to activated carbon adsorption of biologically stabilized landfill leachate. Audenaert, WT; Chys, M; Demeestere, K; Oloibiri, V; Ufomba, I; Van Hulle, SW, 2015)	0.42
"To derive O3 dose-response relationships (DRR) for five European forest trees species and broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf tree plant functional types (PFTs), phytotoxic O3 doses (PODy) were related to biomass reductions."	( New flux based dose-response relationships for ozone for European forest tree species. Alonso, R; Braun, S; Briolat, A; Büker, P; Elvira, S; Emberson, LD; Feng, Z; Gerosa, G; Karlsson, PE; Le Thiec, D; Marzuoli, R; Mills, G; Oksanen, E; Uddling, J; Wieser, G; Wilkinson, M, 2015)	0.67
" The toxic effects of CYN on the samples are greatly influenced by the TiO2 dosage and reaction time, possibly yielding by-products that may change the mutagenic properties of CYN."	( Degradation of cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin by TiO2-assisted ozonation in water. Huang, WJ; Ji, BH; Wu, CC, 2015)	0.42
"5 were explored and a dose-response analysis comparing the bottom 5th percentile of 3-d average lag ozone with each 5 percentile increase was performed."	( Associations of daily pediatric asthma emergency department visits with air pollution in Newark, NJ: utilizing time-series and case-crossover study designs. Fagliano, JA; Gleason, JA, 2015)	0.63
" Dose-response assessment indicated a statistically significant and increasing association around 50-55 ppb consistent for both study designs."	( Associations of daily pediatric asthma emergency department visits with air pollution in Newark, NJ: utilizing time-series and case-crossover study designs. Fagliano, JA; Gleason, JA, 2015)	0.42
"Ozone exposure- and dose-response relationships based on photosynthetic leaf traits (CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll content, Rubisco and PEPc activities) were established for wheat, maize and poplar plants grown in identical controlled conditions, providing a comparison between crop and tree species, as well as between C3 and C4 plants."	( Ozone exposure and flux-based response functions for photosynthetic traits in wheat, maize and poplar. Bagard, M; Dizengremel, P; Gérard, J; Hasenfratz-Sauder, MP; Jolivet, Y; Le Thiec, D, 2015)	3.3
" An optimized oxidant dosage and oxidation time were determined by batch tests."	( Comparisons of the film peeling from the composite oxides of quartz sand filters using ozone, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide. Cao, X; Guo, Y; Huang, T; Wen, G, 2015)	0.64
"Concentration- and flux-based O3 dose-response relationships were developed for poplars in China."	( Concentration- and flux-based ozone dose-response relationships for five poplar clones grown in North China. Feng, Z; Gao, F; Hu, E; Hu, J; Jia, H; Li, K; Xin, Y, 2015)	0.71
" We derived a dose-response function for metabolisable energy of the grassland with ozone concentration, applicable to a range of grassland types, and used this to predict effects on pasture quality of UK vegetation at 1 km resolution using modelled ozone data for 2007 and for predicted higher average ozone concentrations in 2020."	( Consistent ozone-induced decreases in pasture forage quality across several grassland types and consequences for UK lamb production. Abbott, J; Ashmore, M; Barnes, J; Coyle, M; Hayes, F; Jones, L; Mills, G; Neil Cape, J; Peacock, S; Rintoul, N; Toet, S; Wedlich, K; Wyness, K, 2016)	1.05
" When O3/H2O2 were used as oxidants, as the H2O2 dosage increased, the fractions of bromate formation by direct pathway and direct-indirect pathway decreased, while that by indirect-direct pathway increased."	( Pathway fraction of bromate formation during O₃ and O₃/H₂O₂ processes in drinking water treatment. Lv, M; Mao, Y; Qi, S; Sun, L; Wang, X; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2016)	0.43
"Two strategies, ozonation-coagulation combination (OCC, ozone and coagulant dosed at meantime) and preozonation coagulation (PC, coagulant dosed after ozone died away) were used to treat synthesized water."	( [Effects of Interaction of Ozonation and Coagulation on Coagulation Results]. Guo, XF; Jiao, RY; Liu, HL; Shi, J; Wang, MH, 2015)	0.66
" Under the condition of the same ozone dosage and reaction time, adding of Cl- and SO(4)2- will inhibit the formation of bromate during ozonation, while adding of HCOC3- significantly will increase the production of bromate."	( [Effects of Anions on Bromate Formation During Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Water]. Liu, LG; Wu, CD; Wu, Y; Yuan, BJ, 2015)	0.7
" Specific issues about O3 are: (xxi) Developing dose-response relationships and stomatal O3 flux parameterizations for risk assessment, especially, in under-investigated regions; (xxii) Defining biologically based O3 standards for protection thresholds and critical levels; (xxiii) Use of free-air exposure facilities; (xxiv) Assessing O3 impacts on forest ecosystem services."	( Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollution, climate change and forest ecosystems. Augustaitis, A; Belyazid, S; Bytnerowicz, A; Calfapietra, C; de Marco, A; Fenn, M; Grulke, N; He, S; Matyssek, R; Paoletti, E; Serengil, Y; Sicard, P; Wieser, G, 2016)	0.43
"9% of color at ozone dosage of 200 mg x L(-1)."	( [Advanced Treatment of Incineration Leachate with O3-BAC and Double O3-BAC]. Chen, LJ; Du, AJ; Fan, JH; Liu, R; Qiu, SK; Wen, XG, 2015)	0.77
" Previously, environmentally controlled human exposure chambers have been used to study DE and O3 dose-response patterns separately, but investigation of co-exposures has not been performed under controlled conditions."	( Inflammatory Cytokines and White Blood Cell Counts Response to Environmental Levels of Diesel Exhaust and Ozone Inhalation Exposures. Madden, MC; Pleil, JD; Sobus, JR; Stiegel, MA, 2016)	0.65
" In this study, we collate O3 exposure-yield data for 49 soybean cultivars, from 28 experimental studies published between 1982 and 2014, to produce an updated dose-response function for soybean."	( Has the sensitivity of soybean cultivars to ozone pollution increased with time? An analysis of published dose-response data. Ainsworth, EA; Büker, P; Emberson, L; Hayes, F; Mills, G; Osborne, SA, 2016)	0.7
" Species-specific ozone (O3) dose-response relationships (seasonal means: 35, 41, 47, 51, 59 & 67ppb) based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (PODy) were constructed for above and below ground biomass, injury, N-fixation and forage quality."	( The climate benefits of high-sugar grassland may be compromised by ozone pollution. Davies, W; Hayes, F; Hewitt, DKL; Mills, G, 2016)	1
" By using only O3-sensitive species for the exposure and dose-response functions, the proposed CLes should be used for risk assessments."	( Setting ozone critical levels for annual Mediterranean pasture species: Combined analysis of open-top chamber experiments. Alonso, R; Bermejo-Bermejo, V; Elvira, S; González-Fernández, I; Muntifering, R; Sanz, J, 2016)	0.87
" The result demonstrated that within the range of 1-5 mg · L⁻¹ O₃, the formation of AOC increased with increasing ozone dosage, but higher ozone dosage (9 mg · L⁻¹) resulted in reduction of AOC formation."	( [Influencing Factors of Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) Formation in Drinking Water During Ozonation Process]. Dong, BZ; He, C; Zhang, JL, 2016)	0.64
" High ozone utilization efficiencies of up to 95% were attained thereby increasing the process efficiency; and they were dependent on the ozone dosage and pH of solution."	( Impact of ozonation in removing organic micro-pollutants in primary and secondary municipal wastewater: effect of process parameters. Mecha, AC; Momba, MN; Ochieng, A; Onyango, MS, )	0.61
" The dosage rates of silver micro-particles, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide and ozone and pH stress to the activated sludge were not able to decrease the number of culturable Legionella spp."	( Strategies for the reduction of Legionella in biological treatment systems. Exner, M; Nogueira, R; Rosenwinkel, KH; Utecht, KU; Verstraete, W, )	0.36
" The ozone dosage at both water treatment plants must be calculated on a more routine basis to better reflect both the raw water DOC concentration and presence of alkalinities to ensure maximized organics oxidation and minimization of trihalomethanes production."	( Field-analysis of potable water quality and ozone efficiency in ozone-assisted biological filtration systems for surface water treatment. McMartin, DW; Stavrinides, J; Zanacic, E, 2016)	1.21
" The subsequent reactivity to chlorine decreases with increasing ozone dosage prior to contact with chlorine."	( Combined UV treatment and ozonation for the removal of by-product precursors in swimming pool water. Andersen, HR; Cheema, WA; Kaarsholm, KMS, 2017)	0.69
" Aldehydes, aromatic acids, short-chain acids, chloroform, and dichloroacetic acid were detected at various ozone dosage additions."	( The determination and fate of disinfection by-products from ozonation-chlorination of fulvic acid. Cui, C; Yu, S; Zhong, X, 2017)	0.67
" Two oxidant dosage strategies were compared in terms of the organic removal performance: a simultaneous dosing strategy (SiDS) and a successive dosing strategy (SuDS)."	( Microcystis aeruginosa-laden water treatment using enhanced coagulation by persulfate/Fe(II), ozone and permanganate: Comparison of the simultaneous and successive oxidant dosing strategy. Chen, W; Cheng, X; Li, G; Liang, H; Liu, B; Qu, F; Van der Bruggen, B; Wang, T; Yu, H, 2017)	0.67
" The Austar Coal Mine in NSW, Australia, sought alternatives to their current lime dosing as the pre-treatment before the downstream reverse osmosis plant."	( The economic pre-treatment of coal mine drainage water with caustic and ozone. Addleman, S; Boyden, BH; Jeston, L; Nador, L, 2017)	0.69
" The consideration of both ozone-induced stomatal closure and stomatal sluggishness improved the model performance to estimate stomatal conductance and to explain the dose-response relationship on ozone-induced decline of photosynthesis of white birch."	( Ozone-induced stomatal sluggishness changes stomatal parameters of Jarvis-type model in white birch and deciduous oak. Carrari, E; Hoshika, Y; Koike, T; Paoletti, E; Watanabe, M, 2018)	2.22
" This study aimed at predicting a suitable ozone dosage for water treatment based on daily ozone demand via laboratory studies."	( Ozonation control and effects of ozone on water quality in recirculating aquaculture systems. Andersen, HR; Chhetri, RK; Kaarsholm, KMS; Martin, R; Pedersen, LF; Pedersen, PB; Rojas-Tirado, P; Spiliotopoulou, A, 2018)	1.02
" Ozone was administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day."	( Therapeutic dosage of ozone inhibits autophagy and apoptosis of nerve roots in a chemically induced radiculoneuritis rat model. Fu, ZJ; Li, Y; Lin, XW; Wang, JN; Wu, MY; Xing, CY, 2018)	1.71
"Therapeutic dosage of ozone inhibits autophagy by suppressing LC3B and Beclin 1 expression and reduces apoptosis by blocking NF-kB signaling pathway."	( Therapeutic dosage of ozone inhibits autophagy and apoptosis of nerve roots in a chemically induced radiculoneuritis rat model. Fu, ZJ; Li, Y; Lin, XW; Wang, JN; Wu, MY; Xing, CY, 2018)	1.11
" The performance of the combination system and the influence of the ratio of ozone dosage to influent COD were investigated."	( [Combination of Microbubble Catalytic Ozonation and Biological Process for Advanced Treatment of Biotreated Coal Chemical Wastewater]. Chen, XX; Guo, YK; Liu, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhou, HZ, 2017)	0.68
" The optimal dosage of in-situ ozonation for long-term MBR operation was firstly determined as 5 mg/L (0."	( Comparison of long-term ceramic membrane bioreactors without and with in-situ ozonation in wastewater treatment: Membrane fouling, effluent quality and microbial community. Li, J; Ren, B; Tang, S; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"To examine the dose-response relationship between 24-h average ambient temperatures and daily mortality risk in Kuwait."	( The effects of temperature on short-term mortality risk in Kuwait: A time-series analysis. Alahmad, B; Alseaidan, M; Fox, M; Shakarchi, A, 2019)	0.51
"Data from experiments where field-grown wheat was exposed to ozone were collated in order to compare the effects in Europe, Asia and North America using dose-response regression."	( Ozone impact on wheat in Europe, Asia and North America - A comparison. Broberg, MC; Pleijel, H; Uddling, J, 2019)	2.2
" This work demonstrates that the endotoxin activity cannot predict the endotoxin-induced toxicity of ozone treated water, and low dosage of ozone treatment may even increase the health risk of reclaimed water."	( Effects of ozonation on the activity of endotoxin and its inhalation toxicity in reclaimed water. Kong, J; Li, H; Lu, Y; Qiao, J; Ren, Y; Shi, X; Xue, J, 2019)	0.73
" By monitoring free phycocyanin via a relatively fast and inexpensive measurement, water utilities will be better able to optimize the dosage of pre-oxidation compounds to remove extracellular compounds while preventing the lysing of cells."	( Early warning method for cyanobacteria toxin, taste and odor problems by the evaluation of fluorescence signals. Dahlhaus, A; Fang, Y; Moldaenke, C; Yang, F, 2019)	0.51
"The application of low ozone dosage to minimize the problems caused by filamentous foaming was evaluated in two bioreactors of an urban wastewater treatment plant."	( A multivariate approach of changes in filamentous, nitrifying and protist communities and nitrogen removal efficiencies during ozone dosage in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Aguado, D; Alonso, JL; Barbarroja, P; Borrás, L; Zornoza, A, 2019)	1.03
"84 μmoL/L could be completely degraded within 5 min under the ozone dosage of 41."	( Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol a by ozonation: Performance, products, mechanism and toxicity. Dong, W; Fan, H; Gu, Y; Han, Q; Liu, P; Ma, H; Song, X; Wang, H, 2019)	0.75
" A higher bioavailability can reduce both the applied dosage and the side effects for the patient."	( Preparation of submicron drug particles via spray drying from organic solvents. Dobrowolski, A; Dräger-Gillessen, JF; Pieloth, D; Schaldach, G; Strob, R; Thommes, M; Wiggers, H, 2019)	0.51
" The effect of this treatment on the health-promoting properties depends on the following different factors: type and variety of the fruit or vegetable, form and method of ozone treatment, and dosage of ozone."	( Ozonation as a Method of Abiotic Elicitation Improving the Health-Promoting Properties of Plant Products-A Review. Agriopoulou, S; Sachadyn-Król, M, 2020)	0.75
" In contrast, other metabolites such as the amino acid L-proline showed less abundance after ozone treatment, which was more evident once ozone dosage was raised."	( Effect of ozone stress on the intracellular metabolites from Cobetia marina. Li, J; Lutze, HV; Rosenhahn, A; Rumancev, C; Schmidt, TC; Schmitz, OJ, 2020)	1.18
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	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Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Chloramine dosage and pH are essential influencing factors."	( Study on synergistic effect of ozone and monochloramine on the degradation of chloromethylisothiazolinone biocide. Hu, HY; Huang, N; Lee, MY; Liang, ZF; Wang, WL; Wu, QY; Xu, ZB; Ye, B, 2021)	0.91
" The application of LEEFT as a pretreatment process is beneficial to reduce the ozone dosage and disinfection by-product formation with a broader inactivation spectrum, which facilitates the application of ozonation in primary water disinfection."	( Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment (LEEFT) Promotes the Performance of Ozonation for Bacteria Inactivation by Disrupting the Cell Membrane. Wang, T; Xie, X; Zhou, J, 2020)	0.79
" These were based on data from several experiments conducted under naturally fluctuating environmental conditions that were combined and analysed to give linear dose-response relationships."	( Ozone critical levels for (semi-)natural vegetation dominated by perennial grassland species. Bender, J; Grünhage, L; Harmens, H; Hayes, F; Mills, G, 2021)	2.06
" The total removal rates of trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) and haloacetic acid formation potentials (HAAFPs) increased with the elevated ozone dosage to finally a relatively stable stage, and the maximum removal rates of 77."	( Effects of ozonation on disinfection by-product formation potentials and biostability in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant with micro-polluted water. Gao, H; Ji, H; Yu, R; Zhu, G, 2021)	0.82
"4 mg/L of pre-ozonation dosage could reduce organic load of following-up process steps but insufficient to control DBPs."	( Trade-off control of organic matter and disinfection by-products in the drinking water treatment chain: Role of pre-ozonation. Chen, Z; Fang, Y; Fu, C; Liu, H; Zhang, X, 2021)	0.62
"Ozone has been widely applied in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and it is essential to determine the ozone dosage and its ratio in ozone contact tank to increase the ozone absorption and utilization rates."	( Optimization of ozone dosage in an ozone contact tank using a numerical model. Guo, X; Mao, Y; Qi, S; Xie, YF; Yang, H, 2021)	2.41
" In this study, non-target screening of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data, collected at three Swiss wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), was used to evaluate different advanced wastewater treatment setups, including (1) granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration alone, (2) pre-ozonation followed by GAC filtration, and (3) pre-ozonation followed by powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosed onto a sand filter."	( Characterization of advanced wastewater treatment with ozone and activated carbon using LC-HRMS based non-target screening with automated trend assignment. Hollender, J; McArdell, CS; Schollée, JE, 2021)	0.87
"Reduction of sanitizer dosage and development of non-immersion disinfection methods have become major focuses of research."	( Combination of ozone and ultrasonic-assisted aerosolization sanitizer as a sanitizing process to disinfect fresh-cut lettuce. Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, Z; Yu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.97
" The linear trajectories of the dose-response curves enabled the determination of a new set of removal constants, based on dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and SS."	( Integrating dissolved and particulate matter into a prediction tool for ozonation of organic micropollutants in wastewater. Bester, K; Cimbritz, M; Davidsson, Å; Falås, P; Juárez, R; Karlsson, S, 2021)	0.62
" In this work, the feasibility of combining low dosage pre-ozonation with the GDM process was evaluated in the treatment of SGW."	( Can pre-ozonation be combined with gravity-driven membrane filtration to treat shale gas wastewater? Li, T; Li, X; Lin, D; Liu, B; Shi, M; Tang, P; Tiraferri, A; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Contrary, the antagonistic (anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic) potential did not show a clear elimination pattern after ozone treatment independent of the applied ozone dosage and control system."	( Improvement of wastewater and water quality via a full-scale ozonation plant? - A comprehensive analysis of the endocrine potential using effect-based methods. Brückner, I; Dolny, R; Hollert, H; Linnemann, V; Oster, S; Pinnekamp, J; Schiwy, S; Shuliakevich, A; Wolf, Y, 2022)	0.93
" We use an air quality model at 5 km resolution and crop-specific dose-response functions developed for both concentration- and flux-based metrics."	( Reductions in crop yields across China from elevated ozone. Ashworth, K; Chen, X; Qi, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wild, O; Wu, Q, 2022)	0.97
"The aim of this study was to determine an ozone dosage capable of inducing pro-oxidation, and to verify its action on sperm cells during the process of cooling and cryopreservation of equine semen."	( Use Low Ozone Dosages has Positive Effects on the Cooling and Cryopreservation of Equine Semen. Acacio, BR; Freitas-Dell'Aqua, CP; Milan, B; Nogueira, BG; Pereira, RR; Sampaio, BF; Souza, MI, 2022)	1.42
" The production of disinfection by-products (DBPs) was effectively controlled by decreasing the chlorine dosage compared with the original working conditions in the plant."	( A dose optimization method of disinfection units and synergistic effects of combined disinfection in pilot tests. Chen, Z; Hu, HY; Li, KX; Lu, Y; Shi, Q; Shi, YL; Wei, FQ; Xu, Q; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.72
" Furthermore, it explored the influence of pH, ozone dosing quantity, catalyst dosing quantity, different anions, and background of water quality conditions on the IBP degradation efficiency."	( [Degradation Characteristics and Mechanism of Ibuprofen by Ozone Catalyzed by Nitrogen-Doped Biochar]. Chai, C; Jin, PK; Jin, X; Shi, X; Wu, CX; Xu, L, 2022)	1.22
" Furthermore, the dosage-dependent function of acetic acid on the germination of barley was verified, namely, a low dosage of acetic acid increased the germination and vice versa."	( Ozone Treatment Increases the Release of VOC from Barley, Which Modifies Seed Germination. Dong, X; Maker, G; Ren, Y; Sun, L; Yu, X, 2022)	2.16
"7%, respectively, and Cu(II) dosage was the determining factor using response surface methodology to investigate the interactions between initial pH, Cu(II) dosage and ozone dosage."	( New insight into the enhanced ozonation of malodorous compounds by Cu(II): Inhibiting the formation of free radicals to promote ozone utilization. Lin, X; Ma, C; Wu, D, 2023)	1.31
" Ozone therapy can be achieved using ozonated hydrotherapy, ozonated oil, ozone autohemotherapy, and other innovative dosage forms of ozone products."	( Ozone therapy for skin diseases: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gao, L; Liu, L; Lu, J; Zeng, J; Zeng, L, 2023)	3.26
" The pH, ozone dosage, and catalyst dosage all affected the catalytic ozonation performance."	( Improvement of coal gasification reverse osmosis concentrate treatment by Cu-Co-Mn/AC catalytic ozonation. Chen, X; Gu, H; Hu, X; Li, Q; Linghu, S; Pan, T; Sun, X; Tian, J; Zhang, X, 2023)	1.33
" It is difficult to determine the dosage of each disinfectant because of the complex interactions that occur between disinfection units and the complicated mathematical calculation required."	( Modeling and optimization of synergistic ozone-ultraviolet-chlorine process for reclaimed water disinfection: From laboratory tests to software simulation. Cao, KF; Chen, Z; Hu, HY; Huang, BH; Lu, Y; Mao, Y; Shi, Q; Sun, YG; Wu, YH, 2023)	1.18
" Ozonated triglyceride is a key component of ozonated oil that is one of ozone therapy dosage form."	( Ozonated triglyceride protects against septic lethality via preventing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Liu, Y; Lu, J; Wang, D; Yan, S; Zong, X, 2023)	1.14
" This study aimed to reveal ozone therapy effects with relatively increased ozone dosage in a created ischemia/reperfusion injury model."	( Is the increased ozone dosage key factor for its anti-inflammatory effect in an experimental model of mesenteric ischemia? Berker, N; Erginel, B; Gün Soysal, F; Ilhan, B; Keskin, E; Mikailova, P; Yanar, F; Yüksel, S, 2023)	1.54

Product Category	Products
Other	11
Bebidas, Bebidas carbonatadas, Sodas, Bebidas de cola	1
Viandes et dérivés, Charcuteries, Jambons, Jambons blancs	1
Bebidas, Comidas fermentadas, Bebidas fermentadas, Bebidas de té, Té kombucha	1
Snacks	2
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux,Aliments d'origine végétale,Céréales et pommes de terre,Graines,Céréales et dérivés,Céréales en grains,Riz,Riz parfumés,Riz de variété indica,Riz long grain,Riz Basmati,Riz Basmati blancs	1
Produits de la mer, Poissons et dérivés, Poissons, Poissons gras, Saumons, Poissons fumés, Saumons d'élevage, Saumons fumés	1
Condimenti, Prodotti a base di carne, Salse, Salse a base di carne, Sughi per pasta, Sughi a base di carne, Sughi alla bolognese	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Pâtes alimentaires, Nouilles, Pâtes aux œufs, Nouilles aux oeufs, Tagliatelles aux œufs, Tagliatelles	1
en:Meats and their products, en:Meats, en:Chicken and its products, en:Poultries, Găină	1
Meats and their products, Meals, Meals with meat, Poultry meals, Meals with chicken, Chicken tajine	1
Snacks,Sweet snacks,Biscuits and cakes,Biscuits,Oatmeal cookies	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Trail Mix		Snacks	lactic acid	2024-02-11

Role	Description
greenhouse gas	A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
disinfectant	An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
tracer	A role played by a foreign substance mixed with or attached to a given substance to enable the distribution or location of the latter to be determined subsequently.
electrophilic reagent	A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner.
mutagen	An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
oxidising agent	A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
antiseptic drug	A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
reactive oxygen species	Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
elemental molecule	A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
triatomic oxygen
gas molecular entity	Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Selenium micronutrient network	0	95
Vitamin B12 metabolism	0	50
Folate metabolism	1	56

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2119 (13.43)	18.7374
1990's	1548 (9.81)	18.2507
2000's	4367 (27.68)	29.6817
2010's	5293 (33.56)	24.3611
2020's	2447 (15.51)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	425 (2.57%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,224 (7.39%)	6.00%
Case Studies	104 (0.63%)	4.05%
Observational	34 (0.21%)	0.25%
Other	14,782 (89.21%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	3.38	1	1	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organochlorine compound
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	2.08	1	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	4.7	2	1	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	2.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	2.05	1	0
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.61	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.72	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.41	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.45	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	7.06	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	6.06	36	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	4.87	32	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	5.97	33	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	5.19	3	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	7.1	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	11.46	107	2	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.05	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
beta-alanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	8.42	7	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	8.08	61	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.15	5	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.45	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.78	6	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
betaine aldehyde betaine aldehyde : A quaternary ammonium ion that is nitrogen substituted by three methyl groups and a 2-oxoethyl group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids like glycine, serine and threonine.	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	Aspergillus metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	7.35	56	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.55	8	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.41	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.96	4	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	17.77	468	5	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	5.02	12	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	8.54	8	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	10.41	161	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.13	1	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	10.16	3	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.41	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	7.52	12	2	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.44	60	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	8.78	11	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
4-vinylguaiacol 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol: a germination inhibitor; also an odorant in green tea; structure in first source. 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is guaiacol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group is replaced by a vinyl group.	2.1	1	0	phenols	flavouring agent; pheromone; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.78	3	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	7.73	45	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-cresol 3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.9	2	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.96	4	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	4.54	24	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.99	4	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	1.98	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.19	5	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3	4	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.76	3	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.01	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	5.33	3	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.94	4	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.2	16	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.	2.6	1	0	prenol phosphate	epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	3.86	11	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.39	7	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.79	3	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	10.77	128	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.17	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.41	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	4.52	7	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.45	14	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.42	2	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	3.48	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.45	7	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.06	1	0
histamine [no description available]	10	54	5	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	6.84	20	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.52	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.78	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.05	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	7.44	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.06	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	7	41	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.95	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	4.26	19	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.78	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.46	2	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.3	6	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.23	47	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	6.17	9	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.95	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.93	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	3.56	8	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.26	19	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.28	4	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.17	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	15.76	162	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	7.36	34	1	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	10.45	69	3	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	10.17	77	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion [no description available]	9.18	16	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	4.74	28	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.96	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.21	5	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	7.93	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.72	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	8.54	8	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	3.61	9	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	6.04	35	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	3.66	2	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	7.46	2	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.57	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	4.68	8	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	6.04	4	2	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	9.15	3	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	3.01	4	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.93	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	8.38	7	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.07	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.39	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	8.14	5	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	8.54	8	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.89	4	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.15	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.21	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.29	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	9.23	45	1	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	19.75	784	10	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	3.38	7	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	7.28	71	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.54	8	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.66	39	4	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	12.69	18	3	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	7.44	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	1.94	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	6.96	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.47	2	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.05	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.06	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	2.04	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	9.29	18	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.48	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.88	4	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.1	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	3.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	3.08	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.88	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	3.19	5	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.39	2	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	9.17	5	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	6.27	18	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	3.64	9	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	7.68	10	2	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	6.97	1	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	3	4	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.7	3	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.4	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	7.37	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.05	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	8.27	6	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	5.01	3	1	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	13.55	11	3	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.79	3	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.7	9	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	4.5	22	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.43	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.74	21	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	5.22	3	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	benzyl ester
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: from maize extracts; structure given in first source. DIMBOA : A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; lactol	allelochemical; plant metabolite
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.37	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	8.47	1	1	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.97	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
seratrodast [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organic molecular entity
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	6.06	3	2	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
busulfan [no description available]	7.31	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	10.11	8	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	4.13	3	1	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	6.46	30	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.06	1	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.94	4	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.13	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.9	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	4.23	5	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	4.65	5	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.35	6	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.29	17	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.08	4	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.59	2	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.32	6	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clotrimazole [no description available]	3.51	1	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.02	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	7.79	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.1	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	7.91	4	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.11	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.98	1	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.03	4	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.41	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	4.19	16	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.42	2	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.02	25	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.17	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.06	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	7.43	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.25	6	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	1.97	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.4	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	8.64	9	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
dipropizine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	7	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	5.14	2	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	7.42	2	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	3.48	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.16	5	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.91	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.6	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.13	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	7.74	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.57	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.62	8	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	7.63	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2	1	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	7.71	3	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	7.25	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.63	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	7.31	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	8.09	24	1	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.39	2	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.97	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.13	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.13	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	9.17	5	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.39	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	7.69	3	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.2	5	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.75	3	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	7.06	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	5.71	17	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	4.86	4	2	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	7.96	4	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	7.37	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	6.56	27	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2	1	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	3.18	5	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iomeprol iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.75	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.73	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.17	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iproniazid [no description available]	2.34	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	6.09	5	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	8.26	6	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	8.52	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
propyphenazone propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.	2.11	1	0	pyrazolone	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.24	6	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.97	2	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.41	2	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	7.2	5	2	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
lamotrigine [no description available]	7.52	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.04	1	0
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.02	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.07	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.9	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	3.01	4	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
edaravone [no description available]	4.9	1	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
memantine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.34	2	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	1.98	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	8.02	4	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.61	1	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	1.93	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	1.98	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.48	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	9.43	72	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.97	4	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	8.6	8	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	8.07	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.73	3	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.94	1	0	purine nucleoside
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	1.93	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.57	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	9.67	7	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.44	10	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.21	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	3	4	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	10.48	5	1	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.9	2	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	8.91	12	0	monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	3.7	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	7.69	2	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.56	9	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.91	3	0	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	5.16	3	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	6.93	1	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.95	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	7.74	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.04	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	2.42	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.24	6	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	3.24	6	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0	chromones
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.38	1	1	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	7.52	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.39	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	8.04	5	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	7.08	1	0	quinolines
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.65	3	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
prometone prometone: structure. prometon : A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.	2.46	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methoxy-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	3.01	3	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	8.08	4	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	8.52	8	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	1.95	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.66	3	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
rolipram [no description available]	7.01	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.38	1	1	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.48	2	0	imidazoles
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	1.99	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	8.37	6	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.71	3	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.52	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.17	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.06	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.66	2	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.55	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	5.92	30	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	7.15	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	8.9	2	1
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	4.43	1	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.13	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.21	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.31	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazanolast tazanolast: RN given in first source	6.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.17	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.39	1	1	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.06	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	7.53	2	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
bromoform bromoform: structure	4.8	3	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes
triclosan [no description available]	8.02	4	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	8.15	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.5	7	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
urethane [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.49	2	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.6	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	10.15	15	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.75	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	4.26	5	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.04	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.34	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.08	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	8.58	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.66	3	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.02	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.38	21	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.25	6	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	1.98	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.1	14	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.06	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.19	3	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	5.12	13	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	6.3	4	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	1.94	1	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.09	5	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.11	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	7.41	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.28	6	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	9.95	12	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	1.97	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.55	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.08	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.11	13	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	5.58	22	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	5.3	16	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.37	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.88	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	6.7	52	1	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.71	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.72	10	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.22	6	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.76	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	2.42	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.54	21	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.52	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.53	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	10.06	9	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.96	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.9	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.38	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	10.2	72	13	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	4.11	15	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.97	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	5.18	43	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.17	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.58	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	1.98	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.23	18	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.66	9	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.39	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	13.4	9	2	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.68	3	0
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.73	3	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	7.67	3	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.51	2	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	11.73	12	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.46	2	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.02	1	0	oxo steroid
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.42	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.36	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	6.07	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.91	4	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.96	4	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.09	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.08	47	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	1.94	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	4	13	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	10.93	4	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	5.02	7	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	7.68	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	9.41	53	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	9.33	6	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.91	4	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	1.99	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.51	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.03	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.95	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	1.93	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	4.03	4	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.45	7	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	2.75	3	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.95	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
methylene iodide methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.46	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	1.94	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	4.68	9	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
bromodichloromethane bromodichloromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. bromodichloromethane : A halomethane that is dichloromethane in which oneof the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom. It occurs as a contaminant in drinking water.	2.02	1	0	halomethane	environmental contaminant; reagent
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	9.95	7	0	acyl chloride
fluorocarbon 22 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydrochlorofluorocarbon
iodoform [no description available]	2.45	2	0	iodomethanes
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	8.71	9	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	4.07	14	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	2.06	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
dichlorodifluoromethane dichlorodifluoromethane: refrigerant,aerosol propellant	2.72	3	0
tetrafluoromethane tetrafluoromethane: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	fluorocarbon; fluoromethanes	refrigerant
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trichloroacetaldehyde trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.	2.63	2	0	aldehyde; organochlorine compound	mouse metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.68	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	4.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	4.05	4	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
chloropicrin chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	9.84	10	0	C-nitro compound; one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; fumigant insecticide; nematicide
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane [no description available]	2.05	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; haloalkane	NMR solvent; refrigerant
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.95	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	11.78	104	2	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.05	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.47	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isopentane [no description available]	2.86	3	0	alkane	refrigerant
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	9.5	93	1	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methacrylaldehyde [no description available]	4.97	8	1	enal
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.77	3	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
3-buten-2-one buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.	2.73	3	0	enone; methyl ketone
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	4.12	15	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	8.31	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	6.92	38	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	9.97	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
camphene camphene : A monoterpene with a bicyclic skeleton that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 3. It is a widespread natural product found in many essential oils.	2.07	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monoterpene	fragrance; plant metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.83	3	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.26	29	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.4	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	5.71	76	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.45	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
musk ketone musk ketone: increases activity of glutathione S-transferase and thus may prove to be useful cancer chemoprotectant	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.06	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
acenaphthene [no description available]	2.72	3	0	acenaphthenes
skatole [no description available]	3.76	3	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	7.67	10	4	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.04	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.46	2	0	anthraquinone
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.45	7	0	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
n-nitrosodiphenylamine N-nitrosodiphenylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	phenylhydrazines
1-nitronaphthalene 1-nitronaphthalene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 1 position. 1-nitronaphthalene : A mononitronaphthalene substituted by a nitro group at position 1.. mononitronaphthalene : A nitronaphthalene carrying a single nitro group at unspecified position.. nitronaphthalene : A nitroarene that is naphthalene substituted by at least one nitro group.	3.11	5	0	mononitronaphthalene	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	7.07	1	0	carbazole
2,4,6-trichloroanisole 2,4,6-trichloroanisole: Cork taint compound. 2,4,6-trichloroanisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.45	2	0	monomethoxybenzene; trichlorobenzene
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.45	2	0	penicillanic acids
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.41	2	0	dichlorophenol
hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure	2.01	1	0	organochlorine compound
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	9.89	3	0
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	8.14	5	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.53	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	7.03	1	0	2-nitrophenols
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	dinitrophenol
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylbutyric acid 2-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	1.98	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
2,6-diisocyanatotoluene 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene 2,6-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	3.06	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.21	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
veratrole veratrole: structure. dimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.. veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.	2.05	1	0	dimethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.38	3	2	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.95	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	7.71	3	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
naphthacene tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.	1.93	1	0	acene; tetracenes
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.44	2	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	1.95	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.98	1	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.97	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.31	1	0	phenylpropanoid
creosol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.97	4	0	organic molecular entity
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.88	10	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	3.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	3.94	12	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.72	3	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.08	4	0	xylene
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	2.04	1	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.13	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.11	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	3.53	8	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
2-methylbutanal 2-methylbutanal: structure in first source. 2-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal in which the methyl substituent is at position 2.	2.05	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; methylbutanal	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	2.46	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	enoate ester
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	4.3	5	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzenearsonic acid benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	arsonic acids; organoarsonic acid
3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN for 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid	2	1	0
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.11	1	0	organoarsonic acid
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	phenols	allergen
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	5.01	38	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.	2.15	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	7.03	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.52	2	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	2.41	1	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-nitrotoluene 4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0	mononitrotoluene
4-chloronitrobenzene [no description available]	8.57	8	0	C-nitro compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	3.44	7	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	3.6	8	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	3.53	7	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzyl chloride benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.	2.31	1	0	benzyl chlorides
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.46	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.43	2	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	3.48	2	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
fenuron fenuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of weeds in beetroot as well as various vegetable and ornamental crops.	2.41	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.08	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	boric acids	astringent
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.61	1	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.11	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-xylene p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	3.74	9	0	xylene
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.01	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	7.71	3	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	3.02	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1-butene but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.	2.06	1	0	butene
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.43	7	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	7.53	24	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	3.56	1	1	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	3.97	13	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
hexylene glycol hexylene glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol : A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).	2.01	1	0	glycol
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	5.45	5	1	alkane
propylene glycol methyl ether propylene glycol methyl ether: RN given refers to unspecified methoxypropanol; structure	3.14	1	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	3.22	5	0	xylene
3-chlorophenol 3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.	2.42	2	0	monochlorophenol
3-phenylenediamine 1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.	2	1	0	phenylenediamine
propylene glycol methyl ether acetate propylene glycol methyl ether acetate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.07	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
chlorobenzene [no description available]	3.44	7	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.45	2	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	13.61	70	1	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2.11	1	0	acetal; diether
diethylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
ethyl vinyl ether ethyl vinyl ether: structure	2.03	1	0
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.06	1	0	ether
ethyl formate ethyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with ethanol.. ethoxycarbonyl group : An organyl group of formula -COOEt.	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; formate ester	fumigant; plant metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.1	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.03	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	6.11	8	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.75	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
succinonitrile succinonitrile: structure	2.25	1	0
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	8.17	5	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	8.64	9	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
squalane [no description available]	2.51	2	0
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
n-butyl vinyl ether vinilin: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; no further information available 10/91	3.02	4	0
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.06	1	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether bis(2-chloroethyl)ether: structure	2.05	1	0	ether
diethylene glycol glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.	7.01	1	0	hydroxyether
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.07	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
heptanal heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.	6.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	biomarker
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
diglyme diglyme : A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.	2	1	0	polyether	environmental contaminant; solvent; xenobiotic
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
decanaldehyde decanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).	2.46	2	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	antifungal agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.03	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
propylene propylene: structure	3.75	10	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
isobutylene 2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	1.97	1	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
tetradifon tetradifon: acaricide; ovicide on deciduous fruits, citrus, cotton and other crops; structure. tetradifon : A sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorine at position 4, while the other is substituted by a chlorine at positions 2, 4, and 5.	7.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; sulfone; trichlorobenzene
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.74	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	6.97	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.72	3	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	7.78	3	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	7.95	4	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
clorophene [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dichlorprop dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.	7.43	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.15	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.97	13	0	dichlorophenol
ethylene urea ethylene urea: used in manufacture of polymers, finishing agents for textiles & leather, in formulation of plasticizers, lacquers & adhesives; structure. imidazolidinone : An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.21	1	0	imidazolidinone; ureas
2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.	7.73	3	0	dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.44	2	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.47	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	9.07	14	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.08	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
naphthoresorcinol naphthoresorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
folpet folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.07	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.38	2	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	6.86	20	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	1.96	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.13	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
estragole estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.47	2	0	alkenylbenzene; monomethoxybenzene; phenylpropanoid	carcinogenic agent; flavouring agent; genotoxin; insect attractant; plant metabolite
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.9	1	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.95	4	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cupric acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.63	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	2.1	1	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.39	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.	3.14	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1,4-dimethoxybenzene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
potassium cyanide [no description available]	4.95	2	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.36	6	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.06	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	3.13	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
acenaphthylene acenaphthylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. acenaphthylene : A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.	7.41	2	0	acenaphthylenes; ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	2.39	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.35	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	4.61	1	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.02	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclohexene oxide cyclohexene oxide: inhibitor of epoxide hydrase; structure	2.11	1	0
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	9.08	44	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	5.1	2	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.42	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	6.95	12	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.05	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.11	1	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.02	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.95	1	0
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	1.96	1	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.57	9	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.48	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane: structure given in first source. hydrochlorofluorocarbon : An organochlorine compound derived from methane, ethane or propane that contains atoms of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon only.	3.79	3	0
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	7.06	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	7.01	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.74	3	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.06	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.99	4	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
bromochlorodifluoromethane bromochlorodifluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	1.98	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.02	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	1.97	1	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	2.21	1	0
cloflucarban cloflucarban: structure. halocarban : A phenylurea that is urea substituted by 4-chlorophenyl and 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is often used in deodarants and soaps on account of its anbacterial properties.	2.47	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antibacterial agent
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	5.38	4	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	3.14	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	1.97	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.46	2	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.11	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	3.06	1	0	amphetamines
carbonyl sulfide carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.	2.43	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.44	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.78	3	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	5.11	13	0
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	2.79	3	0	nitramine	explosive
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	6.96	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	3.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	2.25	1	0	flavanones
4-methylquinoline 4-methylquinoline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylquinoline : A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 4.	2.41	1	0	methylquinoline	mutagen
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	2.03	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.72	3	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.02	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.04	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	5.1	2	1
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.02	1	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.04	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.38	2	0
tetranitromethane [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organonitrogen compound
triphenylmethane triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.	2.48	2	0	triarylmethane	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.9	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	7.46	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.13	1	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.05	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
2-methylbenzaldehyde 2-methylbenzaldehyde: structure in first source. o-tolualdehyde : A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.07	1	0	tolualdehyde	plant metabolite
1,1-diphenylethylene 1,1-diphenylethylene: structure	2.48	2	0
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	7.25	1	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	7.21	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
oxophenarsine oxophenarsine: obsolete toxic arsenical for treatment of syphilis; useful against some neoplasms; major descriptor (64-83); on-line search ARSENICALS (64-83); Index Medicus search OXOPHENARSINE (64-83); structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0	substituted aniline
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane [no description available]	7.05	1	0	organosilicon compound
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	17.07	88	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
dibutyl sulfide [no description available]	7.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.43	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.04	1	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
trichloroacetonitrile [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; organochlorine compound
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.5	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	1.98	1	0	phenoxazine
trimellitic anhydride trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.	6.99	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	allergen; epitope; hapten
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	3.52	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.43	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: structure. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane : A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of cyclotetrasiloxane.	7.48	2	0	cyclosiloxane; organosilicon compound
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.67	3	0	glycerophosphocholine
2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene: structure given in first source	7.97	4	0
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	3.6	8	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	7.45	2	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.38	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	5.45	3	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	4.67	5	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
terpinolene [no description available]	2.44	2	0	p-menthadiene	insect repellent; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
4-acetylbenzoic acid 4-acetylbenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.89	2	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.05	1	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
angelica lactone angelica lactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.31	1	0	angelica lactone; butenolide
1,3-cyclohexadiene 1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	cyclohexadiene
methyl nitrate methyl nitrate: C-H3-N-O3	2.17	1	0
manganese carbonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4-cumylphenol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
2,6-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for nitrogen moieties. 2,6-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dinitrotoluene	genotoxin
pentabromophenol [no description available]	2.21	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.76	10	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	2.43	2	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	nitroso compound
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	1.97	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
methyl nitrite [no description available]	8.55	2	0
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2.99	4	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
propyl nitrate propyl nitrate: C3-H7-N-O3	2.17	1	0
dimethyladipate [no description available]	3.1	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclohexadiene
dibromoacetic acid dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.	4.01	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; marine metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	5.19	10	1
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	2.6	1	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
ethyl tert-butyl ether ethyl tert-butyl ether: gasoline additive. tert-butyl ethyl ether : An ether having ethyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components. It is used as an engine fuel additive to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and soot.	2.03	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	fuel additive
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.78	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dihydroequilin dihydroequilin: RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.07	1	0
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.96	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2,2-dichloroacetamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hexafluoroacetone hexafluoroacetone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. hexafluoroacetone : A ketone that is acetone in which all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by fluoro groups.	2.06	1	0	ketone; perfluorinated compound	NMR chemical shift reference compound
eptc EPTC: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-82)	2.04	1	0	tertiary amine
3,4-dichloro-1-butene 3,4-dichloro-1-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
2-nitropyrene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pyrenes
n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-n'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine: antiozonant	2.38	2	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.82	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norflurane norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
calcium lactate [no description available]	9.41	1	1
4-phenoxyphenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phenoxyphenol
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	2.17	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
3-nitrofluoranthene 3-nitrofluoranthene: environmental carcinogen from diesel exhaust	2.07	1	0	nitronaphthalene
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.74	3	0
1,1,1-trichloroacetone [no description available]	2.15	1	0
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	1.98	1	0	nitroso compound
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	7.13	1	0	pyrrolidines
methylparaoxon [no description available]	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound
deoxycytidine [no description available]	5.21	3	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isodesmosine Isodesmosine: 2-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.. isodesmosine : A pyridinium ion obtained by formal condensation of four molecules of lysine.	2.66	3	0	lysine derivative; pyridinium ion	biomarker
hexamethylsilazane hexamethylsilazane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	N-silyl compound	chromatographic reagent
deoxycytidine monophosphate Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-vinylbenzoic acid [no description available]	2.71	3	0
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	alkane
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.11	1	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
calcium peroxide [no description available]	7.6	1	0	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.03	4	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.74	10	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	3.31	6	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
sodium peroxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	10.97	9	1	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.8	3	0	vanadium oxide
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	4.23	17	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	1.95	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ferrous oxide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	8.43	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	14.54	103	10	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	3.97	13	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.77	3	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.83	3	0	alkane
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	3.06	4	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	6.74	25	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
nitrapyrin [no description available]	2	1	0	chloropyridine	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; nitrification inhibitor
orange g orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.	2.15	1	0
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.25	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.97	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.39	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
aminocarb aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; toluenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; molluscicide
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.15	1	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	2.17	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
4-chlorocatechol 4-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol substituted by a chloro group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
fluometuron fluometuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. fluometuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in cotton.	1.96	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.04	1	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
peroxyacetyl nitrate peroxyacetyl nitrate: important air pollutant; structure	6.29	28	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.58	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	1.95	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
alpha-terpineol terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.	3.43	7	0	terpineol	plant metabolite
acridine red acridine red 3B : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of acridine red 3B with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. Used for staining RNA in conjunction with malachite green.	7.1	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.42	2	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	2.1	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
direct red 81 Direct Red 81: RN given refers to disodium salt; structure given in first source. Sirius red 4B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red 4B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. Used as the plasma stain in some trichrome staining methods.	2.21	1	0
methiocarb sulfoxide methiocarb sulfoxide: a metabolite of methiocarb; structure given in first source. methiocarb-sulfoxide : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid. It is a metabolite of the pesticide methiocarb.	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfoxide	marine xenobiotic metabolite
sulfuryl fluoride sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant	2.46	2	0	sulfuryl halide	fumigant insecticide
dichloroacetonitrile dichloroacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	3.04	4	0	aliphatic nitrile
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.49	8	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	5.54	6	1	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	5.74	6	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
azo rubin s Acid red 14: a wster pollutant; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
streptomycin [no description available]	4.75	7	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.33	19	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
sulisobenzone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzophenones
dimethylnitramine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.42	2	0
sulcatol sulcatol: population aggregation pheromone in scolytid beetle Gnathotricus sulcatus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.07	1	0	secondary alcohol	pheromone
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	6.97	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	2.48	2	0	cinnamate ester
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	2.43	2	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
peroxypropionyl nitrate [no description available]	2.73	3	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	8.84	62	1	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	3.08	1	0
octocrylene [no description available]	2.48	2	0	diarylmethane
methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.5	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.92	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.78	2	1	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.48	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.08	41	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7	41	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.99	4	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2	1	0	vanadium group element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	3.83	11	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	8.27	6	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.47	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	7.06	1	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.8	6	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.64	29	2	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.11	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.88	4	0	manganese group element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.61	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	10.73	128	2	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.95	4	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.87	12	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
arsine arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.	7.48	2	0	arsanes; arsine; mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.23	28	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	4.34	18	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	5.3	17	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.7	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	5.1	13	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.64	9	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	5.01	2	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	11.09	9	1	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	7.35	2	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.47	2	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.96	4	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.8	3	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.86	2	1	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	1.99	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.35	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.42	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.45	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.01	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	9.98	12	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.9	1	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.84	11	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	3.08	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.71	3	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.11	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.06	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	7.07	44	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2.04	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	1.96	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.03	1	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.41	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.98	4	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.35	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.37	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.52	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	2.08	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
potassium sulfate potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4	2.44	2	0	inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.56	9	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.75	3	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	12.21	314	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.42	18	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fluorine monoxide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxygen halide
nitrogen trifluoride nitrogen trifluoride: a toxic and potent greenhouse gas	2.05	1	0	nitrogen halide
silver chloride [no description available]	2.11	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	3.8	3	0	metal sulfate	allergen
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.99	1	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.71	3	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.6	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
mercuric bromide mercury dibromide : A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.	2.78	3	0	mercury coordination entity
ammonium sulfate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	sulfur oxide
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.95	2	1
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	3.29	6	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	3.73	10	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	5.23	9	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	9.67	70	0	chlorine dioxide
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	3.06	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.68	3	0
ferric nitrate ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt	2.07	1	0
methylethylnitrosamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitroso compound
chloramine [no description available]	7.45	35	0	halide
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	1.98	1	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	7.25	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
2-nitrofluoranthene [no description available]	2.49	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.98	106	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
3-carene 3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.53	8	0	monoterpene
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	7.13	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	phenoxy herbicide
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	1.96	1	0	sulfur oxoacid
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.44	2	0
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	3.53	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	7.9	4	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.07	15	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.15	1	0
potassium metabisulfite potassium metabisulfite: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2O5S2; request from searcher; structure	2.21	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	9.38	22	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
benomyl [no description available]	7.44	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
reactive red 2 reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.	7.96	4	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.76	3	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	3.13	5	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.25	1	0	anthocyanin chlorides
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	8.98	13	0	geosmin
brilliant orange 3r brilliant orange 3R: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 11/92; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
reactive orange [no description available]	7.05	1	0
iodine [no description available]	5.65	24	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
mercuric oxide mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O	2.04	1	0
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.7	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	10.71	69	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	7.49	31	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.06	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides
diacetone alcohol diacetone alcohol: skin irritant & catalyst for the resin used in fiberglass manufacture. diacetone alcohol : A beta-hydroxy ketone formed by hydroxylation of 4-methylpentan-2-one at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Achnatherum robustum.	2.01	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone	plant metabolite
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	4.13	14	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	8.25	6	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	3.84	2	1	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
chlorodibromomethane [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	5.27	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
sulfolane sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.	2.13	1	0	sulfone; tetrahydrothiophenes	polar aprotic solvent
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.09	5	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	7.17	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.72	10	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.06	1	0
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	6.09	3	1
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.11	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.66	3	0
alkenes [no description available]	8.08	121	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	7.1	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.97	4	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	4.1	3	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.25	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.53	7	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.03	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.7	9	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.17	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	10.83	5	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
benthiocarb Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monothiocarbamic ester
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.51	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	7.97	4	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	1.97	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	2.6	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	5.98	7	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.57	25	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.52	2	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.74	3	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.08	1	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.58	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bupirimate bupirimate : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-ethylaminopyrimidine carrying methyl, butyl and dimethylaminosulfooxy substituents at posiitons 4, 5 and 6 respectively.	7.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound; sulfamate ester	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.55	7	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
isoprothiolane isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.	7.21	1	0	dithiolanes; isopropyl ester; malonate ester	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; insecticide; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	3.4	1	1	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.95	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	5.14	12	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	8.05	4	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
moniliformin moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin	1.98	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	3.25	6	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
ethafluralin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.76	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
triclopyr trichlopyr : A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	7.11	1	0	aromatic ether; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.38	1	1	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.41	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
fluridone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.17	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.45	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.39	2	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	3.12	5	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
arsenobetaine [no description available]	2	1	0	organic salt
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	3.56	1	1	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	7.88	4	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	7.39	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.41	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
octenidine [no description available]	9.72	1	1	dihydropyridine
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	4.98	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	butenolide
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.06	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.17	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	3.43	1	1	naphthoic acid
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.25	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.06	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.96	2	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	7.21	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
lamivudine [no description available]	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	3.04	3	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.21	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.11	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mk 0591 MK 0591: structure given in first source; MK 0591 was previously L-686,708; inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	1.98	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4.69	9	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrogen chloride nitrogen chloride: strong irritant & lacrimator	2.02	1	0	nitrogen halide
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	6.98	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
nitrogen trioxide [no description available]	4.37	6	0	nitrogen oxide
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.21	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
bromine chloride bromine chloride: alternative to chlorine for municipal waste disinfection	2.69	3	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.96	1	0
2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid: dental plaque crystal growth inhibitor; RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
musk xylene musk xylene : A C-nitro compound that is m-xylene bearing three nitro substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 as well as a tert-butyl group at position 5.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound	carcinogenic agent; explosive; fragrance
sodium persulfate sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt	2.13	1	0
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	3.09	1	0
2-butene 2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	8.31	6	0	but-2-ene
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	3.09	4	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	8.77	177	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.65	9	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
acid citrate dextrose acid citrate dextrose: used as blood preservative; a mixture of dextrose, citric acid and trisodium citrate	2	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.79	3	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.25	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.44	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
platanic acid platanic acid: inhibits HIV replication; isolated from Syzigium claviflorum; structure in first source. platanic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 30-norlupan-28-oic acid substituted by a 3beta-hydroxy and an oxo group at position 20. It is isolated from the leaves of Syzygium claviflorum and exhibits anti-HIV activity.	2.41	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; methyl ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	4.61	1	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.77	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	1.97	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.54	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	1.98	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thomsen-friedenreich antigen Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral	1.97	1	0
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.05	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	steroid ester
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	5.51	13	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.47	2	0
n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.49	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	5.35	13	1	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.99	4	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.66	3	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
peroxyformic acid peroxyformic acid: structure	2.04	1	0
chlorodifluoroacetic acid chlorodifluoroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.11	1	0
boron nitride [no description available]	7.57	2	0	nitride
nitrogen pentoxide nitrogen pentoxide: structure	3.16	5	0	nitrogen oxide
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	1.98	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.71	3	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	9.51	22	0	1,2,3-triazole
apaflurane [no description available]	4.46	2	0
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.81	2	2	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	4.9	1	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.38	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
4-benzoylbenzoic acid 4-carboxybenzophenone: a photosensitizer agent	2.47	2	0
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
resorufin [no description available]	7.08	1	0	phenoxazine
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.97	4	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	2.6	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
camphorated parachlorophenol camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol	3.85	2	1
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.03	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.03	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	3.62	2	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	4.61	1	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
timefurone [no description available]	2.31	1	0
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
reactive red 120 dye reactive red 120 dye: used in dye ligand chromatography; MF & structure unknown. Reactive red 120 : A bis(azo) compound that consists of a benzene core having two (4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino groups attached at positions 1 and 4 and which in turn have 5-hydroxy-6-[(2-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-2,7-disulfonaphthalen-4-yl groups attached to their 4-amino functions.	2.71	3	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine; naphthalenesulfonic acid	dye
gallein gallein: do not confuse with gallin; structure. gallein : A xanthene dye that is fluoran carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3', 4', 5' and 6'.	2.02	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorochrome; G-protein-coupled receptor antagonist; histological dye
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	3.45	7	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.75	3	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
ethylene diurea [no description available]	7.74	44	0
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
9-oxononanoic acid 9-oxononanoic acid: effects lipogenesis in rat liver. 9-oxononanoic acid : A medium-chain oxo-fatty acid that is the 9-oxo derivative of nonanoic acid.	2.43	2	0	aldehydic acid; medium-chain fatty acid; omega-oxo fatty acid	EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor
fc 75 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkyltetrahydrofuran; organofluorine compound
4-nitrophenethyl bromide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid 2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid: reagent for modification of tryptophan residues in peptides & proteins	2.71	3	0
hypobromous acid [no description available]	3.19	5	0	bromine oxoacid
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.44	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	7.99	83	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	7.84	3	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	2.48	2	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.1	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
alpha-bergamotene alpha-bergamotene: RR (13434-59-4) refers to the (trans)-isomer. alpha-bergamotene : A sesquiterpene consisting of a bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene skeleton substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 6 by a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group.	2.11	1	0	bridged compound; polycyclic olefin; sesquiterpene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methanesulfinic acid methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.	2.03	1	0	organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a [no description available]	1.95	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin: musk fragrance; structure given in first source	2.75	3	0	tetralins
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	13.38	14	2	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	6.97	16	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
galaxolide galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.	3.17	5	0	isochromenes; organic heterotricyclic compound	fragrance
goethite [no description available]	8.72	9	0
2-pinene oxide alpha-pinene oxide : An epoxide of alpha-pinene.	2.47	2	0	epoxide; pinane monoterpenoid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fragrance; human metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	2.06	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bitertanol bitertanol: a triazole fungicide; structure given in first source. bitertanol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-bitertanol in a 4:1 ratio with the enantiomeric pair (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-bitertanol. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including scab, powder mildew, rusts and blackspot. It is moderately toxic to most animal and insect species but is non-toxic to honeybees.. 1-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; biphenyls; secondary alcohol; triazoles
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
sulcotrione sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclohexanones; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.6	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.03	1	0
lopinavir [no description available]	4.61	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	4.15	3	1	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	2.34	2	0	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.08	1	0
titanium nitride (tin) titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF	2.13	1	0
4-isobutylacetophenone 4-isobutylacetophenone: a toxic degradation product of ibuprofen, in river and sewage water samples	2.11	1	0
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.4	2	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.08	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography	1.97	1	0
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid: C8-H6-O5; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.93	12	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.06	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.21	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.53	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.44	2	0	oligopeptide
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	2.1	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.01	1	0
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.07	5	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	6.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	7.69	2	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
((18)O)water ((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.	2.21	1	0	isotopically modified compound; water
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	5.02	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.03	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	4.43	6	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.4	2	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2.68	3	0
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.	1.99	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	5.09	14	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.66	3	0
sulfur monoxide [no description available]	3.52	2	0	sulfur oxide
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	4.32	6	0
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dimethyldioxirane dimethyldioxirane: structure given in first source; powerful oxidizing agent	7.13	1	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	7.05	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
fk 224 FK 224: tachykinin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313): from Bacillus stearothermophilus	2.39	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.99	4	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.9	1	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	2.05	1	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
perftoran [no description available]	4.18	3	1
prisma-fil heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins	3.86	2	1
l 655240 L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd	1.97	1	0	methylindole
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	2.72	3	0
l 659989 L 659989: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor receptor antagonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
florox reagent Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure	2.41	2	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.01	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
cyclopropene cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.	1.94	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes
hypoiodous acid [no description available]	7.52	2	0	iodine oxoacid
bromamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	6.55	8	1	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.95	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	3.57	8	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.61	1	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.45	2	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.45	2	0
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.04	1	0
glycerophosphoethanolamine glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product	7.05	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.6	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
3-butenyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine 3-butenyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
diprofos [no description available]	3.99	1	1
methotrexate [no description available]	4.37	4	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	3.23	1	0
l 670596 L 670596: thromboxane and prostaglondin endoperoxide receptor antagoist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	carbazoles
sulbactam [no description available]	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acids
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.94	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carbapenems [no description available]	5.3	2	1
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol 17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol: metabolite of norethynodrel	2.02	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid
dimethylarsinopenicillamine dimethylarsinopenicillamine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 76As-labeled cpd	2.41	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.58	8	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	4.9	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
bw 443c [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
phytol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	11.48	8	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.31	1	0
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.21	1	0
tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium: (103)Ru-labeled indigestible marker for large intestine studies; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.61	1	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
diquafosol diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist. P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.21	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	8.53	7	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
galactonolactone galactonolactone: used in detecting a galactosemic fetus; presumed inhibitor of one of the alternate pathways for galactose utilization; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	7.75	3	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
threonic acid threonic acid: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer	2.07	1	0	threonic acid
1,4-diaminobutanone 1,4-diaminobutanone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.76	3	0	organofluorine acaricide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	9	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
reactive red 195 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	12.24	353	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
jte 522 tiracoxib: The combined administration of tiracoxib with probucol significantly inhibited the tumor growth. The angiogenesis was markedly reduced; no further information available 1/31/2001. tilmacoxib : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is that is 1,3-oxazole which is substituted at positions 2, 4 and 5 by methyl, cyclohexyl, and 3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl groups, respectively.	2	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
potassium titanylphosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ys 64 cholestan-6-oxo-3,5-diol: metabolite of 5,6-epoxycholesterol; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	cholestanoid
bismuth orthovanadate bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic	2.21	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	8.98	33	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	5.93	6	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	7.9	53	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.95	1	0	carbodiimide
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	sulfonium betaine
3-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl 3-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	aminoxyls; organoiodine compound; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
potassium ferrate potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent	7.52	2	0
fr 110302 FR 110302: structure given in first source; a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
manganese desferioxamine manganese desferioxamine: mimic of superoxide dismutase	2.11	1	0
chlorocarbonic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organooxygen compound
4-oxopentanal 4-oxopentanal: an indoor pollutant; structure in first source. 4-oxopentanal : A ketoaldehyde that is pentanal substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	2.66	2	0	ketoaldehyde	metabolite
epsilon-n-methyllysine epsilon-N-methyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer; structure. N(6)-methyllysine : A lysine derivative that is lysine in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(6) is substituted by a methyl group.. N(6)-methyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(6) is substituted by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	2.41	1	0
n-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; pyrrolidines
cysteinesulfenic acid cysteinesulfenic acid: a protein-sulfenic acid with diverse roles in enzyme catalysis, redox regulation and signal transduction. S-oxy-L-cysteine : A cysteine derivative consiting of L-cysteine carrying an S-oxy-substituent.. S-hydroxy-L-cysteine : A cysteine derivative consisting of L-cysteine carrying an S-hydroxy-substituent.	2.05	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
silver fluoride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoride salt; silver salt
chlorosyl chlorosyl: do not confuse with chlorsyle or chlorozil	2.92	4	0	chlorine oxide; inorganic radical
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	4.76	7	1
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	4.05	4	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
potassium iron(iii) hexacyanoferrate (ii) potassium iron(III) hexacyanoferrate (II): used in treatment of thallium poisoning	2.08	1	0
trimethylsilyldiazomethane trimethylsilyldiazomethane: reagent for organic synthesis	2.06	1	0
ristosamine ristosamine: aminosugar component of antibiotic ristomycin; RN given refers to (D-ribo)-isomer; see also acosamine, (L-arabino)-isomer: 41094-24-0 & daunosamine, (L-lyxo)-isomer: 26548-47-0; structure	2.01	1	0
terics terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use	2.94	4	0
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.78	3	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
gangliotetraose [no description available]	1.99	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	5.43	15	1
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.13	62	0
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.78	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.52	2	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	8.76	10	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
isochorismic acid isochorismic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2	1	0
7-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methoxy-4-((methylamino)carbonyl)phenoxy)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2h-1-benzopyran-2-propanoic acid 7-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methoxy-4-((methylamino)carbonyl)phenoxy)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-propanoic acid: structure in first source; inhibits leukotriene B4 receptors	1.98	1	0
chlorite [no description available]	2.94	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.1	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
erythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	2.48	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
cholesterol alpha-oxide cholesterol alpha-oxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,6alpha)-isomer; structure	2.45	2	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; epoxy steroid; oxysterol
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	8.14	5	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	3.61	2	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
3-methylglutamic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0
cholesteryl palmitate cholesteryl palmitate : A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of cholesterol with palmitic acid.	2.08	1	0	cholesteryl ester	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.05	1	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	5.83	6	1
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	2.55	2	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
hydroxydione 5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone : A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid formed from 11-deoxycorticosterone by reduction across the C4-C5 double bond.	1.93	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite
lupeol [no description available]	2.35	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
nas [no description available]	3.01	2	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.69	3	0
daunosamine daunosamine: amino sugar moiety common to adriamycin & daunomycin; RN given refers to (L-lyxo)-isomer; see also ristosamine, (L-ribo)-isomer: 51869-30-8 & acosamine, (L-arabino)-isomer: 41094-24-0; structure	2.01	1	0
permanganate [no description available]	6.86	19	1	manganese oxoacid
carboplatin [no description available]	4.61	1	1
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.44	2	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.42	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	1.95	1	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.89	4	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.4	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	3.49	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	8.52	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.6	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	1.94	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	5.01	13	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.86	4	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.05	1	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.41	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.01	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	8.98	4	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	1.98	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.08	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.	1.95	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.8	3	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
n'-formylkynurenine N'-formylkynurenine: a photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	7.67	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-formylkynurenine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	3.29	6	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	7.11	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	3.97	12	0	cellotriose
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.21	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	7.34	2	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
limonene-1,2-epoxide limonene-1,2-epoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide : The (R)-enantiomer of limonene 1,2-epoxide.	2.03	1	0	limonene 1,2-epoxide
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	1.98	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
naringin [no description available]	2.84	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.82	3	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
tremulacin tremulacin: extracted from Folia Populus tomentosa Carr; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	glycoside
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.92	4	0	tripeptide
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	2.5	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.48	2	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.61	1	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.43	20	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.07	1	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.02	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.94	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2.39	2	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	9.31	5	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	9.99	9	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	5.18	14	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.41	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	9.73	29	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	8.13	5	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.75	3	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.78	3	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.66	25	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	3.09	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	9.11	3	1	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.94	4	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.39	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.76	3	0	enal
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.13	1	0
benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; tropane alkaloid	epitope; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	2	1	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.67	3	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
roflumilast [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.48	2	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.13	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.44	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	5.14	2	1
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.66	3	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.66	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	7.53	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
laninamivir laninamivir: an antiviral agent	2.11	1	0	acetamides
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	10.86	18	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.78	3	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium perchlorate potassium perchlorate: thyroid antagonist; structure	2.05	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	7.23	3	2	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.43	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.78	3	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	5.26	3	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8.24	6	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.41	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5	13	0	isomethyleugenol
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	6.17	23	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	5.07	13	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.39	2	0
1,4-dichloro-2-butene 1,4-dichloro-2-butene: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	organochlorine compound
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.69	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.95	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.66	3	0	diphosphate ion
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.03	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.6	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.71	28	1
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.03	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.95	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	2.1	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
alpha-naphthyl thiourea alpha-naphthyl thiourea: structure	3.06	1	0	naphthalenes
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.76	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	2.17	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	6.16	7	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4.2	17	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	2.02	1	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	3.91	3	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tosylarginine methyl ester Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).	2.03	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine ester; methyl ester; sulfonamide
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.43	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	3.25	6	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	3.15	5	0	imidazolidines
2-mercaptothiazoline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.67	9	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	4.38	20	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.81	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.72	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	2	1	0	aminoxyls
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.02	1	0	aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	coumarins
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	6.94	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
acid orange 6 Acid Orange 6: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.08	4	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	12.88	25	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.82	3	0
8-azidoethidium 8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene: structure in first source	7.5	2	0
erythronic acid erythronic acid : The erythro-isomer of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid.. D-erythronic acid : An erythronic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 2 and 3 both have R-configuration (the D-enantiomer).. erythronate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any erythronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.07	1	0	erythronic acid
2-nitro-5-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl 4-chlorobenzoate 2-nitro-5-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl 4-chlorobenzoate: inhibits F1F0-ATPase; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.03	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.41	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.63	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	3.02	4	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.08	4	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.96	12	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.41	2	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	20.98	1,242	14	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.41	2	0
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.76	3	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.02	1	0
methyl radical [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic radical
e 6123 E 6123: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.98	1	0
propidium monoazide propidium monoazide: a membrane impermeant dye that can cross-link DNA	7.83	3	0
cystine [no description available]	5.14	3	1
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.11	1	0	amino alcohol
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.66	2	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	7.41	1	0
tecoflex Tecoflex: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.03	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	6.89	51	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.01	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.95	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.08	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	9.24	5	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.64	3	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	3.44	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.39	2	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
palladium oxide palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO	2.06	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.39	2	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.02	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.26	6	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.87	23	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	5.92	13	2	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.17	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	8.23	6	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.78	3	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pinosylvin pinosylvin: phytoalexin found in pine and eucalyptus	2	1	0	pinosylvin
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.36	2	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	5.46	8	2	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.87	11	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	6.98	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.59	9	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	1.99	1	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	2.66	3	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	11.24	6	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	10.12	2	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	1.98	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	1.98	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.28	4	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.25	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.65	3	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.02	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	5.94	9	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
erucic acid [no description available]	7.1	1	0	docosenoic acid
nervonic acid (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.	1.93	1	0	tetracosenoic acid
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	7.14	29	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.21	1	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
antheraxanthin antheraxanthin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. antheraxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta.	2	1	0	epoxycarotenol	biological pigment; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.17	1	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.92	4	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.17	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
alpha-farnesene alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.	2.06	1	0	alpha-farnesene
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	4.36	5	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.51	7	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	4.61	1	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	10.06	2	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	7.46	2	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	7.49	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	5.6	9	2	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol: a long-chain diacylglycerol; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation of the glycerol C2. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol with palmitoyl as the 1-acyl group and oleoyl as the 2-acyl group.	2.05	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol	mouse metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	3.14	5	0	phosphatidylglycerol
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.07	5	0	cinnamic acids
meteneprost meteneprost: 9-deoxo-9-methylene-PGEs are possible solution to PGE stability problem; stable in aqueous media from pH 1 to 14 & have biological properties similar to corresponding PGEs; cpd tested for use as early pregnancy terminater & has low incidence of nausea & gastrointestinal side effects; note that cpd is derivative of both PGE2 & PGF2alpha; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.96	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.58	9	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.05	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-octenal 2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.	2.21	1	0	oct-2-enal	antifungal agent; volatile oil component
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	9.92	11	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.61	1	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.11	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	2.08	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
amsonic acid amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2.88	4	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	4.95	12	0	hydrochloride
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	1.93	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.8	2	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	7	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.61	1	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cerium cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.	2.08	1	0	CE(18:2); cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	1.93	1	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.86	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.41	2	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	4.65	3	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.36	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.38	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.4	2	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.03	1	0
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	1.98	1	0	monoterpenoid
octadecadienoic acid octadecadienoic acid: location of unsaturation not specified. octadecadienoate : A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.. octadecadienoic acid : Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.	1.97	1	0
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.72	3	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
beta-farnesene beta-farnesene: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	beta-farnesene
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.21	1	0	nerolidol
beta-ocimene beta-ocimene : The trans-stereoisomer of ocimene.. (Z)-beta-ocimene : A beta-ocimene that consists of octa-1,3,6-triene bearing two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 (the 3Z-isomer).	2.06	1	0	beta-ocimene	plant metabolite
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.69	9	0
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.6	1	0	but-2-enedial
thebaine Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.06	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	10.17	61	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.07	5	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.01	1	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.06	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
mevinphos Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.01	1	0
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.4	2	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	12.42	22	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.31	3	1	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.95	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.83	23	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.25	1	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.09	46	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
methyl oleate [no description available]	2.4	2	0	fatty acid methyl ester
2-pentenal 2-pentenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-pentenal : An enal consisting of pent-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position. (E)-2-pentenal : A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.	2.41	1	0	2-pentenal	plant metabolite
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.01	1	0	macrolide
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
lewisite lewisite: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.53	2	0
1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene 1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene: a drug metabolizing enzyme inducer	7.75	3	0
puerarin [no description available]	7.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.43	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	10.29	7	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
acetyl acetonate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
bromine monoxide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bromine oxide; inorganic radical
acosamine acosamine: component of antibiotic actinodin; RN given refers to (L-arabino)-isomer; see also ristosamine, (L-ribo)-isomer: 51869-30-8 & daunosamine, (L-lyxo)-isomer: 26548-47-0. acosamine : A trideoxyhexose carrying a single amino substituent at position 3 and deoxygenated at positions 2, 3 and 6.	2.01	1	0	amino monosaccharide; trideoxyhexose derivative
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.22	16	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.99	14	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.4	62	2	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	5.85	6	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.02	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.97	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.41	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	6.32	19	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.31	6	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.54	2	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	8.77	11	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	3.5	1	1
barium titanate(iv) barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.01	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.03	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	5.31	10	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	2.36	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.75	6	1
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	7.05	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.9	1	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.02	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
cedrene cedrene: major constituent of cedarwood oil. cedr-8-ene : A sesquiterpene that is cedrane which has a double bond between positions 8 and 9.	2.13	1	0	bridged compound; carbotricyclic compound; polycyclic olefin; sesquiterpene	human urinary metabolite; volatile oil component
cobalt oxide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	2.06	1	0	cholestanoid
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.35	2	0	polyterpene
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.52	8	0
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.02	1	0
piriprost piriprost: structure given in first source	7.66	3	0
cyanoginosin-la cyanoginosin-LA: from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa	2.03	1	0	peptide
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	2.75	3	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ah 21-132 [no description available]	6.97	1	0
copiamycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.06	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.13	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
1-oleoyl-2-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
chlorophyll chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer	2.11	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
5,6-epoxycholesterol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
decarestrictine d decarestrictine D: from Penicillium; structure given in above journal p.66-73	2.03	1	0	oxacycle
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	4.6	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0
androstane androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	steroid fundamental parent
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
dioleoylphosphatidic acid dioleoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.25	1	0	1,2-bis(octadec-9-enoyl)phosphatidic acid
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	7.06	1	0	penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	9.71	32	3	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
basic yellow 28 basic yellow 28: a textile dye compound	2.05	1	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	7.06	1	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.02	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
l 745337 L 745337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2	1.99	1	0
bimosiamose bimosiamose: a selectin inhibitor	9.37	1	1
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	10.91	47	8	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	5.01	2	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
psd 502 Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.	3.38	1	1
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	6.54	2	2	glycoside
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	2.25	1	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.9	1	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
zeolites [no description available]	6.11	37	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	11.13	47	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	2.06	1	0
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	2.02	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	4.9	1	1
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
sb 656933 [no description available]	4.37	1	1
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	5.03	2	1
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	1.95	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
dihydroartemisinic acid dihydroartemisinic acid: structure in first source. dihydroartemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted at position 2 by a (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.	3.25	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	plant metabolite
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	4.9	1	1
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	3.06	1	0	polyol	toxin
peloruside a peloruside A: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic from the sponge Mycale; structure in first source. peloruside A : A macrolide that is a novel secondary metabolite isolated from a New Zealand marine sponge, Mycale hentscheli.	2.02	1	0
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.08	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.11	1	0
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.6	1	0	emamectins
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.25	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	3.16	5	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.98	4	0
guluronic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	2.01	1	0
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	2.11	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.08	5	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.96	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.21	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.14	1	0
nitryl chloride nitryl chloride : A nitro compound in which the nitrogen of the nitro group is bonded to a chlorine. It is used as a nitrating and chlorinating agent in organic synthesis.	2.48	2	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.25	1	0
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	4.02	4	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	8.84	12	0
fomblin y 04 fomblin Y 04: structure	2.03	1	0
neosolaniol neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer	2.17	1	0
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.02	1	0
discodermolide discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol	2.05	1	0
jaw [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indolecarboxamide
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.35	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.58	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	11.76	19	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	3.07	5	0	aromatic amino acid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.16	5	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	3.1	5	0	polypeptide
fullerene c70 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	fullerene
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.31	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.86	4	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	5.15	3	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	3.38	1	1
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	1.99	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	8.84	11	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.06	1	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	1.96	1	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.47	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.93	38	2	glycoside
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	3.03	4	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	9.65	10	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	11.47	58	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.03	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	8.36	155	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3	6.97	1	0	inorganic molecular entity
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	1.97	1	0	organotin acaricide
cordierite cordierite: contains magnesium, aluminum oxides, and silicon oxides	2.76	3	0
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	4.9	1	1
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	2.31	1	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	6.5	8	1
cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate: structure given in first source, cyclic refers to arrangement of three phosphates	2.41	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.4	2	0
1,2,4-trioxane 1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source	5.05	12	0
chitosan [no description available]	7.23	16	1
enzacamene enzacamene: structure in first source; 4-MBC for short;	2.03	1	0
lithium niobate [no description available]	2	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	9.86	54	3	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.54	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
sodium bromate sodium bromate : An inorganic sodium salt having bromate as the counterion.	2	1	0	bromate salt; inorganic sodium salt	nephrotoxin; oxidising agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	3.62	8	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.04	1	0
arenaemycin e arenaemycin E: from Streptomyces species; arenaemycin C is the chlorhydrin of the parent cpd, arenaemycin D is the diol & arenaemycin E is the epoxide; structure. pentalenolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.03	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro-epoxide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.75	10	0
phosphatidylcholines 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are stearoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.05	1	0	1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine; 1-octadecanoyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atheronal-b atheronal-B: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
atheronal-a atheronal-A: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
dolichol monophosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	8.75	11	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.25	1	0
mannans [no description available]	4.9	1	1
glycolipids [no description available]	5.83	7	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.78	6	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	13.13	76	19
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
3-((4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-5-(quinolin-6-yl)-1h-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)benzamide 3-((4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-5-(quinolin-6-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)benzamide: a selective activin receptor-like kinase-5 inhibitor	2.06	1	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.17	1	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
gardenoside gardenoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 1S(1alpha,4alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer. gardenoside : A cyclopentapyran that is 7-deoxyloganin with a methyl and hydrogen replaced by hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups at position 7.	7.17	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alcohol	metabolite
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.28	6	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	11.61	9	1
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	1.98	1	0
yellow 2g yellow 2G: RN given refers to parent cpd. lissamine fast yellow : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2,5-dichloro-4-{5-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]pyrazol-1-yl}benzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used as the erythrocyte stain in Garvey's method for elastic, fibrin and collagen as well as a substitute for martius yellow in Lendrum's MSB.	2.03	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	14.58	185	10	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.33	10	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	7.68	3	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	5.23	10	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.17	1	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.01	1	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	6.25	11	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.47	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.49	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.17	1	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-5'-(3-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)propyl-2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)benzanilide monosodium salt monohydrate YM 158: a dual antagonist for LTD(4) and TXA(2) receptors; structure in first source	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.01	4	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.69	3	0	peptide
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	7.17	1	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	9.51	5	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	4.9	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	8.03	13	3
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.9	1	1
3-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al 3-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al: structure given in first source	4.64	8	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	7.02	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.98	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	4.89	10	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.37	6	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	8.42	7	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.66	3	0
methyl linoleate ozonide methyl linoleate ozonide: causes inhibition of phagocytosis in rat alveolar macrophages	2.67	3	0
rta 408 omaveloxolone: has both anti-inflammatory and radiation protective activities	2.21	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	4.9	1	1
reactive blue 21 reactive blue 21: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	7.03	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	8.06	6	2
nov 002 NOV 002: a 1000-to-1 mixture of glutathione disulfide and cisplatin that is used to increase efficacy of chemotherapy against advanced non-small cell lung cancer; modulates cellular redox balance	3.89	2	1
s-nitroglutathione S-nitroglutathione: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.55	8	0
2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.37	2	0
ferrosilicon ferrosilicon: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	2.31	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.02	1	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.08	1	0
mesembrine [no description available]	2	1	0
hexenuronic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.86	3	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.03	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	3.03	4	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.1	1	0
cyclopenta(cd)pyrene 3,4-oxide cyclopenta(cd)pyrene 3,4-oxide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.8	3	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	9.34	4	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.77	2	1
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.38	2	0
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	9.28	18	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.1	3	1
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.61	1	1
p-coumaroylmalic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
9-oxononanoyl cholesterol 9-oxononanoyl cholesterol: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.01	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.66	2	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.02	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.84	4	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	5.76	29	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.52	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.17	1	0
perlite Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide	2.07	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.28	16	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	4.34	1	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	8.9	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.46	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	12.83	15	3	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.99	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	7.67	11	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	4.02	4	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	3.47	1	1	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	6.2	41	0
neopterin [no description available]	4.09	5	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.95	4	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	3.09	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.37	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.6	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	3.82	3	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.7	3	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.38	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	8.15	16	4	guanosines	biomarker
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	3.45	7	0
remazol black b Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.	3.76	10	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.52	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.43	2	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.41	2	0
eye [no description available]	6.03	15	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.61	1	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.06	5	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.73	10	0
vermiculite [no description available]	7.25	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.73	3	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.65	3	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.76	9	0
reamberin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.79	11	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	16.06	77	51
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	4.01	4	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	4.01	4	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	9.12	39	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	8.31	34	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	8.31	34	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	9.12	39	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	5.22	6	2
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.82	4	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.43	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	13.21	39	9
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	13.21	39	9
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	13.4	86	3
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	13.4	86	3
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	16.54	209	7
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	21.1	583	47
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	21.1	583	47
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	17.01	97	31
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	17.01	97	31
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	7.24	12	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	7.24	12	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	2.31	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	6.09	11	1
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	14.24	138	12
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	8.34	48	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	19.02	314	82
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	11.87	20	14
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	6.32	4	3
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	11.87	20	14
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	6.32	4	3
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	12.14	59	10
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	9.24	5	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	17.36	233	21
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	20.41	353	61
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	16.08	59	21
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	20.41	353	61
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	16.08	59	21
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	16.21	178	18
Anasarca [description not available]	0	10.6	15	6
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	0	9.74	9	6
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	10.6	15	6
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	6.99	14	1
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	0	3.7	1	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	6.26	3	2
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	6.26	3	2
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	9.58	15	3
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	6.58	10	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	9.58	15	3
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	5.46	24	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	15.44	177	8
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	10.99	49	3
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	15.44	177	8
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	13.38	28	8
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	13.38	28	8
Ache [description not available]	0	12.26	85	8
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	0	13.61	8	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	12.26	85	8
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	0	8.61	8	2
Food Poisoning [description not available]	0	5.61	11	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	4.02	13	0
Spondylisthesis [description not available]	0	5.67	3	2
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.32	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	5.92	8	1
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	4.89	3	2
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	3.8	1	1
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	4.89	3	2
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	6.16	6	2
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	3.6	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.6	2	0
Back Ache [description not available]	0	8.16	12	4
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	0	5.51	5	3
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	13.16	12	4
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	0	5.51	5	3
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	8.11	11	4
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	8.11	11	4
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	5.99	5	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	5.99	5	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	8.38	5	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	3.38	5	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	5.31	3	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	9.76	17	4
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	11.15	49	5
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	2.41	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	14.76	17	4
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	11.15	49	5
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	5.31	3	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	12.11	38	2
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	8.07	12	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	8.07	12	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	9.28	10	7
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	6.71	11	2
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	6.71	11	2
Diathesis [description not available]	0	12.66	44	3
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	3.51	7	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	8.51	7	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	3.88	12	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	13.93	33	17
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	3.88	12	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	13.93	33	17
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	7.02	10	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	14.27	61	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	14.27	61	5
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	7.02	10	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	10.35	14	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	7.76	5	4
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	7.76	5	4
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	7.89	3	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	2.89	3	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	4.87	2	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	4.87	2	1
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	0	2.41	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	7.07	21	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	10.79	23	8
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.07	21	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	10.79	23	8
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.18	3	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	6.38	14	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	4.06	15	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	4.06	15	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	2.41	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.41	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	9.4	16	4
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	9.4	16	4
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	2.72	3	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	2.68	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	13.98	17	4
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	11.34	87	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	8.98	17	4
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	9.09	5	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	8.23	11	3
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	4.09	5	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	8.23	11	3
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	15.42	269	4
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.92	4	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	4.04	5	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	4.04	5	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	8.15	62	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	9.94	19	5
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	9.94	19	5
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	6.38	38	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	6.38	38	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	7.52	19	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	16.65	200	8
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	7.52	19	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	16.65	200	8
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	0	11.32	19	14
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	0	11.32	19	14
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.89	20	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	7.89	20	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.41	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	4.38	7	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	7.9	16	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	7.9	16	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	6.34	8	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.82	14	3
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	7.82	14	3
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	6.34	8	1
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	0	4.88	13	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	0	4.88	13	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	5.41	5	1
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	7.62	21	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	7.62	21	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	15.48	17	10
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	10.48	17	10
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.59	2	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.59	2	0
Verruca [description not available]	0	5.02	2	1
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	5.02	2	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	2.9	4	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	3.77	2	1
Triploid [description not available]	0	3.11	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	8.42	11	4
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	8.42	11	4
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	0	7.41	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	5.37	21	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	5.37	21	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	9.54	31	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	9.54	31	1
Amentia [description not available]	0	3.18	4	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	3.18	4	0
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	0	3.8	1	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	7.39	17	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	8.29	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	8.62	7	5
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	8.62	7	5
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	13.78	59	12
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	13.78	59	12
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	2.83	3	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	8.28	25	2
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	2.77	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	11.7	61	5
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	12.36	80	3
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	11.7	61	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	4.68	8	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	4.68	8	0
Asherman Syndrome A condition with obliterated endometrial cavity causing secondary AMENORRHEA.	0	7.41	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	4.74	6	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	9.74	6	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.41	1	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.41	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	2.41	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	2.41	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	4.42	7	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	4.42	7	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	6.77	6	2
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	7.18	11	2
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	7.18	11	2
ACL Injuries [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	6.48	10	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	11.48	10	1
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	2.41	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	10.68	29	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	2.41	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	10.68	29	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.41	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	8.39	10	4
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	8.39	10	4
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	8.73	35	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	4.28	5	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	4.28	5	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	4.21	3	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	4.21	3	1
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	6.54	6	3
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	0	6.54	6	3
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.6	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	3.85	11	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	8.47	14	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	0	3.74	2	0
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain [description not available]	0	5.04	3	1
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	0	3.74	2	0
Myofascial Pain Syndromes Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.	0	5.04	3	1
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	8.47	14	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	3.43	6	0
Crush Fractures [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Auriculotemporal Nerve Injuries [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	3.43	6	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	5.41	12	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	5.41	12	1
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	3.57	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	4.37	7	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.57	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	9.37	7	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	0	2.41	1	0
Granulomatous Mastitis A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.	0	4.21	9	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.47	14	3
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	0	8.47	14	3
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	5.48	25	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	4.28	15	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	4.28	15	0
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	0	4.11	10	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	8.22	41	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	4.02	9	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	4.02	9	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	5.91	6	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	5.91	6	1
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	8.43	10	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	8.43	10	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	8.54	19	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	13.54	19	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	5.2	2	1
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	0	6.6	10	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	10.2	2	1
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	10.16	11	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	0	4.5	7	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	6.24	12	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	7.6	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	11.24	12	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	0	4.5	7	0
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	0	3.73	3	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	3.43	7	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.83	3	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	5.2	3	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	8.01	17	2
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	8.01	17	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	7.68	13	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	7.68	13	2
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	4.31	6	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	4.31	6	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	0	4.44	8	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	8.82	9	2
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	13.82	9	2
Periimplantitis [description not available]	0	8.48	2	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	0	8.48	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	4.76	10	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	4.76	10	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	8.76	3	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	0	2.6	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	8.95	2	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	3.95	2	1
Alveolalgia [description not available]	0	4.02	2	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	1	10.71	28	1
Bites [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	6.3	8	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	3.85	4	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	6.91	14	2
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	0	3.83	3	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	0	8.83	3	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	8.02	4	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	0	3.02	4	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	8.19	8	4
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	8.24	9	4
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	8.19	8	4
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	8.24	9	4
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	10.2	2	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	4.96	14	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	4.96	14	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	6.16	22	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	6.16	22	0
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	2.69	2	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	0	7.6	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	2.41	2	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	2.82	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	11.59	3	2
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	6.59	3	2
Grippe [description not available]	0	4.95	13	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	4.95	13	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	10.07	52	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	15.07	52	2
Harelip [description not available]	0	4.1	5	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	4.1	5	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	0	4.1	5	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	4.1	5	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.88	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	10.63	35	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.17	6	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	9.17	6	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	0	3.55	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	4.78	12	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	4.78	12	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.94	4	0
Coracohumeral Impingement [description not available]	0	4.94	2	1
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.	0	9.94	2	1
Cranial Airocele [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	6.9	26	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	5.59	10	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	6.78	7	2
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	11.78	7	2
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	12.05	83	3
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	5.01	3	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	7.72	8	3
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	5.01	3	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	5.37	4	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	13.03	78	3
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	18.03	78	3
Tennis Elbow A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.	0	2.21	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	7.16	29	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	7.16	29	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.43	8	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	4.43	8	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	4.48	4	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	9.48	4	1
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.95	4	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	8.03	18	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	8.03	18	1
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	0	2.25	1	0
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Central Nervous System Lupus [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	5.19	3	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	5.31	3	1
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Serositis Inflammation of a serous membrane.	0	2.38	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	2.68	3	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	5.19	3	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.39	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	5.31	3	1
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2.69	2	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	0	8.41	7	5
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	0	3.04	5	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.04	4	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	3.12	5	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	12.31	132	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	12.31	132	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	6.52	9	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	6.52	9	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.64	9	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	9.39	4	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	4.64	9	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	0	2.25	1	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	0	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	11.84	36	13
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.72	9	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	3.72	9	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	11.84	37	13
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	11.84	36	13
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	2.25	1	0
Emphysema, Subcutaneous [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	5.83	4	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	5.83	4	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	7.18	16	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	7.18	16	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	0	4.09	3	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	0	4.09	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	10.87	104	3
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	7.84	14	2
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	6.53	10	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	9.98	3	1
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	5.76	2	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	11.33	7	1
Atheroma [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	9.85	10	9
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	5.41	5	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	4.73	2	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	6.43	4	2
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	5.64	7	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	7.69	5	4
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	7.01	13	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	4.97	3	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	5.94	2	2
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	4.83	2	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	7.4	25	2
Bleeding [description not available]	0	5.18	4	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	7.67	5	4
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	4.43	1	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	5.08	3	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	7.69	5	4
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	7.1	7	2
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	5.5	3	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	5.5	6	1
Metastase [description not available]	0	7.55	4	4
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	6.76	7	2
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	9.78	10	9
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	7.02	10	2
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	4.72	2	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	7.11	18	2
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	6	10	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	11.73	19	12
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	0	4.43	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	10.89	14	13
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.94	2	2
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	4.43	1	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	10.41	5	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	4.43	1	1
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	4.43	1	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	6.43	4	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	7.69	5	4
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	4.97	3	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	0	5.18	2	1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	0	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	5.94	2	2
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	4.83	2	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	12.4	25	2
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	5.18	4	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	7.67	5	4
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	4.43	1	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	5.08	3	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	7.69	5	4
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	12.1	7	2
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	5.5	6	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	7.55	28	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	7.55	4	4
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	4.43	1	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	6.76	7	2
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	9.78	10	9
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	4.43	1	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	12.02	10	2
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	7.11	18	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	6	10	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	11.73	19	12
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	4.43	1	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	0	5.45	5	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	4.43	1	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	0	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	0	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	4.43	1	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	4.98	3	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	0	4.43	1	1
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	3.33	7	0
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	0	7.25	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	2.25	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	2.68	3	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	3.25	6	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	8.13	18	2
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	8.13	18	2
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	5.43	4	1
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	5.21	11	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	0	2.38	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.61	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	3.37	2	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	0	3.97	2	1
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	0	2.25	1	0
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.	0	5.15	5	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	10.13	5	2
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.59	2	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	2.93	4	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	2.98	4	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	0	4.67	2	2
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	0	4.67	2	2
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	7.41	10	3
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	7.41	10	3
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	7.25	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	10.97	15	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	5.97	15	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	5.91	3	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	13.97	5	5
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	4.84	2	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	4.87	2	1
Co-infection [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	4.94	2	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	0	5.98	5	2
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	5.24	4	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	6.97	6	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.13	15	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	4.72	1	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	5.39	5	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	7.97	17	2
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	7.69	5	4
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	5.06	3	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	4.8	2	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	5.11	3	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	4.94	2	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	4.72	1	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	0	5.98	5	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	6.39	9	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	5.24	4	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	4.72	1	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	5.61	3	2
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	6.97	6	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	4.72	1	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	5.39	5	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	7.97	17	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	7.69	5	4
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	5.06	3	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	4.8	2	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	5.11	3	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	8.97	5	5
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	4.87	2	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	4.72	1	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	4.17	5	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	2.83	3	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	0	3.96	4	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	7.25	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	7.25	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	0	2.89	4	0
Infection [description not available]	0	9.51	9	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	4.51	9	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2.78	3	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	5.79	7	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	5.79	7	1
Osteoradionecrosis Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.	0	3.78	3	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	5.23	4	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	2.55	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	7.3	59	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	7.3	59	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	8.46	17	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	0	6.35	5	1
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	5.66	4	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	5.66	4	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	0	11.35	5	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Patent Foramen Ovale [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	4.05	5	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	4.05	5	0
Foramen Ovale, Patent A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.	0	3.23	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	5.92	9	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1	7.92	9	1
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	0	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	7.38	6	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	7.38	6	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	10.99	5	2
Minimally Conscious State [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	2.87	3	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	4.16	15	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	0	3.03	4	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	14.16	10	4
Nail Fungus [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	0	7.49	2	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	3.02	4	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.97	5	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	5.51	16	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.51	16	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	2.17	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	9.52	89	5
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	0	2.52	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	3.64	3	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	3.02	4	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	5.25	7	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	0	5.25	7	0
Aphthae [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	2.54	2	0
Cervical Spondylosis [description not available]	0	8.89	2	1
Spondylosis A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.	0	8.89	2	1
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	2.15	1	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	7.76	11	2
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	7.76	11	2
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	3.29	2	0
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.	0	7.8	3	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	2.55	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	3.93	2	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.79	3	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	0	2.15	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	2.17	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	0	4.17	3	1
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	0	3.5	2	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	3.5	2	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	7.51	43	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	7.51	43	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	9.49	23	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.69	19	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	0	3.09	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	3.29	2	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	0	3.09	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.52	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	4.32	7	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	4.32	7	0
Autism [description not available]	0	7.17	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.17	1	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	0	8.83	12	3
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	0	4.41	2	2
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	0	4.41	2	2
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	7.17	1	0
Pus [description not available]	0	6.29	13	1
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	5.5	8	0
Abscess, Epidural [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	7.17	1	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	7.46	11	3
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	0	7.46	11	3
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	2.55	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	0	3.04	5	0
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.56	1	1
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	3.56	1	1
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis [description not available]	0	9.29	3	1
Fasciitis, Plantar Inflammation of the plantar fascia (APONEUROSIS) on the bottom of the foot causing heel pain. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with HEEL SPUR, they do not appear to be causally related.	0	4.29	3	1
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	0	4.35	7	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	0	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.64	3	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	7.64	3	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.46	2	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	3.46	2	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	3.41	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	3.41	2	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	0	8.69	7	7
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	3.58	3	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	2.17	1	0
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	0	4.53	8	0
Ozena [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	0	2.17	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	7.61	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.61	2	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	2.83	3	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	0	2.21	1	0
Dental Fissure [description not available]	0	6.49	5	2
Air Embolism [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Exposure, Dental Pulp [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Dental Pulp Exposure The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.	0	3.59	1	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	8.09	22	1
Fibroid [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	2.21	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	4.24	19	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	3.4	7	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	3.4	7	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	2.21	1	0
Lichen Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.	0	2.21	1	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	0	5.75	5	4
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	0	5.75	5	4
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	0	5.87	8	1
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.12	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	3.12	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Placenta, Retained A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.	0	5.15	5	2
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	0	2.73	3	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.26	6	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	2.49	2	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	0	4.51	1	1
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	2.21	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	7.73	11	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	7.73	11	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	3.46	2	0
Rida [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.79	3	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	8.67	3	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	2.42	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	3.87	2	1
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.5	2	0
Gastroschisis A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.	0	2.08	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.08	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	3.47	1	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	4.17	3	1
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	3.02	4	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	2.9	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	5.06	3	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	5.06	3	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	10.02	61	2
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	0	8	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	7.08	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	7.08	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	0	2.08	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	7.08	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	2.08	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	7.16	20	5
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	7.16	20	5
Anotia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.	0	2.08	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	0	2.08	1	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	6.26	16	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	6.26	16	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	0	2.49	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	7.78	3	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	2.69	3	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	0	4.95	3	1
Periapical Diseases Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.	0	4.77	2	1
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	0	9.95	3	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	4.27	7	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	0	2.08	1	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	0	2.08	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.71	3	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	2.08	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	4.3	7	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	0	2.1	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	2.1	1	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	4.45	2	2
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	5.11	5	2
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	8.24	6	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	3.63	3	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	2.11	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	0	3.48	1	1
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	3.01	1	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	0	9.13	3	1
Dissociation [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	0	3.48	1	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	3.85	2	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	3.48	1	1
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	0	7.85	6	4
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	0	2.1	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	7.73	3	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Sick Building Syndrome A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	6.42	9	1
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	3.44	2	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	2.1	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	4.79	2	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	4.79	2	1
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	4.7	11	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	4.7	11	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.9	4	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	3.15	5	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	3.15	5	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	0	7.11	1	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	0	2.11	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	4.06	5	0
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	2.51	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	2.78	3	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	3.32	2	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	4.06	5	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	2.1	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.11	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	3.35	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	4.64	6	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	0	3.03	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	7.9	25	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	7.9	25	1
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	3.38	7	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	7.68	3	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4.05	5	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	4.05	5	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	2.42	2	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.13	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	9.02	26	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.13	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	2.1	1	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	3.4	2	0
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	0	2.11	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	2.49	2	0
Epulides [description not available]	0	8.12	5	5
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	0	8.12	5	5
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Multiple Chronic Conditions Two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual.	0	2.13	1	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Black Death [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	2.13	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	0	2.13	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	1	4.13	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	2.13	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	3.04	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.13	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.74	3	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	3.89	2	1
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	0	3.51	1	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	3.89	2	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	7.13	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Periocular [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.13	1	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	0	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Perioral A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	0	2.13	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	3.22	6	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	0	5.37	2	2
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	2.46	2	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	2.15	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	0	7.13	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	2.13	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	0	3.51	1	1
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.13	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	2.15	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	3.04	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	2.95	4	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.9	4	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	2.15	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.35	2	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	2.15	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	0	3.06	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	3.83	4	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	3.83	4	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	2.13	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	2.15	1	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	0	3.06	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	2.73	3	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	4.4	8	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	4.4	8	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	2.04	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.04	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	2.04	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.7	3	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	0	3.84	2	1
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	3.84	2	1
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.04	1	0
Acne [description not available]	0	8.8	4	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	8.8	4	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	2.04	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	2.04	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	3.64	9	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	3.64	9	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	5.74	20	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.6	3	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	2.05	1	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	0	4.68	3	2
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	4.13	3	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	2.75	3	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	9.85	67	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	7.7	3	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	0	2.44	2	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	6.24	19	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	0	2.7	3	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	7.05	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	2.05	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2.05	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	2.05	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	5	5	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	5	5	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	0	9.09	3	1
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	0	4.53	5	1
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	7.72	3	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.45	2	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	7.05	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.05	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	3.61	3	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	2.43	2	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2.05	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	3.8	2	1
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	5.23	6	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	5.23	6	0
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Acquired Meningocele [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	2.47	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	2.47	2	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	5.72	7	1
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	5.72	7	1
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	6.46	17	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	3.57	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	3.33	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	6.86	37	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	6.86	37	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	2.06	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.39	2	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	0	4.03	3	1
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	7.06	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	2.06	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.06	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	0	3.84	2	1
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	7.06	1	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	0	2.06	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	2.69	3	0
Cot Death [description not available]	0	4.05	5	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	7.07	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.06	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	3.35	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	2.99	1	0
Breast Pain [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	7.99	1	0
Mastodynia Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.	0	2.99	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	10.33	33	3
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	10.33	33	3
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	0	3.68	3	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	2.07	1	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.07	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	0	2.07	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	3.85	4	0
MODS [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.08	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	0	2.08	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	3.46	1	1
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	7.07	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	5.09	5	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	5.42	6	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	5.09	5	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	4.95	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	5.42	6	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	2.07	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	0	2.95	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.45	2	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	3	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.07	1	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	0	7.08	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	4.29	4	1
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	4.29	4	1
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	8.13	18	2
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.01	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	2.41	2	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	6.79	5	5
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	7.09	14	7
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	6.79	5	5
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	7.09	14	7
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2.93	4	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.01	1	0
Frontal Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.	0	7.01	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	0	2.01	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	5.84	14	0
Milk Fever, Animal [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	0	2.93	1	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	2.01	1	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	0	2	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	1.93	1	0
Canine Distemper [description not available]	0	6.93	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	4.47	9	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	0	2.33	2	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	0	1.93	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	6.93	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	2.33	2	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.93	1	0
Facial Pain, Referred [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	0	1.93	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	1.93	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.63	3	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	3.18	6	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	0	2.64	3	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	1.93	1	0
Analgesia, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	0	1.93	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	1.93	1	0
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)	0	1.93	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	0	1.93	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	0	1.93	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.93	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	2.35	2	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	1.93	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	1.93	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	0	1.93	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	0	1.93	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	0	1.94	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	0	1.94	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.94	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	0	1.94	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	0	1.94	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.26	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	3.57	3	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	0	1.93	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	1.93	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	0	7.01	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.93	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	2.01	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Dental Granuloma [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.62	3	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	1.92	1	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	0	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	0	6.13	12	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	2.02	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	2.02	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	0	2.02	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.42	2	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Acariasis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	0	2.02	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.93	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	0	3.58	3	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	0	2.02	1	0
Spondylolysis Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.	0	9.32	1	1
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	2.02	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	3.33	2	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	7.94	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	3.41	1	1
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	7.02	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	2.02	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.92	4	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	2.02	1	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	0	2.02	1	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	0	2.02	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	2.03	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	0	2.03	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	2.03	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	0	2.03	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	2.03	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.1	3	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	3.6	3	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	2.04	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	0	2.04	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	7.03	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	2.44	2	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.03	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	2.03	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.96	1	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	0	1.92	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	6.92	1	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	0	5	3	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	2.41	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	0	2.04	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	7.03	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	0	3.05	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	3.05	5	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.88	4	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	5.54	17	0
Postintubation Croup [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	0	2.37	2	0
Croup Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.	0	2.89	4	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	6.69	7	2
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	6.69	7	2
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	0	3.79	4	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	0	3.79	4	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	3.79	4	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	3.83	12	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	3.83	12	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	0	1.96	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	1.96	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	0	8.07	5	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.64	3	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	0	2.88	4	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.38	8	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	4.38	8	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	2.37	2	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.98	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	0	1.98	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	3.31	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.48	9	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.48	9	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.39	2	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	1.98	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	1.98	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	0	3.37	1	1
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	0	3.37	1	1
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	0	1.98	1	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	0	1.98	1	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	3.8	4	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	0	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.68	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	2.68	3	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	1.98	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	8.07	5	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	7.39	2	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	3.08	5	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	1.99	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	1.99	1	0
Mouth Breathing Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.	0	2.38	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	1.98	1	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	0	2.9	4	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	3.28	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	7.39	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	2.37	2	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	3.77	2	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	1.99	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	6.99	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	0	1.99	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	0	3.38	1	1
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	0	2.91	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	1.99	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	0	2	1	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	0	2	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	2	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	0	2	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	2	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	0	2	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	3.39	1	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.99	5	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	2	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	3.37	1	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	3.77	2	1
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	2	1	0
Glossalgia Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.	0	2	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	2	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	0	2	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	7	1	0
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	0	3.05	5	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	2.36	2	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	0	6.95	1	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	1.95	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	1.95	1	0
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	0	6.95	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.44	5	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	4.44	5	1
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	0	2.35	2	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	1.95	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	0	1.95	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	3.28	2	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.35	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	2.37	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.19	4	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	5.19	4	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	1.98	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	1.97	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	2.89	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	1.97	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	0	1.97	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	1.97	1	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	0	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	2.88	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	1.96	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	1.97	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	1.97	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	2.88	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.36	2	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	6.97	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Adult Refsum Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	1.94	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	0	1.94	1	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	1.94	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.64	3	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	0	1.95	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	0	1.95	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	0	1.94	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.86	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	0	2.86	4	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	1.95	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	0	1.95	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	2.35	2	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	1.94	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	1.94	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	0	1.94	1	0
Asthma, Cardiac [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	1.94	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	1.94	1	0
Bends [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0

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ozone

Description

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Synonyms (35)

Research Excerpts

Overview

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Treatment

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Occurs in Manufacturing (23 Product(s))

Product Categories

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Roles (7)

Drug Classes (4)

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Studies (15,774)

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Research Demand Index: 120.27

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