Compounds > lespenefril
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

lespenefril

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
LotusgenusA genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).[MeSH]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]
Fabagenus[no description available]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]
ViciagenusA plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is widely used as ground cover and forage and known for the edible beans, VICIA FABA.[MeSH]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]
Vicia fabaspeciesA plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.[MeSH]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5486199
CHEMBL ID251766
CHEBI ID68883
SCHEMBL ID571402
MeSH IDM0126031

Synonyms (54)

Synonym
ACON1_000073
kaempferitrin
lespenephryl
3,7-bis((6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
3,7-bis-(alpha-6-deoxymannopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one
brn 0073958
lespenephril
lespedin
kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 3,7-bis((6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
lespenefril
kaempferol 3,7-bisrhamnoside
MEGXP0_000567
NCGC00168820-01
kaempferol-3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside-7-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside
kaempferol-3,7-bis-o-alpha-l-rhamnoside
CHEMBL251766 ,
chebi:68883 ,
BRD-K45884135-001-01-5
482-38-2
C16981
kaempferol-dirhamnoside
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-bis[[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy]chromen-4-one
bdbm50331856
kaempferol-3,7-o-(alpha)-dirhamnoside
kaempferol-3,7-o-alpha-l-dirhamnoside
karempferitrin
4-18-00-03292 (beilstein handbook reference)
vpv01u3r59 ,
unii-vpv01u3r59
kaempferol 3,7-di-o-alpha-l-rhamnoside
3-[(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-chromen-7-yl 6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranoside
S9112
SCHEMBL571402
lespedin [who-dd]
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 3,7-bis((6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
kaemferitrin
kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside [mi]
AC-34729
kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside
DTXSID90197458 ,
kaempferitrin, >=97% (nmr)
HY-N0628
CS-0009620
AKOS032962036
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-bis(((2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
Q6345965
CCG-270118
AS-56461
XK161839
dtxcid00119949
kaempferol 3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-7-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside
3-((6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-chromen-7-yl 6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranoside
7-((6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4h-1-benzopyran-3-yl 6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranoside

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Compared with hyperlipidemic hamsters, the plasma TC and TG levels of hamsters fed with COE at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight for 5 and 10 weeks were significantly reduced to 12."( Antidyslipidemic activity of hot-water extracts from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh.
Chang, ST; Liao, JW; Lin, TY; Wang, SY, 2011)		0.37
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (8)

RoleDescription
bone density conservation agentAn agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
immunomodulatorBiologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
apoptosis inducerAny substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
antidepressantAntidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
alpha-L-rhamnoside
monosaccharide derivativeA carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
dihydroxyflavoneAny hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.
glycosyloxyflavoneA member of the class of flavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.
polyphenolMembers of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
AtMetExpress overview0109

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusIC50 (µMol)400.00000.03403.987110.0000AID539042
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (38)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID402212Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID538219Antiinflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of FMLP/CB-induced elastase release at 10 ug/ml2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Ixorapeptide I and ixorapeptide II, bioactive peptides isolated from Ixora coccinea.
AID402215Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402228Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat lung assessed as half maximal inhibition of myeloperoxidase at 400 uM2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID538218Antiinflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of FMLP/CB-induced superoxide anion release at 10 ug/ml2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Ixorapeptide I and ixorapeptide II, bioactive peptides isolated from Ixora coccinea.
AID636884Inhibition of human topoisomerase 2-mediated relation of supercoiled DNA at 500 uM after 60 mins2011Journal of natural products, Nov-28, Volume: 74, Issue:11
Catalytic inhibition of eukaryotic topoisomerases I and II by flavonol glycosides extracted from Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.
AID539042Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase after 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Changes in flavonoid content and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in kenaf leaf extract after far-infrared treatment.
AID402210Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402233Antioxidant activity in asolectin liposome assessed as inhibition of ascorbyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402209Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402214Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402219Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402223Hypoglycemic activity in 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 60 mins of glucose challenge by oral glucose tolerance test2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402206Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID310105Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical anion scavenging activity at 0.5 mg/ml by hypoxanthine NBT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
A novel flavonoid from Lespedeza virgata (Thunb.) DC.: structural elucidation and antioxidative activity.
AID402218Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID338974Inhibition of cow milk xanthine oxidase at 50 ug/mL
AID402221Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 200 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402208Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID515791Inhibition of telomerase in human A549 cells at 25 uM after 24 hrs by TRAP assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19
Identification of small molecule inhibitors of telomerase activity through transcriptional regulation of hTERT and calcium induction pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.
AID402207Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402234Antioxidant activity in asolectin liposome assessed as inhibition of ascorbyl hydroxyl-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402230Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat liver microsomes assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402216Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402205Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402222Hypoglycemic activity in 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 30 mins of glucose challenge by oral glucose tolerance test2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402211Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402226Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402217Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402225Hypoglycemic activity in 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 180 mins of glucose challenge by oral glucose tolerance test2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402220Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402213Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in alloxan-induced serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402204Hypoglycemic activity in normal 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by glucose oxidase method2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402224Hypoglycemic activity in 16 hrs fasted Wistar rat assessed as reduction in serum glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 90 mins of glucose challenge by oral glucose tolerance test2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402229Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat liver microsomes assessed as inhibition of ascorbyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402227Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat lung assessed as half maximal inhibition of myeloperoxidase2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402231Antioxidant activity in 1-alpha-phosphatidylcholine liposome assessed as inhibition of ascorbyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
AID402232Antioxidant activity in 1-alpha-phosphatidylcholine liposome assessed as inhibition of ascorbyl hydroxyl-induced lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay2004Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 67, Issue:5
Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (51)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904 (7.84)18.7374
1990's4 (7.84)18.2507
2000's9 (17.65)29.6817
2010's26 (50.98)24.3611
2020's8 (15.69)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index34.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.01 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.03 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index42.91 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (5.56%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (1.85%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other50 (92.59%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.0810catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0210monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.1310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.0310benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0510trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.41102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		2.1110amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.0510benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0510organic cation
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		7.3820chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.0510acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.0210N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.1510organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		1.9810pyrrolidin-2-ones
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0210benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.0510catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.1310cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		1.9810steroid ester
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		1.981017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.6920dialdehydebiomarker
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.7930flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		2.0310elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.1110chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		1.9610chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
potassium chromate(vi)
potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9610potassium saltcarcinogenic agent;
oxidising agent
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.0710benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.1110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
epicatechin
(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0510catechin;
polyphenol		antioxidant
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid: catechol methyltransferase inhibitor; N1 same as NM		2.0510trihydroxybenzoic acid
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.7530proanthocyanidin
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.4420
betulonic acid
betulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first source		2.0510triterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		2.3720
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0210
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0510
quercetin
[no description available]		2.41207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.610biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitexin
[no description available]		3.710C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
luteolin
[no description available]		2.05103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.4120alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
scopoletin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.0510disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.98407-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.1310oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
amentoflavone
[no description available]		3.710biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
astragalin
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
quercimeritrin
quercimeritrin: from Rumex luminiastrum. quercetin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A quercetin O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 7 of quercetin via a beta-glycosidic linkage.		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
flavonols;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside
kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.9640glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.0710
epimedin c
epimedin C: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.		1.9910flavonoids;
glycoside
3',4',5',3,4,5-hexamethoxy-chalcone
[no description available]		2.0510
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source		2.0710
oleanonic acid
oleanonic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
lyoniside
lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer		2.0510
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0810
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.4110folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		1.9810cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1450
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.5320
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.5320
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0510
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.5210
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		03.5210
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.5210
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		03.5210
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.5210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.5210
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4110
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.610
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.6120
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.610
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.610
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.7220
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.610
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.7220
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.610
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.610
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.1510
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.1510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.5820
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.5820
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.1710
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.2110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.2110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.2110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.2110
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.0810
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.1110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.1110
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.1310
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.0510
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.0510
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0810
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.0210
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.6530
Anasarca
[description not available]		01.9610
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		01.9610
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		01.9810
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		01.9810
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		01.9810