carbamates profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	276
CHEBI ID	13941
MeSH ID	M0003327

Synonym
carbamate ion
carbamat
carbamic acid, ion(1-)
302-11-4
karbamat
CHEBI:13941
7224-09-1
CARBAMATE ,
CARBAMATES ,
carboxy-amide
OTTSIBOPBONYJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
carboxyamide
racemic carbamate
KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M
DTXSID80184291
Q27108972

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Mollecarbamates 1-4 are a family of compounds that possess repeating o-carboxyphenethylamide units and a carbamate moiety, while the molleureas 5-8 contain tetra- and penta-repeating carboxyphenethylamide units and a urea bridge in different positions."	( Mollecarbamates, Molleureas, and Molledihydroisoquinolone, o-Carboxyphenethylamide Metabolites of the Ascidian Didemnum molle Collected in Madagascar. Aknin, M; Barrows, LR; Carmeli, S; Gauvin-Bialecki, A; Issac, M; Kashman, Y; Pond, CD, 2017)	1.42
"Carbamates are a class of chemicals that inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in humans, an enzyme involved in the regulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine."	( Modeling cholinesterase activity for human dietary risk assessment of carbamate insecticides. Mihlan, GJ; Tobia, AJ; Williams, RL, 2008)	1.07
"The carbamates are a well-known thermosensible pesticides class, which are highly prone to degradation via fragmentation and/or rearrangement mechanisms leading to a difficult direct gas chromatography (GC) analysis, i.e., without derivatization. "	( Use of spermine and thiabendazole as analyte protectants to improve direct analysis of 16 carbamates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in green vegetable matrices. Bonnet, V; Przybylski, C, 2009)	1.13
"Carbamates are a well-established class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. "	( 3-Heterocycle-phenyl N-alkylcarbamates as FAAH inhibitors: design, synthesis and 3D-QSAR studies. Käsnänen, H; Kataja, AO; Koskinen, AM; Minkkilä, A; Myllymäki, MJ; Nevalainen, T; Poso, A; Saario, SM, 2010)	2.1
"Carbamates are a widely used class of insecticides and herbicides. "	( Mechanism of inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase in human blood platelets by carbamate insecticides. Berndt, J; Hamm, U; Krug, HF, 1988)	1.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbamates have been associated with certain toxicities resulting in publication of structural alerts, including alerts for mutagenicity."	( Carbamates and ICH M7 classification: Making use of expert knowledge. Fowkes, A; Hemingway, R; Williams, RV, 2017)	2.62
"Carbamates have been used as precursors of isocyanates, but heating in the presence of strong acids is required because cleavage of the C-O bond in carbamates is energy-demanding even in acid media. "	( Acid-promoted chemoselective introduction of amide functionality onto aromatic compounds mediated by an isocyanate cation generated from carbamate. Kurouchi, H; Ohwada, T; Otani, Y; Sumita, A, 2014)	1.85

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pre-treatment with carbamates was shown to improve antidotal treatment substantially."	( Identical kinetics of human erythrocyte and muscle acetylcholinesterase with respect to carbamate pre-treatment, residual activity upon soman challenge and spontaneous reactivation after withdrawal of the inhibitors. Bumm, R; Eckert, S; Eyer, P; Herkert, NM; Thiermann, H; Weber, G; Worek, F, 2008)	0.66
"Pretreatment with carbamates 20 min prior to sarin exposure significantly modified or counteracted the above induced changes."	( Influence of pretreatment of carbamates on dynamic pulmonary mechanics in rats exposed to sarin aerosols. Das Gupta, S; Husain, K; Kumar, P; Singh, R; Vijayaraghavan, R, 1993)	0.9

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No correlation was found between the cytotoxic concentrations and LD50 values of mammals."	( Testing of pesticide toxicity in tissue culture. Csuka, I; Dési, I; Dura, G; Szlobodnyik, J, 1977)	0.26
" The classification of these pesticides, based on the CL50 96 h, and according to their toxicity for the test species, shows that the organic phosphorus (Murphotox, Bazudin, Dursban, Zithiol, Lebaycid, Imidan, Oleoparathion, Folimat; Nuvan, Actellic, Carbicron, Nexion, Dimecron, Roxion) have all the degrees of toxicity, but the majority are among the most toxic; the carbamates (Betanal, Dimetilan, Baygon), are generally less toxic than the organic phosphorus tested, except Nexion which is less toxic than the Betanal and Roxion less toxic than the three carbamates tested; the herbicides (2,4-D, Basagran, Printan) have a very low toxicity, and are less toxic than the insecticides tested, except Betanal and Suffix of which the toxicity is higher than some insecticides (Nexion, Dimecron, Baygon, Dimetilan, Roxion); Calixin (Fongicide) is more toxic than the herbicides tested but it is generally less toxic than the insecticides used."	( [Toxicity of several pesticides used in Tunisia, for Aphanius fasciatus Nardo, 1827 (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae.)]. Boumaiza, M; Ktari, MH; Vitiello, P, 1979)	0.43
" It was found that the LD50 of Asulam with acute oral toxicity was 30000 mg/kg for mice, and the LD50 of sodium Asulam for mice and rats were equal (8250 mg/kg)."	( [The toxicity of herbicide Asulam]. Hu, Y; Jiang, Y; Wang, G; Zhao, L, 1992)	0.28
" The only compound toxic to young mosquitofish at maximum field application rates was resmethrin."	( Acute toxicity of mosquitocidal compounds to young mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Hallmon, CF; Hester, PG; Olson, MA; Shaffer, KR; Tietze, NS, 1991)	0.28
" Using the same protocol, six pesticides applied in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at doses of 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 of the dermal LD50 were investigated."	( Comparison of the activity of topically applied pesticides and the herbicide 2,4-D in two short-term in vivo assays of genotoxicity in the mouse. Goldberg, MT; Hardy, MH; Schop, RN, 1990)	0.28
" Chronic exposure to kartolin-2, and, specifically to its preparation form in the dose 1/100 LD50 cause lipid infiltration, reduction of histochemical indicators of liver glycogen, and RNA content."	( [Morphological evaluation of toxic effect of kartolin-2]. Aĭvazian, LK, 1990)	0.28
" The toxic effects as observed 10 or 21 days after medication include a statistically significant reduction in haemoglobin (Hb) content, haematocrit (Ht), protein and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and an increase in glucose, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum acid phosphatase (SAP) activities of male and female chicken."	( Haematological and hepatotoxic effects of isoprocarb in chicken. Mahboob, M; Mustafa, M; Rahman, MF; Siddiqui, MK, 1990)	0.28
" To study the mechanism of this toxicity, suspensions of mouse hepatocytes were tested as an in vitro model system suitable for the study of the relationship between (i) the toxic potential of formamides, (ii) their metabolism to N-alkylcarbamoylating species, and (iii) their ability to deplete hepatic glutathione pools."	( Cytotoxicity and metabolism of the hepatotoxin N-methylformamide and related formamides in mouse hepatocytes. Gescher, A; Mráz, J; Shaw, AJ, 1988)	0.27
" Toxic alterations consisted of focal hepatocellular necrosis, pigmentation of Kupffer's cells, and the presence of basophilic inclusions resembling nucleoli in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes."	( Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of methyl carbamate in rats and mice. Chan, PC; Crawford, D; Hall, WC; Kanagalingam, KK; Quest, JA, 1987)	0.27
"Malathion-induced marked potentiation of BPMC toxicity (about fivefold) was analyzed by measuring LD50 as an index of acute toxicity."	( Contribution of monoaminergic nervous system in potentiation of 2-sec-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate (BPMC) toxicity by malathion in male mice. Shirasu, Y; Takahashi, H; Tanaka, J; Tsuda, S, 1987)	0.27
" Carbosulfan was less toxic when given orally."	( Sublethal acute toxicity of carbosulfan [2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl(d i-n-butylaminosulfenyl)(methyl)carbamate] in the rat after intravenous and oral exposures. Krieger, RI; Renzi, BE, 1986)	0.27
" The importance of effective training, adequate protective clothing and good personal hygiene in achieving safe application of insecticides in house-spraying programmes is stressed."	( The safety evaluation of bendiocarb, a residual insecticide for vector control. Bonsall, JL; Goose, J, 1986)	0.27
" Simultaneous administration of BPMC and either one of the thiophosphates (fenthion, its sulfoxide and sulfone) in a dose of 1/40 of its LD50 resulted in a 2- to 3-fold potentiation."	( Mechanism of potentiation of BPMC toxicity by fenthion pretreatment in mice. Miyaoka, T; Shirasu, Y; Tsuda, S, 1986)	0.27
" Both types of conjugates caused considerable toxicity: allyl isothiocyanate conjugates gave effects comparable to the parent compound, but benzyl isothiocyanate was more toxic than its conjugates."	( Glutathione- and cysteine-mediated cytotoxicity of allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate. Bruggeman, IM; Temmink, JH; van Bladeren, PJ, 1986)	0.27
"The N,N-dimethylcarbamates are much less toxic and much more volatile than the corresponding N-methylcarbamates."	( Evaluation of compounds for insecticidal activity on adult mosquitos. 2. Toxicity to adult mosquitos and the physical properties of some new carbamates. Barlow, F; Flower, LS; Grose, JE; Hadaway, AB; Turner, CR, 1970)	0.8
" The most toxic compounds and their estimated median lethal doses in nanograms per fly by topical application in solution to teneral Glossina austeni were: resmethrin 4, fenthion 8, dieldrin 10, propoxur 12, chlorfenvinphos 12, tetrachlorvinphos 20, and dichlorvos 20."	( Toxicity of insecticides to tsetse flies. Hadaway, AB, 1972)	0.25
" The toxicological information gained in this trial has shown that one of the carbamates tested (3-isopropylphenyl N-methylcarbamate) is too toxic to man to be used as a residual insecticide in houses."	( Observations on the toxicity of carbaryl, folithion and 3-isopropylphenyl n-methylcarbamate in a village-scale trial in Southern Nigeria. Vandekar, M, 1965)	0.47
" It is concluded that the nature of the group substituted at the enzyme active site determines the toxic response."	( Organophosphorus and other inhibitors of brain 'neurotoxic esterase' and the development of delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Johnson, MK, 1970)	0.25
" A low teratogenic and embryotoxic activity was established after a single treatment with I/2 LD50 on 13 th gestation day."	( [Experimental study of the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of endodan]. Vergieva, T, 1984)	0.27
"Fenitrothion of oral subtoxic dose (100 mg/kg; 4 hr pretreatment) decreased acute oral LD50 of BPMC from 360 to 66 mg/kg in male mice."	( Potentiated toxicity of 2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC) by O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (fenitrothion) in mice; relationship between acute toxicity and metabolism of BPMC. Miyaoka, T; Shirasu, Y; Takahashi, H; Tsuda, S, 1984)	0.27
"4% of the po LD50 daily) did not show toxic symptoms except for a slight decrease in body weight."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of increased toxicity of 2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC) by fenitrothion pretreatment in mice. Iwasaki, M; Miyaoka, T; Shirasu, Y; Tsuda, S, 1984)	0.27
" A single sublethal exposure by oral and dermal routes stimulated humoral immune response at a relatively low dose; 1/256 LD50 of aminocarb."	( Immunotoxicity of aminocarb. III. Exposure route-dependent immunomodulation by aminocarb in mice. Bernier, J; Chevalier, G; Fournier, M; Girard, D; Krzystyniak, K; Nadeau, D; Rola-Pleszczynski, M; Trottier, B, 1995)	0.29
" None of these compounds alone in the dosage used produced toxic signs; however, carboxylesterase (CarbE) activity in a variety of organs including brain, muscle, liver, and plasma was significantly reduced, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was unchanged."	( Role of carboxylesterases in the prevention and potentiation of N-methylcarbamate toxicity. Dettbarn, WD; Gupta, RC, 1993)	0.29
" Most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity and of limited duration, most commonly headache, nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea."	( Safety/tolerability trial of SDZ ENA 713 in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Anand, R; Cutler, NR; Hartman, RD; Irwin, P; Sramek, JJ; Wardle, TS, 1996)	0.29
"For the last 30 years the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) has carried out toxicological evaluations and safety assessments of dithiocarbamate pesticides, continuously adjusting previous appraisals in the light of new data and advances in the understanding of the principles and mechanisms of toxic action of these compounds."	( International safety assessment of pesticides: dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU--a review and update. Almeida, WF; Burin, GJ; Jaeger, RB; Puga, FR; Rahde, AF; Reyes, FG; Schvartsman, S; Vettorazzi, G, )	0.13
" These properties suggest that P10358 may be a safe and promising symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease."	( Pharmacological activity and safety profile of P10358, a novel, orally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease. Bores, GM; Brooks, KM; Camacho, F; Cunningham, DM; Davis, L; Fishkin, R; Hartman, HB; Li, M; Petko, W; Roehr, J; Rush, DK; Selk, DE; Smith, CP; Vargas, HM; Winslow, JT, 1997)	0.3
" Moreover, genotoxicity after S-9 was developed at levels where the acute toxic effects (Microtox) were 'non measurable' to 'negligible'."	( Evaluation of the genotoxicity potential (by Mutatox test) of ten pesticides found as water pollutants in Cyprus. Canna-Michaelidou, S; Nicolaou, AS, 1996)	0.29
" Moreover, molinate is metabolized readily by both liver and testis microsomal enzymes, suggesting that the molinate toxic metabolite could be formed in the testis in close proximity to its site of action."	( Testicular toxicity of molinate in the rat: metabolic activation via sulfoxidation. Hess, RA; Jewell, WT; Miller, MG, 1998)	0.3
" During the evaluation of the compound for regulatory compliance, an adverse effect on male reproduction in rats was observed."	( Molinate: rodent reproductive toxicity and its relevance to humans--a review. Ellis, MK; Foster, JR; Tomenson, JA; Wickramaratne, GA, 1998)	0.3
" Adverse events were predominantly gastrointestinal, of mild to moderate severity, transient, and occurred mainly during escalation of the dose."	( Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. Agid, Y; Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Dal-Bianco, P; Gauthier, S; Gharabawi, M; Hartman, R; Rösler, M; Stähelin, HB, 1999)	0.3
" The most common adverse events related to amprenavir were headache, nausea, and hypesthesia."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir (141W94), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 protease inhibitor, following oral administration of single doses to HIV-infected adults. Chittick, GE; Hanson, CD; Roskell, NS; Sadler, BM; Symonds, WT, 1999)	0.3
" The most common adverse event in the phase II studies was hypoglycaemia."	( Preclinical and clinical studies on safety and tolerability of repaglinide. Schatz, H, 1999)	0.3
" The most common adverse events considered to be possibly drug related were nausea, rash, oral paresthesia, diarrhea, and fatigue."	( A phase II safety and efficacy study of amprenavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with limited antiretroviral experience. Amprenavir PROAB2002 Study Team. Antunes, F; Brown, DJ; Clumeck, N; Fetter, A; Haubrich, R; Kahl, L; Lang, W; Pagano, G; Richman, D; Schooley, R; Sereni, D; Stein, A; Thompson, M; van der Ende, ME, 1999)	0.3
"The most common drug-related adverse events in patients receiving APV were gastrointestinal events and oral/perioral paresthesia."	( Safety profile and tolerability of amprenavir in the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with HIV infection. Brothers, C; Fetter, A; Millard, J; Pagano, G; Pedneault, L; Tymkewycz, P; Yeo, J, 2000)	0.31
" The analytical device allows the monitoring of the evolution of photosynthetic O2 and the detection of alterations due to toxic effects caused by environmental pollutants present in the medium."	( An algal biosensor for the monitoring of water toxicity in estuarine environments. Campanella, L; Cubadda, F; Sammartino, MP; Saoncella, A, 2001)	0.31
" Drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events reported in >3% of patients in the safety population were nausea in 279 patients (12."	( Safety profile and tolerability of amprenavir in patients enrolled in an early access program. Garrett, L; Garris, C; Graham, N; Pedneault, L; Rogers, M; Scott, T, 2001)	0.31
" Safety was monitored as clinical adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
" Safety was evaluated by monitoring clinical adverse events and changes in laboratory values."	( A dose-ranging study to evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of amprenavir alone and in combination with abacavir in HIV-infected adults with limited antiretroviral experience. Antunes, F; Blake, D; Clumeck, N; Danner, SA; Haubrich, R; Millard, J; Mustafa, N; Myers, RE; Nacci, P; Schooley, RT; Sereni, D; Thompson, M; Tisdale, M; van Der Ende, ME, 2001)	0.31
" Amprenavir was reasonably well tolerated with few treatment-limiting adverse events."	( A dose-ranging study to evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of amprenavir alone and in combination with abacavir in HIV-infected adults with limited antiretroviral experience. Antunes, F; Blake, D; Clumeck, N; Danner, SA; Haubrich, R; Millard, J; Mustafa, N; Myers, RE; Nacci, P; Schooley, RT; Sereni, D; Thompson, M; Tisdale, M; van Der Ende, ME, 2001)	0.31
" The toxic effect was evaluated using the determination of the ATP/ADP content and viability of HeLa S3 cells exposed to various concentrations of the chemicals tested for various durations."	( Evaluation of toxicity of pesticides and their biodegradation products using human cells. Forman, S; Kás, J; Novák, J; Ruml, T; Tykva, R; Wimmer, Z, 2002)	0.31
" Safety was monitored by physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory tests, ECG recording and by the assessment of adverse events."	( An open-label study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate probable Alzheimer's disease in the community setting. Barcikowska, M; Bilikiewicz, A; Bilińska, M; Gabryelewicz, T; Ochudło, S; Opala, G; Paradowski, B; Parnowski, T; Pfeffer, A; Podemski, R; Puzyński, S; Sołtys, K; Łapin, J, 2002)	0.31
" Exelon was generally well tolerated with 11% of patients withdrawing due to adverse events."	( An open-label study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate probable Alzheimer's disease in the community setting. Barcikowska, M; Bilikiewicz, A; Bilińska, M; Gabryelewicz, T; Ochudło, S; Opala, G; Paradowski, B; Parnowski, T; Pfeffer, A; Podemski, R; Puzyński, S; Sołtys, K; Łapin, J, 2002)	0.31
" Adverse events caused by co-administration were assessed."	( A pilot, randomized, open-label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co-administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances. Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Hartman, R; Korczyn, AD; Rotmensch, HH; Weiser, M, 2002)	0.31
"No clinically relevant adverse interactions were observed."	( A pilot, randomized, open-label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co-administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances. Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Hartman, R; Korczyn, AD; Rotmensch, HH; Weiser, M, 2002)	0.31
" Rivastigmine was generally well tolerated, the most common adverse events being nausea and vomiting, consistent with reports from previous clinical studies."	( Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease who failed to benefit from treatment with donepezil. Auriacombe, S; Loria-Kanza, Y; Pere, JJ; Vellas, B, 2002)	0.31
"The correlates of dropout, efficacy, and adverse events in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are unclear."	( Correlates of dropout, efficacy, and adverse events in treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease. Kim, JM; Shin, IS; Yoon, JS, 2002)	0.31
"The type and severity of adverse events during repaglinide treatment were similar to the run-in period."	( Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients with and without impaired renal function. Hasslacher, C, 2003)	0.32
"We conducted a comparative retrospective study of the tolerance and the adverse events (AE) of two AChEI in a group of patients with very slight and mild probable AD over a 6 month period."	( [Tolerance and adverse events of treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in a clinical sample of patients with very slight and mild Alzheimer s disease over a six-month period]. Fajardo-Tibau, C; Garre-Olmo, J; Gelada-Batlle, E; Hernández-Ferràndiz, M; López-Pousa, S; Lozano-Gallego, M; Morante-Muñoz, V; Turon-Estrada, A; Vilalta-Franch, J, )	0.13
" In all five studies, most adverse events were related to hypoglycemia, as expected in a normal population given a blood glucose regulator."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" The AChE bioanalytical method demonstrated different sensitivity to various pesticides, which correlated well with pesticide toxicity expressed as LD50 for rats."	( Photothermal bioanalytical methods for pesticide toxicity testing. Franko, M; Pogacnik, L, 2003)	0.32
" DNA fragmentation compared to control was markedly increased after incubation with aldicarb plus quinine, confirming that the parent compound is more toxic than the products of CYP metabolism; conversely, DNA damage after incubation with chlorpyriphos was sensibly reduced by quinine indicating the metabolic activation of this pesticide by CYP 2D6."	( [Genotoxicity and activation of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides by cytochrome P450 2D6]. Catania, S; Costa, C; Silvari, V, )	0.13
" Adverse events were consistent with prior data for each of the separate agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
"6 %)treatment was withdrawn because of mostly gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in elderly subjects with Alzheimer's disease: a "real world" study. Bardelli, F; Bencini, F; Biagini, CA; Caleri, V; Cantini, C; Cavallini, MC; Marini, M; Masotti, G; Mecacci, R; Mossello, E; Razzi, E; Sarcone, E; Tilli, S; Tonon, E, 2004)	0.32
"Insecticides are important candidates for immunotoxicology tests in order to assess the 'No Observable Adverse Effect Level' (NOAEL)."	( Evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by propoxure in C57Bl/6 mice. Azizi, E; Hassan, ZM; Minaee, B; Narenjkar, J; Neishabouri, EZ; Ostad, SN, 2004)	0.32
"3 the corresponding values for phepyrone (irrespective of the LD50 values)."	( [Functional-behavioral profile of new cyclic GABA analogs in acute toxicity tests]. Bugaeva, LI; Spasov, AA; Verovskiĭ, VE, )	0.13
"For ecological risk assessment, the additive model may be used to empirically predict toxic mixture effects."	( Toxicity of binary mixtures of cadmium-copper and carbendazim-copper to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ivorra i Castellà, N; Jonker, MJ; Kammenga, JE; Piskiewicz, AM, 2004)	0.32
" The most common clinical adverse event associated with amprenavir, administered as soft gelatin capsules, was nausea."	( Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir (141W94), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor, in HIV-infected children. Chadwick, EG; Homans, JD; Kovacs, A; Lou, Y; Symonds, WT; Yogev, R, 2005)	0.33
" The compound was not toxic for cultured rat hepatic cells."	( Antiamoebic and toxicity studies of a carbamic acid derivative and its therapeutic effect in a hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis. Angeles, E; Arriaga-Alba, M; de la Garza, M; Ordaz-Pichardo, C; Shibayama, M; Villa-Treviño, S, 2005)	0.33
"Pesticides are toxic agents intentionally released into the environment; their use raises public health and environmental concerns."	( Modulation of the genotoxicity of pesticides reacted with redox-modified smectite clay. Plewa, MJ; Sorensen, KC; Stucki, JW; Wagner, ED; Warner, RE, 2005)	0.33
" In addition, a toxic effect of the applied pesticides on the nodulation and root growth of the tested plants was observed."	( Pesticide side effect on the symbiotic efficiency and nitrogenase activity of Rhizobiaceae bacteria family. Klama, J; Niewiadomska, A, 2005)	0.33
" One hundred and thirteen adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported, with the most frequently specified being diarrhoea (10), abdominal pain (10) and nausea/vomiting (9)."	( Safety profile of repaglinide as used in general practice in England: results of a prescription-event monitoring study. Marshall, V; Shakir, S; Wilton, L, 2006)	0.33
" There were no severe adverse events (SAEs), and no subject was withdrawn due to BCV."	( Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. Anderson, MT; Fernandez, P; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Reddy, YS; Stein, DS, 2006)	0.33
" Capecitabine was less toxic in monkeys than oral 5'-DFUR according to dose (mmol/kg) and 5'-DFUR AUC."	( Relationship between AUC of 5'-DFUR and toxicity of capecitabine, fluoropyrimidine carbamate analogs, and 5'-DFUR in monkeys, mice, and rats. Horii, I; Kawashima, A; Kobayashi, K; Nakano, K; Shindoh, H; Shishido, N, 2006)	0.33
" BCV alone or in combination with RTV was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, following repeat administration with and without ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. Anderson, MT; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Ng-Cashin, J; Reddy, YS, 2007)	0.34
" Brecanavir/ritonavir was well tolerated with no serious adverse events or clinically concerning changes in laboratory parameters."	( Preliminary safety and efficacy data of brecanavir, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor: 24 week data from study HPR10006. Garges, HP; Lalezari, JP; Tomkins, SA; Ward, DJ, 2007)	0.34
" Results were similar for both studies, and no serious adverse events were observed."	( The safety of dirlotapide in dogs. Gossellin, J; Hickman, MA; Kerlin, RL; King, VL; Krautmann, MJ; Schmahai, TJ; Wren, JA, 2007)	0.34
" Dirlotapide was safe and effective in the reduction and management of body weight in obese dogs."	( Efficacy and safety of dirlotapide in the management of obese dogs evaluated in two placebo-controlled, masked clinical studies in North America. Campbell, SL; Eagleson, JS; Gossellin, J; King, VL; Ramudo, AA; Sunderland, SJ; Wren, JA, 2007)	0.34
" Acetochlor and its photolytic degradation products were found to be more toxic to bacteria than fungi."	( Microbial toxicity of pesticide derivatives produced with UV-photodegradation. Kiss, A; Naár, Z; Virág, D, 2007)	0.34
"The combination of repaglinide, metformin and bedtime NPH is safe and effective and it provides better postprandial blood glucose control."	( Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in combination with metformin and bedtime NPH insulin as an insulin treatment regimen in type 2 diabetes. Civera, M; Martínez, I; Merchante, A; Salvador, M; Sanz, J, 2008)	0.35
"In aquatic environments, many factors determine the overall impact of a toxic event, constituting "exposure scenarios" that must be understood so that risk assessment strategies can be successfully applied."	( Influence of exposure scenario on pesticide toxicity in the midge Kiefferulus calligaster (Kieffer). Domingues, I; Guilhermino, L; Monaghan, KA; Nogueira, AJ; Soares, AM, 2009)	0.35
"We investigated the toxic effects of carbendazim and n-butyl isocyanate (BIC), metabolites of the fungicide benomyl, on development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis."	( Toxic effects of carbendazim and n-butyl isocyanate, metabolites of the fungicide benomyl, on early development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Cheong, SW; Hong, SJ; Hwang, YG; Jin, JH; Kim, SJ; Park, JH; Yeo, CY; Yoon, CS, 2008)	0.35
" The drug was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the new antiepileptic carisbamate in the elderly. Levy, R; Novak, G; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Solanki, B; Yao, C; Zannikos, P, 2008)	0.35
" plus single-dose insulin glargine regimen was safe for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insisted on fasting during Ramadan."	( Repaglinide plus single-dose insulin glargine: a safe regimen for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insist on fasting in Ramadan. Bakiner, O; Bozkirli, E; Demirag, NG; Ertorer, ME; Tutuncu, NB, 2009)	0.35
" There were 13 mild and 2 moderate but no serious adverse events."	( A phase I dose-ranging study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of AVN944, an IMPDH inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Bol, DK; Genna, T; Hamilton, JM; Harding, MW, 2009)	0.35
" rosenbergii, particularly at the post-larvae stage (9-10 mm) on lethal (LC(50)) and sublethal (EC(50)) effects of toxic substances using post-exposure feeding rate as end point."	( Laboratory toxicity test and post-exposure feeding inhibition using the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Baird, DJ; Little, DC; Satapornvanit, K, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events (AEs) associated with the study medication occurred in 21% of patients."	( Fosamprenavir (GW433908)/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients: efficacy and safety results from the Spanish Expanded Access Program. Luque, I; Mallolas, J; Pérez-Elias, MJ; Rodríguez-Alcántara, F; Sánchez-Conde, M; Soriano, V, 2009)	0.35
"Ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir as part of antiretroviral therapy is a potent, safe treatment in real-life clinical circumstances."	( Fosamprenavir (GW433908)/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients: efficacy and safety results from the Spanish Expanded Access Program. Luque, I; Mallolas, J; Pérez-Elias, MJ; Rodríguez-Alcántara, F; Sánchez-Conde, M; Soriano, V, 2009)	0.35
"Primary endpoints were time to virologic failure (confirmed HIV-1 RNA > or = 1,000 copies/mL at 16-24 weeks or > or = 200 copies/mL at > or = 24 weeks) and time to first grade 3 or 4 adverse event or laboratory abnormality that was at least one grade higher than at baseline."	( Virologic response and safety of the abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose formulation as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy: analyses of six clinical studies. Dix, LP; Ha, B; Liao, QM; Pappa, KA, )	0.13
" Few subjects treated with ABC/3TC developed grade 3 or 4 adverse events, laboratory toxicities, or changes in lipid levels."	( Virologic response and safety of the abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose formulation as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy: analyses of six clinical studies. Dix, LP; Ha, B; Liao, QM; Pappa, KA, )	0.13
" Diarrhea was the most frequently reported adverse event."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.13
" Consistent with this hypothesis, two recent papers reported that gamma-secretase inhibitor I (GSI I), Z-LLNle-CHO, is toxic to breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo."	( The cytotoxicity of gamma-secretase inhibitor I to breast cancer cells is mediated by proteasome inhibition, not by gamma-secretase inhibition. Allalunis-Turner, J; Han, J; Hendzel, MJ; Ma, I, 2009)	0.35
" After FPV/r treatment, 18 of 20 patients achieved undetectable HIV-RNA and 4 of 20 experienced adverse events."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Briz, V; de José, MI; de Ory, SJ; González-Tomé, MI; León Leal, JA; Mellado, MJ; Moreno, D; Muñoz-Fernández, MA; Palladino, C; Policarpo, SN; Ramos, JT; Silveira, LF, 2010)	0.36
"Repaglinide is considered a safe drug; adverse events are mild to moderate which includes hypoglycemia, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dyspepsia as similar to sulphonylureas."	( Repaglinide induced acute hepototoxicity. Jaiswal, S; McNamee, W; Mehta, R; Musuku, M; Tran, L, )	0.13
" Treatment discontinuations due to adverse events (AEs) were more likely with EZG (RTG) than with placebo (placebo, 8%; 600 mg, 17%, 900 mg, 26%)."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive ezogabine (retigabine) in refractory partial epilepsy. Brodie, MJ; Elger, C; Gil-Nagel, A; Hall, S; Lerche, H; Mansbach, H; Nohria, V; Shin, P, 2010)	0.36
" Dizziness was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event, with a higher incidence (≥ 5% difference) in the combined carisbamate group (31%) than placebo (9%); the incidence was higher with carisbamate 1,200 mg (32%, n = 58) than with carisbamate 800 mg (30%, n = 53)."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adjunctive carisbamate treatment in patients with partial-onset seizures. Ben-Menachem, E; Eerdekens, M; Halford, JJ; Kwan, P; Ness, S; Novak, G; Schmitt, J, 2011)	0.37
" Dose-limiting toxic effects were reported at 660 mg/day (grade 3 elevation of hepatic transaminases [two patients] and QTc interval prolongation [one patient]), therefore the recommended maximum tolerated dose was 600 mg/day."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial of BMS-599626 (AC480), an oral pan-HER receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Armand, JP; Baselga, J; Beliveau, M; Catteau, A; Cortes, J; De Andreis, D; James, J; Lopez, E; Marier, JF; Martell, RE; Massard, C; Ropert, S; Soria, JC, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, ART regimens containing FPV/r QD may be considered safe in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, including those with cirrhosis."	( Liver toxicity of antiretroviral combinations including fosamprenavir plus ritonavir 1400/100 mg once daily in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. Delgado-Fernández, M; García-Figueras, C; López-Cortés, LF; Macías, J; Márquez-Solero, M; Martínez-Pérez, MA; Mata, R; Merchante, N; Merino, D; Omar, M; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Ríos-Villegas, MJ; Rivero, A, 2011)	0.37
"Only seven patients met the criteria to reach the primary end-point (grade ≥ 3 adverse event) and none of them discontinued HAART therapy during the follow-up period."	( Safety of fosamprenavir in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients with co-morbidities. Abrescia, N; Chiodini, P; Chirianni, A; Esposito, V; Gargiulo, M; Maddaloni, A; Parrella, G; Parrella, R; Sangiovanni, V; Viglietti, R, )	0.13
"Fosamprenavir-based regimens caused a low number of serious metabolic adverse events during a 48 week follow-up period, with a low incidence of co-morbidities and satisfying results in terms of viro-immunological response including for patients with already existing co-morbidities requiring other therapies."	( Safety of fosamprenavir in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients with co-morbidities. Abrescia, N; Chiodini, P; Chirianni, A; Esposito, V; Gargiulo, M; Maddaloni, A; Parrella, G; Parrella, R; Sangiovanni, V; Viglietti, R, )	0.13
" International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale (IRLS) score, investigator- and patient-rated Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) total scores and subscores, and short form (SF)-36 subscores were assessed, and adverse events (AEs) were monitored."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in Japanese restless legs syndrome patients. Hattori, N; Hirata, K; Inoue, Y; Kuroda, K; Uchimura, N, 2012)	0.38
" Therefore, compound 2 and 3 were more toxic against human Chang liver cells as compared to hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells."	( Cytotoxic effect of organotin(IV) benzylisopropyldithiocarbamate compounds on Chang liver cell and hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell. Awang, N; Ghazali, AR; Kamaludin, NF, 2011)	0.37
"The widespread use of different pesticides generates adverse effects on non target organisms like honeybees."	( Interpretation of honeybees contact toxicity associated to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bureau, R; Dulin, F; Halm-Lemeille, MP; Lepailleur, A; Lozano, S; Rault, S; Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos, J, 2012)	0.38
" However, it lacks degradable linkages and is too toxic for therapeutic applications."	( Biscarbamate cross-linked polyethylenimine derivative with low molecular weight, low cytotoxicity, and high efficiency for gene delivery. Jin, T; Lu, P; Sheng, J; Su, J; Wang, YQ; Wu, F; Yuan, LF; Yuan, WE, 2012)	0.38
"Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with monomeric carbamylated allergoid proved to be well tolerated, safe and effective in patients with respiratory allergy."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with grass monomeric allergoid: comparison between two different treatment regimens. Bruno, ME; Compalati, E; Falagiani, P; Mistrello, G; Quercia, O; Stefanini, GF, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were recorded along the whole study duration."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with grass monomeric allergoid: comparison between two different treatment regimens. Bruno, ME; Compalati, E; Falagiani, P; Mistrello, G; Quercia, O; Stefanini, GF, 2011)	0.37
" Consequently, the adverse event (AE) profile of RTG/EZG includes a potential risk of effects on the urinary system."	( The urinary safety profile and secondary renal effects of retigabine (ezogabine): a first-in-class antiepileptic drug that targets KCNQ (K(v)7) potassium channels. Brickel, N; DeRossett, S; Gandhi, P; Hammond, J; VanLandingham, K, 2012)	0.38
" Results for Headline® however suggest that although the AI is toxic to tadpoles at environmentally relevant concentrations, adjuvant(s) in the Headline® formulation also contribute to mortality, making it the most toxic of the fungicides studied."	( Acute toxicity of three strobilurin fungicide formulations and their active ingredients to tadpoles. Belden, JB; Hooser, EA; McMurry, ST; Smith, LM, 2012)	0.38
" Over 48 weeks, the rate of treatment-related serious adverse events was similar between the coinfected (8%; 16/205) and monoinfected (6%; 62/1114) groups, and the rate of treatment-related grade 2-4 adverse events was higher in the coinfected (38%; 77/205) compared with the monoinfected (29%; 320/1114) group."	( Hepatic safety profile of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-1-infected patients with or without hepatitis B or C coinfection. Ha, B; Rodriguez-Alcantra, F; Shaefer, M; Wine, B, )	0.13
" Cisplatin produces a cumulative toxic effect on peripheral nerves, and 30-40% of cancer patients receiving this agent experience pain."	( Cannabinoid type-1 receptor reduces pain and neurotoxicity produced by chemotherapy. Harding-Rose, C; Khasabov, S; Khasabova, IA; Paz, J; Seybold, VS; Simone, DA, 2012)	0.38
" The 2 most commonly reported adverse events were somnolence and dizziness."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Atluri, H; Bonzo, D; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ellenbogen, A; Hurt, J; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Tovera, J; Vu, A; Zomorodi, K, )	0.13
" Efficacy data showed that a once-daily dose of GEn 600 to 2400 mg provides greater relief of RLS symptoms than placebo; GEn was generally well tolerated with an adverse event profile consistent with gabapentin."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Atluri, H; Bonzo, D; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ellenbogen, A; Hurt, J; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Tovera, J; Vu, A; Zomorodi, K, )	0.13
" Not all mixtures of pesticides with similar chemical structures produce additive effects; thus, if they act on multiple sites their mixtures may produce different toxic effects."	( Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: their relevance to human health. Alarcón, R; Hernández, AF; López-Guarnido, O; Parrón, T; Requena, M; Tsatsakis, AM, 2013)	0.39
"During the study no serious adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of a dual boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen, atazanavir and fosamprenavir/ritonavir, against HIV: experience in a pediatric population. Adorni, F; Galli, M; Giacomet, V; Mameli, C; Rusconi, S; Viganò, A; Viganò, O; Zuccotti, GV, 2012)	0.38
" In the network meta-analysis, RTG was not found to be different from the other AEDs for responder rate (maintenance period), seizure freedom (maintenance period and double-blind period), withdrawals due to adverse events, and incidences of ataxia, dizziness, fatigue and nausea."	( The efficacy and safety of retigabine and other adjunctive treatments for refractory partial epilepsy: a systematic review and indirect comparison. Cooper, J; Duffy, S; Glanville, J; Hugel, P; Lane, PW; Martyn-St James, M; McCool, R, 2012)	0.38
" Careful monitoring of drug interactions and adverse reactions is necessary."	( Ezogabine: an evaluation of its efficacy and safety as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in adults. Welty, TE; Yamada, M, 2012)	0.38
" To examine the applicability of CAI and EAI, we compared the indices with the other indices such as the sum of toxic unit (STU), model deviation ratio (MDR), and effect residual ratio (ERR) and isobologram approach."	( Two novel indices for quantitatively characterizing the toxicity interaction between ionic liquid and carbamate pesticides. Deng, HP; Liu, SS; Qin, LT; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health."	( Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: a comprehensive review of the existing evidence. Colosio, C; Corsini, E; Galli, CL; Moretto, A; Sokooti, M, 2013)	0.39
" Treatments were generally tolerated, with no serious adverse events or discontinuations owing to adverse events."	( The effects of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of ezogabine (retigabine). Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" Systemic pharmacodynamics (potassium, heart rate, glucose and QTc), adverse events and systemic pharmacokinetics were also assessed."	( Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Ambery, C; Norris, V, 2013)	0.39
" The present study reinforces previous studies that Headline and Stratego are toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms."	( Acute toxicity of pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin to Hyalella azteca. Belden, JB; McMurry, ST; Morrison, SA; Smith, LM, 2013)	0.39
" The most commonly reported adverse events were dizziness and somnolence."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PXN110748). Bell, CF; Chen, C; Freeman, R; Graff, O; Harden, RN; Harding, K; Hunter, S; Kavanagh, S; Laurijssens, B; McClung, C; Rainka, M; Schwartzbach, C; Warren, S; Zhang, L, 2013)	0.39
" Dizziness was the only treatment-emergent adverse event occurring at ≥10% difference in carisbamate groups versus placebo (study 1: 12% vs."	( Efficacy and safety of carisbamate in patients with diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia: results from 3 randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Brashear, HR; DiBernardo, A; Ford, LM; Shi, Y; Smith, T; Todd, MJ, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events were diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, gastroenteritis and otitis media."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events were vomiting, cough, and diarrhea; 18 subjects experienced serious adverse events, including 9 with suspected abacavir hypersensitivity."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected 2- to 18-year-old children. Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Duiculescu, D; Ford, SL; Fortuny, C; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Tamarirt, DP; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
"Central nervous system effects are predominant within the adverse event profiles of both ezogabine and perampanel."	( Safety profile of two novel antiepileptic agents approved for the treatment of refractory partial seizures: ezogabine (retigabine) and perampanel. Burke, RA; Faulkner, MA, 2013)	0.39
" Discontinuation rates due to treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were numerically higher in the fast- (10/23) and medium- (7/22) titration groups than in the slow-titration group (3/23) but statistical significance was achieved only for the high-titration group compared with the low-titration group (p=0."	( Safety and tolerability of different titration rates of retigabine (ezogabine) in patients with partial-onset seizures. Biton, V; Brodie, MJ; Derossett, SE; Gil-Nagel, A; Nohria, V, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were consistent with those reported in clinical trials of peginterferon and ribavirin, and no unique adverse events appeared to be associated with GSK2336805."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of GSK2336805 when given as monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected Adkison, K; Cutrell, A; Elko-Simms, C; Gardner, S; Hamatake, R; Hong, Z; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Walker, J, 2014)	0.4
" Safety and efficacy were evaluated every 12 weeks, including incidence and frequency of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, CD4+ cell counts, and frequency of HIV disease progression."	( Long-term safety study of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-1-infected patients. Cheng, K; Gathe, JC; Givens, N; Sedani, S; Sievers, J; Wood, R, )	0.13
" Drug-related grade 2-4 adverse events were reported for 250 patients (33%), with the majority reported in the first 48 weeks of the study."	( Long-term safety study of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-1-infected patients. Cheng, K; Gathe, JC; Givens, N; Sedani, S; Sievers, J; Wood, R, )	0.13
" Phenisopham was the most toxic in the long term exposure while its five derivatives showed lower chronic potential for rotifers and algae."	( Chlorpropham and phenisopham: phototransformation and ecotoxicity of carbamates in the aquatic environment. Criscuolo, E; DellaGreca, M; Iesce, MR; Isidori, M; Lavorgna, M; Parrella, A; Passananti, M; Temussi, F, 2014)	0.64
" Adverse events (clinical events and absolute neutrophil counts, total cholesterol and triglycerides, and alanine transaminase) were summarised and DAIDS gradings characterised severity."	( Post-licensing safety of fosamprenavir in HIV-infected children in Europe. Duong, T; Ene, L; Galli, L; Giaquinto, C; Goetghebuer, T; Judd, A; Noguera Julian, A; Pimenta, JM; Ramos Amador, JT; Thorne, C, 2014)	0.4
" Rates of grade 3/4 events were generally low for all biochemical toxicity markers, and no serious adverse events considered to be causally related to FPV/r were reported."	( Post-licensing safety of fosamprenavir in HIV-infected children in Europe. Duong, T; Ene, L; Galli, L; Giaquinto, C; Goetghebuer, T; Judd, A; Noguera Julian, A; Pimenta, JM; Ramos Amador, JT; Thorne, C, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) monitoring, clinical laboratory evaluations, electrocardiograms, and physical and neurologic examinations."	( A novel design for a dose finding, safety, and drug interaction study of an antiepileptic drug (retigabine) in early clinical development. Biton, V; DeRossett, S; Nohria, V; Partiot, A; Porter, RJ; Rosenfeld, WE; Sachdeo, R; Tompson, D, 2014)	0.4
" These pesticides are highly toxic to humans and their residues in food pose potential threat to human health."	( Combined subchronic toxicity of dichlorvos with malathion or pirimicarb in mice liver and serum: a metabonomic study. Li, L; Li, W; Liang, YJ; Sun, YJ; Wang, HP; Wang, P; Wu, YJ; Xu, MY; Yang, L, 2014)	0.4
" The incidence of this significant adverse effect requires further investigation."	( Blue-gray mucocutaneous discoloration: a new adverse effect of ezogabine. Bergman, R; Didkovsky, E; Feuerman, H; Garin Shkolnik, T; Hodak, E; Kaplan, I; Pavlovsky, L, 2014)	0.4
" Enzyme inhibition results were confirmed by toxicity studies in caterpillars, where the new carbamates were 2-3-fold less toxic than propoxur and up to tenfold less active than bendiocarb, indicating little utility of these compounds for crop protection."	( Mosquitocidal carbamates with low toxicity to agricultural pests: an advantageous property for insecticide resistance management. Bloomquist, JR; Carlier, PR; Hartsel, JA; Ma, M; Swale, DR, 2015)	1
" To date, very few studies have been conducted on the toxic effect of carbendazim in the non-target organism zebrafish (Danio rerio)."	( Embryonic exposure to carbendazim induces the transcription of genes related to apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio). An, X; Cai, L; Jiang, J; Wu, C; Wu, S; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" No patient discontinued due to an adverse event or laboratory abnormality."	( Efficacy and safety of 8 weeks versus 12 weeks of treatment with grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) with or without ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 mono-infection and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection (C-WORTHY): a rando Barr, E; Bourliere, M; DeJesus, E; Dutko, F; Gerstoft, J; Haber, B; Hezode, C; Howe, AY; Hwang, P; Kugelmas, M; Mallolas, J; Murillo, A; Nahass, R; Pol, S; Robertson, M; Serfaty, L; Shaughnessy, M; Shibolet, O; Sulkowski, M; Vierling, JM; Wahl, J; Weis, N; Zuckerman, E, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events reported in more than 10% of patients were fatigue (66 patients, 26% [95% CI 21-32]), headache (58 patients, 23% [95% CI 18-29]), and asthenia (35 patients, 14% [95% CI 10-19])."	( Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks versus 18 weeks of treatment with grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) with or without ribavirin for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in previously untreated patients with cirrhosis and patients with previous Alric, L; Balart, L; Barr, E; Bronowicki, JP; Dutko, F; Gane, E; Ghalib, R; Ghesquiere, W; Guyader, D; Haber, B; Howe, AY; Hwang, P; Lagging, M; Lawitz, E; Lester, L; Pearlman, B; Robertson, M; Shaughnessy, M; Sievert, W; Sund, F; Tam, E; Wahl, J, 2015)	0.42
"Observed DCV exposure increases were within the normal range of variability and were not associated with an elevated risk of adverse events."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of daclatasvir in subjects with renal function impairment. Alcorn, H; Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Garimella, T; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Luo, WL; Marbury, TC; Sherman, D; Wang, R, 2015)	0.42
" DCV and ASV were generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events or clinicallyrelevant changes in vital signs or ECG parameters."	( Single- and multiple-ascending dose studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir and asunaprevir in healthy male Japanese subjects. Bertz, RJ; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Hiraoka, M; Nagashima, H; Shiozaki, T; Ueno, T; Yamahira, N, 2015)	0.42
" Here, the dissipation and residual levels of three fungicides (pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, and difenoconazole) were studied for strawberry under greenhouse conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry after Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe extraction."	( Degradation of three fungicides following application on strawberry and a risk assessment of their toxicity under greenhouse conditions. Cang, T; Sun, C; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Yu, R; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
" Daclastavir is generally safe and well tolerated, with a low barrier to resistance and low potential for drug-drug interaction."	( Review article: the efficacy and safety of daclatasvir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Bunchorntavakul, C; Reddy, KR, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events included eye stye, insomnia, and pain from an infiltrated intravenous line."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of co-administered paritaprevir plus ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in hepatic impairment. Awni, WM; Bernstein, BM; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Lawitz, EJ; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Mullally, VM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2015)	0.42
" DCV + ASV had lower adverse events rates than comparators."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of daclatasvir/asunaprevir versus IFN-based regimens in genotype 1b hepatitis C virus infection. Behl, AS; Betts, KA; Kalsekar, A; Li, J; Signorovitch, JE; Song, Y; Sorg, RA, 2015)	0.42
" Common adverse events included headache, asthenia, pruritus, and diarrhea."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, and Ritonavir in an Open-Label Study of Patients With Genotype 1b Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection With and Without Cirrhosis. Akarca, US; Hall, C; Hézode, C; Lawitz, E; Makara, M; Mobashery, N; Morillas, RM; Pilot-Matias, T; Preotescu, LL; Redman, R; Thuluvath, PJ; Varunok, P; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.42
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 82% (CBZ/OXC), 76% (LTG), 73% (LEV), and 67% (VPA) of patients; most were of mild-to-moderate intensity."	( Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)	0.42
" Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events (0-1% and 8-11%, respectively, p<0."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir compared to IFN-containing regimens in genotype 1 HCV patients: The MALACHITE-I/II trials. Arama, V; Campbell, A; Caruntu, FA; Conway, B; Curescu, M; Dalgard, O; Dore, GJ; Fuster, F; Ghesquiere, W; Greenbloom, S; Janczewska, E; Kapoor, M; Knysz, B; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Luo, Y; Mazur, W; Motoc, A; Podsadecki, T; Sasadeusz, J; Shaw, D; Skoien, R; Soza, A; Streinu-Cercel, A; Sullivan, D; Tornai, I, 2016)	0.43
" OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV was associated with a generally better mental and physical health, more favorable tolerability, and lower rates of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir compared to IFN-containing regimens in genotype 1 HCV patients: The MALACHITE-I/II trials. Arama, V; Campbell, A; Caruntu, FA; Conway, B; Curescu, M; Dalgard, O; Dore, GJ; Fuster, F; Ghesquiere, W; Greenbloom, S; Janczewska, E; Kapoor, M; Knysz, B; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Luo, Y; Mazur, W; Motoc, A; Podsadecki, T; Sasadeusz, J; Shaw, D; Skoien, R; Soza, A; Streinu-Cercel, A; Sullivan, D; Tornai, I, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events were fatigue (29; 13%), headache (27; 12%), and nausea (20; 9%)."	( Efficacy and safety of grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) in patients with hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infection (C-EDGE CO-INFECTION): a non-randomised, open-label trial. Barr, E; Bloch, M; Gress, J; Katlama, C; Klopfer, S; Lalezari, J; Mallolas, J; Matthews, GV; Nelson, M; Nguyen, BY; Orkin, C; Platt, HL; Robertson, MN; Rockstroh, JK; Saag, MS; Shaughnessy, M; Sulkowski, M; Wahl, J; Zamor, PJ, 2015)	0.42
" The fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) is often detected in fruits and vegetables for human nutrition and has been reported to elicit toxic effects in different experimental animal models."	( 6-Gingerol-Rich Fraction from Zingiber officinale Prevents Hematotoxicity and Oxidative Damage in Kidney and Liver of Rats Exposed to Carbendazim. Adedara, IA; Ajayi, BO; Farombi, EO; Salihu, M, 2016)	0.43
"Previous laboratory studies have suggested that pyraclostrobin-containing fungicide formulations are toxic to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations."	( Acute toxicity of Headline® fungicide to Blanchard's cricket frogs (Acris blanchardi). Belden, JB; Cusaac, JP; McMurry, ST; Morrison, SA; Smith, LM, 2016)	0.43
" We evaluated the 12-week sustained virologic response (SVR12) and adverse events during treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. Furuya, K; Horimoto, H; Izumi, T; Kimura, M; Kobayashi, T; Konno, J; Kudo, M; Morikawa, K; Nagasaka, A; Nakai, M; Natsuizaka, M; Ogawa, K; Sakamoto, N; Sato, F; Shinada, K; Sho, T; Suda, G; Tateyama, M; Terashita, K; Tsukuda, Y; Tsunematsu, S; Umemura, M; Yamamoto, Y; Yamasaki, K, 2016)	0.43
" No adverse constitutional events were observed in either of the groups."	( Safety and efficacy of dual direct-acting antiviral therapy (daclatasvir and asunaprevir) for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in patients on hemodialysis. Iio, E; Ishikawa, T; Kumada, T; Tada, T; Takaguchi, K; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, H; Tsuji, K; Zeniya, M, 2016)	0.43
"The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health."	( From immunotoxicity to carcinogenicity: the effects of carbamate pesticides on the immune system. Annabi, A; Dhouib, I; Elfazaa, S; Gharbi, N; Jallouli, M; Lasram, MM; Marzouki, S, 2016)	0.43
" No discontinuations were attributed to treatment-related adverse events."	( 12 Weeks of Daclatasvir in Combination With Sofosbuvir for HIV-HCV Coinfection (ALLY-2 Study): Efficacy and Safety by HIV Combination Antiretroviral Regimens. Ackerman, P; Bhore, R; Luetkemeyer, AF; McDonald, C; Noviello, S; Ramgopal, M, 2016)	0.43
" The rate of adverse events was 86."	( Clinical study of repaglinide efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with blood glucose levels inadequately controlled by sitagliptin. Hanafusa, T; Hotta, N; Ioriya, K; Kageyama, S; Kaku, K; Kawamori, R, 2016)	0.43
" Regarding safety, adverse events and serious adverse events were more frequently reported in patients taking concomitant ARAs, though baseline population differences may have played a role."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.43
" Recently, interferon-ribavirin free direct acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment has shown strong efficacy and fewer adverse events for chronic HCV infection patients without using dialysis, but there are few reports about DAAs for such patients."	( Effect and Safety of Daclatasvir-Asunaprevir Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b -Infected Patients on Hemodialysis. Miyagi, K; Miyazaki, R, 2016)	0.43
" There were no serious adverse events (AEs), discontinuations due to AEs or grade 3/4 elevations in total and/or direct bilirubin."	( Efficacy and safety of grazoprevir + ribavirin for 12 or 24 weeks in treatment-naïve patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. Baruch, Y; Ben Ari, Z; Bhanja, S; Bruck, R; Gane, E; Howe, AY; Hwang, P; Mollison, L; Robertson, MN; Wahl, J; Zhao, Y; Zuckerman, E, 2016)	0.43
" DCV and ASV were well tolerated in most of the patients, with treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (elevated liver enzyme and decompensation) occurring in two patients."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection. Lee, HL; Nam, HC; Song, MJ; Yang, H, 2016)	0.43
"In this study, combination of DCV and ASV treatment achieved a high sustained virological response with few adverse events even in those with cirrhosis, advanced age, and nonresponse/relapse to previous interferon-based therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection. Lee, HL; Nam, HC; Song, MJ; Yang, H, 2016)	0.43
" Safety outcomes were presented by the incidence of adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin for HCV Genotype 1 Infection for 12 Weeks Under Routine Clinical Practice. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; Collado Borrell, R; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Fernandez-Llamazares, CM; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz, A; Ibañez-Garcia, S; Lallana Sainz, E; Lobato Matilla, E; Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Manrique-Rodriguez, S; Marzal-Alfaro, M; Ribed, A; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Romero Jimenez, RM; Sanjurjo, M; Sarobe Gonzalez, C, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events occurred in 91."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin for HCV Genotype 1 Infection for 12 Weeks Under Routine Clinical Practice. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; Collado Borrell, R; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Fernandez-Llamazares, CM; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz, A; Ibañez-Garcia, S; Lallana Sainz, E; Lobato Matilla, E; Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Manrique-Rodriguez, S; Marzal-Alfaro, M; Ribed, A; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Romero Jimenez, RM; Sanjurjo, M; Sarobe Gonzalez, C, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma concentrations of daclatasvir and asunaprevir at day 5 of treatment, end-of-treatment response, sustained virological response (SVR), and the frequencies of adverse events were analyzed."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir therapy for hepatitis C virus-infected cirrhosis patients. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hayes, CN; Hiramatsu, A; Honda, Y; Imamura, M; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Kobayashi, T; Makokha, GN; Miki, D; Mori, N; Morio, K; Morio, R; Nagaoki, Y; Ochi, H; Takaki, S; Tsuge, M; Tsuji, K; Yokoyama, S, 2017)	0.46
" The frequencies of treatment-related adverse events in cirrhosis patients were similar to those in chronic hepatitis patients."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir therapy for hepatitis C virus-infected cirrhosis patients. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hayes, CN; Hiramatsu, A; Honda, Y; Imamura, M; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Kobayashi, T; Makokha, GN; Miki, D; Mori, N; Morio, K; Morio, R; Nagaoki, Y; Ochi, H; Takaki, S; Tsuge, M; Tsuji, K; Yokoyama, S, 2017)	0.46
" This combination therapy might offer a safe and effective treatment for chronic HCV infected-patients with compensated cirrhosis."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir therapy for hepatitis C virus-infected cirrhosis patients. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hayes, CN; Hiramatsu, A; Honda, Y; Imamura, M; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Kobayashi, T; Makokha, GN; Miki, D; Mori, N; Morio, K; Morio, R; Nagaoki, Y; Ochi, H; Takaki, S; Tsuge, M; Tsuji, K; Yokoyama, S, 2017)	0.46
" Collectively, 6-GRF inhibited the adverse effects of CBZ on the antioxidant defence systems, hormonal balance and histology of the testes and epididymis in rats."	( 6-Gingerol-rich fraction from Zingiber officinale ameliorates carbendazim-induced endocrine disruption and toxicity in testes and epididymis of rats. Adedara, IA; Ajayi, BO; de Souza, D; Farombi, EO; Rocha, JBT; Salihu, M, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events occurred in 151 (72."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin in hepatitis C: AMBER study. Berak, H; Bialkowska, J; Bolewska, B; Fleischer-Stępniewska, K; Flisiak, R; Garlicki, A; Halota, W; Horban, A; Jabłkowski, M; Janczewska, E; Jaroszewicz, J; Karpińska, E; Karwowska, K; Knysz, B; Kryczka, W; Lucejko, M; Madej, G; Mozer-Lisewska, I; Nazzal, K; Piekarska, A; Pisula, A; Rostkowska, K; Simon, K; Tomasiewicz, K; Tronina, O; Tudrujek, M; Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, M; Wiercińska-Drapało, A; Zarębska-Michaluk, D, 2016)	0.43
" Virological response and adverse events according to age were analyzed."	( Safety and efficacy of dual therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for older patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hiramatsu, A; Imamura, M; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Kimura, Y; Kobayashi, T; Miki, D; Mori, N; Morio, K; Morio, R; Nagaoki, Y; Nelson Hayes, C; Ochi, H; Takahashi, S; Takaki, S; Tsuge, M; Tsuji, K; Yokoyama, S, 2017)	0.46
" The frequency of adverse events was similar between younger and older patients."	( Safety and efficacy of dual therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for older patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hiramatsu, A; Imamura, M; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Kimura, Y; Kobayashi, T; Miki, D; Mori, N; Morio, K; Morio, R; Nagaoki, Y; Nelson Hayes, C; Ochi, H; Takahashi, S; Takaki, S; Tsuge, M; Tsuji, K; Yokoyama, S, 2017)	0.46
"Excellent SVR12 rates and the favorable side-effect profile of DAA-combination therapy can be well translated into "real-world"."	( Second-generation direct-acting-antiviral hepatitis C virus treatment: Efficacy, safety, and predictors of SVR12. Beck, R; Berg, CP; Egetemeyr, DP; Lauer, UM; Malek, NP; Schwarz, JM; Werner, CR, 2016)	0.43
"Paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin is effective and safe in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection in real-life clinical setting in Hong Kong."	( Real-life efficacy and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in chronic hepatitis C patients in Hong Kong. But, DY; Chan, CK; Chan, HL; Chan, KH; Fung, J; Hui, YT; Lai, CL; Lai, MS; Lam, YS; Lao, WC; Li, C; Lui, GC; Seto, WK; Tsang, OT; Wong, GL; Wong, VW; Yuen, MF, 2017)	0.46
" The most common adverse events were fatigue (one [17%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and asunaprevir; one [17%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and simeprevir; and two [33%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and asunaprevir) and headache (one [17%] patient in each group)."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-week response-guided triple direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection: a phase 2, open-label, proof-of-concept study. Bassit, L; Benhamou, Y; Chen, G; Chen, J; Hou, J; Hsiao, HM; Ji, D; Jiang, Y; Ke, R; Lau, G; Li, B; Li, F; Li, J; Liu, J; Perelson, AS; Schinazi, RF; Shao, Q; Sun, J; Tao, S; Tsang, ST; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wong, A; Wong, CL; Wu, V, 2016)	0.43
" By shortening the duration of therapy from the currently recommended 12 weeks to 3 weeks, we could drastically reduce the cost of therapy and the rate of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-week response-guided triple direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection: a phase 2, open-label, proof-of-concept study. Bassit, L; Benhamou, Y; Chen, G; Chen, J; Hou, J; Hsiao, HM; Ji, D; Jiang, Y; Ke, R; Lau, G; Li, B; Li, F; Li, J; Liu, J; Perelson, AS; Schinazi, RF; Shao, Q; Sun, J; Tao, S; Tsang, ST; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wong, A; Wong, CL; Wu, V, 2016)	0.43
" The safety data available for LDV/SOF±RBV and OBV/PTV/r±DSV±RBV show that discontinuation due to adverse events was necessary in no more than 3% of patients and the frequency of serious adverse events was between 0 and 11%, in particular in real-world studies."	( Hepatitis C: efficacy and safety in real life. Flisiak, R; Flisiak-Jackiewicz, M; Pogorzelska, J, 2017)	0.46
" The sustained virological response (SVR) rate after treatment and the adverse events during therapy were compared between CTR-met (patients who met the inclusion criteria) and CTR-unmet (patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria) groups."	( The efficacy and safety of dual oral therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for genotype 1b in Japanese real-life settings. Akuta, N; Arase, Y; Fujiyama, S; Hosaka, T; Ikeda, K; Kawamura, Y; Kobayashi, M; Kumada, H; Saitoh, S; Sezaki, H; Suzuki, F; Suzuki, Y, 2017)	0.46
"3%) in CTR-unmet group discontinued therapy because of adverse events other than the ALT elevation."	( The efficacy and safety of dual oral therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for genotype 1b in Japanese real-life settings. Akuta, N; Arase, Y; Fujiyama, S; Hosaka, T; Ikeda, K; Kawamura, Y; Kobayashi, M; Kumada, H; Saitoh, S; Sezaki, H; Suzuki, F; Suzuki, Y, 2017)	0.46
" No deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), Grade 4 AEs or AEs leading to treatment discontinuation occurred."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of simeprevir and TMC647055/ritonavir with or without ribavirin and JNJ-56914845 in HCV genotype 1 infection. Arastéh, K; Bourgeois, S; Buggisch, P; Francque, S; Hoeben, E; Horsmans, Y; Jacquemyn, B; Kakuda, TN; Luo, D; Moreno, C; Nevens, F; Orlent, H; Schattenberg, JM; Van Remoortere, P; Van Vlierberghe, H; Vandebosch, A; Verloes, R; Vijgen, L, 2017)	0.46
" Details of serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded."	( Effectiveness, safety and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 1 infection: Results from a Spanish real-world cohort. Albillos, A; Ampuero, J; Arenas, J; Bañares, R; Calleja, JL; Crespo, J; Diago, M; Fernandez, I; García-Eliz, M; García-Samaniego, J; Gea, F; Jorquera, F; Lens, S; Llaneras, J; Llerena, S; Mariño, Z; Morillas, RM; Muñoz, R; Navascues, CA; Pascasio, JM; Perelló, C; Rincón, D; Rodriguez, CF; Ruiz-Antorán, B; Sacristán, B; Serra, MA; Simon, MA; Torras, X; Turnes, J, 2017)	0.46
" Serious adverse events were reported in 3% (8 of 264) patients and no patient had a decompensation-related event."	( Safety and Efficacy of Elbasvir/Grazoprevir in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Compensated Cirrhosis: An Integrated Analysis. Barr, E; Haber, BA; Hézode, C; Howe, AYM; Hwang, P; Jacobson, IM; Kwo, PY; Lawitz, E; Peng, CY; Robertson, M; Wahl, J, 2017)	0.46
" Most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue, neutropenia, anemia, asthenia and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir plus pegylated-interferon alfa 2a and ribavirin in previously untreated HCV subjects coinfected with HIV and HCV genotype-1: a Phase III, open-label study. Ackerman, P; Berenguer, J; Cheinquer, H; Côté, P; Dieterich, D; Eley, T; Fessel, WJ; Gadano, A; Hernandez, D; Hughes, E; Lazzarin, A; Liu, Z; Matthews, G; McPhee, F; Mendez, P; Molina, JM; Moreno, C; Noviello, S; Pineda, JA; Pulido, F; Rivero, A; Rockstroh, J; Sulkowski, MS; Zakharova, N, 2017)	0.46
" The incidences of adverse events (AEs) were 29."	( Efficacy and safety of metformin and sitagliptin based triple antihyperglycemic therapy (STRATEGY): a multicenter, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial. Bi, Y; Engel, SS; Ji, L; Ji, Q; Jia, W; Lu, J; Mao, A; Mu, Y; Ran, X; Weng, J; Xu, W; Yang, W; Yao, B; Zeng, L; Zhao, B; Zhao, J; Zhou, Z; Zhu, D, 2017)	0.46
" Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) (3."	( Safety and Efficacy of Pegylated Interferon Lambda, Ribavirin, and Daclatasvir in HCV and HIV-Coinfected Patients. Conway, B; Lazzarin, A; Luetkemeyer, A; Molina, JM; Nelson, M; Portsmouth, S; Romanova, S; Rubio, R; Srinivasan, S; Xu, D, 2017)	0.46
" After a median follow-up period of 26 months (interquartile range, 20-30 mo), no patients had a serious adverse event or relapse of vasculitis."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir Plus Daclatasvir for Treatment of HCV-Associated Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Alric, L; Bouyer, AS; Cacoub, P; Comarmond, C; de Saint Martin, L; Ferfar, Y; Hezode, C; Musset, L; Pol, S; Poynard, T; Resche Rigon, M; Saadoun, D; Si Ahmed, SN, 2017)	0.46
" The combination was generally well tolerated, with an adverse event profile consistent with that observed in previous clinical trials of SMV or DCV separately."	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of simeprevir, daclatasvir, and ribavirin in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection after orthotopic liver transplantation: The Phase II SATURN study. Andreone, P; Berenguer, M; Calleja, JL; Cieciura, T; Donato, MF; Durlik, M; Fagiuoli, S; Forns, X; Herzer, K; Janssen, K; Jessner, W; Kalmeijer, R; Lenz, O; Mariño, Z; Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, S; Peeters, M; Shukla, U; Sterneck, M; Verbinnen, T, 2017)	0.46
"The combination of daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV) has demonstrated a high sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR12) and a low rate of adverse events in previous clinical studies."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for Korean patients with HCV genotype Ib infection: a retrospective multi-institutional study. Chae, HB; Cho, BW; Kang, YW; Kim, HS; Kim, SB; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Lee, SH; Lee, TH; Song, IH, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events occurred in 10 (13."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for Korean patients with HCV genotype Ib infection: a retrospective multi-institutional study. Chae, HB; Cho, BW; Kang, YW; Kim, HS; Kim, SB; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Lee, SH; Lee, TH; Song, IH, 2017)	0.46
" Close monitoring is needed for severe adverse events and treatment failure, which were uncommon."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for Korean patients with HCV genotype Ib infection: a retrospective multi-institutional study. Chae, HB; Cho, BW; Kang, YW; Kim, HS; Kim, SB; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Lee, SH; Lee, TH; Song, IH, 2017)	0.46
" The therapy was found to be reasonably safe with no major adverse effects noted with the use of sofosbuvir, ledipasvir or daclatasvir."	( Sofosbuvir-based treatment is safe and effective in Indian hepatitis C patients on maintenance haemodialysis: A retrospective study. Akhil, MS; Arumugam, K; Ganesh Prasad, NK; Kirushnan, B; Martin, M; Ravichandran, R, 2018)	0.48
" Other correlates with adverse events of clinical importance included concomitant ribavirin treatment, sex, race, and presence of cirrhosis, consistent with previous observations."	( Exposure-Safety Response Relationship for Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: Analysis of Data from Five Phase II and Six Phase III Studies. Awni, W; DaSilva-Tillmann, B; Dutta, S; Lin, CW; Liu, W; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Shulman, N, 2017)	0.46
" Clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs) were recorded from baseline to FU12."	( Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/+Dasabuvir±Ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r/+DSV±RBV) Therapy in Recurrent Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotype 1 Infection Post-Liver Transplant: AMBER-CEE Study. Bolewska, B; Buivydiene, A; Durlik, M; Flisiak, R; Jabłkowski, M; Jakutiene, J; Karpińska, E; Karwowska, KM; Katzarov, K; Kupcinskas, L; Pisula, A; Rostkowska, K; Simonova, M; Tolmane, I; Tronina, O; Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, M, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of PrOD-based therapy in hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with and without cirrhosis, and to explore pre-treatment factors predictive of sustained viral response (SVR) and serious adverse events (SAEs) on treatment."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir ± ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 1 - final results of the REV1TAL study. Bollipo, S; Cheng, W; Chivers, S; Dore, G; Fragomeli, V; Galhenage, S; Gazzola, A; George, J; Gow, P; Iser, D; Jones, T; Levy, M; Lubel, J; MacQuillan, G; Mitchell, JL; Nazareth, S; Pianko, S; Roberts, SK; Sasadeusz, J; Strasser, S; Stuart, KA; Thompson, A; Tse, E; Wade, A; Weltman, M; Wigg, A; Zekry, A, 2017)	0.46
" Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory information, on-treatment biochemical, virological and haematological indices and details on serious adverse events were collected locally."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir ± ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 1 - final results of the REV1TAL study. Bollipo, S; Cheng, W; Chivers, S; Dore, G; Fragomeli, V; Galhenage, S; Gazzola, A; George, J; Gow, P; Iser, D; Jones, T; Levy, M; Lubel, J; MacQuillan, G; Mitchell, JL; Nazareth, S; Pianko, S; Roberts, SK; Sasadeusz, J; Strasser, S; Stuart, KA; Thompson, A; Tse, E; Wade, A; Weltman, M; Wigg, A; Zekry, A, 2017)	0.46
" DCV-based DAA treatment is efficacious and safe in patients with HCV infection after LT."	( Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir-based antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Role of cirrhosis and genotype 3. A multicenter cohort study. Bañares, R; Casafont, F; Castellote, J; Castells, L; Cuervas-Mons, V; Espinosa, MD; Fernández, I; García-Gonzalez, M; González, A; González-Diéguez, L; Herrero, JI; Llaneras, J; Londoño, MC; Lorente, S; Molina Pérez, E; Montero Alvarez, JL; Narváez, I; Otero, A; Pascasio, JM; Pascual, S; Pons, JA; Prieto, M; Salcedo, M; Sánchez-Antolín, G; Sousa, JM; Testillano, M; Vinaixa, C, 2017)	0.46
" The number and percentage of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious TEAEs, and TEAEs consistent with hepatic decompensation were reported."	( Safety of the 2D/3D direct-acting antiviral regimen in HCV-induced Child-Pugh A cirrhosis - A pooled analysis. Cohen, DE; Cohen, E; Feld, JJ; Foster, GR; Fried, MW; Larsen, L; Mobashery, N; Nelson, DR; Poordad, F; Tatsch, F; Wedemeyer, H, 2017)	0.46
" Data were analyzed to assess the on-treatment and off-therapy HCV viral load and on-treatment adverse events."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection in Taiwan. Chen, DS; Chen, PJ; Hong, CM; Kao, JH; Liu, CH; Liu, CJ; Su, TH; Tseng, TC; Yang, HC, 2018)	0.48
" The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virologic response 12, whereas the primary safety endpoint was drug discontinuation or occurrence of grade 3/4 adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Simeprevir or Daclatasvir in Combination With Sofosbuvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Infection. Alaseeri, A; Albenmousa, A; Albiladi, H; Alghamdi, AS; Aljarodi, M; Almugharbal, M; Alothmani, HS; Alsahafi, A; Babatin, MA; Bzeizi, KI; Sanai, FM, )	0.13
" Adverse events occurred in 32% of patients (grade 1 and 2), but none discontinued treatment."	( Efficacy and Safety of Simeprevir or Daclatasvir in Combination With Sofosbuvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Infection. Alaseeri, A; Albenmousa, A; Albiladi, H; Alghamdi, AS; Aljarodi, M; Almugharbal, M; Alothmani, HS; Alsahafi, A; Babatin, MA; Bzeizi, KI; Sanai, FM, )	0.13
"SMV/SOF or DCV/SOF combinations are safe and highly effective in HCV-GT4 treatment."	( Efficacy and Safety of Simeprevir or Daclatasvir in Combination With Sofosbuvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Infection. Alaseeri, A; Albenmousa, A; Albiladi, H; Alghamdi, AS; Aljarodi, M; Almugharbal, M; Alothmani, HS; Alsahafi, A; Babatin, MA; Bzeizi, KI; Sanai, FM, )	0.13
" The treatment of two patients (2%) was discontinued because of adverse events."	( The Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir for Elderly Patients. Ida, Y; Iguchi, M; Kato, J; Kawashima, A; Kitano, M; Maekita, T; Moribata, K; Nakao, T; Shimizu, R; Shingaki, N; Taki, S; Tamai, H, 2018)	0.48
"Daclatasvir with asunaprevir was a safe treatment, even in patients aged ≥75 years."	( The Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir for Elderly Patients. Ida, Y; Iguchi, M; Kato, J; Kawashima, A; Kitano, M; Maekita, T; Moribata, K; Nakao, T; Shimizu, R; Shingaki, N; Taki, S; Tamai, H, 2018)	0.48
" The most common adverse events were headache (143 [22%] of 664), fatigue (129 [19%] of 664), and nausea (83 [13%] of 664)."	( Safety and efficacy of a fixed-dose combination regimen of grazoprevir, ruzasvir, and uprifosbuvir with or without ribavirin in participants with and without cirrhosis with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1, 2, or 3 infection (C-CREST-1 and C-CREST-2, Almasio, PL; Barr, E; Bruno, S; Buti, M; Butterton, JR; Dutko, FJ; Fernsler, D; Gao, W; Grandhi, A; Hassanein, TI; Huang, HC; Jancoriene, L; Lawitz, E; Li, JJ; Liu, H; Muellhaupt, B; Nguyen, BT; Pearlman, B; Plank, RM; Robertson, MN; Ruane, PJ; Shepherd, A; Su, FH; Tannenbaum, B; Vierling, JM; Wahl, J; Wan, S; Yeh, WW; Yoshida, EM, 2017)	0.46
" Overall, the most common adverse events were headache (55 [23%] of 240), fatigue (47 [20%] of 240), and nausea (32 [13%] of 240)."	( Safety and efficacy of an 8-week regimen of grazoprevir plus ruzasvir plus uprifosbuvir compared with grazoprevir plus elbasvir plus uprifosbuvir in participants without cirrhosis infected with hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2, or 3 (C-CREST-1 and C-CREST Agarwal, K; Barr, E; Ben-Ari, Z; Butterton, JR; Chen, HL; Dutko, FJ; Esteban, R; Fernsler, D; Fitzgerald, B; Foster, GR; Gane, EJ; Gao, W; Gerstoft, J; Grandhi, A; Huang, HC; Laursen, AL; Li, JJ; Liu, H; Nguyen, BT; Pianko, S; Plank, RM; Roberts, SK; Robertson, MN; Su, FH; Thompson, AJ; Wahl, J; Wan, S; Yeh, WW; Zeng, Z; Zeuzem, S; Zuckerman, E, 2017)	0.46
"02), while it increased the risk of serious adverse events (p = 0."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with or without Ribavirin for Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abushouk, AI; Ahmed, H; Loutfy, SA; Menshawy, A; Mohamed, A; Negida, A, 2017)	0.46
" No serious adverse events (AEs) were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in treatment of kidney transplantation recipients with hepatitis C virus infection. Li, T; Liu, F; Qu, YD; Wang, L; Xue, Y; Zhang, LX, 2017)	0.46
" No patients from the G/P Arm prematurely discontinued the study drug or experienced a treatment-emergent serious adverse event (TESAE)."	( Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in Japanese patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection with and without cirrhosis. Alves, K; Atarashi, T; Burroughs, M; Chayama, K; Eguchi, Y; Karino, Y; Kato, K; Kawakami, Y; Krishnan, P; Kumada, H; Naganuma, A; Oberoi, RK; Pilot-Matias, TJ; Pugatch, DL; Redman, R; Sato, K; Seike, M; Suzuki, F; Takei, Y; Watanabe, T; Xie, W; Yoshiji, H, 2018)	0.48
" The safety profile was similar across treatment arms, with adverse events tending to occur more frequently among participants receiving RBV."	( Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of elbasvir ± grazoprevir ± ribavirin in participants with hepatitis C virus genotype 2, 4, 5 or 6 infection: The C-SCAPE study. Badshah, C; Barr, E; Brown, A; Durkan, C; Foster, GR; Haber, B; Hézode, C; Lahser, F; Roberts, SK; Robertson, M; Wahl, J; Zekry, A; Zhang, B; Zuckerman, E, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events were reported in 63."	( Efficacy and safety of 6 or 8 weeks of simeprevir, daclatasvir, sofosbuvir for HCV genotype 1 infection. Beumont, M; Corregidor, AM; Feld, JJ; Felizarta, F; Gamil, M; Ghalib, R; Kakuda, TN; Khalid, O; Lawitz, E; Luo, D; Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, S; Smith, WB; Sulkowski, MS; Van Eygen, V; Van Remoortere, P; Vijgen, L, 2018)	0.48
" Safety outcomes were based on the incidence of adverse events."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events were recorded in 78."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
"The simplified regimen of OBV/PTV/r+DSV administered for 12 weeks is effective and safe in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
" The main endpoints were assessment of sustained virological response and serious adverse events rates."	( Effectiveness and safety of original and generic sofosbuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A real world study. Bessone, F; Borzi, SM; Cartier, M; D'Amico, C; Descalzi, VI; Fainboim, HA; Figueroa Escuti, S; Frías, S; Gadano, AC; Gaite, LA; Galdame, OA; Haddad, L; Longo, C; Marciano, S; Marino, M; Peralta, M; Perez Ravier, R; Reggiardo, MV; Vistarini, C, 2018)	0.48
" Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug regimens are safe and highly effective, allowing administration of treatment also in elderly."	( Efficacy and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b compensated cirrhosis in patients aged 70 years or older. Bataga, S; Brisc, C; Caruntu, FA; Chiriac, S; Cijevschi Prelipcean, C; Curescu, M; Gheorghe, L; Girleanu, I; Goldis, A; Iacob, S; Miftode, E; Mihai, C; Preda, C; Rogoveanu, I; Singeap, AM; Sporea, I; Stanciu, C; Stefanescu, G; Trifan, A, 2017)	0.46
"Low-dose Sofosbuvir and full-dose Daclatasvir are safe and effective in treating CHC in patients with CKD with eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1."	( Low-Dose Sofosbuvir Is Safe and Effective in Treating Chronic Hepatitis C in Patients with Severe Renal Impairment or End-Stage Renal Disease. Chawla, Y; De, A; Dhiman, RK; Duseja, A; Gupta, KL; Kohli, HS; Kumar, V; Mehta, M; Ramachandran, R; Taneja, S, 2018)	0.48
" Our aim was to analyze the characteristics associated with the presence of adverse events in patients receiving this antiviral regimen, with ribavirin in cirrhotic patients."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.13
" We recorded 201 adverse events in 98 (71."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.13
"We found a high number of adverse events, but most of them were mild or moderate and only one quarter of them required medical intervention."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.13
"Treatment of severe psoriasis in HCV positive patients is challenging, because several psoriasis medications have a toxic effect on the liver, and interferon alpha, used to treat hepatitis, can induce worsening of psoriatic lesions."	( Safety and efficacy of HCV eradication during etanercept treatment for severe psoriasis. Di Cesare, A; Lazzeri, L; Pescitelli, L; Prignano, F; Ricceri, F; Tripo, L, 2018)	0.48
" There were no severe adverse events associated with the treatment."	( Real-world virological efficacy and safety of elbasvir and grazoprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in Japan. Abe, H; Asano, T; Atsukawa, M; Deguchi, A; Fujioka, S; Hiraoka, A; Iio, E; Ishikawa, T; Itobayashi, E; Iwakiri, K; Kato, K; Kondo, C; Kumada, T; Masaki, T; Michitaka, K; Mikami, S; Moriya, A; Ogawa, C; Okubo, H; Okubo, T; Senoh, T; Shimada, N; Tada, T; Takaguchi, K; Tamai, H; Tanaka, Y; Tani, J; Toyoda, H; Tsubota, A; Tsuji, K; Uojima, H; Watanabe, T; Yoneyama, H, 2018)	0.48
" During the study, we did not record any serious adverse drug reaction or drug interaction and no patients discontinued the treatment."	( Efficacy and Safety of Elbasvir-Grazoprevir Fixed Dose in the Management of Polytreated HCV Patients: Evidence From Real-Life Clinical Practice. Caroleo, B; Colangelo, L; De Sarro, G; Gallelli, L; Perticone, M, 2018)	0.48
" The most common adverse events recorded were fatigue, headache, nausea, asthenia, and gastrointestinal troubles."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin: large real-life results of patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. Abdel-Gabaar, M; Abdel-Moneim, A; Aboud, A; Ramadan, M; Zanaty, MI, 2018)	0.48
"DAA in adult dosage are safe and effective for treatment of chronic hepatitis C (genotype 3) in pediatric β-thalassemic major population."	( Efficacy and Safety of Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C in Thalassemic Children. Garg, K; Gupta, GK; Maharshi, S; Nijhawan, S; Padhi, S, 2018)	0.48
"Patients who suffered any adverse event (AE) were 74/240 (30."	( Safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir plus ribavirin in patients over 65 years with HCV genotype 1 cirrhosis. Aghemo, A; Ascione, A; Bruno, S; Craxì, A; De Luca, M; Fontanella, L; Gasbarrini, A; Giannini, EG; Izzi, A; Marzioni, M; Melazzini, M; Messina, V; Montilla, S; Orlandini, A; Petta, S; Puoti, M; Sangiovanni, V; Trotta, MP; Villa, E; Zignego, AL, 2018)	0.48
"Our findings suggest that OBV/PTV/r + DSV + RBV is safe and effective in real-life use in patients with compensated cirrhosis, HCV-GT1 infection, and age over 65."	( Safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir plus ribavirin in patients over 65 years with HCV genotype 1 cirrhosis. Aghemo, A; Ascione, A; Bruno, S; Craxì, A; De Luca, M; Fontanella, L; Gasbarrini, A; Giannini, EG; Izzi, A; Marzioni, M; Melazzini, M; Messina, V; Montilla, S; Orlandini, A; Petta, S; Puoti, M; Sangiovanni, V; Trotta, MP; Villa, E; Zignego, AL, 2018)	0.48
" Safety and effectiveness assessments included incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and sustained viral response (SVR) rates at 24 weeks (SVR24)."	( Safety and effectiveness of daclatasvir and asunaprevir dual therapy in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C: results from postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Bando, E; Hatanaka, N; Komoto, A; Nakamura, K; Suzuki, F, 2018)	0.48
" The other two patients reported only grade 1 adverse effects."	( Concomitant use of sorafenib with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir: Effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. Giménez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Matilla-Peña, A; Revuelta-Herrero, JL; Sanjurjo-Sáez, M, 2018)	0.48
"The concurrent use of OBV/PTV/r+DSV with sorafenib was considered safe and effective."	( Concomitant use of sorafenib with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir: Effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. Giménez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Matilla-Peña, A; Revuelta-Herrero, JL; Sanjurjo-Sáez, M, 2018)	0.48
" However, information about the rate of adverse events (AEs) across different DAA regimens is limited."	( Outcome and adverse events in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antivirals: a clinical randomized study. Andersen, ES; Bukh, J; Christensen, PB; Fahnøe, U; Gerstoft, J; Kjær, MS; Laursen, AL; Mössner, B; Pedersen, MS; Røge, BT; Schønning, K; Sølund, C; Weis, N, 2018)	0.48
" As advanced age is associated with increasing risk of development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, elderly patients are in special need of safe and effective antiviral therapies."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir with or without ribavirin in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Abdel-Samiee, M; Abdo, M; Elbaz, T; Esmat, G; Gamil, M; Hassan, EA; Moustafa, A; Omar, H; Qawzae, A; Zaghloul, AM, 2019)	0.51
" In natural-freshwater assays, at environmentally relevant concentrations, all three pesticides inhibited the preparasitic-stage endpoints; with carbendazim being the most toxic pesticide and the subsequent infectivity of larvae exposed in ovo the most sensitive endpoint."	( Susceptibility of Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) to three pesticides: Influence of the water used for dilution on endpoints in an ecotoxicity bioassay. Achiorno, CL; de Villalobos, C; Ferrari, L, 2018)	0.48
" Most adverse events (AEs) were consistent with clinical sequelae of advanced liver disease or known toxicities of ribavirin."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir with or without ribavirin in HCV-infected Japanese patients with decompensated cirrhosis: an open-label phase 3 trial. Brainard, DM; Chayama, K; De-Oertel, S; Dvory-Sobol, H; Ikeda, F; Kanda, T; Kurosaki, M; Matsuda, T; Mita, E; Nishiguchi, S; Sakamoto, M; Sakamoto, N; Stamm, LM; Takehara, T; Takikawa, Y; Tamori, A; Tanaka, Y; Tatsumi, T; Ueno, Y; Yatsuhashi, H; Zhang, G, 2019)	0.51
" No serious adverse effects like anemia and decompensation were reported."	( Direct-acting antiviral Therapy Is Safe and Effective in Pediatric Chronic Hepatitis C: The Public Health Perspective. Dhiman, RK; Duseja, A; Grover, GS; Premkumar, M; Rathi, S; Satsangi, S; Taneja, S, 2019)	0.51
"Treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have advanced greatly, becoming more efficacious with fewer adverse events, due to the availability of direct-acting antiviral agents, which target specific steps in the HCV life cycle."	( Safety and efficacy of elbasvir/grazoprevir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: current evidence. Morikawa, K; Nakamura, A; Sakamoto, N; Shimazaki, T, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events were recorded for safety analysis."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan. Cheng, PN; Chien, SC; Chiu, HC; Chiu, YC, 2019)	0.51
" SOF/DCV/ribavirin regimen resulted in more adverse events, significantly higher bilirubin levels, and decline of hemoglobin during treatment than SOF/DCV regimen."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan. Cheng, PN; Chien, SC; Chiu, HC; Chiu, YC, 2019)	0.51
"SOF/DCV with or without ribavirin is highly effective and safe for patients with genotype 2 HCV infection in real-world experience in Taiwan."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan. Cheng, PN; Chien, SC; Chiu, HC; Chiu, YC, 2019)	0.51
" Combined SOF/DCV was found to be effective and safe for treating HCV Genotype 4-infected children, 8 years of age and above."	( Safety and efficacy of combined sofosbuvir/daclatasvir treatment of children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C Genotype 4. Abdel Gawad, M; Abdel Ghaffar, A; Abdel Ghaffar, TY; El Naghi, S; Helmy, S; Moafy, M; Yousef, M, 2019)	0.51
" SOF-based therapy was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported."	( Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus genotype 6 in Southwest China: Real-world experience of a retrospective study. Chen, B; Chen, EQ; Jiang, W; Tang, H; Tao, YC; Wang, ML; Wang, YH; Wu, DB, 2019)	0.51
" Three patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events (AEs) including dizziness, dyspnea, and neutropenia."	( Efficacy and Safety of Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Infection on Hemodialysis. Jang, JW; Kim, HS; Kim, JH; Kim, SB; Kim, SH; Ko, SY; Kwon, JH; Lee, BS; Lee, SH; Lee, TH; Song, DS; Song, MJ, 2019)	0.51
" So far, the range of cutaneous adverse events has been characterized only for established BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib)."	( The spectrum of cutaneous adverse events during encorafenib and binimetinib treatment in B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mutated advanced melanoma. Barysch, M; Cheng, PF; Conrad, S; Dummer, R; Galliker, N; Goldinger, SM; Graf, NP; Koelblinger, P; Mangana, J, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of this study was to investigate cutaneous adverse events emerging in melanoma patients treated with encorafenib and binimetinib."	( The spectrum of cutaneous adverse events during encorafenib and binimetinib treatment in B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mutated advanced melanoma. Barysch, M; Cheng, PF; Conrad, S; Dummer, R; Galliker, N; Goldinger, SM; Graf, NP; Koelblinger, P; Mangana, J, 2019)	0.51
" Frequency and features of cutaneous adverse events as well as their management were assessed based on the prospectively collected clinical and histopathological data."	( The spectrum of cutaneous adverse events during encorafenib and binimetinib treatment in B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mutated advanced melanoma. Barysch, M; Cheng, PF; Conrad, S; Dummer, R; Galliker, N; Goldinger, SM; Graf, NP; Koelblinger, P; Mangana, J, 2019)	0.51
"The most frequent cutaneous adverse events observed in patients treated with encorafenib alone (n = 24) were palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (54%), palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (58%) and alopecia (46%)."	( The spectrum of cutaneous adverse events during encorafenib and binimetinib treatment in B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mutated advanced melanoma. Barysch, M; Cheng, PF; Conrad, S; Dummer, R; Galliker, N; Goldinger, SM; Graf, NP; Koelblinger, P; Mangana, J, 2019)	0.51
"Compared to data published for established BRAFi, encorafenib monotherapy showed less hyperproliferative cutaneous adverse events."	( The spectrum of cutaneous adverse events during encorafenib and binimetinib treatment in B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mutated advanced melanoma. Barysch, M; Cheng, PF; Conrad, S; Dummer, R; Galliker, N; Goldinger, SM; Graf, NP; Koelblinger, P; Mangana, J, 2019)	0.51
" A total of 4 serious adverse events were reported and considered treatment-unrelated."	( Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of daclatasvir, asunaprevir plus ribavirin for HCV genotype-1b infection without NS5A resistance-associated substitutions. Chen, DS; Chen, PJ; Cheng, PN; Chien, RN; Chuang, WL; Hsu, SJ; Huang, CF; Huang, JF; Huang, YH; Hung, CH; Kao, JH; Lin, CY; Liu, CH; Liu, CJ; Peng, CY; Su, CW; Yu, ML, 2019)	0.51
"Truncated regimen of DCV + ASV plus ribavirin for 12 weeks was highly effective and safe in HCV-1b patients without NS5A L31/Y93 RAS."	( Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of daclatasvir, asunaprevir plus ribavirin for HCV genotype-1b infection without NS5A resistance-associated substitutions. Chen, DS; Chen, PJ; Cheng, PN; Chien, RN; Chuang, WL; Hsu, SJ; Huang, CF; Huang, JF; Huang, YH; Hung, CH; Kao, JH; Lin, CY; Liu, CH; Liu, CJ; Peng, CY; Su, CW; Yu, ML, 2019)	0.51
" In comparison to systemic application, metformin displayed the most adverse effects in vitro in nearly all analyses, interestingly at serum equivalent concentrations."	( Side effects of frequently used oral antidiabetics on wound healing in vitro. Bachmann, HS; Besser, M; Koester, V; Severing, AL; Stuermer, EK; Terberger, N, 2019)	0.51
"8% of patients treated with a combination of a sulfonylurea and insulin knew this side effect of the OAD."	( Hypoglycemic side effects of sulfonylureas and repaglinide in ageing patients - knowledge and self-management. Harsch, IA; Kaestner, RH; Konturek, PC, 2018)	0.48
" Sustained virologic response at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12), adverse events (AEs) and comedication management were assessed for patients initiating treatment before 1 June 2017."	( Real-world safety and effectiveness of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1- and 4-infected patients with diverse comorbidities and comedications: A pooled analysis of post-marketing observational studi Back, D; Bondin, M; Bourgeois, S; Buggisch, P; Charafeddine, M; Crown, E; Curescu, M; Dorr, P; Ferenci, P; Flisiak, R; Kleine, H; Larrey, D; Marra, F; Norris, S, 2019)	0.51
" The primary safety endpoint was treatment withdrawal rates secondary to severe adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Results in real clinical practice. Castro-Iglesias, A; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, A; Pernas-Souto, B; Pertega-Díaz, S; Rodríguez-Osorio, I, 2019)	0.51
" No patient treatment withdrawal secondary to severe adverse events was observed."	( Effectiveness and safety of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Results in real clinical practice. Castro-Iglesias, A; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, A; Pernas-Souto, B; Pertega-Díaz, S; Rodríguez-Osorio, I, 2019)	0.51
" The regimen was safe and well tolerated."	( Effectiveness and safety of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Results in real clinical practice. Castro-Iglesias, A; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, A; Pernas-Souto, B; Pertega-Díaz, S; Rodríguez-Osorio, I, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events included headache (n = 1) and nausea (n = 1)."	( Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Solriamfetol in Participants With Normal or Impaired Renal Function and With End-Stage Renal Disease Requiring Hemodialysis. Chen, D; Lasseter, K; Lee, L; Marbury, T; Zomorodi, K, 2019)	0.51
" Data on treatment outcomes and adverse events (AE) were analysed in patients with available sustained virologic response 12 weeks after cessation of treatment (SVR12) information overall and by subgroups."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir hepatitis C treatment in a single centre in Germany. Atanasov, PK; Buggisch, P; Lee, J; Petersen, J; Stoehr, A; Supiot, R; Ting, J; Wursthorn, K, 2019)	0.51
" However, ribavirin is associated with adverse events that can limit its use."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with low-dose ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1a infection without cirrhosis. Bank, L; Bernstein, D; Epstein, M; Krishnan, P; Lucey, MR; Martinez, M; Nelson, DR; Pockros, PJ; Polepally, AR; Poordad, F; Ravendhran, N; Reindollar, R; Sedghi, S; Trinh, R; Unnebrink, K, 2019)	0.51
"The administration of emetic agents in dogs for the purpose of gastric decontamination is not without risk, although the incidence of adverse effects is unknown and likely under-reported."	( Side effects of powdered sodium carbonate (washing or 'Lectric' soda) used as an oral emetic agent in five dogs. Indrawirawan, YH; Watson, AK, 2019)	0.51
"The toxic potentials of carbamates to human and non target organisms are of public concern in relation to society and ecosystem for their unregulated and indiscriminate use."	( Acute Rat and Mouse Oral Toxicity Determination of Anticholinesterase Inhibitor Carbamate Pesticides: A QSTR Approach. Banjare, P; Roy, PP; Singh, J; Verma, S, 2019)	0.82
" The patients were evaluated in respect of demographic, clinical and virological data, sustained virologic response (SVR) and adverse events."	( [EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF OMBITASVIR/PARITAPREVIR/RITONAVIR AND DASABUVIR IN PATIENTS WITH HCV 1B GENOTYPE INFECTION: REAL WORLD DATA]. Skorokhodova, N; Tsarova, O; Zhyvytsia, D, 2019)	0.51
"Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were comparable across all treatment groups (n [%] patients; revefenacin 88 μg, 272 [74."	( Revefenacin, a once-daily, lung-selective, long-acting muscarinic antagonist for nebulized therapy: Safety and tolerability results of a 52-week phase 3 trial in moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barnes, CN; Crater, G; Dean, L; Donohue, JF; Haumann, B; Kerwin, E; Moran, EJ; Pendyala, S; Sethi, S, 2019)	0.51
" There were four major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in Study 0126 (one, two, and one in the placebo, revefenacin 88 μg, and revefenacin 175 μg groups, respectively), no MACEs in Study 0127 and 26 MACEs in Study 0128 (9, 10 and 7 in the revefenacin 88 μg, revefenacin 175 μg and tiotropium groups, respectively)."	( Cardiovascular safety of revefenacin, a once-daily, lung-selective, long-acting muscarinic antagonist for nebulized therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Evaluation in phase 3 clinical trials. Barnes, CN; Bourdet, D; Crater, G; Donohue, JF; Feldman, G; Pendyala, S; Sethi, S, 2019)	0.51
" Efficacy was defined as HCV RNA below the lower limit of detection 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12), while safety endpoints included the incidence of grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) following treatment, and the proportion of patients who stopped treatment prematurely due to AEs."	( A pilot study of safety and efficacy of HCV retreatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with or without HIV (RESOLVE STUDY). Chua, J; Comstock, E; Covert, E; Emmanuel, B; Hoffmann, J; Husson, J; Kattakuzhy, S; Kottilil, S; Masur, H; Mathur, P; Price, A; Rosenthal, E; Tang, L; Wilson, E, 2019)	0.51
"Retreatment with 12 weeks of SOF/VEL/VOX was safe and effective in patients with relapsed HCV following initial combination DAA-based treatment."	( A pilot study of safety and efficacy of HCV retreatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with or without HIV (RESOLVE STUDY). Chua, J; Comstock, E; Covert, E; Emmanuel, B; Hoffmann, J; Husson, J; Kattakuzhy, S; Kottilil, S; Masur, H; Mathur, P; Price, A; Rosenthal, E; Tang, L; Wilson, E, 2019)	0.51
"Twelve weeks of the combination of direct-acting antivirals (SOF/VEL/VOX) was safe and effective in patients with relapsed hepatitis C virus infection who had previously received combination therapy with direct-acting antivirals."	( A pilot study of safety and efficacy of HCV retreatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with or without HIV (RESOLVE STUDY). Chua, J; Comstock, E; Covert, E; Emmanuel, B; Hoffmann, J; Husson, J; Kattakuzhy, S; Kottilil, S; Masur, H; Mathur, P; Price, A; Rosenthal, E; Tang, L; Wilson, E, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse effects were mild and non-specific."	( Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C previously treated with DAAs. Antonio Carrión, J; Arenas, J; Arencibia, A; Badia, E; Bernal, V; Buti, M; Cachero, A; Carmona, I; Conde, I; Delgado, M; Diago, M; Esteban, R; Fernández, I; Fernández-Bermejo, M; Fernández-Rodríguez, C; Figueruela, B; García-Samaniego, J; Gea, F; González-Santiago, JM; Hernández-Guerra, M; Iñarrairaegui, M; Lens, S; Llaneras, J; Llerena, S; Luis Calleja, J; María Morillas, R; Mariño, Z; Montoliu, S; Pascasio, JM; Riveiro-Barciela, M; Rosales, JM; Torras, X; Turnes, J, 2019)	0.51
"Real-world data show that SOF/VEL/VOX is an effective, safe rescue therapy for patients with prior DAA treatment failure despite the presence of resistance-associated substitutions."	( Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C previously treated with DAAs. Antonio Carrión, J; Arenas, J; Arencibia, A; Badia, E; Bernal, V; Buti, M; Cachero, A; Carmona, I; Conde, I; Delgado, M; Diago, M; Esteban, R; Fernández, I; Fernández-Bermejo, M; Fernández-Rodríguez, C; Figueruela, B; García-Samaniego, J; Gea, F; González-Santiago, JM; Hernández-Guerra, M; Iñarrairaegui, M; Lens, S; Llaneras, J; Llerena, S; Luis Calleja, J; María Morillas, R; Mariño, Z; Montoliu, S; Pascasio, JM; Riveiro-Barciela, M; Rosales, JM; Torras, X; Turnes, J, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment with SOF/VEL/VOX is an effective and safe rescue therapy due to its high efficacy and very good safety profile."	( Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C previously treated with DAAs. Antonio Carrión, J; Arenas, J; Arencibia, A; Badia, E; Bernal, V; Buti, M; Cachero, A; Carmona, I; Conde, I; Delgado, M; Diago, M; Esteban, R; Fernández, I; Fernández-Bermejo, M; Fernández-Rodríguez, C; Figueruela, B; García-Samaniego, J; Gea, F; González-Santiago, JM; Hernández-Guerra, M; Iñarrairaegui, M; Lens, S; Llaneras, J; Llerena, S; Luis Calleja, J; María Morillas, R; Mariño, Z; Montoliu, S; Pascasio, JM; Riveiro-Barciela, M; Rosales, JM; Torras, X; Turnes, J, 2019)	0.51
" We collected data on on-treatment adverse events (AEs), severe AEs, and laboratory abnormalities."	( Efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral agents for HCV in mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease. Aoufi-Rabih, S; Dixit, V; Fabrizi, F; Garcia-Agudo, R; Mendizabal, M; Ridruejo, E; Silva, M, )	0.13
" Most frequent adverse events included fatigue (6%), hyperbilirubinemia (6%) and anemia (4%)."	( Real-life effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in hepatitis C patients with previous DAA failure. Aghemo, A; Alberti, A; Bonfanti, P; Carolo, G; Carriero, C; Centenaro, R; Degasperi, E; Fabris, P; Faggiano, G; Fagiuoli, S; Gatti, F; Giorgini, A; Grossi, G; Lampertico, P; Landonio, S; Lombardi, A; Lomonaco, L; Maggiolo, F; Noventa, F; Paolucci, S; Paon, V; Pasin, F; Pasulo, L; Pozzoni, P; Puoti, M; Romano, A; Rossi, MC; Rovere, P; Russo, FP; Soffredini, R; Soria, A; Spinetti, A; Vario, A; Vinci, M; Zoncada, A, 2019)	0.51
"SOF/VEL/VOX is an effective and safe retreatment for patients with HCV who have failed on a previous DAA course in a real-life setting."	( Real-life effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in hepatitis C patients with previous DAA failure. Aghemo, A; Alberti, A; Bonfanti, P; Carolo, G; Carriero, C; Centenaro, R; Degasperi, E; Fabris, P; Faggiano, G; Fagiuoli, S; Gatti, F; Giorgini, A; Grossi, G; Lampertico, P; Landonio, S; Lombardi, A; Lomonaco, L; Maggiolo, F; Noventa, F; Paolucci, S; Paon, V; Pasin, F; Pasulo, L; Pozzoni, P; Puoti, M; Romano, A; Rossi, MC; Rovere, P; Russo, FP; Soffredini, R; Soria, A; Spinetti, A; Vario, A; Vinci, M; Zoncada, A, 2019)	0.51
" The objective of this study was to fully describe adverse events from the COLUMBUS study evaluating the most recent BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination encorafenib+binimetinib."	( Adverse events associated with encorafenib plus binimetinib in the COLUMBUS study: incidence, course and management. Arance, A; Ascierto, PA; de Groot, JWB; Dummer, R; Dutriaux, C; Flaherty, KT; Garbe, C; Gogas, HJ; Gollerkeri, A; Gutzmer, R; Krajsova, I; Liszkay, G; Loquai, C; Mandala, M; Pickard, MD; Robert, C; Schadendorf, D; Sileni, VC; Yamazaki, N, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events that represent known effects of available BRAFi and/or MEKi were evaluated."	( Adverse events associated with encorafenib plus binimetinib in the COLUMBUS study: incidence, course and management. Arance, A; Ascierto, PA; de Groot, JWB; Dummer, R; Dutriaux, C; Flaherty, KT; Garbe, C; Gogas, HJ; Gollerkeri, A; Gutzmer, R; Krajsova, I; Liszkay, G; Loquai, C; Mandala, M; Pickard, MD; Robert, C; Schadendorf, D; Sileni, VC; Yamazaki, N, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events were reported in 185 (35."	( Real-life effectiveness and safety of the daclatasvir/asunaprevir combination therapy for genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients: An emphasis on the pretreatment NS5A resistance-associated substitution test. Chung, WJ; Jang, ES; Jeong, SH; Kim, IH; Kim, KA; Kim, YS; Lee, BS; Lee, YJ, 2019)	0.51
"7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision."	( Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb-V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice - Vie-KinD study. Ahumada, A; Aldamiz-Echevarría, T; Baliellas, C; Barril, G; Benlloch, S; Bonet, L; Carmona, I; Castaño, MA; Castro, Á; de Álvaro, C; de Los Santos, I; Delgado, M; Devesa-Medina, MJ; García-Buey, L; García-Samaniego, J; Gea-Rodríguez, F; González-Parra, E; Gutiérrez, ML; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Laguno, M; Londoño, MC; Losa, JE; Mallolas, J; Manzanares, A; Martín-Granizo, I; Montero-Alonso, M; Montes, ML; Morán-Sánchez, S; Morano, L; Muñoz-Gómez, R; Navascués, CA; Polo-Lorduy, B; Riveiro-Barciela, M; Rivero, A; Roget, M; Serra, MÁ, 2019)	0.51
" Common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) with solriamfetol were headache, nausea, nasopharyngitis, insomnia, dry mouth, anxiety, decreased appetite, and upper respiratory tract infection; 27 (4."	( Long-term study of the safety and maintenance of efficacy of solriamfetol (JZP-110) in the treatment of excessive sleepiness in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. Ahmed, M; Baladi, M; Chandler, P; Foldvary-Schaefer, N; Hedner, J; Lee, L; Malhotra, A; Mayer, G; Pepin, JL; Sarmiento, K; Schwab, R; Shapiro, C; Strollo, PJ, 2020)	0.56
" Safety assessments included monitoring treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Safety of retigabine in adults with partial-onset seizures after long-term exposure: focus on unexpected ophthalmological and dermatological events. Boll, MC; Brickel, N; Cooper, J; Daniluk, J; De'Ath, J; Hewett, K; Joshi, K; McDonald, S; Rayner, K; Tiamkao, S; Vorobyeva, O, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, comprehensive eye examination identified a new adverse reaction of acquired vitelliform maculopathy in a limited number of patients."	( Safety of retigabine in adults with partial-onset seizures after long-term exposure: focus on unexpected ophthalmological and dermatological events. Boll, MC; Brickel, N; Cooper, J; Daniluk, J; De'Ath, J; Hewett, K; Joshi, K; McDonald, S; Rayner, K; Tiamkao, S; Vorobyeva, O, 2020)	0.56
" Drug-related adverse events occurred in 42% (n = 22) and 50% (n = 32) of participants receiving 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir for 8 or 12 weeks for hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection: A randomized study. Ahmed, SNS; Alric, L; Asante-Appiah, E; Asselah, T; Bronowicki, JP; Brown, D; Guidoum, A; Haber, BA; Hagen, K; Hall, JD; Hanna, GJ; Hezode, C; Hwang, P; Larrey, D; Leroy, V; Loustaud-Ratti, V; Nguyen-Khac, E; Ozenne, V; Pol, S; Robertson, MN; Serfaty, L; Su, FH; Talwani, R; Tran, A, 2020)	0.56
" Incidence rates of liver adverse events (LAE) were calculated; Poisson regression model was used to identify factors associated with LAE."	( Safety and efficacy of daclatasvir at doses other than 60 mg daily in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects: Data from the ICONA/HepaICONA foundation cohorts. Bonora, S; Cingolani, A; d'Arminio Monforte, A; Lo Caputo, S; Marinaro, L; Mussini, C; Puoti, M; Rossotti, R; Saracino, A; Soria, A; Tavelli, A; Uberti-Foppa, C, 2020)	0.56
" Nevertheless, there are many reports in which these patients have been treated with sofosbuvir-containing regiments without important adverse events."	( The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is effective and safe in treating patients with hepatitis C and severe renal impairment. Afshar, B; Agah, S; Amiriani, T; Fattahi Abdizadeh, M; Fattahi, MR; Hormati, A; Khoshnia, M; Latifnia, M; Majd Jabbari, S; Maleki, I; Malekzadeh, R; Malekzadeh, Z; Mansour-Ghanaei, F; Merat, D; Merat, S; Minakari, M; Moini, M; Mokhtare, M; Poustchi, H; Roozbeh, F; Sharifi, AH; Shayesteh, AA; Shayesteh, E; Sofian, M; Sohrabi, M; Somi, MH, 2020)	0.56
" No adverse events leading to discontinuation of medicine was observed."	( The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is effective and safe in treating patients with hepatitis C and severe renal impairment. Afshar, B; Agah, S; Amiriani, T; Fattahi Abdizadeh, M; Fattahi, MR; Hormati, A; Khoshnia, M; Latifnia, M; Majd Jabbari, S; Maleki, I; Malekzadeh, R; Malekzadeh, Z; Mansour-Ghanaei, F; Merat, D; Merat, S; Minakari, M; Moini, M; Mokhtare, M; Poustchi, H; Roozbeh, F; Sharifi, AH; Shayesteh, AA; Shayesteh, E; Sofian, M; Sohrabi, M; Somi, MH, 2020)	0.56
"The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is an effective and safe treatment for patients infected with all genotypes of hepatitis C who have severe renal impairment, including patients on hemodialysis."	( The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is effective and safe in treating patients with hepatitis C and severe renal impairment. Afshar, B; Agah, S; Amiriani, T; Fattahi Abdizadeh, M; Fattahi, MR; Hormati, A; Khoshnia, M; Latifnia, M; Majd Jabbari, S; Maleki, I; Malekzadeh, R; Malekzadeh, Z; Mansour-Ghanaei, F; Merat, D; Merat, S; Minakari, M; Moini, M; Mokhtare, M; Poustchi, H; Roozbeh, F; Sharifi, AH; Shayesteh, AA; Shayesteh, E; Sofian, M; Sohrabi, M; Somi, MH, 2020)	0.56
"This work aims to evaluate the therapeutic survey of adverse events during antiviral treatment of hepatitis in the three major University Hospitals in Abidjan."	( Pharmacological management of adverse events during treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in three Ivorian university hospitals . Allah-Kouadio, E; Allouka, KCE; Gnépéhi, OB; Kohi, DS; N'guessan-Irié, AG; Siransy-Kouakou, NG, 2020)	0.56
"A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of 203 patients from August 1, 2015, to July 31, 2018, enumerated adverse events during antiviral treatments, drugs used for their management, and their clinical or biological impact."	( Pharmacological management of adverse events during treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in three Ivorian university hospitals . Allah-Kouadio, E; Allouka, KCE; Gnépéhi, OB; Kohi, DS; N'guessan-Irié, AG; Siransy-Kouakou, NG, 2020)	0.56
"Correction of the adverse events was made either using causal treatment or using symptomatic drugs."	( Pharmacological management of adverse events during treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in three Ivorian university hospitals . Allah-Kouadio, E; Allouka, KCE; Gnépéhi, OB; Kohi, DS; N'guessan-Irié, AG; Siransy-Kouakou, NG, 2020)	0.56
" Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by using noncompartmental models, and safety was assessed through clinical evaluation and monitoring of adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Ding, Y; Kersey, K; Li, C; Li, X; Shen, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Only four patients discontinued treatment before week 4 due to non-hepatic adverse events."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir and nonstructural protein 5A inhibitors for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6: a multicentre cohort study. Bunchorntavakul, C; Charatcharoenwitthaya, P; Chonprasertsuk, S; Komolmit, P; Piratvisuth, T; Sanpajit, T; Sethasine, S; Siripipattanamongkol, C; Sobhonslidsuk, A; Sukeepaisarnjaroen, W; Sutthivana, C; Tangkijvanich, P; Tanwandee, T; Wongpaitoon, V, 2020)	0.56
" All the studies that reported the sustained virologic response (SVR) and adverse events of DAAs in HIV/HCV co-infected patients were included."	( Efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Fan, XG; Ma, SJ; Xiong, YH; Zheng, YX, 2020)	0.56
"6%) were the most effective combinations for HIV/HCV co-infected patients, with SVR rates of approximately 94% and above while severe adverse events were rare."	( Efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Fan, XG; Ma, SJ; Xiong, YH; Zheng, YX, 2020)	0.56
" GZR/EBR ± RBV was the optimal combination recommended for HIV/HCV co-infected patients based on the excellent treatment effects and insignificant adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Fan, XG; Ma, SJ; Xiong, YH; Zheng, YX, 2020)	0.56
" These results indicate that BPMC is highly toxic to zebrafish and that BPMC induces zebrafish developmental neurotoxicity through pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, degeneration and apoptosis."	( Fenobucarb-induced developmental neurotoxicity and mechanisms in zebrafish. Dai, MZ; Huang, YF; Li, CQ; Li, P; Wu, YY; Xia, B; Yang, H; Zhu, XY, 2020)	0.56
" Safety was determined by adverse events and ribavirin, when combined, was administered in escalating doses to all patients with GFR <60 mL/min."	( HEPATITIS C TREATMENT OF RENAL TRANSPLANT AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS: EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL REGIMENS CONTAINING SOFOSBUVIR. Amaral, ACC; Carvalho-Filho, RJ; Ferraz, MLG; Michels, FBL; Souza, ALDS; Vieira, GA, )	0.13
" The treatment was well tolerated and there were no major clinically relevant adverse events, with the most prevalent being asthenia (57."	( HEPATITIS C TREATMENT OF RENAL TRANSPLANT AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS: EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL REGIMENS CONTAINING SOFOSBUVIR. Amaral, ACC; Carvalho-Filho, RJ; Ferraz, MLG; Michels, FBL; Souza, ALDS; Vieira, GA, )	0.13
"The direct-acting antivirals were safe and efficacious in CKD patients treated with SOF-containing regimens, with the observation of high SVR rates, good tolerability and few severe adverse events."	( HEPATITIS C TREATMENT OF RENAL TRANSPLANT AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS: EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL REGIMENS CONTAINING SOFOSBUVIR. Amaral, ACC; Carvalho-Filho, RJ; Ferraz, MLG; Michels, FBL; Souza, ALDS; Vieira, GA, )	0.13
" The safety variable was withdrawal secondary to severe adverse events (SAEs)."	( Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir ± ribavirin vs glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Castro-Iglesias, Á; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, Á; Rotea-Salvo, S; Sanclaudio-Luhia, AI; Suárez-López, F; Vázquez-Rodríguez, P, 2020)	0.56
"SOF/VEL±RBV or GLE/PIB are safe and effective for treating G3-HCV-infections, with a lower effectiveness in patients with advanced fibrosis F3-4."	( Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir ± ribavirin vs glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Castro-Iglesias, Á; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, Á; Rotea-Salvo, S; Sanclaudio-Luhia, AI; Suárez-López, F; Vázquez-Rodríguez, P, 2020)	0.56
"0%) discontinued, most commonly due to adverse events (n = 137) and consent withdrawn for reason other than adverse event (n = 74); 1339 patients received ≥1 treatment dose (median modal dose = 200 mg)."	( Cenobamate (YKP3089) as adjunctive treatment for uncontrolled focal seizures in a large, phase 3, multicenter, open-label safety study. Aboumatar, S; Borchert, L; Gelfand, M; Halford, JJ; Kamin, M; Klein, P; Krauss, GL; Rosenfeld, WE; Sperling, MR; Vossler, DG; Wechsler, R, 2020)	0.56
" Retrospective analysis of the fractions of patients that achieved sustained virological response (SVR) was performed, and the incidence of adverse events was noted."	( Effectiveness and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir in Korean patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a nationwide real-world study. Chung, WJ; Jang, ES; Jeong, SH; Kim, IH; Kim, KA; Kim, YS; Lee, BS; Lee, YJ, 2021)	0.62
"1%) were common adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir in Korean patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a nationwide real-world study. Chung, WJ; Jang, ES; Jeong, SH; Kim, IH; Kim, KA; Kim, YS; Lee, BS; Lee, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" Common adverse events (headache, nausea, decreased appetite, and nasopharyngitis) were similar between cataplexy subgroups."	( Solriamfetol for the Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Participants with Narcolepsy with and without Cataplexy: Subgroup Analysis of Efficacy and Safety Data by Cataplexy Status in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Black, J; Carter, LP; Chen, D; Dauvilliers, Y; Emsellem, H; Lammers, GJ; Lee, L; Mayer, G; Plazzi, G; Shapiro, C; Thorpy, MJ, 2020)	0.56
"Carbofuran is one of the most toxic broad-spectrum and systemic N-methyl carbamate pesticide, which is extensively applied as insecticide, nematicide and acaricide for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes."	( Carbofuran toxicity and its microbial degradation in contaminated environments. Bhatt, P; Chen, S; Huang, Y; Lin, Z; Mishra, S; Pang, S; Zhang, W, 2020)	0.56
"3%) reported ≥1 adverse event (AE) and 491 had AEs (28."	( Safety and tolerability of elbasvir/grazoprevir in chronic hepatitis C virus therapy: Integrated analysis from clinical trials. Brown, DD; Haber, BA; Klopfer, SO; Kwo, P; Nangia, G; Reddy, KR; Robertson, MN; Vierling, JM, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events (AEs) were found in less than one half of patients (45 patients, or 42."	( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)	0.51
" This combination was found to be safe and well - tolerated."	( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)	0.51
" Secondary outcome was frequency of adverse events (AE)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5A-Inhibitor Experienced Patients With Difficult to Cure Characteristics. Ahlenstiel, G; Bowden, S; Dore, GJ; Douglas, M; Doyle, J; Farrell, G; Fisher, L; George, J; Haque, M; Hazeldine, S; Hellard, M; Levy, M; MacQuillan, G; McGarity, B; New, K; O'Beirne, J; O'Keefe, J; Papaluca, T; Prewett, E; Roberts, SK; Sawhney, R; Sievert, W; Sinclair, M; Sood, S; Stoove, M; Strasser, SI; Stuart, KA; Thomas, J; Thompson, AJ; Tse, E; Valaydon, Z; Valiozis, I; Wade, AJ; Weltman, M; Wigg, A; Wilson, M; Woodward, A, 2021)	0.62
"Sofosbuvir plus Velpatasvir fixed-dose combination is safe and effective in treating CHC in patients with ESRD on MHD."	( Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir combination is safe and effective in treating chronic hepatitis C in end-stage renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis. De, A; Dhiman, RK; Duseja, A; Kohli, HS; Kumar, V; Mehta, M; Premkumar, M; Ramachandran, R; Ratho, RK; Singh, MP; Singh, V; Taneja, S; Verma, N, 2021)	0.62
" The primary outcomes were mean difference in the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score, and risk ratio of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of solriamfetol for excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Jha, D; K C, B; Ray, BK; Singh, R; Subedi, R; Thakur, RK, 2020)	0.56
" There were no adverse events related to the use of Sof-Vel, with no major fluctuations in cyclosporine levels."	( Safety and efficacy of Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir in children with active hepatitis C virus infection undergoing haploidentical transplantation. Bhakuni, P; Chakrabarti, S; Gupta, M; Jaiswal, SR; Soni, M; Thatai, A, 2021)	0.62
" It was associated with high risk IFN-related adverse reactions due to reduced renal clearance of IFN."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/ribavirin in management of Egyptian chronic hepatitis C virus patients with chronic kidney disease: A real-life experience. Abd-Elsalam, S; Abo-Amer, YE; Ahmed, R; Badawi, R; El-Abgeegy, M; Elguindy, AMA; Elkadeem, M; Elsergany, HF; Elshweikh, SA; Hawash, N; Mansour, L; Mohmed, AA; Soliman, MY; Soliman, S, 2020)	0.56
"SOF-based pangenotypic DAAs including SOF plus DCV and SOF plus VEL, were effective and safe for CHC patients without GT determination in this study."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C patients without genotype determination: Real-world experience of a retrospective study. Chen, EQ; Chen, XB; Jiang, W; Li, J; Tao, YC; Wang, ML; Wang, YH; Wu, DB; Xiao, GB, 2020)	0.56
" The secondary outcome measures were SVR12 stratified by the presence of decompensated cirrhosis, prior treatment, HCC, and HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection and the occurrence rate of serious adverse events requiring treatment cessation or hospitalization."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in a real-world chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 cohort. Ang, TL; Fock, KM; Koh, J; Kumar, LS; Kumar, R; Kwek, A; Law, NM; Lee, ZC; Li, W; Tan, J; Tan, YB; Teo, EK; Thurairajah, PH; Wong, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" Apart from one patient who developed myositis, no other serious adverse events were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in a real-world chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 cohort. Ang, TL; Fock, KM; Koh, J; Kumar, LS; Kumar, R; Kwek, A; Law, NM; Lee, ZC; Li, W; Tan, J; Tan, YB; Teo, EK; Thurairajah, PH; Wong, YJ, 2021)	0.62
"The SOF/VEL ± RBV is a safe and efficacious treatment option for GT3 HCV patients in a real-world setting."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in a real-world chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 cohort. Ang, TL; Fock, KM; Koh, J; Kumar, LS; Kumar, R; Kwek, A; Law, NM; Lee, ZC; Li, W; Tan, J; Tan, YB; Teo, EK; Thurairajah, PH; Wong, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" The proportion of patients with at least one adverse event was significantly increased in solriamfetol group (RR = 1."	( Efficacy and safety of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea: findings from randomized controlled trials. Chen, G; Gao, H; Li, X; Wang, J; Wang, T; Xu, X; Xu, Z; Yang, S, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, solriamfetol showed good efficacy for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy and OSA but also significantly increases the risk of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea: findings from randomized controlled trials. Chen, G; Gao, H; Li, X; Wang, J; Wang, T; Xu, X; Xu, Z; Yang, S, 2021)	0.62
" We calculated the risk ratio (RR) of ≥50%, ≥75% and 100% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline, as well as dropout and serious adverse events related to treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures: A meta-analysis. Wang, C; Wang, J; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
" Cenobamate could be well tolerated, the most common adverse events associated with cenobamate were dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, headache and nausea."	( Efficacy and safety of cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures: A meta-analysis. Wang, C; Wang, J; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
"Cardiovascular adverse events (CVAEs) associated with BRAF inhibitors alone versus combination BRAF/MEK inhibitors are not fully understood."	( Cardiovascular adverse events associated with BRAF versus BRAF/MEK inhibitor: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using two large national registries. Al-Kindi, S; Barnholtz-Sloan, JS; de Lima, M; Dowlati, A; Fradley, MG; Guha, A; Gutierrez, JM; Jain, C; Jain, P; Lenihan, D; Oliveira, GH, 2021)	0.62
" We utilized the cross-sectional FDA's Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) and longitudinal Truven Health Analytics/IBM MarketScan database from 2011 to 2018."	( Cardiovascular adverse events associated with BRAF versus BRAF/MEK inhibitor: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using two large national registries. Al-Kindi, S; Barnholtz-Sloan, JS; de Lima, M; Dowlati, A; Fradley, MG; Guha, A; Gutierrez, JM; Jain, C; Jain, P; Lenihan, D; Oliveira, GH, 2021)	0.62
"4%) were cardiovascular adverse events (mortality rate 19%)."	( Cardiovascular adverse events associated with BRAF versus BRAF/MEK inhibitor: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using two large national registries. Al-Kindi, S; Barnholtz-Sloan, JS; de Lima, M; Dowlati, A; Fradley, MG; Guha, A; Gutierrez, JM; Jain, C; Jain, P; Lenihan, D; Oliveira, GH, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events were evaluated in all patients who started their assigned treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir versus the standard of care in adults hospitalized with COVID-19: a single-centre, randomized controlled trial. Afsharian, M; Bozorgomid, A; Janbakhsh, A; Khodarahmi, R; Khosravi Shadmani, F; Mansouri, F; Miladi, R; Mohseni Afshar, Z; Najafi, F; Rahimi, Z; Salimi, M; Sayad, B; Shirvani, M; Vaziri, S; Zamanian, MH, 2021)	0.62
"Liver malignant tumors (LMTs) represent a serious adverse drug event associated with drug-induced liver injury."	( Molecular Initiating Events Associated with Drug-Induced Liver Malignant Tumors: An Integrated Study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Toxicity Predictions. Kurosaki, K; Uesawa, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Safety assessments included frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious TEAEs, TEAE severity, and TEAEs leading to discontinuation."	( Long-term safety of adjunctive cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures: Open-label extension of a randomized clinical study. Chung, SS; French, JA; Kamin, M; Krauss, GL; Lee, SK; Maciejowski, M; Rosenfeld, WE; Sperling, MR, 2021)	0.62
"5%, 29/149), adverse event (10."	( Long-term safety of adjunctive cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures: Open-label extension of a randomized clinical study. Chung, SS; French, JA; Kamin, M; Krauss, GL; Lee, SK; Maciejowski, M; Rosenfeld, WE; Sperling, MR, 2021)	0.62
"This post hoc analysis characterized the weekly incidence and overall duration of common early-onset, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during solriamfetol treatment."	( Incidence and duration of common early-onset adverse events in randomized controlled trials of solriamfetol for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Bujanover, S; Dauvilliers, Y; Gotfried, M; Malhotra, A; Rosenberg, R; Scheckner, B; Schweitzer, PK; Thorpy, MJ; Zammit, G, 2022)	0.72
" Incidence and duration of common early-onset adverse events in randomized controlled trials of solriamfetol for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy."	( Incidence and duration of common early-onset adverse events in randomized controlled trials of solriamfetol for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Bujanover, S; Dauvilliers, Y; Gotfried, M; Malhotra, A; Rosenberg, R; Scheckner, B; Schweitzer, PK; Thorpy, MJ; Zammit, G, 2022)	0.72
"DCV 30 mg OD was predicted to achieve effective and safe exposures in children 14 to <35 kg, perhaps down to 10 kg."	( Effective and Safe Daclatasvir Drug Exposures Predicted in Children Using Adult Formulations. Abbassi, M; Al-Nahari, M; Cressey, TR; Easterbrook, P; El-Sayed, MH; Farid, S; Indolfi, G; Lallemant, M; Penazzato, M, 2021)	0.62
"HCV-infected patients can be treated well with an interferon-free SOF/DAC regimen, tolerated with generally mild adverse effects with a higher SVR."	( Diagnostic approach to elucidate the efficacy and side effects of direct-acting antivirals in HCV infected patients. Alsrhani, A; Alzahrani, B; Ejaz, H; Gohar, UF; Junaid, K; Mukhtar, H; Qamar, MU; Younas, S, 2021)	0.62
" Combined results showed that there were no significant differences between COPD patients receiving 175 μg revefenacin and those receiving a placebo, concerning the risk of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs), any all-grade AE, or any serious AE."	( Safety evaluation of revefenacin at the approved dose in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Liu, B; Luo, W; Zan, S, )	0.13
"Revefenacin at the approved dose is generally well-tolerated and safe with minimal AEs, which supports its use as a once-daily nebulized LAMA for the treatment of moderate to severe stable COPD."	( Safety evaluation of revefenacin at the approved dose in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Liu, B; Luo, W; Zan, S, )	0.13
" Adverse event (AE) profiles of specific BRAF inhibitors vary, however, and are affected by the specific agents given in combination."	( Management of adverse events from the treatment of encorafenib plus cetuximab for patients with BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: insights from the BEACON CRC study. Christy-Bittel, J; Ciardiello, F; Desai, J; Gollerkeri, A; Grothey, A; Kopetz, S; Maharry, K; Tabernero, J; Trevino, TL; Van Cutsem, E; Velez, L; Wasan, H; Yaeger, R; Yoshino, T, 2021)	0.62
" The most common adverse events were hepatic steatosis, upper respiratory tract infection, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, blood bilirubin increased, and total bile acids increased."	( Efficacy and safety of alfosbuvir plus daclatasvir in Chinese patients with hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 6 infection: An open-label, phase 2 study. Chen, J; Gao, H; Guan, Y; Hua, R; Huang, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, F; Li, C; Li, G; Ma, H; Mao, X; Meng, C; Niu, J; Tan, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Wen, X; Wu, Q; Xin, Y; Xiong, Q; Xu, B; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L, 2022)	0.72
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were examined in the double-blind period."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive cenobamate: Post-hoc analysis of study C017 in patients grouped by mechanism of action of concomitant antiseizure medications. Brandt, C; Milanov, I; Sánchez-Álvarez, JC; Serratosa, JM; Steinhoff, BJ, 2022)	0.72
"A 12 week course of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir-voxilaprevir is safe and efficacious for the re-treatment of individuals infected with HCV genotype 4 non-a/d subtypes with frequent baseline NS5A resistance-associated substitutions, following failure of previous direct-acting antiviral treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir-voxilaprevir for re-treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in patients with previous direct-acting antiviral treatment failure in Rwanda (SHARED-3): a single-arm trial. Camus, G; Grant, PM; Gupta, N; Kabihizi, J; Kateera, F; Makuza, JD; Manirambona, L; Mukabatsinda, C; Murangwa, A; Musabeyezu, E; Muvunyi, CM; Nsanzimana, S; Serumondo, J; Shumbusho, F, 2022)	0.72
"A 12-week regimen of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir is safe and efficacious in treating chronic HCV genotype 4 infection in patients in Rwanda."	( Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir to treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection in treatment-naive patients in Rwanda (SHARED-3): a single-arm trial. Camus, G; Grant, PM; Gupta, N; Kabakambira, JD; Kabihizi, J; Kateera, F; Makuza, JD; Manirambona, L; Murangwa, A; Muvunyi, CM; Nsanzimana, S; Serumondo, J; Shumbusho, F; Sylvain, H, 2022)	0.72
" Oxamyl being less toxic to predatory mites and significantly mortal to phytophagous mites is recommended as a tool to as a tool to achieve biological control parallel to pesticidal effect."	( Toxicity evaluation of oxamyl against tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyideae) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under greenhouse conditions. Alhewairini, SS, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, there is a need for effective and safe antiviral."	( Efficacy and safety of the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination for the treatment of patients with early mild to moderate COVID-19. Adinolfi, LE; De Lucia Sposito, P; Fusco, R; Gaglione, P; Izzi, A; Lumino, P; Maggi, P; Marrone, A; Messina, V; Nevola, R; Rega, R; Rinaldi, L; Sasso, FC; Simeone, F, 2022)	0.72
" Some studies revealed the adverse effect of CBZ on different organs, but its detailed toxicity mechanism has not been elucidated yet."	( Novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying carbendazim-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Ebedy, YA; Elshazly, MO; Hassan, NH; Hassanen, EI; Ibrahim, MA, 2022)	0.72
" Demographic information, HCV viral load (VL), profiles of lipid and sugar, and adverse events were recorded and reviewed."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for genotype 6 chronic hepatitis C. Chen, JJ; Cheng, PN; Chien, SC; Chiu, HC; Chiu, YC; Lee, PL; Tung, HD, 2022)	0.72
" This post hoc analysis reports onset of efficacy and characterizes time to onset, duration, and severity of the most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during cenobamate titration."	( Onset of efficacy and adverse events during Cenobamate titration period. Ben-Menachem, E; Brandt, C; García Morales, I; Rosenfeld, WE; Santamarina, E; Serratosa, JM; Steinhoff, BJ, 2022)	0.72
" Long-term treatment with adjunctive cenobamate was generally safe and well-tolerated."	( Onset of efficacy and adverse events during Cenobamate titration period. Ben-Menachem, E; Brandt, C; García Morales, I; Rosenfeld, WE; Santamarina, E; Serratosa, JM; Steinhoff, BJ, 2022)	0.72
" In terms of safety, we monitored the development of adverse reactions, liver cytolysis, cholestasis, and hematologic disorders."	( A Real-World Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Paritaprevir/Ombitasvir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir, with or without Ribavirin, in 587 Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C at the Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Bacinschi, X; Gales, L; Haineala, B; Iliescu, L; Mercan, A; Popescu, GC; Rodica, A; Serban, D; Toma, L; Zgura, A, 2022)	0.72
" Overuse of isoprocarb always leaves toxic residues in soil and water, however, the potential ecotoxicity of isoprocarb to organisms is still confusing."	( Isoprocarb causes neurotoxicity of zebrafish embryos through oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Han, X; Hu, C; Liu, Y; Mao, H; Wang, S; Xu, X; Yu, T; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
" This study will be useful for promoting effective residue management and the safe use of these chemicals for controlling fungal diseases in grapes."	( Dissipation kinetics, safety evaluation, and decontamination of residues of the combo-formulation iprovalicarb 8.4% + copper oxychloride 40.6% WG in/on grapes ( Hingmire, S; Kadam, P; Shabeer Tp, A; Taynath, B; Verma, Y, 2022)	0.72
"17), superior to vemurafenib + cobimetinib with fewer serious adverse events (SAEs) (OR = 0."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of targeted therapies for BRAF-mutant unresectable or metastatic melanoma: Results from a systematic literature review and a network meta-analysis. Berardi, R; Corrie, P; Guidoboni, M; Kolovos, S; Laramée, P; Macabeo, B; Meyer, N; Schlueter, M; Trouiller, JB, 2022)	0.72
" Although oxamyl is a widely used insecticide that is associated with ecological concerns, limited studies have examined the toxic effects of oxamyl on the developmental stage and the underlying mechanisms."	( Oxamyl exerts developmental toxic effects in zebrafish by disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain and modulating PI3K/Akt and p38 Mapk signaling. An, G; Hong, T; Lim, W; Park, H; Song, G, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A pharmacokinetic model for distribution of carbaryl and landrin (0-5 mg/kg) in male rat has been derived."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of two carbamate insecticides, carbaryl and landrin, in the rat. Bridges, JW; Houston, JB; Upshall, DG, 1975)	0.25
" The following model parameters were obtained: elimination half-life 161."	( Pharmacokinetics of carbisocaine in rats and mice. Bezek, S; Durisová, M; Faberová, V; Kállay, Z; Scasnár, V; Trnovec, T, )	0.13
"58 micrograms) but the half-life was unchanged (6."	( Pharmacokinetic study of pyridinol carbamate in chronic renal insufficiency. François, B; Ksavrelof, H; Mallein, R; Rondelet, J, )	0.13
"Direct intraabomasal oxfendazole (OFZ) administration resulted in the peak plasma OFZ concentration occurring sooner and the area under the plasma OFZ concentration curve being reduced when compared with intraruminal administration."	( Effect of oesophageal groove closure on the pharmacokinetic behaviour and efficacy of oxfendazole in sheep. Hennessy, DR; Prichard, RK, 1981)	0.26
" An increase in the elimination half-life (from 13 to 61 min) and in the apparent volume of distribution (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor incorporated into biodegradable or enteric nanoparticles following intravenous and oral administration to mice. Cozens, R; Doelker, E; Galli, B; Gurny, R; Kubel, F; Leroux, JC; Roesel, JL, 1995)	0.29
"Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters is the first step in determining a safe and efficacious dosage regimen for luxabendazole in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics of luxabendazole after oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Alvarez-Bujidos, L; Ferre, I; Ordóñez, D; Ortiz, AI, 1997)	0.3
" Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors may occur by pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors administered in Alzheimer's disease. Crismon, ML, )	0.13
" A sensitive, specific and reproducible HPLC-assay, which may increase the reliability of the pharmacokinetic studies of phenprobamate in plasma, has been developed recently."	( Pharmacokinetics of phenprobamate after oral administration to healthy subjects. Embil, K; Ergün, H; Onaran, HO; Tulunay, FC; Tulunay, M; Ucar, A; Usanmaz, S, 1998)	0.3
" The half-life period of aminostigmine exceeded considerably that of earlier studied carbamates and correlated with the clinical manifestations of the drug effects."	( [New data on the pharmacokinetics of aminostigmine]. Chepur, SV; Panov, PB; Prozorovskiĭ, VB; Vorob'ev-Desiatovskiĭ, NV, )	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic profiles, including area under the curve (AUC), log(AUC), maximal concentration (Cmax), log(Cmax), time to maximal concentration (Tmax), and half-life (T(1/2)), were determined at completion of the single- and multiple-dose regimens (days 1 and 9, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of repaglinide in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
"In this open-label, single-center, pharmacokinetic study of repaglinide, 12 healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women) were enrolled in each of 2 groups (total, 24 volunteers)."	( Repaglinide pharmacokinetics in healthy young adult and elderly subjects. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
"To establish the maximum tolerated dosage (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic parameters of CI-980, a novel tubulin binder, in children with solid tumors refractory to standard therapy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CI-980 in recurrent pediatric solid tumor cases: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Baruchel, S; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, S; Devine, S; Markoglou, N; Moghrabi, A; Vietti, T; Wainer, IW; Williams, M; Winick, N, )	0.13
" Amprenavir increased the AUCinfinity of ketoconazole by 44% and increased the drug's half-life and Cmax by 23% and 19%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ketoconazole and amprenavir after single doses in healthy men. Chittick, GE; Crouch, MA; Gouldin, W; Israel, DS; Lou, Y; Pastor, A; Polk, RE; Sadler, BM; Symonds, WT, 1999)	0.3
" Values for AUC and Cmax were significantly higher in CLD patients compared with healthy subjects, and the MRT was prolonged in CLD patients."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with chronic liver disease. Christensen, MS; Hatorp, V; Haug-Pihale, G; Walther, KH, 2000)	0.31
" There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide when given as monotherapy and when administered concurrently with cimetidine."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
"We conducted a phase I, multicenter, parallel-group, pharmacokinetic comparison trial with single and multiple doses of repaglinide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with renal impairment. Andersen, MP; Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Nielsen, KK; Ruckle, JL; Strange, P, 2000)	0.31
" A pharmacodynamic analysis of rivastigmine administered concomitantly with other medications (22 different therapeutic classes) did not reveal any significant pattern of increase in adverse events that would indicate a drug interaction."	( Lack of adverse pharmacodynamic drug interactions with rivastigmine and twenty-two classes of medications. Anand, R; Grossberg, GT; Messina, JC; Stahelin, HB; Veach, J, 2000)	0.31
" Following administration of a single, oral dose of 600 mg of amprenavir, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for 10 subjects with severe cirrhosis, 10 subjects with moderate cirrhosis, and 10 healthy volunteers."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, in subjects with normal or impaired hepatic function. Delvaux, M; Fosse, S; Gillotin, C; Lou, Y; Masliah, C; Petite, JP; Pillegand, B; Rautaureau, J; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS; Veronese, L, 2000)	0.31
" A pharmacokinetic interaction occurs when amprenavir and clarithromycin are coadministered, but the effects are not likely to be clinically important, and coadministration does not require a dosage adjustment for either drug."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and clarithromycin in healthy male volunteers. Brophy, DF; Chittick, GE; Gillotin, C; Israel, DS; Lou, Y; Pastor, A; Polk, RE; Sadler, BM; Symonds, WT, 2000)	0.31
" diazepam (DZ), clonazepam (CZ), and a monocarbamate-based new compound (MCA) were studied in rabbits for the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) response following intravenous (IV) and IN administrations."	( Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of anticonvulsants: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Choi, YM; Gorukanti, S; Kim, KH; Li, L, 2000)	0.31
" Medapec shows higher maximum concentrations at lower values of the pharmacokinetic curve area."	( [The pharmacokinetics of medamine and its solid polymeric form (medapek) in experimental larval alveolar echinococcosis in cotton rats]. Dzhabarova, VI; Lebedeva, MN; Lopatina, NB, )	0.13
"In a dose-ranging study of amprenavir (formerly 141W94), an inhibitor of the protease enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma samples collected on day 1 and during week 3, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir after multiple oral dosing. Gillotin, C; Lou, Y; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
"The objective of this study was to determine if there is a pharmacokinetic interaction when amprenavir is given with rifabutin or rifampin and to determine the effects of these drugs on the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT)."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction between amprenavir and rifabutin or rifampin in healthy males. Brophy, DF; Chittick, GE; Israel, DS; Kristoff, D; Lou, Y; Patron, R; Polk, RE; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS; Symonds, WT, 2001)	0.31
" Specifically, certain metabolic parameters (ie, half-life and route of metabolism/elimination) can affect a drug's tolerability and become important when a switch from one agent to another is contemplated."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of current therapies for Alzheimer's disease: implications for switching to galantamine. Farlow, MR, 2001)	0.31
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir (APV) and ritonavir (RTV)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
"Three open-label, randomized, two-sequence, multiple-dose studies having the same design (7 days of APV or RTV alone followed by 7 days of both drugs together) used 450 or 900 mg APV with 100 or 300 mg RTV every 12 h with pharmacokinetic assessments on days 7 and 14."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
" In the group of patients with severe renal dysfunction, the main pharmacokinetic finding was a longer half-life after multiple dosing."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment. Abbasi, I; Hasslacher, C; Hatorp, V; Sattler, K; Schumacher, S; Sieber, J; Weise, D, 2001)	0.31
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data was conducted using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cutler, NR; Gobburu, JV; Jhee, SS; Lesko, L; Sramek, JJ; Tammara, V; Yuan, R, 2001)	0.31
"In an open-label, randomized, multicenter, multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study, we determined the steady-state pharmacokinetics of amprenavir with and without coadministration of indinavir, nelfinavir, or saquinavir soft gel formulation in 31 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors used in combination with amprenavir. Eron, JJ; Gillotin, C; Haubrich, R; Lang, W; Lou, Y; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacodynamic modeling indicates that, as is the case with other protease inhibitors, the concentration-response curve for amprenavir plateaus at amprenavir trough values above the IC50 for these isolates."	( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between days and among dose groups."	( Multiple-dose, linear, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics of retigabine in healthy volunteers. Ferron, GM; Fruncillo, R; Getsy, J; Knebel, N; Paul, J; Richards, L; Troy, S, 2002)	0.31
"To develop a predictive population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for repaglinide (REP), an oral hypoglycemic agent, using artificial neural networks (ANNs)."	( Modeling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a unique oral hypoglycemic agent using neural networks. Fossler, MJ; Haidar, SH; Hussain, AS; Johnson, SB, 2002)	0.31
"Data from three pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of amprenavir and ritonavir were used to develop a pharmacokinetic interaction model using NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect model)."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations of interaction of amprenavir and ritonavir. Sadler, BM; Sale, M; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.31
" The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize a remote loaded liposome preparation of carbendazim, and compare its pharmacokinetic profile to that of unencapsulated carbendazim."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous carbendazim and remote loaded carbendazim liposomes in nude mice. Camden, JB; Garza, M; Jia, L; Redelmeier, T; Reimer, D; Weitman, SD; Wong, H, 2002)	0.31
"10 microg/ml), slightly increased the time to Cmax (1."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with grapefruit juice. Bonaventure-Paci, S; Demarles, D; Fosse, S; Gillotin, C; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic profile of repaglinide and the improvements in post-prandial hyperglycaemia and overall glycaemic control make repaglinide suitable for administration preprandially, with the opportunity for flexible meal arrangements, including skipped meals, without the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Hatorp, V, 2002)	0.31
"These two Phase I, open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossoverstudies in 40 healthymale subjects investigated the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of various formulations of the amprenavir prodrug GW433908 in the presence and absence of food compared with amprenavir capsules."	( Pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a prodrug of amprenavir, in healthy male volunteers. Bye, C; Falcoz, C; Fuder, H; Hardman, TC; Jenkins, JM; Kenney, KB; Prince, WT; Studenberg, S, 2002)	0.31
" This article presents the latest information on their pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic activity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Jann, MW; Shirley, KL; Small, GW, 2002)	0.31
"To elucidate the aspects of pharmacokinetic interactions among HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), we investigated the effects of indinavir (IDV) on the hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism of other HIV PIs, amprenavir (APV), saquinavir (SQV) and nelfinavir (NFV), in rats."	( Hepatic and intestinal contributions to pharmacokinetic interaction of indinavir with amprenavir, nelfinavir and saquinavir in rats. Gao, W; Kageyama, M; Kimura, K; Kishida, T; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The goal of this model-based pharmacokinetic analysis was to describe the differences observed in amprenavir pharmacokinetics among treatment arms in the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group (AACTG) study protocol 398 and to propose mechanisms to account for them."	( Effect of coadministration of nelfinavir, indinavir, and saquinavir on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Bennett, KK; Hammer, SM; Labbé, L; Lu, JF; Mellors, J; Pfister, M; Rosenkranz, S; Sheiner, LB, 2002)	0.31
"One hundred seventy-six HIV-positive subjects receiving 1200 mg amprenavir twice daily as part of AACTG protocol 398 were included in the pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of coadministration of nelfinavir, indinavir, and saquinavir on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Bennett, KK; Hammer, SM; Labbé, L; Lu, JF; Mellors, J; Pfister, M; Rosenkranz, S; Sheiner, LB, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated that oral absorption of FB642 was variable and may be saturated at the 2000 mg/kg dose level since higher doses failed to produce a further increase in the area under the time concentration curve."	( Preclinical antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (FB642). Camden, JB; Dexter, DL; Hao, D; Mangold, GL; Marty, J; Moore, RV; Rizzo, JD; Stringer, S; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, SD, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of improved oral bioavailability of entacapone on its actual pharmacodynamic response, COMT inhibition in erythrocytes."	( Pharmacodynamic response of entacapone in rats after administration of entacapone formulations and prodrugs with varying bioavailabilities. Forsberg, M; Gynther, J; Järvinen, T; Leppänen, J; Männistö, PT; Savolainen, J, 2002)	0.31
"The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of carbendazim, a novel anticancer drug."	( Carbendazim: disposition, cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic comparison with its nanoparticle. Garza, M; Jia, L; Wang, Y; Weitman, SD; Wong, H, 2003)	0.32
"Our objective was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine: evidence of induced clearance by amprenavir. Garrett, M; Hee, B; Kerr, BM; Petersen, C; Tran, JQ, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic profiles, including area under the curve (AUC0-t), maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and half-life (t1/2), were determined for each dose of repaglinide."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in healthy caucasian and Japanese subjects. Chassard, D; Evène, E; Jørgensen, M; Nielsen, KK; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
"To evaluate the safety and the pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple dose administration in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Brosen, K; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.32
" Volunteers were randomly assigned to amprenavir, 600 mg twice a day, or delavirdine, 600 mg twice a day, for 10 days, followed by both drugs for another 10 days with pharmacokinetic evaluation on day 10 and day 20."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Brosen, K; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.32
"Amprenavir decreased all the delavirdine pharmacokinetic parameters apart from tmax."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Brosen, K; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.32
" This study was performed to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between both AEDs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Borlak, J; Hermann, R; Knebel, NG; Locher, M; Niebch, G; Richards, L, 2003)	0.32
"RGB and LTG exhibit a modest pharmacokinetic interaction on each other."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Borlak, J; Hermann, R; Knebel, NG; Locher, M; Niebch, G; Richards, L, 2003)	0.32
" Compared to administration of repaglinide alone, concomitant ketoconazole increased mean AUC0-infinity for repaglinide by 15% and mean Cmax by 7%."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
"To evaluate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between phenobarbitone and retigabine, a new antiepileptic drug."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and phenobarbitone at steady-state in healthy subjects. Ferron, GM; Parks, V; Patat, A; Rolan, P; Troy, SM, 2003)	0.32
"There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and phenobarbitone in healthy subjects."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and phenobarbitone at steady-state in healthy subjects. Ferron, GM; Parks, V; Patat, A; Rolan, P; Troy, SM, 2003)	0.32
"Amprenavir 600 mg twice/day was given for the first 4 days of each treatment period, with 12-hour pharmacokinetic evaluations conducted on the last 2 days of each period."	( Effects of didanosine formulations on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Berenson, CS; Cloen, D; DiFrancesco, R; Giovanniello, AA; Hewitt, RG; Keil, K; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Effects of didanosine formulations on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Berenson, CS; Cloen, D; DiFrancesco, R; Giovanniello, AA; Hewitt, RG; Keil, K; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of GW433908 sodium salt in dogs showed that APV exposure was similar to that achieved with an equivalent molar dose of the APV clinical formulation (Agenerase) and that systemic exposure to the prodrug was minimal (0."	( Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a water-soluble prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir. Baker, CT; Furfine, ES; Hale, MR; Reynolds, DJ; Salisbury, JA; Searle, AD; Spaltenstein, A; Studenberg, SD; Todd, D; Tung, RD, 2004)	0.32
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between GW433908, ritonavir (RTV), and efavirenz (EFV)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
" Amprenavir (APV) pharmacokinetic sampling and safety assessments were performed on the last day of each period."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
" Patients receiving the same doses of lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 10) or amprenavir with ritonavir (n = 8) were chosen as controls for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Deep salvage with amprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir: correlation of pharmacokinetics and drug resistance with pharmacodynamics. Baldini, F; Cauda, R; Cingolani, A; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Hoetelmans, RM, 2004)	0.32
" The volunteers received three different dose combinations of amprenavir and delavirdine twice a day for 10 days with a subsequent 12 h pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of delavirdine in combination with amprenavir in healthy volunteers. Brosen, K; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2004)	0.32
" Only small differences in the amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters were seen between the three dose combinations, with a median C12 of 412, 434 and 536 ng/mL, respectively."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of delavirdine in combination with amprenavir in healthy volunteers. Brosen, K; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2004)	0.32
" After 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling, the third protease inhibitor (PI) was added, and pharmacokinetics sampling was repeated 14 days later."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety, and initial virologic response of a triple-protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing amprenavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Fiscus, SA; Kashuba, AD; Rezk, NL, 2004)	0.32
" Bezafibrate and fenofibrate had no significant effect on the peak concentration (Cmax) of repaglinide."	( Lack of effect of bezafibrate and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Backman, JT; Kajosaari, LI; Laitila, J; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ, 2004)	0.32
"Prospective, open-label, within-subject pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers after coadministration with amprenavir in opioid-dependent subjects. Bigelow, GE; Christopher, J; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Martinez, E; Snidow, JW; Wakeford, J; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
"Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the concentrations and compared between the two treatments (methadone alone vs methadone with amprenavir)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers after coadministration with amprenavir in opioid-dependent subjects. Bigelow, GE; Christopher, J; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Martinez, E; Snidow, JW; Wakeford, J; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
"On day 1, 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg bid) were obtained for 18 subjects."	( Steady-State pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir/fosamprenavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Hill, A; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2004)	0.32
" In this pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis, the relationship of drug exposure, demographics, and cotherapy measures to antiviral response in a cohort of largely treatment-experienced children treated with amprenavir and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was examined."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of amprenavir-containing combination therapy in HIV-1-infected children. Blanche, S; Johnson, M; Lou, Y; Randall, S; Stein, DS, 2004)	0.32
" When given twice daily boosted, no significant pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction is seen with tenofovir, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), efavirenz or nevirapine, and there is no requirement for any dose adjustment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Telzir (fosamprenavir). Wilkins, E, 2004)	0.32
"The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] and peak concentration in plasma (Cmax) of repaglinide varied 16."	( Polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 is a major determinant of repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Backman, JT; Daly, AK; Eichelbaum, M; Kajosaari, LI; Kivistö, KT; Leathart, JB; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2005)	0.33
"Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5043 examined pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between amprenavir (APV) and efavirenz (EFV) both by themselves and when nelfinavir (NFV), indinavir (IDV), ritonavir (RTV), or saquinavir (SQV) is added."	( Amprenavir and efavirenz pharmacokinetics before and after the addition of nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, or saquinavir in seronegative individuals. Adams, E; Brizz, B; Difrancesco, R; Morse, GD; Para, MF; Reichman, RC; Rosenkranz, S; Segal, Y; Yarasheski, KE, 2005)	0.33
" FPV 1,400 mg BID plus RTV 200 mg BID is not recommended due to an increased rate of marked hepatic transaminase elevations and lack of pharmacokinetic advantage."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of high-dose combinations of fosamprenavir and ritonavir. Adamkiewicz, B; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.33
" We describe a 65-year-old man with HIV who underwent a 12-hour intensive pharmacokinetic study while receiving esomeprazole with atazanavir-ritonavir and subsequently, an 8-hour study while receiving esomeprazole with fosamprenavir-ritonavir."	( Effects of esomeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir and fosamprenavir in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Anderson, PL; Fletcher, CV; Kiser, JJ; Lichtenstein, KA, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted on the last day of each treatment."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic interaction between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and immunosuppressive drugs is a critical element in the management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between Amprenavir/Ritonavir and FosAmprenavir on cyclosporine in two patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Bonora, S; Cocchi, S; Codeluppi, M; Di Benedetto, F; Esposito, R; Gennari, W; Gerunda, GE; Guaraldi, G; Luzi, K; Masetti, M; Motta, A; Pecorari, M, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on day 8 of each treatment, and samples were analyzed for FPV, amprenavir (APV), LPV, and RTV concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Dose separation does not overcome the pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Kalvass, LA; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Ngo, LT; Patterson, KB; Tien, HC, 2006)	0.33
" This randomized, two 14-day-period, crossover pharmacokinetic study compared the steady-state plasma APV concentrations, safety, and tolerability of FPV at 1,400 mg QD boosted with either 100 mg or 200 mg of RTV QD in 36 healthy volunteers."	( Plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics and tolerability following administration of 1,400 milligrams of fosamprenavir once daily in combination with either 100 or 200 milligrams of ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Lancaster, CT; Lou, Y; Luber, AD; Pappa, KA; Ruane, PJ; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2007)	0.34
" The 12-h half-life will enable bid dosing with an immediate-release oral formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 following single and multiple dosing to humans. Bialer, M; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
"To characterize the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine (CBZ) following multiple dosing in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine in healthy adults. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
"9 L/h and consequently its mean half-life was shortened from 10."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine in healthy adults. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
" CBZ induced RWJ-333369 clearance, resulting in shortened half-life and decreased exposure (AUCss) and C(max)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine in healthy adults. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
"In this study, the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of repaglinide concentration in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies is described."	( Method development and validation of repaglinide in human plasma by HPLC and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Gan, SH; Imran, A; Ismail, Z; Ruzilawati, AB; Wahab, MS, 2007)	0.34
" grapefruit juice) may cause pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic and safety profile of BCV-RTV supports continued investigation in HIV-1-infected subjects."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, following repeat administration with and without ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. Anderson, MT; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Ng-Cashin, J; Reddy, YS, 2007)	0.34
" The impact of baseline HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mutations, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and genotype inhibitory quotient (GIQ) on the virological response at week 12 (W12) was assessed."	( Interpretation of genotype and pharmacokinetics for resistance to fosamprenavir-ritonavir-based regimens in antiretroviral-experienced patients. Boucher, S; Breilh, D; Coureau, G; Dabis, F; Fleury, H; Lacoste, D; Lazaro, E; Merel, P; Neau, D; Pellegrin, I; Pellegrin, JL; Saux, MC; Thiébaut, R, 2007)	0.34
"The effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with two boosted fosamprenavir regimens on amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed in this prospective phase I crossover study with 30 healthy volunteers."	( Fosamprenavir/ritonavir plus tenofovir does not affect amprenavir pharmacokinetics: no effect of tenofovir. Banik, N; Breske, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Mazur, D; Richter, H; Stocker, H; Walli, RK, 2007)	0.34
"A prospective, open-label, single-site, two-period, crossover pharmacokinetic study was carried out in healthy volunteers."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of once-daily fosamprenavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir alone and in combination with 20 mg omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Brower, R; Frank, I; Kim, D; Luber, AD; Peloquin, CA; Silverman, R, 2007)	0.34
" OMP reduced ATV exposure [area under the concentration curve at 0-24 h (AUC0-24 h)] and the minimum drug concentration (Cmin) by 27% each."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of once-daily fosamprenavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir alone and in combination with 20 mg omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Brower, R; Frank, I; Kim, D; Luber, AD; Peloquin, CA; Silverman, R, 2007)	0.34
" Coadministration of these drugs might result in complex pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.34
"37) or Cmax (10."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.34
"EFV did not appear to significantly alter APV and LPV pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-infected patients taking APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV 533/133 mg twice daily."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.34
" A randomized, open-label, two-period, two-sequence, balanced, crossover drug interaction study was conducted with 22 healthy adult subjects to compare steady-state plasma RFB pharmacokinetic parameters during concomitant administration of FPV-RTV (700/100 mg twice a day [BID]) with a 75%-reduced RFB dose (150 mg every other day [QOD]) to the standard RFB regimen (300 mg once per day [QD]) by geometric least-squares mean ratios."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir-ritonavir and rifabutin in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, YC; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Yuen, GJ, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic compatibility of a ritonavir-boosted indinavir-fosamprenavir combination among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.35
"Single-center, nonrandomized, prospective, multiple-dose, two-phase pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.35
" After 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on all patients (period A), fosamprenavir (a prodrug of amprenavir) 700 mg twice/day was coadministered for 5 days, with a repeat 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling performed on the fifth day (period B)."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.35
" With the exception of indinavir C(max), the changes in indinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters observed after fosamprenavir coadministration were not statistically significant."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.35
"The influence of nevirapine or efavirenz co-administration on ritonavir-boosted amprenavir pharmacokinetics was investigated in HIV-infected patients with a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Impact of nevirapine or efavirenz co-administration on ritonavir-boosted amprenavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Allavena, C; Biron, C; Dailly, E; Jolliet, P; Raffi, F, 2008)	0.35
" The veterinary utility of 1a was shown by a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study performed in swine."	( Highly water-soluble prodrugs of anthelmintic benzimidazole carbamates: synthesis, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. Berger, M; Chassaing, C; Heckeroth, A; Ilg, T; Jaeger, M; Kern, C; Schmid, K; Uphoff, M, 2008)	0.59
" The objective is to study the pharmacokinetic interaction of RSV with atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) or fosamprenavir/ritonavir (FPV/RTV)."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.35
"In a prospective pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, six HIV-seronegative, healthy adult volunteers received single 10-mg doses of RSV at baseline and after 6 days of ATV/RTV and FPV/RTV, with 6-day washout periods."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.35
"Compared to baseline, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0-24h) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of RSV increased by 213% and 600%, respectively, and the time to reach Cmax was shorter (1."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.35
" The validated method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of glucosamine in rat plasma and evaluation for pharmacokinetic study of glucosamine."	( Optimizing high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of glucosamine using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate derivatization in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, L; Chen, X; He, C; Hu, J; Li, R; Peng, C; Tang, M; Wang, B; Wang, X; Wei, Y; Zhang, F; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
"The AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax of repaglinide were 32% (P=0."	( Effects of the SLCO1B1*1B haplotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide and nateglinide. Backman, JT; Kalliokoski, A; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2008)	0.35
" Food reduced absorption, with a geometric mean Cmax ratio of 33% and a geometric mean AUC0-infinity ratio of 44%."	( A phase I dose-ranging study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of AVN944, an IMPDH inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Bol, DK; Genna, T; Hamilton, JM; Harding, MW, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma samples were collected for a pharmacokinetic analysis on days 1, 8, and 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of carisbamate (RWJ-333369) in healthy Japanese and Western subjects. Bialer, M; Franc, MA; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C; Zannikos, P, 2009)	0.35
"Following a single dose, carisbamate Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) geometric mean ratios were 16."	( Pharmacokinetics of carisbamate (RWJ-333369) in healthy Japanese and Western subjects. Bialer, M; Franc, MA; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C; Zannikos, P, 2009)	0.35
"Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in 12 HIV-infected patients stabilized on FPV/RTV 1400 mg/200 mg + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) 300 mg/200 mg QD (TELEX II)."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.13
" Four weeks after reducing RTV, changes in Cmin and AUC24h were: APV: +26%, +0."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.13
"Subjects underwent 24-hour pharmacokinetic sampling at baseline and on day 14 of each treatment period."	( Pharmacokinetics of concurrent administration of fosamprenavir and atazanavir without ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects. Anderson, PL; Clay, PG; Glaros, AG; McRae, M, 2009)	0.35
"Objective An open-label, three-period pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the drug interaction potential between fosamprenavir (FPV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.36
" We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with the development of a system that synthesizes pharmacokinetic pathways."	( Synthesis of pharmacokinetic pathways through knowledge acquisition and automated reasoning. Anwar, S; Baral, C; Hakenberg, J; Liang, S; Tari, L, 2010)	0.36
" Data from all subjects were used for pharmacokinetic and safety analyses unless stated otherwise."	( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)	0.36
"To estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide in 121 healthy Malaysian volunteers."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
" The parametric Iterative Two-Stage Bayesian Population Model (it2b) program followed by the Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid (npag) program was used to determine a population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
"In this first report, specifically on the population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide, the data generated should help us to better understand appropriate dosage-regimens for the drug."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
"04) and the mean half-life was 33."	( CYP3A4 genetic polymorphism influences repaglinide's pharmacokinetics. Gan, SH; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
" Then selected volunteers took part in the clinical pharmacokinetic study, receiving 2 mg repaglinide."	( Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, X; Fan, H; Fang, F; Han, D; He, J; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Sun, W; Yu, Y; Zhao, D; Zheng, J, 2011)	0.37
"SLCO1B11B/1B genotype is associated with reduced pharmacokinetic exposure after a single dose oral administration of 2 mg repaglinide, including decreased AUC(0-∞) and increased clearance of repaglinide."	( Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, X; Fan, H; Fang, F; Han, D; He, J; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Sun, W; Yu, Y; Zhao, D; Zheng, J, 2011)	0.37
" Mean half-life (t(1/2)) values were prolonged in the moderate impairment group (21 hours) relative to the normal group (11 hours)."	( Effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of carisbamate. Brashear, HR; Greenspan, A; Moore, K; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Zannikos, P, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated C(max) and exposure to BMS-599626 in patients increased with dose."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial of BMS-599626 (AC480), an oral pan-HER receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Armand, JP; Baselga, J; Beliveau, M; Catteau, A; Cortes, J; De Andreis, D; James, J; Lopez, E; Marier, JF; Martell, RE; Massard, C; Ropert, S; Soria, JC, 2012)	0.38
" This validated method was then successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in health Chinese volunteers."	( Determination of nifeviroc, a novel CCR5 antagonist: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Cheng, Z; Gu, Z; Liu, Z; Ran, L; Wu, W; Xie, D; Yu, P, 2011)	0.37
"In all subjects, SJW had no effect on the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(∞)), the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) or the elimination half-life (t(½)) of repaglinide."	( The pregnane X receptor agonist St John's Wort has no effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Chen, WQ; Fan, L; Guo, D; Liu, YL; Liu, ZQ; Sheng, D; Tan, ZR; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH, 2011)	0.37
" Carisbamate at 600 mg (but not 200 mg) twice-daily prolonged the elimination half-life of (S)- and (R)-warfarin by ~10 hours (25% and 32% increase, respectively)."	( Effect of carisbamate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy participants. Ariyawansa, J; Brashear, HR; DiBernardo, A; Gonzalez, M; Zannikos, P, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be altered by kinetic deuterium isotope effects."	( Deuterium isotope effects on drug pharmacokinetics. I. System-dependent effects of specific deuteration with aldehyde oxidase cleared drugs. Clark, AJ; Gao, H; Obach, RS; Ripp, SL; Schildknegt, K; Sharma, R; Spracklin, DK; Strelevitz, TJ; Tremaine, LM; Vaz, AD, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to describe a population pharmacokinetic analysis of gabapentin enacarbil in patients with varying degrees of renal function, using data from an open-label study of gabapentin enacarbil in patients with renal impairment (XenoPort, Inc."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data were compared with those from Phase I-III studies in subjects with normal renal function to evaluate the relationship between gabapentin oral clearance (CL/F) and CrCL."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide and blood glucose concentrations were also determined in rats after oral (0."	( Effects of efonidipine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by efonidipine. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2012)	0.38
" We constructed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for 3 nonrenally eliminated drugs (sildenafil, repaglinide, and telithromycin)."	( Evaluation of exposure change of nonrenally eliminated drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. Abernethy, DR; Arya, V; Atkinson, AJ; Berglund, EG; Grillo, JA; Huang, SM; Lesko, LJ; Pang, KS; Reynolds, KS; Song, P; Sugiyama, Y; Vieira, Mde L; Wu, TC; Zhang, L; Zhao, P; Zheng, JH, 2012)	0.38
"The predictive power of using in vitro systems in combination with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to elucidate the relative importance of metabolism and carrier-mediated transport for the pharmacokinetics was evaluated using repaglinide as a model compound and pig as the test system."	( The pharmacokinetics and hepatic disposition of repaglinide in pigs: mechanistic modeling of metabolism and transport. Bredberg, U; Lennernäs, H; Sjögren, E, 2012)	0.38
" The mean AUCs and peak plasma concentration were higher in subjects with the 521TC allele than in those with the OATP1B1 521TT allele, and the OATP1B1 388A allele is associated with a reduced trend of pharmacokinetic exposure; however, these trends were not statistically significant."	( The Influence of MDR1 G2677T/a genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cui, YM; Xiang, Q; Yan, L; Zhao, X; Zhou, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The developed assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( LC-MS/MS-ESI method for simultaneous quantitation of metformin and repaglinidie in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study in rats. Giri, S; Mullangi, R; Pawar, G; Rajagopal, S; Sharma, K; Yadam, S, 2013)	0.39
" The complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic properties and the unfavourable short and long term risk profile of glibenclamide and glimepiride raise the question whether their use can be justified any longer."	( CYP2C metabolism of oral antidiabetic drugs--impact on pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenetic aspects. Beil, W; Holstein, A; Kovacs, P, 2012)	0.38
"Conventional mammillary models are frequently used for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis when only blood or plasma data are available."	( Applications of minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Cao, Y; Jusko, WJ, 2012)	0.38
"The goal of this study was to examine the impact of coadministration of ethanol 1 g/kg on the safety and tolerability of EZG and the consequences of coadministration on pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters in healthy volunteers."	( The effects of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of ezogabine (retigabine). Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
"This manuscript summarizes the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties of retigabine collated from published and unpublished in vitro and clinical phase I-III studies in healthy volunteers or patients with partial-onset seizures."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of retigabine/ezogabine. Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" Thereafter, plasma concentrations decline in a mono-exponential manner, with a median half-life of 6-8 hours."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of retigabine/ezogabine. Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" Using plasma gabapentin concentration data obtained after administration of GEn in 12 phase 1 to 3 GEn studies in healthy adults or patients with RLS (dose range, 300-2400 mg/d), a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Tovera, J, 2013)	0.39
" The analogs have been profiled in both in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies and the result will be described herein."	( Synthesis and pharmacokinetic profile of highly deuterated brecanavir analogs. Baughman, TM; Johns, BA; Temelkoff, DP; Velthuisen, EJ; Weatherhead, JG, 2013)	0.39
" No clinically relevant systemic pharmacodynamic effects were observed."	( Pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a bi-functional molecule, in patients with COPD. Ambery, C; Bateman, ED; Kornmann, O; Norris, V, 2013)	0.39
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 17 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 2 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
"6 hr*ng/mL) and mean Cmax (8."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
"The effect of pitavastatin and SLCO1B1 genetic background on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of repaglinide was investigated."	( Effect of pitavastatin in different SLCO1B1 backgrounds on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy Chinese males. Chen, XP; Fu, ZM; Huang, LH; Huang, YY; Huang, ZJ; Liu, C; Song, M; Tan, HY; Tan, ZR; Yang, GP; Yuan, H; Zhu, J, 2013)	0.39
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals about the geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) being within 70%-143% for elvitegravir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); cobicistat PK were explored."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted elvitegravir when administered in combination with acid-reducing agents. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Koziara, J; Mathias, A; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G; Wei, X, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC and T1/2 were significantly different among the PXR genotype groups."	( PXR polymorphisms and their impact on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Du, QQ; He, L; Jiang, XH; Wang, L; Wang, ZJ, 2013)	0.39
"Results from intensive pharmacokinetic sampling of subjects enrolled in single dose visits was used to determine individualized dosing for the first 6-10 subjects in each of 2 cohorts (4 weeks to <6 months, 6 months to <2 years); steady state pharmacokinetic data were then used to select the dosage regimen for the remaining subjects recruited to the cohort."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" FPV 45 mg/kg boosted with RTV 7 to 10 mg/kg BID achieved average plasma amprenavir area under curve(0-τ) values 26% to 28% lower and Cmax similar to historical adult data for FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID; amprenavir Cτ values were lower in the subjects <6 months of age."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
"Serial pharmacokinetic samples were collected at week 2 and predose samples every 4-12 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected 2- to 18-year-old children. Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Duiculescu, D; Ford, SL; Fortuny, C; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Tamarirt, DP; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic data support coadministration of daclatasvir with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and/or tenofovir."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.39
" Ethinyl estradiol Cmax was 21% lower with no change in AUC."	( The effect of ezogabine on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive agent. Buraglio, M; Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
"This open-label, fixed-sequence, phase 1 study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc (MVC) and ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir (FPV/r) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and fosamprenavir-ritonavir: an open-label, fixed-sequence study in healthy subjects. Fang, A; Heera, J; Mendes da Costa, L; Plotka, A; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.39
" In a prior Phase I study, GSK2336805 was well tolerated and had an antiviral and pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once-daily administration."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of GSK2336805 when given as monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected Adkison, K; Cutrell, A; Elko-Simms, C; Gardner, S; Hamatake, R; Hong, Z; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Walker, J, 2014)	0.4
"Cobicistat (Tybost™) is a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes that is indicated in the EU as a pharmacokinetic enhancer (i."	( Cobicistat: a review of its use as a pharmacokinetic enhancer of atazanavir and darunavir in patients with HIV-1 infection. Deeks, ED, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic interaction between cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir (EVG/co) and rosuvastatin was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide and blood glucose concentrations were also determined in rats after oral (0."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the effect of OATP1B1 genotype as a covariate on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction (DDIs) risk using a reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of repaglinide: impact of OATP1B1 and CYP2C8 genotype and source of in vitro data on the prediction of drug-drug interaction risk. Galetin, A; Gertz, M; Houston, JB; Säll, C; Tsamandouras, N, 2014)	0.4
" Darunavir AUC24h following administration of the FDCs (G003: 74,780 ng ∙ h/mL and G004: 76,490 ng ∙ h/mL) was comparable to that following darunavir/ritonavir (78,410 ng ∙ h/mL), as was Cmax (6,666 and 6,917 ng/mL versus 6,973 ng/mL, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
"The study aims to establish a method for simultaneous determination of repaglinide and pravastatin sodium in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and to study its pharmacokinetic interactions."	( [Simultaneous determination of repaglinide and pravastatin sodium in rat plasma by LC-ms/MS and its application on pharmacokinetic interactions study]. Huang, J; Ma, YR; Rao, Z; Wei, YH; Wu, XA; Zhang, GQ; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacodynamic activity of LY3000328 was measured ex vivo showing a biphasic response to LY3000328, where CatS activity declines, then returns to baseline, and then increases to a level above baseline."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the cathepsin S inhibitor, LY3000328, in healthy subjects. Chan, M; DeBrota, DJ; Deeg, MA; LaBell, ES; Payne, CD; Shen, T; Tan, LH, 2014)	0.4
" Serial pharmacokinetic samples for DTG and amprenavir and safety assessments were obtained throughout the study."	( Effect of fosamprenavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2014)	0.4
" This is the basis of pharmacokinetic enhancement."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in adults and investigate factors that influence posaconazole pharmacokinetics byusing a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" A pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for APV was developed and simulation was used to identify dosing regimens for pediatric patients receiving FPV in combination with ritonavir (RTV) which resulted in concentrations similar to those in adults receiving FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" Sustained drug releases profiles over 10h and a reduced influence of medium pHs on release were achieved with the optimized formulation; moreover, the in vivo performance of extended release formulation was also examined, and better absorption, a one-fold decrease in Cmax, a two-fold increase of Tmax and a prolonged hypoglycemic effect compared to the marketed product were observed."	( Matrix tablets for sustained release of repaglinide: Preparation, pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic activity in beagle dogs. He, W; Huang, S; Wu, M; Yin, L, 2015)	0.42
" Consequently, the aim of the current study was to comparatively evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD anticonvulsant activity) profile of EMC and IPC individual enantiomers."	( Enantioselective pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two chiral CNS-active carbamate derivatives of valproic acid. Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Mawasi, H; McDonough, JH; Shekh-Ahmad, T; Wlodarczyk, BJ; Yavin, E, 2014)	0.4
"5 L/h/kg) and short half-life (<1 h)."	( Enantioselective pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two chiral CNS-active carbamate derivatives of valproic acid. Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Mawasi, H; McDonough, JH; Shekh-Ahmad, T; Wlodarczyk, BJ; Yavin, E, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic measures were limited to subject assessment of somnolence, dizziness, and nausea conducted by using a visual analog scale (VAS)."	( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison. Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)	0.42
"No significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 drugs was seen in this study."	( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison. Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)	0.42
"Inhibition of the cytochrome p450 3A4 enzyme system leads to increases in plasma concentrations of coadministered antiretroviral agents - a concept known as pharmacokinetic boosting."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement in HIV antiretroviral therapy: a comparison of ritonavir and cobicistat. Bow, D; Ng, J; Norton, M; Renjifo, B; Salem, AH; van Wyk, J, )	0.13
"Assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV) in healthy male Japanese subjects."	( Single- and multiple-ascending dose studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir and asunaprevir in healthy male Japanese subjects. Bertz, RJ; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Hiraoka, M; Nagashima, H; Shiozaki, T; Ueno, T; Yamahira, N, 2015)	0.42
" DCV was readily absorbed, with median tmax of ~ 1 - 2 hours postdose and concentrations declining in a multi-phasic manner."	( Single- and multiple-ascending dose studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir and asunaprevir in healthy male Japanese subjects. Bertz, RJ; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Hiraoka, M; Nagashima, H; Shiozaki, T; Ueno, T; Yamahira, N, 2015)	0.42
" JNJ-56914845 plasma AUC0-∞ was 26%, 52%, and 45% lower in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic impairment, respectively, relative to healthy subjects with no difference in half-life among the groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor JNJ-56914845 (GSK2336805) in subjects with hepatic impairment. Adkison, KK; Berg, J; Dumont, E; Elko-Simms, L; Galloway, C; Gan, J; Gardner, S; Jones, LS; Marbury, T; Saunders, J; Smith, W; Stump, PJ, 2015)	0.42
" Plasma samples were collected through 144 hours after administration for pharmacokinetic assessments."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of co-administered paritaprevir plus ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in hepatic impairment. Awni, WM; Bernstein, BM; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Lawitz, EJ; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Mullally, VM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2015)	0.42
" Raltegravir pharmacokinetic parameters remained unchanged whether administered on or off anti-HCV therapy."	( Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics in Patients on Asunaprevir-Daclatasvir. Barrail-Tran, A; Cheret, A; Furlan, V; Molina, JM; Piroth, L; Rosa, I; Rosenthal, E; Taburet, AM; Vincent, C, 2015)	0.42
"There was no pharmacokinetic interaction when GSK961081 and FP were administered concurrently."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a novel inhaled muscarinic antagonist β2 -agonist, and fluticasone propionate administered alone, concurrently and as a combination blend formulation in healthy volunteers. Ambery, C; Norris, V; Riley, T, 2014)	0.4
"Total exposure, measured by area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), was generated for the DAAs, ritonavir, and ribavirin using population pharmacokinetic modeling of data (N = 2093 patients) from 6 Phase 3 studies and 1 Phase 2 study."	( Effects of Mild and Moderate Renal Impairment on Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Chronic HCV Infection. Badri, PS; Eckert, D; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.46
"The pharmacokinetic parameters like peak plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration time profile (AUC) and elimination half life of repaglinide were significantly (p<0."	( Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide by ritonavir in rats with healthy, diabetic and impaired hepatic function. Goud, T; Maddi, S; Nayakanti, D; Thatipamula, RP, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods."	( Open-Label, Randomized, 6-Way Crossover, Single-Dose Study to Determine the Pharmacokinetics of Batefenterol (GSK961081) and Fluticasone Furoate When Administered Alone or in Combination. Ambery, C; Daley-Yates, P; Riddell, K, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, co-administration of rebaudioside A with repaglinide in rats did not lead to AUC and Cmax changes of repaglinide."	( CYP2C8-mediated interaction between repaglinide and steviol acyl glucuronide: In vitro investigations using rat and human matrices and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats. Li, J; Lu, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhou, D, 2016)	0.43
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately described tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles during the first 4 weeks of 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Using data from a phase III clinical trial (GIFT-I) that enrolled Japanese patients with HCV genotype 1b infection, population pharmacokinetic models were developed for the drugs that comprise the 2D regimen: paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and ritonavir."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Paritaprevir, Ombitasvir, and Ritonavir in Japanese Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Infection. Gopalakrishnan, SM; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.46
"Population pharmacokinetic modeling did not reveal any patient-related or clinical parameters that would require dose adjustment of the 2D regimen when used for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b infection in Japanese patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Paritaprevir, Ombitasvir, and Ritonavir in Japanese Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Infection. Gopalakrishnan, SM; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.46
"The population pharmacokinetic models for each component of the 3D ± ribavirin regimen (DAAs and ritonavir, n = 2348) and ribavirin (n = 1841) adequately described their respective plasma concentration-time data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, ritonavir and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: analysis of six phase III trials. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Eckert, D; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Sharma, S, 2017)	0.46
" Following approval in 2016, new pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were reported, which led to important clinical applications."	( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of velpatasvir plus sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Brieva, T; Rivero, A; Rivero-Juarez, A, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ombitasvir are similar in healthy subjects and HCV-infected patients, and are not appreciably altered by hepatic or renal impairment."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Ombitasvir. Badri, PS; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Shuster, DL, 2017)	0.46
" These studies evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetic interactions between elbasvir (EBR) and grazoprevir (GZR) and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel (EE/LNG)."	( No clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interaction between the hepatitis C virus inhibitors elbasvir and grazoprevir and the oral contraceptives ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Huang, X; Ma, J; Mangin, E; Marshall, WL; O'Reilly, TE; Panebianco, D; Talaty, J; Yeh, WW, 2017)	0.46
" This novel method has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice."	( Validated LC-MS-MS Method for Determination of SF0034 in Mice Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Mice. Hallur, G; Kanth Bhamidipati, R; Mullangi, R; Rajagopal, S; Samanta, SK; Suresh, PS; Todmal, U; Zainuddin, M, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic curves were recorded at steady-state."	( Metformin and daclatasvir: absence of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interaction in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; de Kanter, CTMM; Drenth, JPH; Smolders, EJ; Tack, CJ; van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, N; Velthoven-Graafland, K; Wolberink, LT, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacodynamic parameters were also comparable between treatments."	( Metformin and daclatasvir: absence of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interaction in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; de Kanter, CTMM; Drenth, JPH; Smolders, EJ; Tack, CJ; van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, N; Velthoven-Graafland, K; Wolberink, LT, 2017)	0.46
" As a validation, we perform mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling for SLCO1B1 (encoding OATP1B1) and ABCG2 (encoding BCRP) genotyped pharmacokinetic data from 18 clinical studies with healthy Caucasian and/or Asian subjects."	( Explaining Ethnic Variability of Transporter Substrate Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Asian and Caucasian Subjects with Allele Frequencies of OATP1B1 and BCRP: A Mechanistic Modeling Analysis. Barton, HA; Li, R, 2018)	0.48
"Simulations based on the current hypothesis reasonably describe SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 genotyped pharmacokinetic time course data for five transporter substrates (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, repaglinide, and rosuvastatin) in Caucasian and Asian populations."	( Explaining Ethnic Variability of Transporter Substrate Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Asian and Caucasian Subjects with Allele Frequencies of OATP1B1 and BCRP: A Mechanistic Modeling Analysis. Barton, HA; Li, R, 2018)	0.48
" Participants with mild, moderate, or severe HI and controls (aged 18 to 65 years) matched for race, age, sex, and body mass index were enrolled in a 3-part, open-label, sequential-panel pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Grazoprevir, a Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitor. Angus, P; Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Fandozzi, C; Fraser, IP; Gane, E; Guo, Z; Ho, M; Iwamoto, M; Marbury, T; Panebianco, D; Reitmann, C; Smith, WB; Talaty, J; Uemura, N; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2017)	0.46
"Participants with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment and age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy controls were enrolled in a 3-part, open-label, sequential-panel, single-dose pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single-Dose Elbasvir in Participants with Hepatic Impairment. Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Garrett, G; Huang, X; Iwamoto, M; Lasseter, KC; Liu, F; Marbury, T; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Preston, RA; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2018)	0.48
" Daclatasvir undergoes rapid absorption, with a time to reach maximum plasma concentration of 1-2 h and an elimination half-life of ~ 10 to 14 h observed in single-ascending dose studies."	( Daclatasvir: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Bertz, RJ; Eley, T; Fura, A; Gandhi, Y; Garimella, T; Li, W, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetics and safety assessments were performed, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental methods and summarized using descriptive statistics and compared statistically by geometric least-squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Subjects with Hepatic Impairment. Brainard, DM; Curtis, C; Lasseter, K; Lawitz, E; Ling, KHJ; Marbury, T; Mathias, A; Mogalian, E; Moorehead, L; Murray, B; Osinusi, A; Perry, R, 2018)	0.48
" This well validated method was successfully applied to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic behavior and the metabolic transformation of FY363 in rats."	( Sensitive analysis and pharmacokinetic study of a novel gemcitabine carbamate prodrug and its active metabolite gemcitabine in rats using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, Q; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wang, W; Zhang, X; Zhou, F; Zhou, Y, 2018)	0.48
"This study evaluated the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) variables of elbasvir and grazoprevir in healthy Chinese individuals."	( A Phase I, Single- and Multiple-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in Healthy Chinese Participants. Cheung, TT; Feng, HP; Li, W; Ling Lam, KS; Mu, S; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yan Chiu, JW; Yeh, WW; Yuen, MF; Yung Cheung, BM; Zhao, XM, 2018)	0.48
" Finally, pharmacokinetic studies were carried out to evaluate the oral absorption of WWJ01."	( Improving the oral bioavailability of tapentadol via a carbamate prodrug approach: synthesis, bioactivation, and pharmacokinetics. He, Z; Li, Y; Liu, C; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, T, 2018)	0.48
" It is known to have potential to encumber the drug transporters and hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes that lead to pharmacokinetic interactions with drug or food."	( Intervention of curcumin on oral pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir in rat: A possible risk for long-term use. Bhatt, S; Dogra, A; Gour, A; Kotwal, P; Magotra, A; Nandi, U; Sharma, A; Singh, G; Wazir, P, 2018)	0.48
" Areas covered: This article reviews the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the DCV-TRIO combination."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of daclatasvir, asunaprevir plus beclabuvir as a fixed-dose co-formulation for the treatment of hepatitis C. Esposito, I; Marciano, S; Trinks, J, 2018)	0.48
" Intensive or sparse pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for assessments of plasma drug concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects and HCV GT1b-Infected Chinese, South Korean and Taiwanese Patients. Alves, K; Ding, B; Luo, Y; Menon, RM; Mobashery, N; Wang, H; Yu, C; Zha, J; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.51
"Collectively, the results of these pharmacokinetic analyses support the use of the same dose of the 3D regimen for Asian and Western patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects and HCV GT1b-Infected Chinese, South Korean and Taiwanese Patients. Alves, K; Ding, B; Luo, Y; Menon, RM; Mobashery, N; Wang, H; Yu, C; Zha, J; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.51
" Expert opinion: This combination, taken orally with or without food, has an excellent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the combination of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir/ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Brieva, T; Frias, M; Rivero, A; Rivero-Juarez, A, 2018)	0.48
" The plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of daclatasvir and asunaprevir were described by a 1-compartment model."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir in Japanese Subjects With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Garimella, T; Imai, Y; Ishikawa, H; Osawa, M; Ueno, T, 2018)	0.48
"Limited data exist on the pharmacokinetic profile of novel direct-acting antivirals in kidney transplant recipients."	( Pharmacokinetics of Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, and GS-331007 in a Prospective Cohort of Hepatitis C Virus-Positive Kidney Transplant Recipients. Algharably, E; Budde, K; Duerr, M; Glander, P; Halleck, F; Hoffmann, F; Jaeger, C; Kreutz, R; Lisec, J; Schrezenmeier, E; Schrezenmeier, J, 2019)	0.51
" This study provides the rationale for future studies investigating the pharmacokinetic profile of sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment in kidney transplant recipients with an eGFR <30 mL/min."	( Pharmacokinetics of Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, and GS-331007 in a Prospective Cohort of Hepatitis C Virus-Positive Kidney Transplant Recipients. Algharably, E; Budde, K; Duerr, M; Glander, P; Halleck, F; Hoffmann, F; Jaeger, C; Kreutz, R; Lisec, J; Schrezenmeier, E; Schrezenmeier, J, 2019)	0.51
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and bioavailability of solriamfetol at the highest intended therapeutic dose in healthy adults and to characterize its renal excretion under fasting conditions."	( A Phase I, Randomized, Crossover, Open-label Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Solriamfetol (JZP-110) in Healthy Adult Subjects With and Without Food. Kankam, M; Lu, Y; Zomorodi, K, 2019)	0.51
" The objectives of the analyses were to develop the daclatasvir, asunaprevir, and beclabuvir population pharmacokinetic models for the combination regimen."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Daclatasvir, Asunaprevir, and Beclabuvir Combination in HCV-Infected Subjects. Garimella, T; Ishikawa, H; Li, H; Osawa, M; Shiozaki, T; Ueno, T, 2019)	0.51
" Eligible studies reported data from pharmacokinetic evaluations of repaglinide in healthy adults according to different categories of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms."	( Effects of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Repaglinide Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, S; Cui, Y; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2019)	0.51
"001) and Cmax (SMD: -0."	( Effects of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Repaglinide Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, S; Cui, Y; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2019)	0.51
"To describe the phase 1 and population pharmacokinetic investigations that support dosing recommendations for elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) in hepatitis C virus-infected people with advanced chronic kidney disease."	( Pharmacokinetics of elbasvir and grazoprevir in subjects with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment. Bhagunde, P; Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Du, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2019)	0.51
" Population pharmacokinetic analyses from the phase 3 C-SURFER study (PN052, NCT02092350) were also conducted."	( Pharmacokinetics of elbasvir and grazoprevir in subjects with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment. Bhagunde, P; Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Du, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2019)	0.51
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models often include several sets of correlated parameters, such as organ volumes and blood flows."	( Accounting for inter-correlation between enzyme abundance: a simulation study to assess implications on global sensitivity analysis within physiologically-based pharmacokinetics. Darwich, AS; Magni, P; Melillo, N; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, the study was extended to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between DCV and a co-prescribed antidepressant drug, fluoxetine (FLX) in real blood samples, collected from volunteering patients who were diagnosed with HCV and treated with DCV alone or combined with FLX."	( A clinical study for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between daclatasvir and fluoxetine. Abdul-Rahman, E; Ali, R; Elsutohy, MM; Khorshed, A; Oraby, M, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic data on both calcineurin inhibitors and direct-acting antiviral exposure in liver transplant recipients remain sparse."	( Comparison of the effect of direct-acting antiviral with and without ribavirin on cyclosporine and tacrolimus clearance values: results from the ANRS CO23 CUPILT cohort. Barrail-Tran, A; Botta-Fridlund, D; Cagnot, C; Canva, V; Coilly, A; Conti, F; D'Alteroche, L; Danjou, H; De Ledinghen, V; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Durand, F; Duvoux, C; Fougerou-Leurent, C; Gelé, T; Goldwirt, L; Houssel-Debry, P; Kamar, N; Laforest, C; Lavenu, A; Leroy, V; Moreno, C; Pageaux, GP; Radenne, S; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM, 2019)	0.51
" We previously constructed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin accounting for the components for the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A/CYP2C9 and the inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B)."	( Expanded Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifampicin for Predicting Interactions With Drugs and an Endogenous Biomarker via Complex Mechanisms Including Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B Induction. Asaumi, R; Imawaka, H; Kusuhara, H; Lee, W; Menzel, K; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Here we report pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety results from two multicenter, open-label, single-dose trials evaluating revefenacin in subjects with severe renal impairment (NCT02578082) and moderate hepatic impairment (NCT02581592)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of revefenacin in subjects with impaired renal or hepatic function. Barnes, CN; Borin, MT; Bourdet, DL; Lo, A; Pendyala, S, 2019)	0.51
" Although both have been approved in China, there are currently no data on their pharmacokinetic profiles in Chinese individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Ding, Y; Kersey, K; Li, C; Li, X; Shen, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by using noncompartmental models, and safety was assessed through clinical evaluation and monitoring of adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Ding, Y; Kersey, K; Li, C; Li, X; Shen, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for sofosbuvir, GS-566500, GS-331007, and ledipasvir or velpatasvir were similar to historical values in non-Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Ding, Y; Kersey, K; Li, C; Li, X; Shen, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
"Overall, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir exhibited pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in healthy Chinese subjects similar to those in non-Chinese subjects in historical studies, supporting their use in the Chinese population with HCV infection."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Ding, Y; Kersey, K; Li, C; Li, X; Shen, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" This study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and effectiveness of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (DAC/SOF) and ledipasvir/SOF (LDV/SOF) in HD patients."	( Effect of Hemodialysis on Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Sofosbuvir Coformulated with Either Daclatasvir or Ledipasvir in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Feng, Z; Gao, H; Huang, R; Li, Z; Liang, X; Lin, T; Liu, S; Ma, J; Wang, X; Xu, L; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic similarity criteria (90% CIs lie within 70%-143% acceptance range) were used for AUC0-∞ and AUC0-72."	( Pharmacokinetic similarity demonstrated after crushing of the elbasvir/grazoprevir fixed-dose combination tablet for HCV infection. Abbink, EJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; Drenth, JPH; Pijnenburg, DWM; van Seyen, M, 2020)	0.56
"Mean plasma concentration-time curves of elbasvir and grazoprevir showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic similarity demonstrated after crushing of the elbasvir/grazoprevir fixed-dose combination tablet for HCV infection. Abbink, EJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; Drenth, JPH; Pijnenburg, DWM; van Seyen, M, 2020)	0.56
" All these compounds not only showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, absorption, metabolism, minimal toxicity and bioavailability but were also remain stabilized at the active site of proteins during the MD simulation."	( Identification of potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting proteins responsible for envelope formation and virion assembly using docking based virtual screening, and pharmacokinetics approaches. Bhowmik, D; Jagadeesan, R; Kumar, D; Kumar, N; Nandi, R; Prakash, A, 2020)	0.56
" Values for total clearance of compounds from plasma should be one of the most important pharmacokinetic parameters for predictions."	( Predicted values for human total clearance of a variety of typical compounds with differently humanized-liver mouse plasma data. Ito, S; Iwamoto, K; Kamimura, H; Mizunaga, M; Nakayama, K; Negoro, T; Nishiwaki, M; Nomura, Y; Suemizu, H; Yamazaki, H; Yoneda, N, 2020)	0.56
" The objectives of this analysis were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of revefenacin and its major metabolite (THRX-195518) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and identify significant covariates affecting revefenacin disposition using a population pharmacokinetic approach based on plasma concentration-time data obtained after single- and repeated-dose once-daily administration in three phase II and two phase III studies."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Revefenacin in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Borin, MT; Bourdet, DL; Lo, A, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for THRX-195518 were estimated using a sequential approach, where the concentration-time profiles were fit to a combined model."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Revefenacin in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Borin, MT; Bourdet, DL; Lo, A, 2021)	0.62
" Chemical classification, structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic data and therapeutic ranges for total and free fractions and interactions were collected."	( New Methods Used in Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Monitoring of the First and Newer Generations of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs). Główka, FK; Karaźniewcz-Łada, M; Sommerfeld-Klatta, K; Zielińska-Psuja, B, 2020)	0.56
"Accurately predicting the pharmacokinetics of compounds that are transporter substrates has been notoriously challenging using traditional in vitro systems and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Improving the Translation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Substrates using HEK293 Cell Data in the Presence and Absence of Human Plasma via Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Bowman, CM; Chen, B; Chen, Y; Cheong, J; Liu, L; Mao, J, 2021)	0.62
" To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of daclatasvir in vivo, rats were divided into three groups receiving either saline, standard P-gp inhibitor verapamil (25 mg/kg), or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), 2 hrs prior to a single dose of daclatasvir (7 mg/kg)."	( Effect of Atorvastatin on Single Oral Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Daclatasvir in Rats: Emphasis on P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450. El-Demerdash, E; Elbadawy, HA; Wahdan, SA, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo, Cmax (peak plasma concentration) and area under the curve (AUC (0-t)) of daclatasvir after atorvastatin treatment increased compared to the vehicle group but not in a significant manner."	( Effect of Atorvastatin on Single Oral Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Daclatasvir in Rats: Emphasis on P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450. El-Demerdash, E; Elbadawy, HA; Wahdan, SA, 2022)	0.72
"Report insights into the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between cenobamate (CNB) and clobazam (CLB), derived from data in patients enrolled at our center in a global multicenter open-label safety study of CNB."	( The cenobamate-clobazam interaction- evidence of synergy in addition to pharmacokinetic interaction. Abou-Khalil, B; Osborn, M, 2023)	0.91
"A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model, including seven clinical studies, was developed to explore the effect of covariates on givinostat PK."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of givinostat. Bettica, P; Cazzaniga, S; Del Bene, F; Fiorentini, F; Germani, M; Pellizzoni, C; Rocchetti, M, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Two antiplatelet drugs, pyridinolcarbamate and Sudoxicam, were tested separately and in combination with heparin for their ability to modify experimental hyperacute renal allograft rejection in primates."	( Hyperacute renal allograft rejection in the primate. Therapeutic limitations of antiplatelet agents alone and combined with heparin. Birtch, AG; Busch, GJ; Colman, RW; Habal, M; Hollenberg, NK, 1976)	0.26
"To determine the safety and efficacy of amprenavir (APV) in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (ZDV)."	( A phase II safety and efficacy study of amprenavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with limited antiretroviral experience. Amprenavir PROAB2002 Study Team. Antunes, F; Brown, DJ; Clumeck, N; Fetter, A; Haubrich, R; Kahl, L; Lang, W; Pagano, G; Richman, D; Schooley, R; Sereni, D; Stein, A; Thompson, M; van der Ende, ME, 1999)	0.3
"Treatment with APV, dosed at 1200 mg twice daily in combination with 3TC/ZDV, resulted in sustained viral suppression."	( A phase II safety and efficacy study of amprenavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with limited antiretroviral experience. Amprenavir PROAB2002 Study Team. Antunes, F; Brown, DJ; Clumeck, N; Fetter, A; Haubrich, R; Kahl, L; Lang, W; Pagano, G; Richman, D; Schooley, R; Sereni, D; Stein, A; Thompson, M; van der Ende, ME, 1999)	0.3
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
"To compare the antiviral activity and safety of a new protease inhibitor, amprenavir (141W94) in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine, versus lamivudine and zidovudine alone in HIV-1 infected, antiretroviral-naive subjects."	( Amprenavir in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine alone in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive adults. Amprenavir PROAB3001 International Study Team. Brothers, CH; Feinberg, J; Fischl, M; Goodgame, JC; Hardy, WD; Jablonowski, H; Morrow, P; Nacci, P; Pedneault, L; Pottage, JC; Stein, A; Vafidis, I; Yeo, J, 2000)	0.31
" Subjects received double-blind treatment with either 1200 mg amprenavir twice daily in combination with lamivudine (150 mg twice daily) and zidovudine (300 mg twice daily) (amprenavir/lamivudine/zidovudine) or matched placebo, lamivudine and zidovudine for 16 weeks."	( Amprenavir in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine alone in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive adults. Amprenavir PROAB3001 International Study Team. Brothers, CH; Feinberg, J; Fischl, M; Goodgame, JC; Hardy, WD; Jablonowski, H; Morrow, P; Nacci, P; Pedneault, L; Pottage, JC; Stein, A; Vafidis, I; Yeo, J, 2000)	0.31
"Amprenavir, in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine, has potent and durable antiviral activity in antiretroviral-naive subjects over 48 weeks."	( Amprenavir in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine alone in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive adults. Amprenavir PROAB3001 International Study Team. Brothers, CH; Feinberg, J; Fischl, M; Goodgame, JC; Hardy, WD; Jablonowski, H; Morrow, P; Nacci, P; Pedneault, L; Pottage, JC; Stein, A; Vafidis, I; Yeo, J, 2000)	0.31
" Patients were randomized to 800-mg APV combined with 800-mg indinavir (IDV), 750-mg nelfinavir (NFV), or 800-mg saquinavir-soft gel capsule (SGV-SGC), all three times daily without nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or APV given alone for 3 weeks and then with 150-mg lamivudine (3TC) and 300-mg zidovudine (ZDV), twice daily."	( A phase II trial of dual protease inhibitor therapy: amprenavir in combination with indinavir, nelfinavir, or saquinavir. Eron, JJ; Haubrich, R; Lang, W; Millard, J; Pagano, G; Pedneault, L; Snowden, W; Tisdale, M; Wolfram, J, 2001)	0.31
"To evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of multiple escalating doses of amprenavir administered alone, and in combination with abacavir in HIV-1-infected adults."	( A dose-ranging study to evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of amprenavir alone and in combination with abacavir in HIV-infected adults with limited antiretroviral experience. Antunes, F; Blake, D; Clumeck, N; Danner, SA; Haubrich, R; Millard, J; Mustafa, N; Myers, RE; Nacci, P; Schooley, RT; Sereni, D; Thompson, M; Tisdale, M; van Der Ende, ME, 2001)	0.31
" One dose group received amprenavir 900 mg twice daily in combination with abacavir 300 mg twice daily for 4 weeks."	( A dose-ranging study to evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of amprenavir alone and in combination with abacavir in HIV-infected adults with limited antiretroviral experience. Antunes, F; Blake, D; Clumeck, N; Danner, SA; Haubrich, R; Millard, J; Mustafa, N; Myers, RE; Nacci, P; Schooley, RT; Sereni, D; Thompson, M; Tisdale, M; van Der Ende, ME, 2001)	0.31
"To compare the effect on glycemic control and weight gain of repaglinide versus metformin combined with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Repaglinide versus metformin in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes established on insulin/metformin combination therapy. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2002)	0.31
" Therefore, its combination with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) is anticipated."	( Tolerability of memantine in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia therapy. Hartmann, S; Möbius, HJ, 2003)	0.32
"ESS40011 was a 24-week, multicenter, open-label, clinical trial in which antiretroviral therapy-naïve and -experienced HIV-1-infected adults were randomized 3:1 to receive either APV600/RTV BID or APV1200 BID, in combination with > or = 2 non-protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs."	( Twice-daily amprenavir 1200 mg versus amprenavir 600 mg/ritonavir 100 mg, in combination with at least 2 other antiretroviral drugs, in HIV-1-infected patients. Gathe, JC; Griffith, S; Hernandez, JE; Lancaster, CT; Liao, Q; Nadler, JP; Pappa, KA; Pollard, RB; Richmond, GJ, 2003)	0.32
"Oestro-progestagen treatment did not provide further improvement when combined with rivastigmine during mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease."	( [Oestro-progestagen treatment combined with rivastigmine in menopausal women suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The results of a 28-weeks controlled study]. André, G; Loria-Kanza, Y; Pere, JJ; Rigaud, AS; Touchon, J; Vellas, B, 2003)	0.32
" gliclazide combined with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic therapy [HbA1c>7."	( Comparison of repaglinide vs. gliclazide in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2003)	0.32
"Over 13 weeks, both repaglinide and gliclazide, when combined with bedtime NPH insulin produce similar significant improvements in glycaemic control (-1%) and similar weight gain."	( Comparison of repaglinide vs. gliclazide in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2003)	0.32
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin therapy."	( The efficacy of repaglinide monotherapy and in combination with metformin in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Luthariana, L; Soegondo, S; Subekti, I, )	0.13
"treatment with repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin was efficacious in glycaemic control in OAD-naive or previous users."	( The efficacy of repaglinide monotherapy and in combination with metformin in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Luthariana, L; Soegondo, S; Subekti, I, )	0.13
"The aim of this pilot study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir (ATV) when given in combination with amprenavir (APV) or saquinavir hard-gel capsules (SQV) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir given alone or in combination with saquinavir hard-gel capsules or amprenavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Castagna, A; Cusato, M; Fusetti, G; Galli, A; Gianotti, N; Guffanti, M; Lazzarin, A; Regazzi, M; Seminari, E; Villani, P, 2005)	0.33
"Of the patients, 12 received ATV as a single protease inhibitor; 12 received ATV in combination with APV; and 10 in combination with SQV."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir given alone or in combination with saquinavir hard-gel capsules or amprenavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Castagna, A; Cusato, M; Fusetti, G; Galli, A; Gianotti, N; Guffanti, M; Lazzarin, A; Regazzi, M; Seminari, E; Villani, P, 2005)	0.33
"Experiments were carried out in the laboratory to assess the insecticidal effect on Myzus persicae Sulzer of different oils applied alone or combined with imidacloprid or pirimicarb."	( Use of oils combined with low doses of insecticide for the control of Myzus persicae and PVY epidemics. Cabaleiro, C; Marnotes, S; Martín-López, B; Varela, I, 2006)	0.33
" Furthermore, fosamprenavir is commonly administered in combination with low-dose ritonavir, which is also extensively metabolised by CYP3A4, and is a more potent CYP3A4 inhibitor than amprenavir."	( Fosamprenavir : clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the amprenavir prodrug. Shelton, MJ; Studenberg, S; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.33
"To compare the effect of ritonavir on plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics, healthy adults received either fosamprenavir (700 mg twice a day [BID]) or amprenavir (600 mg BID) alone and in combination with ritonavir (100 mg BID)."	( Ritonavir increases plasma amprenavir (APV) exposure to a similar extent when coadministered with either fosamprenavir or APV. Baker, KL; Berrey, MM; Jones, LS; Lou, Y; Shelton, MJ; Thomas, GJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.33
" Fosamprenavir-ritonavir has shown similar efficacy and safety to lopinavir-ritonavir when each is combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( The KLEAN study of fosamprenavir-ritonavir versus lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine, for initial treatment of HIV infection over 48 weeks: a randomised non-inferiority trial. DeJesus, E; Eron, J; Estrada, V; Gathe, J; Katlama, C; Lackey, P; Patel, L; Shaefer, M; Staszewski, S; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Vavro, C; Wannamaker, P; Yau, L; Yeni, P; Yeo, J; Young, B, 2006)	0.33
"Fosamprenavir-ritonavir twice daily in treatment-naive patients provides similar antiviral efficacy, safety, tolerability, and emergence of resistance as lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine."	( The KLEAN study of fosamprenavir-ritonavir versus lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine, for initial treatment of HIV infection over 48 weeks: a randomised non-inferiority trial. DeJesus, E; Eron, J; Estrada, V; Gathe, J; Katlama, C; Lackey, P; Patel, L; Shaefer, M; Staszewski, S; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Vavro, C; Wannamaker, P; Yau, L; Yeni, P; Yeo, J; Young, B, 2006)	0.33
"This review describes the current knowledge on drug-drug and food-drug interactions with repaglinide and nateglinide."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" When brecanavir was tested in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the antiviral activity of brecanavir was synergistic with the effects of stavudine and additive to the effects of zidovudine, tenofovir, dideoxycytidine, didanosine, adefovir, abacavir, lamivudine, and emtricitabine."	( In vitro antiviral activity of the novel, tyrosyl-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 protease inhibitor brecanavir (GW640385) in combination with other antiretrovirals and against a panel of protease inhibitor-resistant HIV. Boone, L; Craig, C; Ferris, R; Furfine, E; Griffin, P; Hale, M; Hanlon, M; Harvey, R; Hazen, R; Kaldor, I; Miller, J; Ray, J; Samano, V; Spaltenstein, A; St Clair, M; Tung, R; Yates, P, 2007)	0.34
" The purpose of this study was to determine the steady-state pharmacokinetics of once-daily (qd) fosamprenavir/ritonavir (FPV/r) and atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) alone and in combination with 20 mg qd omeprazole (OMP) in healthy volunteers."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of once-daily fosamprenavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir alone and in combination with 20 mg omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Brower, R; Frank, I; Kim, D; Luber, AD; Peloquin, CA; Silverman, R, 2007)	0.34
"Many drugs have been reported to interact with repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, resulting in hypoglycemia."	( Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-repaglinide drug interaction. Khamaisi, M; Leitersdorf, E, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, the effects of insulin glargine (IG) in combination with repaglinide or acarbose on glycemic parameters were investigated."	( The investigation of the efficacy of insulin glargine on glycemic control when combined with either repaglinide or acarbose in obese Type 2 diabetic patients. Duran, C; Ercan, I; Ersoy, C; Erturk, E; Guclu, M; Imamoglu, S; Kiyici, S; Selimoglu, H; Tuncel, E, 2009)	0.35
"The KLEAN study extension assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir-ritonavir (FPV/r) and lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), both administered with abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) fixed dose combination, over 144 weeks."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.13
"The findings of the KLEAN study extension (48 to 144 weeks) support durable viral suppression with both FPV/r and LPV/r treatment regimens when used in combination with ABC/3TC irrespective of viral load at baseline."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.13
"In vitro investigation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) has officially been part of the regulatory pathway for new drugs in the USA since the publication of an FDA guidance on the subject in 1997."	( The nasty surprise of a complex drug-drug interaction. Bode, C, 2010)	0.36
" To examine the potential for drug-drug interactions at these two transporters, the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin enacarbil were evaluated in healthy adults after administration alone or in combination with either naproxen (an MCT-1 substrate) or cimetidine (an OCT2 substrate)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of gabapentin enacarbil, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin, with naproxen and cimetidine. Blumenthal, R; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Vicente, V, 2010)	0.36
" In combination with an increased throughput (up to 300%) and a reduced animal use (up to 50%), the enhanced power of the differential approach improves the utility of the biorelevant in situ perfusion technique with mesenteric blood sampling to elucidate the intestinal interaction profile of drugs and drug candidates."	( Validation of a differential in situ perfusion method with mesenteric blood sampling in rats for intestinal drug interaction profiling. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Mols, R, 2010)	0.36
"To further explore the mechanism underlying the interaction between repaglinide and gemfibrozil, alone or in combination with itraconazole."	( Repaglinide-gemfibrozil drug interaction: inhibition of repaglinide glucuronidation as a potential additional contributing mechanism. Chen, W; Gan, J; Gao, L; Hong, Y; Humphreys, WG; Li, W; Rodrigues, AD; Shen, H; Tang, Y; Tian, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this research is to determine efficacy and safety of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes naive to oral antidiabetes therapy."	( Randomized study of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes naive to oral antidiabetes therapy. Bu, R; Liu, J; Ning, G; Su, Q; Wang, W, 2011)	0.37
" In combination with carbendazim clastogen, properties of imazalils and cypermethrins were potentiated compared to all other treatments and control."	( Carbendazim combined with imazalil or cypermethrin potentiate DNA damage in hepatocytes of mice. Benković, V; Cupor, I; Horvat-Knezević, A; Lisicić, D; Mojsović-Cuić, A; Orsolić, N; Ðikić, D, 2012)	0.38
" Low doses of carbendazim in combination with low doses of imazalil or cypermethrin caused very pronounced hepatic necrosis, more than any of the three individually applied pesticides or combination of imazalil and cypermethrin."	( Carbendazim impends hepatic necrosis when combined with imazalil or cypermethrin. Benković, V; Dikić, D; Horvat-Knežević, A; Knežević, F; Landeka, I; Lončar, G; Mojsović-Ćuić, A; Rogić, D; Teparić, R, 2012)	0.38
" The extract was then combined with trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide and directly injected into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system for on-column derivatization and analysis."	( Low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and on-column derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in environmental water samples. Guo, L; Lee, HK, 2012)	0.38
" Additional experiments examined these compounds in combination with morphine."	( Effects of alterations in cannabinoid signaling, alone and in combination with morphine, on pain-elicited and pain-suppressed behavior in mice. Dykstra, LA; Miller, LL; Picker, MJ; Schmidt, KT; Umberger, MD, 2012)	0.38
"Dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) cleanup combined with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is described here as a new approach for the extraction of carbamate pesticides in Radix Glycyrrhizae samples prior to UPLC-MS-MS."	( Dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup combined with accelerated solvent extraction for the determination of carbamate pesticide residues in Radix Glycyrrhizae samples by UPLC-MS-MS. Liu, WH; Lu, XY; Wang, JH; Wang, ML; Yang, RZ; Zhang, R, 2011)	0.37
"A simple and sensitive method was developed for the quantification of five carbamate pesticides in water samples using solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS)."	( A solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic approach combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the assay of carbamate pesticides in water samples. Cavaliere, B; Monteleone, M; Naccarato, A; Sindona, G; Tagarelli, A, 2012)	0.38
"Quantitative prediction of complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is challenging."	( Mechanistic modeling to predict the transporter- and enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions of repaglinide. El-Kattan, AF; Goosen, TC; Kimoto, E; Kumar, V; Lai, Y; Varma, MV, 2013)	0.39
" In this multicentre, open-label, phase II study, 44 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV), unresponsive to the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) of hydroxycarbamide (HC), were treated with Givinostat (50 or 100 mg/d) in combination with MTD of HC."	( A phase II study of Givinostat in combination with hydroxycarbamide in patients with polycythaemia vera unresponsive to hydroxycarbamide monotherapy. Barbui, T; Barosi, G; Cilloni, D; Demuth, T; Finazzi, G; Finazzi, MC; Fioritoni, G; Martinelli, V; Musolino, C; Nobile, F; Olimpieri, OM; Pogliani, EM; Rambaldi, A; Ruggeri, M; Sivera, P; Specchia, G; Tollo, SD; Vannucchi, AM, 2013)	0.39
" This 28-day, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated once daily GSK2336805 60 mg alone or in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a (180 μg per week) and ribavirin (1000-1200 mg daily) (PEG/RIBA) in treatment-naive genotype 1 CHC subjects."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of GSK2336805 when given as monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected Adkison, K; Cutrell, A; Elko-Simms, C; Gardner, S; Hamatake, R; Hong, Z; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Walker, J, 2014)	0.4
"GSK2336805 is a potent NS5A inhibitor that showed a substantial antiviral effect as a monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of GSK2336805 when given as monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected Adkison, K; Cutrell, A; Elko-Simms, C; Gardner, S; Hamatake, R; Hong, Z; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Walker, J, 2014)	0.4
" Healthy subjects (N = 12) received a single dose of rosuvastatin 10 mg alone and in combination with EVG/co."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" The efficacy and safety of daclatasvir combined with peginterferon alfa-2a (alfa-2a) and ribavirin were assessed in a randomized, double-blind Phase IIa study of Japanese patients with chronic HCV genotype-1 infection."	( Daclatasvir combined with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C genotype 1. Hu, W; Hughes, EA; Ishikawa, H; Izumi, N; Kawada, N; Kumada, H; McPhee, F; Osaki, Y; Sata, M; Ueki, T; Yamamoto, K; Yokosuka, O, 2014)	0.4
"Japanese patients who were treatment-naive (n=25) or prior null (n=12) or partial (n=5) responders received once-daily daclatasvir 10 mg or 60 mg or placebo in combination with alfa-2a and ribavirin."	( Daclatasvir combined with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C genotype 1. Hu, W; Hughes, EA; Ishikawa, H; Izumi, N; Kawada, N; Kumada, H; McPhee, F; Osaki, Y; Sata, M; Ueki, T; Yamamoto, K; Yokosuka, O, 2014)	0.4
"Daclatasvir combined with alfa-2a/ribavirin in treatment-naive patients showed greater efficacy than alfa-2a/ribavirin alone and was generally well tolerated."	( Daclatasvir combined with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C genotype 1. Hu, W; Hughes, EA; Ishikawa, H; Izumi, N; Kawada, N; Kumada, H; McPhee, F; Osaki, Y; Sata, M; Ueki, T; Yamamoto, K; Yokosuka, O, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the effect of OATP1B1 genotype as a covariate on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction (DDIs) risk using a reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of repaglinide: impact of OATP1B1 and CYP2C8 genotype and source of in vitro data on the prediction of drug-drug interaction risk. Galetin, A; Gertz, M; Houston, JB; Säll, C; Tsamandouras, N, 2014)	0.4
" We aimed to compare mortality and cardiovascular risk among users of metformin in combination with pharmacologically different ISs."	( Metformin in combination with various insulin secretagogues in type 2 diabetes and associated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--a retrospective nationwide study. Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, G; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Scheller, NM; Schramm, TK; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vaag, A, 2015)	0.42
"Most ISs in combination with metformin were associated with similar mortality and cardiovascular risk."	( Metformin in combination with various insulin secretagogues in type 2 diabetes and associated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--a retrospective nationwide study. Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, G; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Scheller, NM; Schramm, TK; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vaag, A, 2015)	0.42
" Thirteen studies were conducted to characterize drug-drug interactions for the 3D regimen of OBV, PTV/r, and DSV and various medications in healthy volunteers to inform dosing recommendations in HCV-infected patients."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
"Mechanism-based drug-drug interactions were evaluated for gemfibrozil, ketoconazole, carbamazepine, warfarin, omeprazole, digoxin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
" Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with cyclosporine and tacrolimus hindered the use of first-generation protease inhibitors in transplant recipients."	( An open-label investigation into drug-drug interactions between multiple doses of daclatasvir and single-dose cyclosporine or tacrolimus in healthy subjects. Adamczyk, R; Bertz, RJ; Bifano, M; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Marion, A, 2015)	0.42
" Daclatasvir is a potent pangenotypic inhibitor of the HCV NS5A replication complex recently approved for HCV treatment in Europe and Japan in combination with other antivirals."	( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between daclatasvir and methadone or buprenorphine-naloxone. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Bruce, RD; DeMicco, M; Garimella, T; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Luo, WL; Wang, R; Wastall, P, 2015)	0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."	( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results. Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)	0.42
" Drug-drug interactions were evaluated in healthy volunteers to develop dosing recommendations for HCV-infected subjects."	( Drug Interactions with the Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination of Ombitasvir and Paritaprevir-Ritonavir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Zha, J, 2016)	0.43
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of VEL as a perpetrator or victim of metabolic- and transporter-based drug-drug interactions using complementary probe drugs."	( Use of Multiple Probes to Assess Transporter- and Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of the Pangenotypic HCV NS5A Inhibitor Velpatasvir. Brainard, D; German, P; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; McNally, J; Mogalian, E; Moorehead, L; Yang, CY, 2016)	0.43
" metabolizing enzymes on the disposition of VEL was characterized through the use of complementary probes, despite the lack of phenotypic specificity, and informs a broad range of drug-drug interaction recommendations."	( Use of Multiple Probes to Assess Transporter- and Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of the Pangenotypic HCV NS5A Inhibitor Velpatasvir. Brainard, D; German, P; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; McNally, J; Mogalian, E; Moorehead, L; Yang, CY, 2016)	0.43
" This phase 1, drug-drug interaction, open-label, multiple-dose study enrolled 32 healthy subjects to receive the 3D or 2D regimen in combination with sofosbuvir."	( Drug-Drug Interactions between Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir with or without Dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Cohen, D; Ding, B; Dutta, S; King, JR; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2016)	0.43
" However, evening atazanavir plus ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir regimens are not recommended in combination with the 3D regimen."	( Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir and HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Awni, W; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Trinh, R; Wang, H, 2016)	0.43
"Daclatasvir (DCV) is a potent, pangenotypic nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor with demonstrated antiviral efficacy when combined with sofosbuvir (SOF) or simeprevir (SMV) with or without ribavirin (RBV) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection."	( Daclatasvir combined with sofosbuvir or simeprevir in liver transplant recipients with severe recurrent hepatitis C infection. Bahirwani, R; Berg, C; Brown, RS; Castells, L; Chacko, KR; Durand, CM; ElSharkawy, AM; Emond, B; Ferenci, P; Fontana, RJ; Herzer, K; Ionescu-Ittu, R; Jafri, SM; Joshi, S; Knop, V; Lionetti, R; Loiacono, L; Londoño, MC; Montalbano, M; Moreno-Zamora, A; Mubarak, A; Pellicelli, AM; Prieto, M; Reddy, KR; Stadler, B; Stauber, RE; Stenmark, S; Torti, C; Vekeman, F; Weiland, O, 2016)	0.43
" Drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies of the 3D regimen and commonly used medications were conducted in healthy volunteers to provide information on coadministering these medications with or without dose adjustments."	( Drug-Drug Interactions Between the Anti-Hepatitis C Virus 3D Regimen of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir and Eight Commonly Used Medications in Healthy Volunteers. Chiu, YL; Ding, B; Dumas, EO; Khatri, A; King, JR; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Shuster, DL, 2016)	0.43
" Drug-drug interactions between 2D (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir) or 3D (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir) regimens and omeprazole, a CYP2C19 substrate and acid-reducing agent, were evaluated in 24 healthy volunteers."	( Drug-Drug Interaction of Omeprazole With the HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Ombitasvir With and Without Dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
" These data indicate that the 3-direct-acting-antiviral regimen can be administered with dolutegravir or abacavir plus lamivudine without dose adjustment."	( Drug-Drug Interaction between the Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimen of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir plus Dasabuvir and the HIV Antiretroviral Agent Dolutegravir or Abacavir plus Lamivudine. Khatri, A; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Trinh, R; Zhao, W, 2016)	0.43
" The mean maximum QTcF increase from baseline was 407, 487, and 437 milliseconds for AZD1305, alone and in combination with verapamil or ketoconazole, respectively."	( In Silico Predictions and In Vivo Results of Drug-Drug Interactions by Ketoconazole and Verapamil on AZD1305, a Combined Ion Channel Blocker and a Sensitive CYP3A4 Substrate. Aunes, M; Cullberg, M; Edvardsson, N; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Löfberg, B; Lunde, H, 2016)	0.43
" While direct-acting antiviral-based regimens have been shown to be greatly superior to pegIFN/RBV-based regimens in terms of efficacy and safety, they have a greater susceptibility to drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( A Review of Daclatasvir Drug-Drug Interactions. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Garimella, T; Huang, SP; Kandoussi, H; Wang, R; You, X, 2016)	0.43
" We aimed to systematically screen for drugs that interact with the five most commonly used secretagogues-glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, repaglinide, and nateglinide-to cause serious hypoglycemia."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
" We first predicted the drug-drug interaction potential based on the pharmacokinetics of each secretagogue-precipitant pair."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
"We predicted 34 pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with the secretagogues, nine moderate and 25 weak."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
"The self-controlled case series design has the potential to be widely applicable to screening for drug-drug interactions that lead to adverse outcomes identifiable in healthcare databases."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
" Safe and efficacious antiviral regimens resulting in minimal to no drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretrovirals are needed to ensure that patients coinfected with HCV and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) achieve 12-week sustained virologic response rates similar to HCV-monoinfected patients."	( Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir: Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral Agents and Drugs forSubstance Abuse. King, JR; Menon, RM, 2017)	0.46
" We evaluated the impact of TLR and Notch signaling on ERD in a murine model by administering CpG, an agonist of TLR9, in combination with L685,458, an inhibitor of Notch signaling during FI-RSV immunization."	( CpG in Combination with an Inhibitor of Notch Signaling Suppresses Formalin-Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Enhanced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation by Inhibiting Th17 Memory Responses and Promoting Tissue-Resident Memory Cells in Lung Deng, Y; Du, X; Hai, Y; Li, H; Li, N; Li, W; Wei, L; Yin, W; Zeng, R; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z; Zheng, B, 2017)	0.46
"Quantitative analysis of transporter- and enzyme-mediated complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is challenging."	( Quantitative Analysis of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions Between Repaglinide and Cyclosporin A/Gemfibrozil Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models With In Vitro Transporter/Enzyme Inhibition Data. Kim, SJ; Sugiyama, Y; Toshimoto, K; Yao, Y; Yoshikado, T, 2017)	0.46
"To assess drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for the three direct-acting antiviral (3D) regimen of ombitasvir, dasabuvir, and paritaprevir, in vitro studies profiled drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter interactions."	( Mechanisms and Predictions of Drug-Drug Interactions of the Hepatitis C Virus Three Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimen: Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Ombitasvir, and Dasabuvir. Bow, DAJ; de Morais, SM; Fischer, V; Kavetskaia, O; Liu, J; Nijsen, MJMA; Shebley, M; Sydor, J, 2017)	0.46
"No drug-drug interaction study has been conducted to date for the combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir (3D), and mycophenolic acid (MPA)."	( Managing Drug-Drug Interaction Between Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Bellissant, E; Ben Ali, Z; Boglione-Kerrien, C; Guyader, D; Jezequel, C; Lemaitre, F; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2017)	0.46
" We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of SOF in combination with either SMV or DCV in GT4-infected patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Simeprevir or Daclatasvir in Combination With Sofosbuvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Infection. Alaseeri, A; Albenmousa, A; Albiladi, H; Alghamdi, AS; Aljarodi, M; Almugharbal, M; Alothmani, HS; Alsahafi, A; Babatin, MA; Bzeizi, KI; Sanai, FM, )	0.13
" We investigate, as an example, the impact of CYP3A4-CYP2C8 intercorrelation on the predicted interindividual variabilities of clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for repaglinide using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Implications of intercorrelation between hepatic CYP3A4-CYP2C8 enzymes for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions: a case study with repaglinide. Achour, B; Backman, JT; Darwich, AS; Doki, K; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Tornio, A, 2018)	0.48
" No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of SOF, SOF metabolite GS-331007, or VEL were observed other than an approximate 50% decrease in VEL exposure when administered with EFV/FTC/TDF."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Hepatitis C Virus Antivirals Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and Boosted and Unboosted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antiretroviral Regimens in Healthy Volunteers. Brainard, DM; Ling, KHJ; Mathias, A; Mogalian, E; Osinusi, A; Shen, G; Stamm, LM, 2018)	0.48
" When a combination therapy with interferon-free, direct-acting antivirals is used in patients post-transplantation, consideration of drug-drug interactions with and monitoring CyA are of vital importance."	( Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir Therapy in a Kidney Transplant Recipient With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: A Case Report on the Importance of Considering Drug-Drug Interactions and Monitoring Cyclosporine Levels. Hashimoto, S; Hayashi, K; Nakagawa, Y; Saito, K; Takahashi, K; Takamura, M; Takeuchi, S; Tanabe, Y; Tasaki, M; Terai, S; Tomita, Y; Yamagiwa, S; Yoshida, T, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment in the post-transplantation setting may be complicated by significant drug-drug interactions between antiviral agents and standard immune suppressive treatment regimens."	( Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir regimen may be used safely in combination with sirolimus for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Dolman, GE; Gelson, WT; Selby, P, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study to evaluate the effects of evocalcet on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of probe substrates for CYP isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A) was conducted in healthy male volunteers using a novel cocktail combination."	( Assessment of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions for Evocalcet, a New Calcimimetic Agent, Based on In Vitro Investigations and a Cocktail Study in Humans. Akizawa, T; Endo, Y; Fukagawa, M; Kannami, A; Maeda, H; Nagata, Y; Nakamura, H; Narushima, K; Ohtsuka, S; Shimazaki, R; Shiramoto, M; Uchimura, T, 2019)	0.51
"Elbasvir or grazoprevir co-administered with raltegravir or dolutegravir resulted in no clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions and was generally well tolerated."	( Assessment of drug interaction potential between the HCV direct-acting antiviral agents elbasvir/grazoprevir and the HIV integrase inhibitors raltegravir and dolutegravir. Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Fraser, I; Guo, Z; Huang, X; Iwamoto, M; Jumes, P; Ma, J; Mangin, E; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Ross, LL; Talaty, J; Yeh, WW, 2019)	0.51
" It also inhibited daclatasvir-resistant mutant strains of HCV, especially in combination with daclatasvir."	( Antiviral effect of saikosaponin B2 in combination with daclatasvir on NS5A resistance-associated substitutions of hepatitis C virus. Hou, MC; Huang, YH; Lan, KH; Lan, KL; Lee, WP; Liao, SX, 2019)	0.51
" The last wave of DAAs is also characterized by a lesser tendency to generate or being victim of drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interactions in anti-HCV therapy: a comparison among options available in Italy. Cariti, G; Di Perri, G, 2019)	0.51
"The assessment of drug-drug interaction (DDI) is important not only for safety but also for maintaining the efficacy of direct acting antivirals in chronic hepatitis C (CHC)."	( Limited drug-drug interaction of elbasvir/grazoprevir for chronic hepatitis C. Cheng, PN; Liu, CJ; Lo, CC; Tseng, IH; Tseng, KC, 2020)	0.56
"Administration of finerenone 20 mg once daily confers no risk of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions with substrates of cytochrome P450 enzymes."	( Results from Drug-Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro and In Vivo Investigating the Effect of Finerenone on the Pharmacokinetics of Comedications. Bairlein, M; Gerisch, M; Heinig, R; Loewen, S; Nagelschmitz, J, 2020)	0.56
"This study was devised to investigate if P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between genistein and repaglinide."	( Molecular pharmacokinetic mechanism of the drug-drug interaction between genistein and repaglinide mediated by P-gp. Huo, X; Jin, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Sun, P; Tan, A; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"On 2 June 2020, a marketing authorisation valid through the European Union (EU) was issued for encorafenib in combination with cetuximab in adult patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) with the BRAFV600E mutation who had received prior systemic therapy."	( The EMA assessment of encorafenib in combination with cetuximab for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma harbouring the BRAFV600E mutation who have received prior therapy. Dedorath, J; Delgado, J; Enzmann, H; Fuerstenau, U; Hausmann, S; Koenig, J; Pignatti, F; Stock, T; Trullas, A, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, we evaluated the drug-drug interaction potential of the hepatitis C virus inhibitors elbasvir (EBR) and grazoprevir (GZR) with statins."	( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions of the Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents Elbasvir and Grazoprevir with Pitavastatin, Rosuvastatin, Pravastatin, and Atorvastatin in Healthy Adults. Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Fandozzi, CM; Feng, HP; Fraser, IP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Levine, V; Panebianco, D; Prueksaritanont, T; Swearingen, D; Wolford, D; Yeh, WW, 2021)	0.62
"Although the combination with PrOD significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of CsA, it is effective and safe with regular monitoring of the CsA blood concentrations and appropriate CsA dose adjustment."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	0.72
" This study was conducted to explore the clinical effects of repaglinide combined with exercise rehabilitation on improving the blood glucose of patients with diabetes."	( Clinical Effects of Exercise Rehabilitation Combined with Repaglinide in the Treatment of Diabetes. Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A linear correlation between the logarithms of the absorption rate constants and apparent partition coefficients was found."	( The absorption of aliphatic carbamates from the rat colon. Bridges, JW; Upshall, DG; Wood, SG, 1978)	0.55
" The drug was well absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract and excreted in the urine, mainly in unchanged form, within 24 hrs."	( Species differences in the metabolism of pamatolol, a cardioselective beta--adrenoceptor antagonist. Borg, KO; Hoffmann, KJ; Skånberg, I, 1979)	0.26
" 4 The absorption rate of the carbamates was limited by their hydrophilicity but reached a plateau for the more lipophilic homologues with a half life for loss of approximately 10 min."	( Rapid absorption from the urinary bladder of a series of n-alkyl carbamates: a route for the recirculation of drugs. Bridges, JW; Sargent, NS; Upshall, DG, 1979)	0.79
" Plasma and urine data are presented from a bioavailability study to demonstrate the utility of this method."	( GLC determination of ethinamate and its hydroxy derivative in biological fluids. Bechtol, LD; Brunson, MK; Chernish, SM; Kleber, JW, 1977)	0.26
" This assay, for evaluation of bioavailability of carbamyl P, is necessary for study of the in vivo and in vitro effects of carbamyl P as an antisickling agent."	( Enzymatic determination of carbamyl phosphate in blood. Jernigan, HM; Kraus, LM, 1975)	0.25
" The bioavailability of NFLX from the acetoxyethyl carbamate was lower compared to an equivalent dose of NFLX when given as an oral suspension in rhesus monkeys, presumably because of the lower aqueous solubility of the prodrug."	( (Acyloxy)alkyl carbamate prodrugs of norfloxacin. Alexander, J; Bland, JA; Fromtling, RA; Gilfillan, EC; Pelak, BA, 1991)	0.28
" The results demonstrate the possible use of arylamine-hemoglobin adducts for measuring the bioavailability of potentially hazardous components of pesticides and the extent to which they are formed and metabolically activated."	( Biomonitoring of arylamines: hemoglobin adducts of urea and carbamate pesticides. Neumann, HG; Sabbioni, G, 1990)	0.28
"9 min, bioavailability 59."	( The disposition of the local anaesthetic, pentacaine, in rats and mice. Benes, L; Bezek, S; Durisová, M; Faberová, V; Scasnár, V; Trnovec, T, )	0.13
" The extent of bioavailability in orally administered 14C-carbendazim (12 mg/kg) was about 85%."	( The fate of 14C-carbendazim in rat. Krechniak, J; Kłosowska, B, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of carbazeran and the metabolism of carbon-14 labelled drug have been studied in the dog and man following oral administration."	( A species difference in the presystemic metabolism of carbazeran in dog and man. Elliott, HL; Hillis, WS; Kaye, B; Offerman, JL; Reid, JL, 1984)	0.27
" A comparative bioavailability study of these 3 suspensions was performed in 12 sheep with each sheep given each formulation in a Latin square crossover study design; oxfendazole was dosed at rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight."	( Relationship among particle size distribution, dissolution profile, plasma values, and anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole. Hennessey, DR; Mroszczak, E; Nguyen, TH; Parekh, P; Prichard, RK; Schiltz, R; Shastri, S, 1980)	0.26
" MBC and MEB are poorly soluble in water and therefore have a low bioavailability in vivo."	( Clastogenic and aneugenic effects of three benzimidazole derivatives in the in vitro micronucleus test using human lymphocytes. Elhajouji, A; Kirsch-Volders, M; Van Hummelen, P, 1995)	0.29
" In animals and human subjects this compound showed superior chemical stability, oral bioavailability and a longer duration of action than physostigmine."	( Pharmacological evaluation of phenyl-carbamates as CNS-selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chorev, M; Enz, A; Razin, M; Weinstock, M, 1994)	0.56
" The oral dose, to the contrary, was poorly absorbed and more than 62."	( Metabolic disposition of methyl [5-[[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl] carbonyl]-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate in hamsters: a study to understand chemoprophylactic action against experimental Ancylostomiasis. Gupta, S; Katiyar, JC; Singh, SP; Srivastava, JK; Srivastava, VM, 1994)	0.29
" Application of this prodrug strategy to the chiral fibrinogen receptor antagonist L-734,217 resulted in a prodrug that gave quantitative reconversion in rat and dog plasma in vitro and oral bioavailability of 23 +/- 6% in dogs for the parent drug."	( Investigation of (Oxodioxolenyl)methyl carbamates as nonchiral bioreversible prodrug moieties for chiral amines. Alexander, J; Bindra, DS; Cook, JJ; Glass, JD; Holahan, MA; Renyer, ML; Rork, GS; Sitko, GR; Stranieri, MT; Stupienski, RF; Veerapanane, H, 1996)	0.56
" The reduced bioavailability of pirimicarb may derive from humic acid and related compounds released from the sediment."	( Bioavailability and effect of pirimicarb on Daphnia magna in a laboratory freshwater/sediment system. Kusk, KO, 1996)	0.29
" Two separate, simple, and sensitive HPLC methods for the quantitation of these two compounds in plasma and the evaluation of their oral bioavailability in rats were developed and validated."	( Development of HPLC plasma assays for CAM 4515 and CAM 4750, two new nonpeptide tachykinin antagonists, and application to bioavailability studies. Kuo, BS; Van Noord, T; Wright, DS, 1996)	0.29
" The effect of food on their bioavailability is similar."	( Modulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by two novel oral hypoglycaemic agents, NN623 and A4166. Kikuchi, M, 1996)	0.29
" A revised formulation with micronized drug was more easily suspended and appeared to increase the bioavailability by a factor of 2-4."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of the tubulin inhibitor 1069C85--a synthetic agent binding at the colchicine site designed to overcome multidrug resistance. Berry, C; Briasoulis, E; Hanwell, J; Judson, I; Lacey, H; Raynaud, F, 1997)	0.3
" This series of inhibitors was found to exhibit poor bioavailability (< 10%) in the rat, following oral administration."	( Potent HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel (hydroxyethyl)amide isostere. Abraham, A; Anderson, PC; Beaulieu, PL; Bogri, T; Bousquet, Y; Croteau, G; Guse, I; Lamarre, D; Liard, F; Paris, W; Pav, S; Thibeault, D; Tong, L; Wernic, D, 1997)	0.3
" Mean bioavailability was 29%."	( Pharmacokinetics of luxabendazole after oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Alvarez-Bujidos, L; Ferre, I; Ordóñez, D; Ortiz, AI, 1997)	0.3
" The HPLC methods were successfully applied to assay samples from two oral bioavailability studies."	( Development and application of sensitive HPLC assays for NK3 antagonists in rat plasma. Atherton, JP; Kuo, BS, 1998)	0.3
" Extensive, saturable first-pass metabolism, however, leads to bioavailability of approximately 35% of the administered dose and nonlinear pharmacokinetics."	( Clinical pharmacology of rivastigmine: a new-generation acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Polinsky, RJ, )	0.13
" 93%) absorbed, although the bioavailability of the parent drug was low, ca."	( Absorption, metabolism, and disposition of [14C]SDZ ENA 713, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in minipigs following oral, intravenous, and dermal administration. Laplanche, R; Tse, FL, 1998)	0.3
"Dermal administration in minipigs provided a markedly greater bioavailability of SDZ ENA 713 than the oral route."	( Absorption, metabolism, and disposition of [14C]SDZ ENA 713, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in minipigs following oral, intravenous, and dermal administration. Laplanche, R; Tse, FL, 1998)	0.3
" The relative bioavailability of repaglinide (AUC(tablet)/AUC(oral solution)) was 110% (95% CI, 103%-117%)."	( Bioavailability of repaglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, administered orally in tablet or solution form or intravenously in healthy male volunteers. Hatorp, V; Oliver, S; Su, CA, 1998)	0.3
" It was concluded that repaglinide is rapidly absorbed and eliminated in healthy subjects when administered orally or intravenously under fasting conditions, and that the total availability of repaglinide is similar in the tablet and oral solution formulations, though that the rate of absorption is slower for the tablet formulation."	( Bioavailability of repaglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, administered orally in tablet or solution form or intravenously in healthy male volunteers. Hatorp, V; Oliver, S; Su, CA, 1998)	0.3
" A second study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of the hard gelatin capsule relative to that of a subsequently developed soft gelatin capsule."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir (141W94), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 protease inhibitor, following oral administration of single doses to HIV-infected adults. Chittick, GE; Hanson, CD; Roskell, NS; Sadler, BM; Symonds, WT, 1999)	0.3
" These findings suggested that J-104870 is a selective and potent nonpeptide Y(1) antagonist with oral bioavailability and brain penetrability."	( The novel neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist J-104870: a potent feeding suppressant with oral bioavailability. Fukami, T; Fukuroda, T; Hata, M; Ihara, M; Ishihara, A; Kanatani, A; Kanno, T; Mase, T; Sakuraba, A; Tanaka, T; Tsuchiya, Y, 1999)	0.3
" This may be explained by better bioavailability and/or by reduced stability of the circadian rhythmicity in elderly individuals."	( The effect of rivastigmine on sleep in elderly healthy subjects. Berger, M; Braus, D; Gattaz, WF; Heuser, I; Riemann, D; Schredl, M; Weber, B, 2000)	0.31
" The absorption rate of MCA was relatively slower with the peak time of 13-32 min."	( Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of anticonvulsants: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Choi, YM; Gorukanti, S; Kim, KH; Li, L, 2000)	0.31
" The bioavailability of the solution is 86% relative to the capsule formulation."	( Amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Fung, HB; Hameed, R; Kirschenbaum, HL, 2000)	0.31
"Entacapone has a relatively low oral bioavailability which may, in part, be due to its low aqueous solubility at low pH and/or its hydrophilic character at neutral pH."	( Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of novel oral N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-carbamate esters of entacapone. Forsberg, M; Gynther, J; Huuskonen, J; Jarvinen, T; Leppanen, J; Mannisto, PT; Nevalainen, T; Savolainen, J; Taipale, H, 2000)	0.31
" Amprenavir may be taken with or without a meal; however, it should not to be taken with high-fat meals because its oral bioavailability may possibly be affected by fat."	( [Pharmacological study and clinical effect of HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir]. Ishizawa, M; Komatsu, H, 2001)	0.31
"5) is orally bioavailable and inhibits the proliferation of primary human, mouse, rat, and dog lymphocytes at concentrations of approximately 100 nM."	( VX-497: a novel, selective IMPDH inhibitor and immunosuppressive agent. Almquist, SJ; Harding, MW; Jain, J; Shlyakhter, D, 2001)	0.31
" The relative bioavailability at the 6 mg dose was about 140%."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cutler, NR; Gobburu, JV; Jhee, SS; Lesko, L; Sramek, JJ; Tammara, V; Yuan, R, 2001)	0.31
" These observations suggested that the oral bioavailability of amprenavir was not so affected by co-administration with saquinavir, nelfinavir or indinavir, compared with ritonavir, whereas amprenavir markedly affected the oral bioavailability of saquinavir and nelfinavir."	( In-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetic interactions of amprenavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, with other current HIV protease inhibitors in rats. Gao, W; Kishida, T; Okamoto, H; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the bioavailability of rivastigmine, an approved therapy for patients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type, at the highest approved single dose of 6 mg."	( Estimation of the absolute bioavailability of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Cutler, NR; Hossain, M; Jhee, SS; McDonald, C; Pommier, F; Sedek, G; Shiovitz, T, 2002)	0.31
" By a noncompartmental approach, the absolute bioavailability of the 6 mg oral dose of rivastigmine was 71."	( Estimation of the absolute bioavailability of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Cutler, NR; Hossain, M; Jhee, SS; McDonald, C; Pommier, F; Sedek, G; Shiovitz, T, 2002)	0.31
"2% respectively, for the absolute bioavailability of a single 6 mg oral dose of rivastigmine."	( Estimation of the absolute bioavailability of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Cutler, NR; Hossain, M; Jhee, SS; McDonald, C; Pommier, F; Sedek, G; Shiovitz, T, 2002)	0.31
" Further tests showed that the strong affinity of PSC for soil organic matter affected its bioavailability and hence its biodegradation by the inocula."	( Bioavailability and biodegradation of prosulfocarb in soil. Ambrosoli, R; Gennari, M; Minati, JL; Nègre, M, 2002)	0.31
" After a high-fat meal compared with fasting, (1) the bioavailability of GW433908G suspension was decreased by 20% and Cmax by 41%, and (2) for GW433908G tablets, there was no influence on AUC(12% lower Cmax)."	( Pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a prodrug of amprenavir, in healthy male volunteers. Bye, C; Falcoz, C; Fuder, H; Hardman, TC; Jenkins, JM; Kenney, KB; Prince, WT; Studenberg, S, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of improved oral bioavailability of entacapone on its actual pharmacodynamic response, COMT inhibition in erythrocytes."	( Pharmacodynamic response of entacapone in rats after administration of entacapone formulations and prodrugs with varying bioavailabilities. Forsberg, M; Gynther, J; Järvinen, T; Leppänen, J; Männistö, PT; Savolainen, J, 2002)	0.31
" Comparative pharmacokinetics was conducted in rats by high-pressure liquid chromatography to evaluate the relative bioavailability of carbendazim versus its nanoparticle formulation."	( Carbendazim: disposition, cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic comparison with its nanoparticle. Garza, M; Jia, L; Wang, Y; Weitman, SD; Wong, H, 2003)	0.32
" The most potent inhibitor (-)-7 displayed 13% oral bioavailability in dogs."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of monopyrrolinone-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Barbosa, J; Cantin, LD; Charnley, AK; Guise-Zawacki, L; Hirschmann, R; Kuo, LC; Munshi, S; Olsen, DB; Pasternak, A; Schleif, WA; Smith, AB; Sprengeler, PA; Yao, W, 2003)	0.32
" A clear increase in the gastrointestinal absorption was observed in prodrugs 8, 12, and 13 with bioavailability (BA) values of 23%, 26%, and 29%, respectively."	( Development of water-soluble prodrugs of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor KNI-727: importance of the conversion time for higher gastrointestinal absorption of prodrugs based on spontaneous chemical cleavage. Hayashi, Y; Ito, T; Kimura, T; Kiso, Y; Matsumoto, H; Sohma, Y, 2003)	0.32
" Acidification of the dog stomach by coadministration of HCl increased the bioavailability of the calcium salt to levels near those of the sodium salt."	( Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a water-soluble prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir. Baker, CT; Furfine, ES; Hale, MR; Reynolds, DJ; Salisbury, JA; Searle, AD; Spaltenstein, A; Studenberg, SD; Todd, D; Tung, RD, 2004)	0.32
" Inhibitors meeting the potency criteria in the cell-based assay and with improved oral bioavailability in rats were identified."	( Structure-activity study on a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease leading to the discovery of BILN 2061. Bailey, MD; Bolger, G; Brochu, C; Faucher, AM; Ferland, JM; Garneau, M; Ghiro, E; Gorys, V; Grand-Maître, C; Halmos, T; Lamarre, D; Lapeyre-Paquette, N; Liard, F; Llinàs-Brunet, M; Poirier, M; Rhéaume, M; Tsantrizos, YS, 2004)	0.32
" The relative bioavailability of rivastigmine from all three regions of the GI tract was comparable to that following oral administration."	( Absorption of rivastigmine from different regions of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. Hossain, M; Lee, L; Sedek, G; Wang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" In monkeys, oral bioavailability of gabapentin from XP13512 capsules was 84."	( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys. Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)	0.32
" GV196771 has low oral bioavailability (<10%) and plasma clearance ( approximately 2 ml/min/kg) in rats."	( The systemic exposure of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist is limited in mice by the P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein efflux transporters. Barnaby, RJ; Baughman, TM; Bertolotti, L; Humphreys, JE; Jordan, KH; Mote, AL; Polli, JW; Read, KD; Serabjit-Singh, CJ; Vitulli, G; Webster, LO, 2004)	0.32
" Macrocyclic beta-strand scaffolds were designed that allowed the discovery of potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable compounds."	( The design of a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease: BILN 2061--from the NMR tube to the clinic. Tsantrizos, YS, 2004)	0.32
" The transport parameter measured (K(in)) proves that 1a is able to cross this biological barrier, but a pharmacokinetic study reveals its weak bioavailability in rats."	( Structure-activity relationships in platelet-activating factor. 12. Synthesis and biological evaluation of platelet-activating factor antagonists with anti-HIV-1 activity. Bensaid, O; Cisternino, S; Clayette, P; Dereuddre-Bosquet, N; Dong, CZ; Dormont, D; Heymans, F; Huet, J; Lamouri, A; Martin, M; Redeuilh, C; Rousselle, C; Scherrmann, JM; Serradji, N, 2004)	0.32
" Compound (R)-4 was shown to exhibit good pharmacokinetic properties in rats and dogs, and also good bioavailability in healthy volunteers."	( Discovery of diphenylcarbamate derivatives as highly potent and selective IP receptor agonists: orally active prostacyclin mimetics. Part 3. Hattori, K; Higaki, M; Koyama, S; Nishio, M; Okitsu, O; Sakane, K; Seki, J; Tabuchi, S; Tanaka, A; Taniguchi, K, 2005)	0.33
" The designed system, combining excellent buoyant ability and suitable drug release pattern, could possibly be advantageous in terms of increased bioavailability of repaglinide."	( Calcium silicate based microspheres of repaglinide for gastroretentive floating drug delivery: preparation and in vitro characterization. Agrawal, GP; Awasthi, AM; Jain, NK; Jain, SK, 2005)	0.33
" Grapefruit juice increased the bioavailability of repaglinide, suggesting significant intestinal elimination of the drug which was assumed to be primarily mediated by CYP3A4 in the gut."	( The impact of CYP2C8 polymorphism and grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide. Bidstrup, TB; Brøsen, K; Damkier, P; Ekblom, M; Karlsson, A; Olsen, AK, 2006)	0.33
" Herein, we describe our efforts to improve the oral bioavailability of the parent amidine via a prodrug strategy where the amidine basicity and polarity were reduced with either an alkoxy-amidine or a carbamate prodrug."	( Factor VIIa inhibitors: a prodrug strategy to improve oral bioavailability. Green, MJ; Hendrix, J; Kolesnikov, A; Liu, L; Mordenti, J; Pan, L; Riggs, JR; Shrader, WD; Stephens, R; Sukbuntherng, J; Vijaykumar, D; Young, WB, 2006)	0.33
" Lead optimization to a non-peptidic scaffold has resulted in a new class of potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable cathepsin S inhibitors."	( Arylaminoethyl carbamates as a novel series of potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitors. Alper, PB; Chang, J; Chatterjee, AK; Gordon, P; Harris, JL; Hollenbeck, T; Karanewsky, DS; Li, J; Liu, H; Mutnick, D; Roberts, MJ; Tully, DC; Tumanut, C; Tuntland, T; Williams, JA; Woodmansee, DH, 2006)	0.69
" However, its oral bioavailability in humans proved to be below acceptable limits."	( Exploration of potential prodrugs of RWJ-445167, an oxyguanidine-based dual inhibitor of thrombin and factor Xa. Costanzo, MJ; Damiano, BP; Giardino, EC; Lu, T; Maryanoff, BE; McComsey, DF; Player, MR; Yabut, SC, 2006)	0.33
" The meal-related timing of administration of glinides and the potential influence of food and meal composition on their bioavailability may be important."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" Oral bioavailability was 22-41%."	( Pharmacokinetics of dirlotapide in the dog. King, VL; Lynch, MP; Merritt, DA, 2007)	0.34
" We initially introduced new structural templates, particulary nonpeptidic conformationally constrained P 2 ligands that would efficiently mimic peptide binding in the S 2 subsite of the protease and provide enhanced bioavailability to the inhibitor."	( Design of HIV protease inhibitors targeting protein backbone: an effective strategy for combating drug resistance. Chapsal, BD; Ghosh, AK; Mitsuya, H; Weber, IT, 2008)	0.35
"7 nM), selective, and orally bioavailable dipeptide NS3/4A protease inhibitor, which has features attractive for further preclinical development."	( Discovery of novel potent and selective dipeptide hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors. Delouvroy, F; Hu, L; Kock, Hd; Lenz, O; Lin, TI; McGowan, D; Nilsson, M; Raboisson, P; Rosenquist, S; Samuelsson, B; Simmen, K; Surleraux, D; Tahri, A; Vendeville, S; Vreken, WV; Wigerinck, P, 2008)	0.35
" XP13512 immediate-release (up to 2800 mg single dose and 2100 mg twice daily) was well absorbed (>68%, based on urinary recovery of gabapentin), converted rapidly to gabapentin, and provided dose-proportional exposure, whereas absorption of oral gabapentin declined with increasing doses to <27% at 1200 mg."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin. Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)	0.35
"5 nM) and selective (CC(50) (Huh-7 cells)>50 microM) inhibitor, displaying an excellent PK profile in rats characterized by an oral bioavailability of 54% and a high liver exposure after oral administration."	( Discovery of novel, potent and bioavailable proline-urea based macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Antonov, D; Ayesa, S; Classon, B; de Kock, H; Delouvroy, F; Edlund, M; Eneroth, A; Hu, L; Ivanov, V; Johansson, PO; Kahnberg, P; Kindermans, N; Lenz, O; Lin, TI; Lindström, S; McGowan, D; Nilsson, M; Raboisson, P; Rosenquist, A; Samuelsson, B; Simmen, K; Surleraux, D; Tahri, A; Van de Vreken, W; Van Dooren, M; Vendeville, S; Vrang, L; Wigerinck, P; Wikstrom, K, 2008)	0.35
" albidus avoidance test to reflect the changes of pollutant bioavailability was tested."	( Avoidance response of Enchytraeus albidus in relation to carbendazim ageing. Hofman, J; Holoubek, I; Kobeticová, K, 2009)	0.35
" Modification of the core regiochemistry and stereochemistry significantly affected the potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability of the inhibitors, as did the variation of a pendent arylmethyl P3 group."	( 2-Pyridyl P1'-substituted symmetry-based human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (A-792611 and A-790742) with potential for convenient dosing and reduced side effects. Chen, HJ; Colletti, L; Degoey, DA; Dekhtyar, T; Flentge, CA; Flosi, WJ; Grampovnik, DJ; Kati, WM; Kempf, DJ; Klein, LL; Mamo, M; Marsh, KC; Mo, H; Molla, A; Morfitt, DC; Nguyen, B; Randolph, JT; Schmidt, JM; Stoll, V; Swanson, SJ; Yeung, CM, 2009)	0.35
"The low bioavailability of SQ109 in rats, resulting from first-pass effect in the liver, may be remedied by prodrug strategy."	( Synthesis and evaluation of carbamate prodrugs of SQ109 as antituberculosis agents. Li, W; Liu, Y; Luo, H; Meng, Q; Yao, Q; Zhang, W, 2009)	0.35
" Mean (standard deviation) bioavailability (based on urinary recovery) of gabapentin from gabapentin enacarbil was 42."	( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the potential role of intestinal lymphatic transport in the absorption and oral bioavailability of members of an emerging class of anti-atherosclerosis drugs (CETP inhibitors)."	( The role of the intestinal lymphatics in the absorption of two highly lipophilic cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623). Charman, WN; Edwards, GA; McEvoy, CL; McIntosh, MP; Porter, CJ; Shanker, RM; Trevaskis, NL, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability and lymphatic transport of drug (and triglyceride) was subsequently quantified."	( The role of the intestinal lymphatics in the absorption of two highly lipophilic cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623). Charman, WN; Edwards, GA; McEvoy, CL; McIntosh, MP; Porter, CJ; Shanker, RM; Trevaskis, NL, 2010)	0.36
" Food enhanced oral bioavailability (from 45 to 83% and 44 to 58% for CP524,515 and CP532,623, respectively) and the proportion of the absorbed dose transported via the lymph (from 61 to 86% and from 68 to 83%, respectively)."	( The role of the intestinal lymphatics in the absorption of two highly lipophilic cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623). Charman, WN; Edwards, GA; McEvoy, CL; McIntosh, MP; Porter, CJ; Shanker, RM; Trevaskis, NL, 2010)	0.36
" The relative bioavailability of repaglinide from its liquisolid compact formula was found to be increased significantly in comparison to that of the marketed tablet."	( Bioavailability and biological activity of liquisolid compact formula of repaglinide and its effect on glucose tolerance in rabbits. Arafa, NM; El-Houssieny, BM; Wahman, L, 2010)	0.36
"These findings demonstrate that AM966 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable LPA(1) receptor antagonist that may be beneficial in treating lung injury and fibrosis, as well as other diseases that are characterized by pathological inflammation, oedema and fibrosis."	( A novel, orally active LPA(1) receptor antagonist inhibits lung fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model. Baccei, CS; Bundey, RA; Chapman, C; Correa, LD; Evans, JF; Fagan, P; Hutchinson, JH; Lorrain, DS; Parr, TA; Prasit, P; Prodanovich, PC; Santini, AM; Seiders, TJ; Stebbins, KJ; Swaney, JS, 2010)	0.36
" This was due to reduced bioavailability of carbendazim in the latter treatment due to a prolonged period of sorption of carbendazim to soil particles before rainfall events."	( Determining the influence of rainfall patterns and carbendazim on the surface activity of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Ellis, SR; Hodson, ME; Wege, P, 2010)	0.36
"Repaglinide (RPG) is an oral hypoglycemic agent with excellent bioavailability (90-98%) and a short plasma half-life (2-6 h)."	( Repaglinide-loaded long-circulating biodegradable nanoparticles: rational approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, S; Saraf, S, 2009)	0.35
" Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by modified solvent injection method for oral delivery to improve the bioavailability of RG, an antidiabetic drug."	( Studies on binary lipid matrix based solid lipid nanoparticles of repaglinide: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Jain, A; Rawat, MK; Singh, S, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this work was to develop prolonged release binary lipid matrix-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of repaglinide (RG) for oral intestinal delivery and to improve the bioavailability of RG."	( In vivo and cytotoxicity evaluation of repaglinide-loaded binary solid lipid nanoparticles after oral administration to rats. Jain, A; Rawat, MK; Singh, S, 2011)	0.37
"We studied the safety, tolerability, and recommended dose of BMS-599626, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial of BMS-599626 (AC480), an oral pan-HER receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Armand, JP; Baselga, J; Beliveau, M; Catteau, A; Cortes, J; De Andreis, D; James, J; Lopez, E; Marier, JF; Martell, RE; Massard, C; Ropert, S; Soria, JC, 2012)	0.38
" Bioisosteric replacement of this biaryl moiety by arylpiperazine resulted in a soluble, orally bioavailable carbamate analogue providing identical activity in the acute model, comparable efficacy to OPC-67683 in a chronic infection model, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles across several species, and enhanced safety."	( Structure-activity relationships for amide-, carbamate-, and urea-linked analogues of the tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). Blaser, A; Denny, WA; Franzblau, SG; Kmentova, I; Ma, Z; Palmer, BD; Sutherland, HS; Thompson, AM; Wan, B; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"01 for 3 mg/kg) increased the absolute bioavailability (AB) of repaglinide by 51."	( Effects of efonidipine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by efonidipine. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2012)	0.38
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that immediate and complete release of repaglinide from the solid dispersion resulted in rapid absorption that significantly increased the bioavailability and the maximum plasma concentration over repaglinide raw material."	( In vitro and in vivo studies on a novel solid dispersion of repaglinide using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the carrier. Chen, XJ; Huang, SJ; Liu, QW; Yin, LF; Zhang, Q; Zhang, SH; Zhu, CL, 2012)	0.38
" But these analogs have a few issues such as shorter half-lives and low oral bioavailability values."	( Determination of antimalarial compound, ARB-89 (7β-hydroxy-artemisinin carbamate) in rat serum by UPLC/MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics. Avery, BA; Avery, MA; Chittiboyina, AG; Illendula, A; Muraleedharan, KM; Pabbisetty, D; Williamson, JS, 2012)	0.38
" Ingested BCA is known to display low bioavailability due to poor solubility, extensive metabolism and rapid clearance."	( Ester and carbamate ester derivatives of Biochanin A: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of estrogenic and antiproliferative activities. Alexi, X; Alexis, MN; Aligiannis, N; Fokialakis, N; Meligova, AK; Mitakou, S; Pratsinis, H; Siriani, D, 2012)	0.38
"A methodology for the accurate calculation and mitigation of isotopic interferences in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays and its application in supporting microdose absolute bioavailability studies are reported for the first time."	( Calculation and mitigation of isotopic interferences in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry assays and its application in supporting microdose absolute bioavailability studies. Arnold, ME; Aubry, AF; Bifano, M; Burrell, R; Dockens, R; Easter, J; Gu, H; Jiang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JS; Zeng, J, 2012)	0.38
", neutral and ionized forms); thus, the bioavailability of ionizable organic pollutants is more complicated than that of neutral organic pollutants in soil."	( Estimating the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) using in situ pore water concentrations in different soils. Han, Y; Liu, K; Pan, X; Tang, F; Yu, Y, 2012)	0.38
"A strategy of using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry for evaluating oral absolute bioavailability with concurrent intravenous (i."	( Practical and efficient strategy for evaluating oral absolute bioavailability with an intravenous microdose of a stable isotopically-labeled drug using a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. Arnold, ME; Aubry, AF; Bifano, M; Burrell, R; Easter, J; Gu, H; Jiang, H; Kandoussi, H; Li, W; Titsch, C; Zeng, J, 2012)	0.38
"A transdermal delivery system is warranted for repaglinide (RPG) which possesses half-life of 1 h and oral bioavailability of 56%."	( A study on ethosomes as mode for transdermal delivery of an antidiabetic drug. Bodade, SS; Chaudhari, PD; Kamble, MS; Shaikh, KS, 2013)	0.39
" The absolute oral bioavailability of retigabine is ~60%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of retigabine/ezogabine. Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" This coamorphous system provides a feasible way to process drugs with low solubility into substances with enhanced dissolution and stabilized amorphous state that could be conducive to greater bioavailability than the crystalline drug."	( Coamorphous repaglinide-saccharin with enhanced dissolution. Gao, Y; Liao, J; Qi, X; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Based on in vivo hypoglycemic results, bioavailability parameters like AUC, AUMC, Cmax, Tmax, MRT, t1/2 and relative bioavailability were found to be 2218."	( Optimization and charaterization of repaglinide biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle loaded transdermal patchs: in vitro and in vivo studies. Reddy, KR; Sakthivel, S; Swetha, C; Vijayan, V, 2013)	0.39
"Recent studies showed that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) increases the portal bioavailability (FG) of loperamide by sparing its intestinal first-pass metabolism."	( Intestinal first-pass metabolism by cytochrome p450 and not p-glycoprotein is the major barrier to amprenavir absorption. Bridges, AS; Dufek, MB; Thakker, DR, 2013)	0.39
"Ameliorating acidic soils is a common practice and may affect the bioavailability of an ionizable organic pollutant to organisms."	( Amelioration of acidic soil increases the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Liu, K; Liu, X; Luo, K; Wang, S; Yu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" It is well absorbed from the digestive system and undergoes metabolism via glucuronidation and acetylation."	( [Retigabine - a new antiepileptic drug with a different mechanism of action]. Pietrzak, B; Zwierzyńska, E, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nifedipine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
" Nifedipine also increased the absolute bioavailability (AB) of repaglinide by 50."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
"Nifedipine enhanced the oral bioavailability of repaglinide, which may be mainly attributable to inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of repaglinide in the small intestine and/or in the liver and to inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter in the small intestine and/or reduction of total body clearance by nifedipine."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
" A significantly decreased Cmax, prolonged Tmax and satisfactory bioavailability of the osmotic pump tablet were obtained, and a good in vivo-in vitro correlation of the two drugs was also established."	( Controlled release of metformin hydrochloride and repaglinide from sandwiched osmotic pump tablet. He, W; Jin, Z; Qin, C; Wang, G; Wu, M; Yin, L; Zhang, Q; Zhu, C, 2014)	0.4
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
"This study compared the bioavailability of two candidate fixed-dose combinations (FDCs: G003 and G004) of darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg with that of darunavir 800 mg and ritonavir 100 mg coadministered as single agents."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
" Bioavailability is greater in gabapentin enacarbil as compared to gabapentin."	( New treatment options for the management of restless leg syndrome. Toro, BE, 2014)	0.4
" Protease inhibitors (PIs), an important component of the antiretroviral armada, were historically associated with poor oral bioavailability and high pill burden."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole relative bioavailability was 55% lower in patients who received posaconazole than in healthy volunteers."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" Significant covariates in the model included RTV coadministration on clearance, fed status on bioavailability for the oral suspension, body weight on clearance and volume terms, black race on clearance, and age on clearance."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
"Low bioavailability severely hinders exploitation of the biomedical potential of resveratrol."	( New water-soluble carbamate ester derivatives of resveratrol. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; Carraro, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
"The therapeutic efficacy of repaglinide (RPG) is limited by the low and variable oral bioavailability owing to its limited aqueous solubility."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of formulation of repaglinide with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Cao, W; He, Z; Liu, M; Sun, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Almost 10 (TD-A) and 15 (TD-B)-fold enhancement in the oral bioavailability of nanocrystals was observed regardless of the fasted/fed state compared to pure repaglinide."	( Ultra rapidly dissolving repaglinide nanosized crystals prepared via bottom-up and top-down approach: influence of food on pharmacokinetics behavior. Gadadare, R; Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"Acid-reducing agents (ARAs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) that increase gastric pH can alter the bioavailability of antiviral drugs, particularly relevant in patients with advanced liver disease caused by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection seeking therapy."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.43
" Oral or intraperitoneal administration of QO58-lysine, which has improved bioavailability and a half-life of approximately 3 h in plasma, can reverse inflammatory pain in rodent animal models."	( Activation of neuronal Kv7/KCNQ/M-channels by the opener QO58-lysine and its anti-nociceptive effects on inflammatory pain in rodents. Li, G; Ma, TY; Qi, JL; Song, Y; Teng, BC; Wang, K; Zhang, F; Zhang, HL, 2016)	0.43
"The biomedical effects of the natural phenol pterostilbene are of great interest but its bioavailability is negatively affected by the phenolic group in position 4' which is an ideal target for the conjugative enzymes of phase II metabolism."	( New natural amino acid-bearing prodrugs boost pterostilbene's oral pharmacokinetic and distribution profile. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; Chiodarelli, G; Fanin, M; La Spina, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Romio, M; Zoratti, M, 2017)	0.46
" One of the ZBDHW components, Penta-O-Galloyl-Glucose (PGG), was further analyzed for its mode of action in vitro, its antiviral activity in primary human hepatocytes as well as for its bioavailability and hepatotoxicity in mice."	( Pentagalloylglucose, a highly bioavailable polyphenolic compound present in Cortex moutan, efficiently blocks hepatitis C virus entry. Alves, MP; Banda, D; Behrendt, P; Colpitts, CC; Manns, MP; Menzel, N; Meuleman, P; Perin, P; Pfaender, S; Pietschmann, T; Schang, LM; Steinmann, E; Thiel, V; Vondran, FWR, 2017)	0.46
" In our pharmacokinetic study, 40b showed good oral bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys, which may be due to its improved stability in dog and monkey plasma."	( Synthesis and structure activity relationships of carbamimidoylcarbamate derivatives as novel vascular adhesion protein-1 inhibitors. Kadono, K; Kondo, M; Nagashima, A; Shimada, Y; Yamada, H; Yamaki, S; Yoshihara, K, 2017)	0.46
"Objective Since the majority of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that are used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, it is hypothesized that inter-individual differences in CYP3A4 activity may be associated with the bioavailability of these agents."	( Differences in the Serum 4β-hydroxycholesterol Levels of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection: A Possible Impact on the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon (IFN)-free Treatment. Hirayama, T; Honda, A; Ikegami, T; Kohjima, M; Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T; Nakamuta, M; Yara, SI, 2018)	0.48
" Finally, the carbonate linkage bond-bearing group, especially the one with a linker lacking a disulfide bond, stood out with remarkably increased bioavailability (21-fold greater than GEM) and efficient tumor free-GEM accumulation (8-fold of GEM), which consequently contributed to excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy."	( Striking a Balance between Carbonate/Carbamate Linkage Bond- and Reduction-Sensitive Disulfide Bond-Bearing Linker for Tailored Controlled Release: In Situ Covalent-Albumin-Binding Gemcitabine Prodrugs Promote Bioavailability and Tumor Accumulation. Ding, H; He, Z; Kan, Q; Kou, L; Li, D; Li, Z; Luo, C; Na, K; Sun, J; Wang, K; Wang, M; Zhang, H; Zhao, D; Zhong, L, 2018)	0.48
"3-fold higher bioavailability than tapentadol."	( Improving the oral bioavailability of tapentadol via a carbamate prodrug approach: synthesis, bioactivation, and pharmacokinetics. He, Z; Li, Y; Liu, C; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, T, 2018)	0.48
"The objective of the study was to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble repaglinide (RPG) by preparing nanosuspension with poloxamer 188 using high pressure homogenization (HPH)."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
" Further, the dried aqueous suspensions were evaluated for drug content, solubility, in vitro dissolution, oral bioavailability study and stability study."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
"The outcomes of the study revealed significant enhancement in dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of RPG due to size reduction to nano range by HPH."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
" The effects of all covariates exceeded the 80% to 125% boundaries, indicating that the asunaprevir soft-gel capsule had higher bioavailability than the tablet and that asunaprevir exposure increased with cirrhosis and increasing baseline and time-varying AST values."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir in Japanese Subjects With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Garimella, T; Imai, Y; Ishikawa, H; Osawa, M; Ueno, T, 2018)	0.48
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and bioavailability of solriamfetol at the highest intended therapeutic dose in healthy adults and to characterize its renal excretion under fasting conditions."	( A Phase I, Randomized, Crossover, Open-label Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Solriamfetol (JZP-110) in Healthy Adult Subjects With and Without Food. Kankam, M; Lu, Y; Zomorodi, K, 2019)	0.51
"Solriamfetol relative bioavailability was bioequivalent in the fed and fasted conditions, showing that solriamfetol can be taken without regard to meals; furthermore, tolerability was similar in both conditions."	( A Phase I, Randomized, Crossover, Open-label Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Solriamfetol (JZP-110) in Healthy Adult Subjects With and Without Food. Kankam, M; Lu, Y; Zomorodi, K, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of the present study was to develop modified nanoemulsions to improve the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a poor water-soluble drug, repaglinide (RPG)."	( Improved oral bioavailability of repaglinide, a typical BCS Class II drug, with a chitosan-coated nanoemulsion. Hamidi, M; Karami, Z; Nasihatsheno, N; Saghatchi Zanjani, MR, 2020)	0.56
"Adding organic amendments to soil could modify the bioavailability of herbicides and lead to changes in the microbial community's activity and structure."	( Assessment of Barba, V; García-Delgado, C; Marín-Benito, JM; Rodríguez-Cruz, MS; Sánchez-Martín, MJ, 2019)	0.51
" All these compounds not only showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, absorption, metabolism, minimal toxicity and bioavailability but were also remain stabilized at the active site of proteins during the MD simulation."	( Identification of potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting proteins responsible for envelope formation and virion assembly using docking based virtual screening, and pharmacokinetics approaches. Bhowmik, D; Jagadeesan, R; Kumar, D; Kumar, N; Nandi, R; Prakash, A, 2020)	0.56
"Low bioavailability of anti-diabetic drugs results in the partial absorption of the drug as they are mainly absorbed from the stomach and the lower part of the GIT."	( Repaglinide and Metformin-Loaded Amberlite Resin-Based Floating Microspheres for the Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Mishra, K; Sahu, P, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of surfactant composition and surface charge of niosomes in enhancing oral bioavailability of repaglinide (REG) as a BCS II model drug."	( The Impact of Surfactant Composition and Surface Charge of Niosomes on the Oral Absorption of Repaglinide as a BCS II Model Drug. Bolourchian, N; Dadashzadeh, S; Haeri, A; Shahhosseni, S; Yaghoobian, M, 2020)	0.56
" Here, we describe the anti-COVID-19 potential of PTC299, an orally bioavailable compound that is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway."	( The DHODH inhibitor PTC299 arrests SARS-CoV-2 replication and suppresses induction of inflammatory cytokines. Bavari, S; Cao, L; Cintron-Lue, K; Colacino, JM; Goodwin, E; Graci, JD; Jacobson, A; Kong, R; Luban, J; Mühlberger, E; Naryshkin, NA; O'Keefe, K; Paessler, S; Peltz, SW; Pykett, M; Sattler, RA; Soloveva, V; Strambio-De-Castillia, C; Suder, EL; Trotta, C; Wang, Y; Weetall, M; Welch, EM, 2021)	0.62
" In prodrugs they are mainly used to delay first-pass metabolism and enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of compounds."	( Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents. Bosak, A; Matošević, A, 2020)	0.56
"The absorption and bioavailability of oral gabapentin are associated with a high degree of interindividual variability."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
" The distribution of bioavailability values was assessed in all studies."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
"4 μg·h/mL, and bioavailability range: 64."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
" The current study shows that the effects of NPls on bioavailability and toxicity of other contaminants (e."	( The role of nanoplastics on the toxicity of the herbicide phenmedipham, using Danio rerio embryos as model organisms. Amorim, MJB; Barreto, A; Calisto, V; Maria, VL; Santos, J; Sousa, ÉML, 2022)	0.72
"Atorvastatin has a significant effect on P-gp mediated intestinal transport of daclatasvir; however, it did not affect the systemic bioavailability of a single oral dose of daclatasvir."	( Effect of Atorvastatin on Single Oral Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Daclatasvir in Rats: Emphasis on P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450. El-Demerdash, E; Elbadawy, HA; Wahdan, SA, 2022)	0.72
" In the present study, a sensitive bioanalytical method for velpatasvir was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector system, which was applied to elucidate the factors determining the oral bioavailability and disposition of velpatasvir."	( A simple and sensitive HPLC-FL method for bioanalysis of velpatasvir, a novel hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor, in rat plasma: Investigation of factors determining its oral bioavailability. Choi, E; Han, DG; Jung, Y; Lee, HY; Park, JE; Song, IS; Yoo, JW; Yoon, IS, 2022)	0.72
" CNB shows 88% of oral bioavailability and is responsible for modifying the plasma concentrations of other co-administered ASMs, such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and the active metabolite of clobazam."	( Development and Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method to Quantify Cenobamate in Human Plasma Samples. Charlier, B; Coglianese, A; Coppola, G; Dal Piaz, F; de Grazia, U; Filippelli, A; Izzo, V; Menna, P; Operto, FF, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" At low dosage (50 mg."	( In vivo hepatic and intestinal toxicity of sodium cyanate in rats: cyanate-induced alterations in hepatic glycogen metabolism. Conrad, ME; Glader, BE; Haut, MJ; Hildenbrandt, PK; Toskes, PP, 1975)	0.25
"The use of lathyric toxins (BAPN) in low dosage (1 g/kg/day) for a period of 8 weeks caused in the rat simultaneous changes in the skin and aortic connective tissues."	( [Chronic lathyrism. Protective effect of pyridinol carbamate on connective tissue lesions in the rat (author's transl)]. Bouissou, H; Foulquier, F; Julian, M; Pieraggi, MT; Vila, C, 1977)	0.26
" The results suggested the use of a field dosage level of 5 mg/kg body weight oxfendazole where inhibited larvae may be encountered."	( Efficacy of oxfendazole against inhibited Ostertagia ostertagi in naturally infected cattle. Averkin, E; Kistner, TP; Wyse, D, 1979)	0.26
" As the dosage of N-nitroso pyridinol carbamate increased, the number of revertant colonies also increased."	( Mutagenicity of N-nitroso pyridinol carbamate with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Börzönyi, B; Ferencz, A; Kiss, K; Nádasdi, I; Pintér, A; Roller, PP; Surján, A; Török, G, 1979)	0.26
" At both dosage levels, oxfendazole was 100% effective against third, fourth, early fifth, and adult stages of the worms."	( Efficacy of oxfendazole against an ovine isolate of benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus. Kistner, TP; Wyse, D, 1978)	0.26
" In albino rats, a dosage of 2 mg/kg significantly depressed plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, and decreased motor activity 15 min after injection but only higher dosages (3 and 5 mg/kg) significantly depressed brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance."	( Behavioral and biochemical effects of the carbamate insecticide, MOBAM. Kurtz, PJ, 1977)	0.26
" Tolerance studies, conducted in sheep of various types under several management systems, in which thiophanate was given orally at recommended dosage (50 to 100 mg/kg), or multiples thereof, in single or repeated doses showed that treatment was in all cases well tolerated."	( Field trials in sheep with the anthelmintic thiophanate. Baines, DM; Colegrave, AJ, 1977)	0.26
" Dosing studies confirmed pirimicarb as the causative agent and the anaemia was characterised as haemolytic."	( Pirimicarb induced immune haemolytic anaemia in dogs. Chart, IS; Garner, R; Jackson, JA; Sanderson, JH, 1977)	0.26
"Thiophanate, administered at a dosage of 50 mg per kg to artifically infected pigs, removed 96 to 99 per cent of adult Oesophagostomum spp, Hyostrongylus rubidus and Trichuris suis."	( Experimental and field studies with thiophanate in pigs. Baines, DM; Dalton, SE; Eichler, DA, 1976)	0.26
" Ehrlich estimations showed that 68% of the radioactivity in the liver 2--6 h after dosing was present as pyrrolic metabolites."	( The distribution of [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate and its metabolites in the rat. Mattocks, AR; White, IN, 1976)	0.26
" A safety factor for man, in relation to the safety factors for rats and dogs, was calculated using (a) the comparative consumption of the laboratory animals and man; (b) an assessment of the highest dosage likely to be consumed in normal circumstances compared to the laboratory dosage, and (c) the consideration that in the laboratory there is no period of withdrawal from feeding before sacrifice as is the case with animals for slaughter."	( [Toxicity by relay. II. A method for the asessment of safety to human consumers of carbadox, a growth-promoting additive to the feed of slaughter pigs]. Ferrando, R; Raynaud, JP; Spanoghe, JP; Truhaut, R, 1975)	0.25
"In mice infected with metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps, the following compounds were at least partially effective when injected intraperitoneally at the dosage indicated: cambendazole (500 mg/kg), mebendazole (6."	( Effect of parenterally injected benzimidazole compounds on Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes in laboratory animals. Blair, LS; Campbell, WC; McCracken, RO, 1975)	0.25
"5 ppm) dosage disappearing within four weeks; losses from sterile soils were much slower with recoveries of over 50% after 20 weeks."	( Microbial degradation of the thiolcarbamate herbicide, diallate, in soils and by pure cultures of soil microorganisms. Anderson, JP; Domsch, KH, 1976)	0.26
"Zectran (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl N-methyl-carbamate), a carbamate insecticide (active ingredient [AI] mexacarbate), was aerially applied to two 300 ha plots of coniferous forest at dosage rates of 70 and 140 g AI/ha, respectively."	( An interlaboratory comparison of data on brain cholinesterase activity in forest songbirds exposed to aerial application of Zectran. Busby, DG; Fleming, RA; Holmes, SB, 1992)	0.28
" Subacute dosing for 7 days was done via 14-day osmotic minipumps (OMPs)."	( Effects of subacute pretreatment with carbamate together with acute adjunct pretreatment against nerve agent exposure. Anderson, DR; Harris, LW; Lennox, WJ; Solana, RP, 1991)	0.28
" Hamsters were dosed at 0 or 400 mg/kg/day."	( Carbendazim-induced alterations of reproductive development and function in the rat and hamster. Cooper, R; Goldman, J; Gray, LE; Linder, R; Ostby, J; Rehnberg, G, 1990)	0.28
" The 1000 mg/kg/day dosage of MBC produced reductions in body weight gain, implantation site weight, and serum LH and an increase in serum estradiol."	( Effects of methyl benzimidazolecarbamate during early pregnancy in the rat. Cummings, AM; Harris, ST; Rehnberg, GL, 1990)	0.28
" The test relies on a gene dosage selection system in which hyperploidy is detected by the simultaneous increase in copy number of two alleles residing on the right arm of chromosome VIII: arg4-8 and cup1S (Rockmill and Fogel."	( The detection of mitotic and meiotic chromosome gain in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate, methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, propionitrile and cyclophosphamide monohydrate. Fogel, S; Maloney, DH; Moser, SF; Piegorsch, WW; Resnick, MA; Whittaker, SG, 1990)	0.28
" Female Wistar rats were dosed orally with pesticides up to 1 mmol/kg body weight."	( Biomonitoring of arylamines: hemoglobin adducts of urea and carbamate pesticides. Neumann, HG; Sabbioni, G, 1990)	0.28
" A significant inhibition of RBC acetylcholinesterase was noticed after 21 days of dosing only at the high dose (150 mg kg-1) in hens."	( Haematological and hepatotoxic effects of isoprocarb in chicken. Mahboob, M; Mustafa, M; Rahman, MF; Siddiqui, MK, 1990)	0.28
" Carbaryl dosed at 45 mg kg-1 egg weight was extremely toxic to the embryos on day 5 of incubation."	( Effects of in ovo injection of carbamates on chick embryo hatchability, esterase enzyme activity and locomotion of chicks. Farage-Elawar, M, 1990)	0.57
" In our studies rats were dosed from weaning through puberty , gestation, and lactation."	( The development of a protocol to assess reproductive effects of toxicants in the rat. Cooper, R; Ferrell, J; Goldman, J; Gray, LE; Laskey, J; Linder, R; Ostby, J; Rehnberg, G; Sigmon, R, 1988)	0.27
" A total of 112 patients from four clinical centres in Beirut, Paris, Rome and Sofia completed standardized dosage of regimens of each drug and 68 patients were followed up for at least 12 months after treatment."	( Multicentre clinical trials of benzimidazole-carbamates in human cystic echinococcosis (phase 2). Davis, A; Dixon, H; Pawlowski, ZS, 1989)	0.54
" An increase in malondialdehyde level was observed after ethanol exposure, whereas suppression of lipid peroxidation occurred after dosing with indomethacin."	( Lipid peroxidation in normal and ulcerated gastric mucosa of rats treated with pentacaine and cimetidine. Nosál, R; Nosálová, V; Petríková, M, 1989)	0.28
" Malformations increased in incidence and severity with increasing benomyl dosage and nearly doubled when coupled with a protein-deficient diet."	( Benomyl-induced craniocerebral anomalies in fetuses of adequately nourished and protein-deprived rats. Ellis, WG; Hoogenboom, ER; Kavlock, RJ; Semple, JL; Zeman, FJ, 1987)	0.27
" Monitoring gene dosage changes at two loci on chromosome VIII, the test utilizes a leaky temperature-sensitive allele arg4-8 and low level copper resistance conferred by the single copy allele cup1s."	( The detection of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in yeast using a gene dosage selection system. Blechl, AE; Fogel, S; Maloney, DH; Resnick, MA; Rockmill, BM; Whittaker, SG, 1988)	0.27
" Minimal to moderate changes were observed in rats dosed with 45 mg/kg."	( Evaluation of reproductive parameters in adult male Wistar rats after subchronic exposure (gavage) to benomyl. Diggs, JP; Linder, RE; Rehnberg, GL; Strader, LF, 1988)	0.27
"A titrimetric method is described for the determination of three acetylenic hypnotics, namely ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, and methylpentynol carbamate, in bulk and in dosage forms."	( Titrimetric determination of acetylenic hyponotics using organic brominating agents. Belal, F; el-Brashy, A; Rizk, M; Walash, MI, 1988)	0.27
"After a single oral dosage of 40 mg thiophanate/kg in cattle, sheep and goats, the parent compound and its main metabolite: ethyl benzimidazol-1H-yl-2-carbamate (EBC) are evidenced in plasma by HPLC analysis for 60 to 72 hours."	( [Pharmacokinetics and anti-Dicrocoelium activity of thiophanate and its major metabolite in ruminants]. Besse, S; Delatour, P; Romdane, MN, 1988)	0.27
" Maximum AChE inhibition (63% of pretreatment activity) was measured 45 min after oral dosing (690 micrograms/kg) and activity recovered after 5 hr."	( Sublethal acute toxicity of carbosulfan [2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl(d i-n-butylaminosulfenyl)(methyl)carbamate] in the rat after intravenous and oral exposures. Krieger, RI; Renzi, BE, 1986)	0.27
" We review here methods used in studies of occupational pesticide exposure, with particular attention to validation in terms of dose-response relationships, to technical complexity and cost, to the requirements for analytical quality control, and to the utility of these methods for field research purposes."	( Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides: II. Monitoring of intact pesticides and their metabolites. Coye, MJ; Lowe, JA; Maddy, KJ, 1986)	0.27
" CsA was found to have a significant and deleterious effect on survival at several dosage levels when administrated 48 and 24 hr before cecal ligation, and immediately before and 16 hr after cecal ligation."	( Reversal of cyclosporine-induced mortality with a synthetic polymeric immunostimulant in a murine model of fecal peritonitis. Clark, AG; Dalfen, R; Falk, M; Falk, RE; Gilas, T; Makowka, L; McDonell, M; Moffat, FL; Rotstein, LE; Teodorczyk-Injeyan, J, 1985)	0.27
"Titrimetric and spectrophotometric titration methods are described for the quantitative determination of acetylenic hypnotics ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, and meparfynol carbamate as pure substances and in dosage forms."	( Titrimetric and spectrophotometric determination of acetylenic hypnotics, using brominating agents. el-Brashy, A; Rizk, MS; Walash, MI, )	0.13
" After dosage of hens with protective compounds, protection lasts until about 70% of the enzyme site again becomes available for phosphorylation."	( Organophosphorus and other inhibitors of brain 'neurotoxic esterase' and the development of delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Johnson, MK, 1970)	0.25
" These three dosage regimes were also associated, respectively, with 92."	( Protection developed against reinfection by Dictyocaulus viviparus following anthelmintic treatment of a one-day-old primary infection in cattle. Oakley, GA, 1981)	0.26
" In contrast, exposure to the multipotential carcinogen, ethyl carbamate (urethan) at tumourigenic dosages caused severe myelotoxicity at all dosage levels."	( Immune functions in methyl and ethyl carbamate treated mice. Boorman, GA; Dean, JH; Dieter, MP; Hayes, HT; Luster, MI, 1982)	0.26
" dosing of rats with hexyl carbamate."	( The relationship between binding to cytochrome P-450 and metabolism of n-alkyl carbamates in isolated rat hepatocytes. Bridges, JW; Sargent, NE; Upshall, DG, 1982)	0.49
" A comparative bioavailability study of these 3 suspensions was performed in 12 sheep with each sheep given each formulation in a Latin square crossover study design; oxfendazole was dosed at rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight."	( Relationship among particle size distribution, dissolution profile, plasma values, and anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole. Hennessey, DR; Mroszczak, E; Nguyen, TH; Parekh, P; Prichard, RK; Schiltz, R; Shastri, S, 1980)	0.26
" This difference was subsequently used to indicate rumen bypass, by oesophageal groove closure, after oral dosing with an OFZ formulation to which glucose had been added."	( Effect of oesophageal groove closure on the pharmacokinetic behaviour and efficacy of oxfendazole in sheep. Hennessy, DR; Prichard, RK, 1981)	0.26
" The toxic effects were numerically scored in a random blind fashion and the concentrations of individual chemicals to produce a half maximal effect (IC50) in culture were determined from the dose-response curves."	( Cytotoxic responses of selected insecticides in chick ganglia cultures. Obersteiner, EJ; Sharma, RP, 1981)	0.26
" Larval count data on fecal samples also indicated liited, if any, activity against Strongyloides westeri by tioxidazole at this dosage (11 mg/kg)."	( Critical tests of new benzothiazole anthelmintic tioxidazole in the horse. Drudge, JH; Lyons, ET; Tolliver, SC, 1980)	0.26
" Studies in our laboratory indicate that blood cholinesterase inhibition in both acute and subchronic dosing regimens correlates with inhibition in other tissues, if measurements are taken at the appropriate times."	( Regulatory and research issues related to cholinesterase inhibition. Padilla, S, 1995)	0.29
" Two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, were tested, and dose-response curves for each of these two herbicides were also determined."	( Environmental pollutants alter taste responses in the gerbil. Abou Donia, MB; Erickson, RP; Nagle, HT; Schiffman, SS; Suggs, MS, 1995)	0.29
" Many of the studies that are available were done during the early period of immunotoxicology and many reports do not state whether or not any other toxic signs were observed and the dose-response relationships were not generally examined."	( The immunotoxicity of pesticides in rodents. Rodgers, K, 1995)	0.29
" dosing with DA-CDSac."	( Synthesis and evaluation of a redox chemical delivery system for brain-enhanced dopamine containing an activated carbamate-type ester. Bodor, N; Farag, HH; Omar, FA, 1994)	0.29
" Inclusion of cadmium (30 microM) in the physiological salt solution significantly reduced the maximum response, without significantly altering the ED50 or the Hill coefficient of the dose-response curve to methoxamine."	( Role of intracellular and extracellular calcium in alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the rat perfused hindquarters. Tabrizchi, R, )	0.13
" Compounds from this class exhibit good cholesterol lowering in a chronic cholesterol-fed rat model of hypercholesterolemia even when dosed in an aqueous vehicle."	( Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 8. Incorporation of amide or amine functionalities into a series of disubstituted ureas and carbamates. Effects on ACAT inhibition in vitro and efficacy in vivo. Blankley, CJ; Hamelehle, KL; Krause, BR; O'Brien, PM; Roth, BD; Sliskovic, DR; Stanfield, RL; Wilson, MW, 1994)	0.48
" None of these compounds alone in the dosage used produced toxic signs; however, carboxylesterase (CarbE) activity in a variety of organs including brain, muscle, liver, and plasma was significantly reduced, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was unchanged."	( Role of carboxylesterases in the prevention and potentiation of N-methylcarbamate toxicity. Dettbarn, WD; Gupta, RC, 1993)	0.29
"kg-1) shifted the dose-response curve of xylazine induced sedation to the right, hemicholinum-3 (3 micrograms icv), which inhibits the synthesis of acetylcholine, shifted the dose-response curve to the left."	( [Antagonistic effects of cholinergic drugs on xylazine induced sedation]. Ding, RG; Huang, SJ; Yang, JS, 1993)	0.29
" Both the histological study and the analysis of mortality show a direct relationship between the dosage and the effects of the pesticide."	( The carbamate insecticide ZZ-Aphox induced structural changes of gills, liver, gall-bladder, heart, and notochord of Rana perezi tadpoles. Alvarez, R; Paz Herráez, M; Pilar Honrubia, M, 1993)	0.29
" At an oral dosage equivalent to 100 mg of ATQ per kg of body weight per day, 17C91 protected 9 of 10 mice from PCP and had a prophylactic efficacy comparable to that of co-trimoxazole (at 250 mg of sulfamethoxazole plus 50 mg of trimethoprim per kg per day orally)."	( Antipneumocystis activity of 17C91, a prodrug of atovaquone. Comley, JC; Frend, TJ; Yeates, CL, 1995)	0.29
" A short term LF 08--0299 treatment at optimal dosage protected more than 75% of recipient mice from lethal GVHD induced either across minor antigens alone or the full H2 barrier."	( Prevention of lethal graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice by short course administration of LF 08-0299. Annat, J; Bruley-Rosset, M; Churaqui, E; Dutartre, P, 1996)	0.29
" But since it is obvious from dose-response curves where the inflection point/threshold lies, it appears that the model might be picking up some irregularities (possibly due to experimental variability in the dose-response curve at concentrations greater than the threshold)."	( Indication for thresholds of chromosome non-disjunction versus chromosome lagging induced by spindle inhibitors in vitro in human lymphocytes. Elhajouji, A; Kirsch-Volders, M; Tibaldi, F, 1997)	0.3
" The dose-response curve for the three drugs was biphasic, suggesting that other mechanisms are operative at higher doses."	( Pharmacological evaluation of IQM-95,333, a highly selective CCKA receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like activity in animal models. Ballaz, S; Barber, A; Del Río, J; Fortuño, A; García-López, MT; Gómez-Monterrey, I; González-Muñiz, R; Herranz, R; Martin-Martínez, M, 1997)	0.3
"Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters is the first step in determining a safe and efficacious dosage regimen for luxabendazole in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics of luxabendazole after oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Alvarez-Bujidos, L; Ferre, I; Ordóñez, D; Ortiz, AI, 1997)	0.3
" The design of succinic acid esters of high insulinotropic potential might thus allow efficient stimulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, without requiring unpractical high dosage and without running the risk of an undesirable increase in gluconeogenesis."	( Stimulation of insulin release and potentiation of the insulinotropic action of antidiabetic agents by 1,2,3-tri(methylsuccinyl)glycerol ester in anaesthetized rats. Björkling, F; García-Martínez, JA; Malaisse, WJ; Valverde, I; Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, ML, 1997)	0.3
" However, WAY-121,898 was also active when administered parenterally to cholesterol-fed rats, and in cholesterol-fed hamsters cholesterol-lowering occurred with oral dosing despite no change in cholesterol absorption, suggesting other modes of action possibly relating to inhibition of liver CEH."	( Lipid-lowering effects of WAY-121,898, an inhibitor of pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Anderson, M; Homan, R; Krause, BR; Sliskovic, DR, 1998)	0.3
" Triplicate in vitro dose-response matrices were prepared with MT-2 cells infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) strain IIIB."	( Nucleoside analog 1592U89 and human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor 141W94 are synergistic in vitro. Bilello, JA; Bilello, PA; Bye, A; D'Argenio, DZ; Drusano, GL; McDowell, J; Sadler, B; Symonds, W, 1998)	0.3
"2 hours after oral dosing in both healthy volunteers and patients with AD."	( Clinical pharmacology of rivastigmine: a new-generation acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Polinsky, RJ, )	0.13
" The lower dosage range of 1 to 4 mg/day was not as effective as 6 to 12 mg/day, as measured using these criteria and other efficacy parameters."	( Rivastigmine. A review of its use in Alzheimer's disease. Noble, S; Spencer, CM, 1998)	0.3
" The implications of tailoring repaglinide treatment to meals were examined in a study where repaglinide was dosed either morning and evening, or with each main meal (i."	( Repaglinide--prandial glucose regulator: a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs. Owens, DR, 1998)	0.3
" The mean log(AUC) values after multiple dosing were significantly higher than the values obtained after a single dose."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of repaglinide in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
" Plasma profiling and spectroscopic analysis (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry NMR) of two isolated urinary metabolites obtained after single oral dosing of 600 mg retigabine in healthy volunteers indicated that both acetylation and glucuronidation are major metabolic pathways of retigabine in humans."	( Metabolism of retigabine (D-23129), a novel anticonvulsant. Engel, J; Griesinger, C; Grunwald, C; Heinecke, K; Hempel, R; Kronbach, C; Kronbach, T; McNeilly, PJ; Schupke, H; Zimmermann, G, 1999)	0.3
" A flexible preprandial only dosing regimen of repaglinide significantly lowers the risk of hypoglycaemia if a meal is missed or postponed."	( Repaglinide: a new short-acting insulinotropic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Owens, DR, 1999)	0.3
" Within 96 h of dosing with (14)C-repaglinide, 90% of the administered dose appeared in the faeces and 8% was excreted in urine."	( Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single oral dose of (14)C-repaglinide during repaglinide multiple dosing. De Merbel, NC; Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Jonkman, JH; Kramer Nielsen, K; Oosterhuis, B; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1999)	0.3
"After oral dosing with repaglinide, the mean peak plasma concentration was rapidly attained and, thereafter, plasma concentrations decreased promptly."	( Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single oral dose of (14)C-repaglinide during repaglinide multiple dosing. De Merbel, NC; Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Jonkman, JH; Kramer Nielsen, K; Oosterhuis, B; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1999)	0.3
" The in vivo results show that the 4-fluorophenyl carbamate 8 and the 4-methoxyphenyl carbamate 9 in this series had the best anti-PCP activity by both intravenous and oral administration at a dosage level of 22 mol and 33 micromol/kg/day, respectively."	( Prodrugs for amidines: synthesis and anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity of carbamates of 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan. Bender, BC; Boykin, DW; Hall, JE; McCurdy, DR; Rahmathullah, SM; Tidwell, RR, 1999)	0.53
"22% in the highest dose group, the observed dose-response relationship was highly significant."	( Increased frequencies of diploid sperm detected by multicolour FISH after treatment of rats with carbendazim without micronucleus induction in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Bedaf, M; de Stoppelaar, JM; Hoebee, B; Mohn, GR; Slob, W; van Benthem, J; van de Kuil, T; Verharen, HW, 1999)	0.3
" Safety evaluations were performed 23 hours after drug dosing and at the end of the study."	( Preferential cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase inhibition by rivastigmine in humans. Ebert, MH; Enz, A; Johnson, B; Kennedy, JS; Laplanche, R; Loosen, P; Mancione, LC; Parris, WC; Polinsky, RJ; Schmidt, D, 1999)	0.3
" It is therefore used in a meal-related dosing regimen; repaglinide is taken with each main meal."	( Repaglinide--a new compound for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Wolffenbuttel, BH, 1999)	0.3
" All medications were dosed twice daily."	( A phase II safety and efficacy study of amprenavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with limited antiretroviral experience. Amprenavir PROAB2002 Study Team. Antunes, F; Brown, DJ; Clumeck, N; Fetter, A; Haubrich, R; Kahl, L; Lang, W; Pagano, G; Richman, D; Schooley, R; Sereni, D; Stein, A; Thompson, M; van der Ende, ME, 1999)	0.3
"Treatment with APV, dosed at 1200 mg twice daily in combination with 3TC/ZDV, resulted in sustained viral suppression."	( A phase II safety and efficacy study of amprenavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with limited antiretroviral experience. Amprenavir PROAB2002 Study Team. Antunes, F; Brown, DJ; Clumeck, N; Fetter, A; Haubrich, R; Kahl, L; Lang, W; Pagano, G; Richman, D; Schooley, R; Sereni, D; Stein, A; Thompson, M; van der Ende, ME, 1999)	0.3
"To establish the maximum tolerated dosage (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic parameters of CI-980, a novel tubulin binder, in children with solid tumors refractory to standard therapy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CI-980 in recurrent pediatric solid tumor cases: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Baruchel, S; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, S; Devine, S; Markoglou, N; Moghrabi, A; Vietti, T; Wainer, IW; Williams, M; Winick, N, )	0.13
" Amprenavir has a twice daily dosing schedule and can be administered with or without food making it a convenient dosing regimen among the protease inhibitors (PIs)."	( Coming therapies: amprenavir. Gatell, J, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response data were generated over a range of closely spaced concentrations at 100 ng/ml intervals."	( Evaluation of thresholds for benomyl- and carbendazim-induced aneuploidy in cultured human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Bentley, KS; Kirkland, D; Marshall, R; Murphy, M, 2000)	0.31
" They occurred mostly during the dosage titration phase and decreased during the maintenance phase."	( Rivastigmine, a new-generation cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Jann, MW, 2000)	0.31
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
" Although adjustment of starting doses of repaglinide is not necessary for renal impairment or renal failure, severe impairment may require more care when upward adjustments of dosage are made."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with renal impairment. Andersen, MP; Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Nielsen, KK; Ruckle, JL; Strange, P, 2000)	0.31
" A pharmacokinetic interaction occurs when amprenavir and clarithromycin are coadministered, but the effects are not likely to be clinically important, and coadministration does not require a dosage adjustment for either drug."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and clarithromycin in healthy male volunteers. Brophy, DF; Chittick, GE; Gillotin, C; Israel, DS; Lou, Y; Pastor, A; Polk, RE; Sadler, BM; Symonds, WT, 2000)	0.31
" The animals were intranasally dosed with DZ (1 mg/kg), CZ (0."	( Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of anticonvulsants: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Choi, YM; Gorukanti, S; Kim, KH; Li, L, 2000)	0.31
" This software automatically integrates the effect over a steady-state dosing interval and produces an estimate of the mean effect over a steady-state interval for each simulated subject."	( Use of drug effect interaction modeling with Monte Carlo simulation to examine the impact of dosing interval on the projected antiviral activity of the combination of abacavir and amprenavir. Barone, C; Bilello, JA; Bye, A; D'Argenio, DZ; Drusano, GL; LaFon, S; Preston, SL; Prince, W; Rogers, M; Symonds, W, 2000)	0.31
" For patients between 4 and 12 years of age or between 13 and 16 years of age who weigh < 50 kg, the recommended dosage of the capsule form is 20 mg/kg (22."	( Amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Fung, HB; Hameed, R; Kirschenbaum, HL, 2000)	0.31
" Further resarch is desirable on dosage (frequency and quanitity) in a search for ways to minimize adverse effects."	( Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Birks, J; Iakovidou, V; Tsolaki, M, 2000)	0.31
" Trial designs include comparisons between the various licensed protease inhibitors, comparisons of protease inhibitors to other classes of potent antiretroviral drugs, investigations with new protease inhibitors, investigations of protease inhibitor-related toxicities and attempts at simplifying current dosing regimens."	( Ongoing trials in HIV protease inhibitors. Tavel, JA, 2000)	0.31
" However, these trials employed fixed dosing and mealtime regimens, so repaglinide was not used as intended."	( Prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide: its clinical and lifestyle impact in a large cohort of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Bauer, C; Dieken, ML; Frank, M; Landgraf, R, 2000)	0.31
"Livers of goats orally dosed with [phenyl(U)-(14)C]benomyl contained radioactive residues which were not extractable using conventional, solvent-based extraction methods."	( An LC/MS/MS method for improved quantitation of the bound residues in the tissues of animals orally dosed with [(14)C]Benomyl. Anderson, JJ; Moghaddam, MF; Trubey, RK, 2000)	0.31
" The present study investigated the dose-response characteristics of donepezil, tacrine, rivastigmine and metrifonate in inducing tremor, lacrimation, salivation and hypothermia and the duration of action of these compounds in Lister hooded rats."	( Comparison of donepezil-, tacrine-, rivastigmine- and metrifonate-induced central and peripheral cholinergically mediated responses in the rat. Dronfield, S; Egan, K; Green, AR; Marsden, CA, 2000)	0.31
") or three-times-daily dosage schedule to 62 HIV-infected adults, 59 of whom had pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir after multiple oral dosing. Gillotin, C; Lou, Y; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.31
" In order to maximize and prolong positive drug effects, it is important to start early and adjust dosage during the treatment."	( Cholinesterase inhibitors stabilize Alzheimer's disease. Giacobini, E, 2000)	0.31
"This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group study assessed the efficacy and safety (with particular regard to body weight and hypoglycemia) of repaglinide when used in a flexible mealtime dosing regimen in a situation close to everyday clinical practice."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
" Patients were free to choose a flexible meal pattern, adjusting the dosing schedule from two to four preprandial doses per day in accordance with a "one meal, one dose; no meal, no dose" principle."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
"Mealtime dosing with repaglinide is effective in improving overall glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients for which control is suboptimal using diet alone."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
" Although careful titration of repaglinide dose is recommended for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, no dosage adjustment is otherwise needed in the elderly."	( Repaglinide: prandial glucose regulation in clinical practice. McDougall, A; Owens, DR, 2000)	0.31
" Double-blind, active-comparator studies have shown repaglinide to have an antidiabetic efficacy that is at least equivalent to sulphonylureas, even when food intake and dosing intervals were controlled according to the requirements of sulphonylureas."	( A review of clinical experience with the prandial glucose regulator, repaglinide, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Moses, R, 2000)	0.31
" Single daily dosing of VX-497 is observed to be as effective as twice-daily dosing in this model of immune activation."	( VX-497: a novel, selective IMPDH inhibitor and immunosuppressive agent. Almquist, SJ; Harding, MW; Jain, J; Shlyakhter, D, 2001)	0.31
" Adults received APV at a dosage of 1200 mg BID."	( Safety profile and tolerability of amprenavir in patients enrolled in an early access program. Garrett, L; Garris, C; Graham, N; Pedneault, L; Rogers, M; Scott, T, 2001)	0.31
" After multiple dosing experiments in rats, decreases in the plasma concentrations and area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for HIV PIs have been observed."	( Induction of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A by HIV protease inhibitors. Brouwer, KR; Huang, L; Polli, JW; Serabjit-Singh, C; Woolley, JL; Wring, SA, 2001)	0.31
" They are usually mild-to-moderate, of short duration and responsive to dosage reduction."	( Review of rivastigmine and its clinical applications in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Desai, A; Grossberg, G, 2001)	0.31
" Each drug trial demonstrates the relationship between dosing and resistance; patients are advised to adhere completely to dosing instructions."	( Protease inhibitors and prevention of cross resistance. Levin, J, 1995)	0.29
" The dosage regimens and limitations are described for each drug."	( Four new antiretroviral medications will soon offer more options to HIV patients. Murphy, MJ, )	0.13
" Ziagen appears to have significant antiviral activity, and its dosage is one pill twice a day."	( Glaxo Wellcome's two new drugs. , 1998)	0.3
" A clinical trial of the protease inhibitor Nelfinavir (Viracept) has shown that dosing twice a day may be as effective as the currently prescribed three times a day."	( Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy: highlights of the 38th Interscience Conference. Prescott, LM, 1998)	0.3
" Information on each drug, such as the name of the drug, the dosage normally prescribed, and cost of treatment is listed."	( What they say about: protease inhibitors. , )	0.13
" Several studies of regimens that include protease inhibitors compare dosing twice daily to three times a day."	( Antivirals update. , 1998)	0.3
" Protease inhibitors may require strict dosing schedules and food restrictions; most are associated with lipodystrophy (thinning of the arms, legs and face with fat accumulation in the breasts, stomach, and sometimes the upper back)."	( What they say about protease inhibitors. , )	0.13
" Progress is also highlighted about dosing regimens, antiretroviral resistance, and reconstitution of the immune system."	( Moving forward: a treatment overview from the 12th World AIDS Conference. Agosto, M, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response values were obtained by topical application for the pyrethroids bioresmethrin and pyrethrum, both synergised with piperonyl butoxide, and the organophosphate dimethoate."	( The status and development of insecticide resistance in Danish populations of the housefly Musca domestica L. Jespersen, JB; Kristensen, M; Spencer, AG, 2001)	0.31
"The pharmacodynamics and dose-response relationship of repaglinide, a novel oral hypoglycemic agent, were evaluated in steady-state treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
"5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg) was compared to that of placebo in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, 4-week dose-response clinical trial in 143 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
" A well-defined dose-response relationship was observed for BGmean and FSG values."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
" If necessary, the dosis should be progressively increased, depending on the individual response, up to 4 mg before meal (maximal daily dosage of 16 mg), in order to optimize blood glucose control."	( [Pharma-clinics. Medication of the month. Repaglinide (NovoNorm)]. Scheen, AJ, 2001)	0.31
" The PK-PD model presented in this study can provide valuable information to optimize the drug development of rivastigmine and other related compounds and also in rationalizing dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cutler, NR; Gobburu, JV; Jhee, SS; Lesko, L; Sramek, JJ; Tammara, V; Yuan, R, 2001)	0.31
" On the contrary, the application of the carbendazim dosage higher than recommended (5."	( Is the application of carbendazim harmful to healthy plants? Evidence of weak phytotoxicity in tobacco. García, PC; López-Lefebre, LR; Rivero, RM; Romero, L; Ruiz, JM; Sánchez, E, 2002)	0.31
" When multiple dosages of a drug were tested, the results of the highest approved dosage were used."	( Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. Inzucchi, SE, 2002)	0.31
" The purpose of this pharmacodynamic study was to validate a prandial regimen of repaglinide by comparing meal-related dosing with a regimen in which the same total daily dose was divided into only two doses at morning and evening meals."	( Optimizing insulin secretagogue therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind study with repaglinide. Andersen, PH; Jønler, M; Lund, S; Pørksen, N; Schmitz, O, 2002)	0.31
"These data support the strategy of mealtime dosing with repaglinide."	( Optimizing insulin secretagogue therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind study with repaglinide. Andersen, PH; Jønler, M; Lund, S; Pørksen, N; Schmitz, O, 2002)	0.31
"To review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and dosage and administration information of amprenavir."	( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.31
" Monte Carlo simulation was then used to predict amprenavir concentrations for various combinations of amprenavir and ritonavir in twice-daily and once-daily dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations of interaction of amprenavir and ritonavir. Sadler, BM; Sale, M; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.31
" Testing was conducted prior to dosing and then again at weeks 12, 20 and 23."	( Effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function in dementia with lewy bodies: a randomised placebo-controlled international study using the cognitive drug research computerised assessment system. Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Del Ser, T; Emre, M; Ferrara, R; McKeith, IG; Spano, PF; Spiegel, R; Wesnes, KA, 2002)	0.31
" Rivastigmine shows a clear dose-response relationship, and physicians should aim to maintain patients on doses of 6 mg/day or higher, to a maximum of 12 mg/day."	( The clinical benefits of rivastigmine may reflect its dual inhibitory mode of action: an hypothesis. Bullock, R, 2002)	0.31
" APV SP concentrations were consistently lower than BP concentrations, ZDV SP concentrations approximated BP concentrations early but became greater later in the dosing interval, and 3TC SP concentrations were substantially greater than BP concentrations throughout."	( The pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in the genital tracts of men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (AIDS clinical trials group study 850). Acosta, EP; Eron, JJ; Fiscus, SA; Gerber, JG; Gulick, RM; Murphy, RL; Pereira, AS; Smeaton, LM; Snyder, S; Tidwell, RR, 2002)	0.31
"Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are dosed in two phases for the treatment of dementia, an initial dose-escalation phase to achieve a therapeutic dose and a maintenance phase where the therapeutic dose is given for long-term therapy."	( The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia. Inglis, F, 2002)	0.31
" After Ramadan, patients resumed their regular meal pattern and treatment dosage for 4 weeks."	( Repaglinide versus glibenclamide treatment of Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan fasting. Mafauzy, M, 2002)	0.31
" GW433908 is a phosphate ester prodrug of the antiretroviral protease inhibitor amprenavir, with improved solubility over the parent molecule and a potential for reduced pill burden on current dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a prodrug of amprenavir, in healthy male volunteers. Bye, C; Falcoz, C; Fuder, H; Hardman, TC; Jenkins, JM; Kenney, KB; Prince, WT; Studenberg, S, 2002)	0.31
" Improvement in behavioural symptoms also occurs, but without a dose-response relationship."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Jann, MW; Shirley, KL; Small, GW, 2002)	0.31
" Both medications were administered open label according to recommended dosing regimens from the respective product labelling available during the conduct of the study."	( A multinational, randomised, 12-week, comparative study of donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Bahra, RS; Bullock, R; Engelbrecht, I; Hock, C; Hopker, SW; Ieni, JR; Maud, CM; Passmore, AP; Potocnik, FC; Smith, R; Wilkinson, DG, )	0.13
" When used in a flexible dosing regime in a large cohort of patients, it is associated with better glycaemic control, a reduction in HbA1c, weight loss and improved quality of life compared to sulphonylureas."	( Insulin secretagogues. Davies, MJ, 2002)	0.31
" The overall pharmacodynamic response of entacapone (AUE; area under effect-time curve) was dependent on the pharmacokinetic response (AUC; area under concentration-time curve) irrespective of the entacapone formulation and dosage form."	( Pharmacodynamic response of entacapone in rats after administration of entacapone formulations and prodrugs with varying bioavailabilities. Forsberg, M; Gynther, J; Järvinen, T; Leppänen, J; Männistö, PT; Savolainen, J, 2002)	0.31
" However, no significant dose-response correlation could be found for either of the pesticides."	( Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by cypermethrin and carbosulfan in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Giri, A; Giri, S; Prasad, SB; Sharma, GD, 2003)	0.32
" High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of the rat serum obtained at 20 h after oral dosing revealed a carbendazim metabolite, which was identified by mass spectroscopy analysis as 2-aminobenzimidazole, a hydrolyzed product of carbendazim."	( Carbendazim: disposition, cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic comparison with its nanoparticle. Garza, M; Jia, L; Wang, Y; Weitman, SD; Wong, H, 2003)	0.32
" Further clinical studies are needed to determine the appropriate dosing regimens for delavirdine and amprenavir during coadministration."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine: evidence of induced clearance by amprenavir. Garrett, M; Hee, B; Kerr, BM; Petersen, C; Tran, JQ, 2002)	0.31
"The protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir is used as a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, which boosts the activities of coadministered PIs, resulting in augmented plasma PI levels, simplification of the dosage regimen, and better efficacy against resistant viruses."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Bidault, R; Bollens, D; Choudet, N; Demarles, D; Gillotin, C; Goujard, C; Meynard, JL; Rousseau, C; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2003)	0.32
" Although a pediatric dosage is proposed by the manufacturer, no data are currently available on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir in neonates and infants."	( Oxidative metabolism of amprenavir in the human liver. Effect of the CYP3A maturation. Bowers, G; Cazali, N; Cresteil, T; Pons, G; Rey, E; Sonnier, M; Tréluyer, JM, 2003)	0.32
"1-1 microM), which correlates with the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of the drug at the recommended daily dosage of 16 to 24 mg."	( Galantamine is an allosterically potentiating ligand of neuronal nicotinic but not of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Albuquerque, EX; Christner, C; Fehrenbacher, A; Höffle, A; Jostock, R; Lübbert, H; Ludwig, J; Maelicke, A; Pereira, EF; Radina, M; Samochocki, M; Ullmer, C; Zerlin, M, 2003)	0.32
" Following exposure to the diagnostic dosage (0."	( Resistance to carbosulfan in Anopheles gambiae from Ivory Coast, based on reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase. Carnevale, P; Chandre, F; Corbel, V; Darriet, F; Guillet, P; Koffi, AA; N'Guessan, R; Traore-Lamizana, M, 2003)	0.32
" If the combination is considered necessary, repaglinide dosage should be greatly reduced and blood glucose concentrations carefully monitored."	( Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: potentially hazardous interaction between gemfibrozil and repaglinide. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2003)	0.32
" The prandial glucose regulator repaglinide has been studied in combination with metformin (an inhibitor of hepatic glucose production), neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin (which has a long duration of effect, but at the risk of early hypoglycaemia and late hyperglycaemia in the dosing interval) and three thiazolidinediones (TZDs--troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which stimulate nuclear receptors to increase insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance) in patients whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by previous monotherapy or combination therapy."	( Repaglinide in combination therapy. Moses, R, 2002)	0.31
" Ganstigmine, a novel cholinesterase inhibitor, was well tolerated within a dosing range of 5 to 10 mg."	( First clinical evaluation of ganstigmine in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Fabbri, L; Frackiewicz, EJ; Jhee, SS; Monici, P; Moran, S; Piccinno, A; Shiovitz, T; Tan, EY; Zarotsky, V, )	0.13
" In conclusion, flexible mealtime dosing with oral medication appears to be well accepted by pharmacotherapy-naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes."	( The effect of prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide on treatment satisfaction, wellbeing and health status in patients with pharmacotherapy naïve Type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Bech, P; Gomis, R; Moses, R, 2003)	0.32
" Profiles of blood glucose concentration following repaglinide dosing were altered by less than 8% by both ketoconazole and rifampicin."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" No dosage adjustment is likely to be necessary when retigabine and phenobarbitone are coadministered to patients."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and phenobarbitone at steady-state in healthy subjects. Ferron, GM; Parks, V; Patat, A; Rolan, P; Troy, SM, 2003)	0.32
"To determine the effects of concurrent, single doses of didanosine (both buffered and encapsulated enteric-coated bead formulations) on amprenavir steady-state pharmacokinetics, and to determine the effect of staggered dosing of the buffered formulation."	( Effects of didanosine formulations on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Berenson, CS; Cloen, D; DiFrancesco, R; Giovanniello, AA; Hewitt, RG; Keil, K; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"Plasma was collected 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after dosing and assayed for amprenavir by using high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Effects of didanosine formulations on the pharmacokinetics of amprenavir. Berenson, CS; Cloen, D; DiFrancesco, R; Giovanniello, AA; Hewitt, RG; Keil, K; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Among survivors from the diagnostic dosage of permethrin were some specimens of all three members of the An."	( Comparative evaluation of carbosulfan- and permethrin-impregnated curtains for preventing house-entry by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso. Badolo, A; Carneiro, I; Curtis, CF; Cuzin-Ouattara, N; Fanello, C; Ilboudo-Sanogo, E, 2003)	0.32
"Experiments to evaluate the residual contact toxicity of five carbamates to adult Anopheles stephensi have shown that four of the compounds (Hercules 7522, UC 10854, Bayer 39007 and RE-5305) were effective as contact insecticides for at least three months when applied as wettable powders on plywood at a dosage of 1 g/m(2)."	( THE TOXICITY OF CARBAMATES TO ADULT ANOPHELES STEPHENSI. BARLOW, F; HADAWAY, AB, 1963)	0.83
" Other metabolites which have been detected in urine of animals dosed with urethane and N-hydroxyurethane are ethylmercapturic acid, ethylmercapturic acid sulphoxide and N-acetyl-S-carbethoxycysteine."	( THE MATABOLISM OF URETHANE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. BOYLAND, E; NERY, R, 1965)	0.24
" Maximal viral suppression (in vitro) was achieved when amprenavir free-drug concentrations remained greater than four times the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) for 80% of the dosing interval."	( In vitro-in vivo model for evaluating the antiviral activity of amprenavir in combination with ritonavir administered at 600 and 100 milligrams, respectively, every 12 hours. Bilello, JA; Drusano, GL; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Symonds, WT, 2003)	0.32
"Effective therapy requires up-titration from initial dosage of 3 mg/d to 6 mg/d with additional increases to 9 mg or 12 mg/d giving additional benefits in some patients."	( Update on rivastigmine. Farlow, MR, 2003)	0.32
" Compared with amprenavir 1,200 mg BID, both GW433908 1,395 mg BID and GW433908 1,860 mg BID delivered equivalent steady-state (ss) values for area under the plasma amprenavir concentration-time curve (AUC) at the end of a dosing interval (tau), lower maximum plasma amprenavir concentrations (30% lower), and higher plasma amprenavir concentrations at the end of a dosing interval (28% higher for GW433908 1,395 mg BID and 46% higher for GW433908 1,860 mg BID)."	( Six-week randomized controlled trial to compare the tolerabilities, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activities of GW433908 and amprenavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Arasteh, K; Eron, J; Millard, J; Naderer, OJ; Pollard, RB; Raffi, F; Stellbrink, HJ; Teofilo, E; Wire, MB; Wood, R; Yeo, J, 2004)	0.32
"A simple, precise and rapid RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of repaglinide in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Determination of repaglinide in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC with UV detection. Gandhimathi, M; Ravi, TK; Renu, SK, 2003)	0.32
" Mixtures are particularly promising if there is potentiation between the two insecticides as this would make it possible to lower the dosage of each, as has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions for a mixture of bifenthrin (pyrethroid) and carbosulfan (carbamate)."	( Efficacy of mosquito nets treated with insecticide mixtures or mosaics against insecticide resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Côte d'Ivoire. Akogbéto, M; Baldet, T; Carnevale, P; Chandre, F; Corbel, V; Darriet, F; Guillet, P; Hougard, JM; N'Guessan, R; Traoré-Lamizana, M, 2003)	0.32
" GW433908 was generally well tolerated and provides a convenient dosing option without food or fluid restrictions."	( The NEAT study: a 48-week open-label study to compare the antiviral efficacy and safety of GW433908 versus nelfinavir in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Boghossian, J; Gray, GE; Millard, JM; Nadler, JP; Quinones, AR; Rodriguez-French, A; Sepulveda, GE; Wannamaker, PG, 2004)	0.32
" Pioglitazone dosage was fixed at 30 mg per day."	( Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Gooch, B; Greco, S; Hale, PM; Hassman, DR; Jain, R; Jovanovic, L; Khutoryansky, N, 2004)	0.32
" The calcium salt was a developable crystalline solid, but oral dosing afforded only 24% of the APV exposure in dogs compared with Agenerase."	( Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a water-soluble prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir. Baker, CT; Furfine, ES; Hale, MR; Reynolds, DJ; Salisbury, JA; Searle, AD; Spaltenstein, A; Studenberg, SD; Todd, D; Tung, RD, 2004)	0.32
" The clearest dose-response relationship was found for the abundance of the genus Fridericia."	( Ring-testing and field-validation of a terrestrial model ecosystem (TME)--an instrument for testing potentially harmful substances: effects of carbendazim on enchytraeids. Jones, SE; Koolhaas, JE; Moser, T; Rodrigues, JM; Römbke, J; Van Gestel, CA, )	0.13
" The carbendazim-induced effects on OM decomposition in TMEs and in the field were comparable and followed a clear dose-response relationship."	( Ring-testing and field-validation of a terrestrial model ecosystem (TME)--an instrument for testing potentially harmful substances: effects of carbendazim on organic matter breakdown and soil fauna feeding activity. Förster, B; Jones, SE; Knacker, T; Koolhaas, JE; Nentwig, G; Rodrigues, JM; Sousa, JP; Van Gestel, CA, )	0.13
"The dosage form of medamine-medapec was found to have a high antiechinococcal activity in experiments on laboratory animals."	( [Experimental rationale for the use of medapec as the drug of choice in treating echinococcosis]. Dzhabarova, VI; Kovalenko, FP; Lebedeva, MN, )	0.13
"Experiments have established the high efficacy of combinations of the micronized dosage form of trichlorophen, with albendazole or medamine in treating trichocephaliasis (its causative agent being Trichocephalus muris) in DBA/2st mice and that of trichlorophen in combination with azinox or fenasal in outbred albino mice with hymenolepiasis (its causative agent being Hymenolepis nana)."	( [Efficacy of the Russian anthelmintic agent trichlorophen]. Astaf'ev, BA; Fedianina, LV; Gitsu, GA; Lebedeva, MN, )	0.13
"When EFV is coadministered with the GW433908 700 mg + RTV 100 mg BID regimen, no dosage adjustment is recommended."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
" Then, studies are discussed in which young and adult rats were dosed by identical routes with organophosphates or carbamates."	( Age dependence of organophosphate and carbamate neurotoxicity in the postnatal rat: extrapolation to the human. Vidair, CA, 2004)	0.53
" Rapid clearance of the drug necessitates dosing three or more times per day to maintain therapeutic levels."	( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys. Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)	0.32
" Eighty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive repaglinide and 87 patients to glyburide, with a titration period of 6 to 8 weeks for optimization of drug dosage and a subsequent 12-month treatment period."	( Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Esposito, K; Giugliano, D; Marfella, R; Nappo, F, 2004)	0.32
" Subsequent PI dosage adjustments were based on real-time pharmacokinetic assessment."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety, and initial virologic response of a triple-protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing amprenavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Fiscus, SA; Kashuba, AD; Rezk, NL, 2004)	0.32
" However, the safety and efficacy of the APV 600 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg twice a day (bid) combination, the usually recommended dosage for boosted APV, have been less well studied."	( Efficacy, safety and predictive factors of virological success of a boosted amprenavir-based salvage regimen in heavily antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. Boulmé, R; Clevenbergh, P; Dellamonica, P; Kirstetter, M, 2004)	0.32
"The authors estimated the effects of each of the three commonly used drugs for Alzheimer disease (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) in terms of predefined clinical outcomes and trial completion rates, by dosing level, and described differences among them."	( Metaanalysis of randomized trials of the efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Ames, D; Clayton, T; Lai, R; Ritchie, CW, )	0.13
" This agent combines the pharmacological profile of amprenavir with a low pill burden and flexible dosing schedule."	( Fosamprenavir: advancing HIV protease inhibitor treatment options. Becker, S; Thornton, L, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-response data were compared to the additive model and tested for four deviation patterns from additivity: No deviation, synergistic/antagonistic deviation, dose ratio-dependent deviation, dose level-dependent deviation."	( Toxicity of binary mixtures of cadmium-copper and carbendazim-copper to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ivorra i Castellà, N; Jonker, MJ; Kammenga, JE; Piskiewicz, AM, 2004)	0.32
" However, profuse fungal recovery was made from 96 h post dosing onwards."	( Implications of fungicidal effects of benzimidazole compounds on Duddingtonia flagrans in integrated nematode parasite management in livestock. Chauhan, JB; Mukhopadhyaya, PN; Sanyal, PK, 2004)	0.32
" The active R-methadone enantiomer area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosing interval (AUCt-ss, Cmax-ss, and the minimum plasma concentration at steady state (Cmin-ss) were decreased by 13%, 25%, and 21%, respectively, after coadministration of methadone and amprenavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers after coadministration with amprenavir in opioid-dependent subjects. Bigelow, GE; Christopher, J; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Martinez, E; Snidow, JW; Wakeford, J; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
"No a priori adjustment in methadone dosage is required during coadministration with amprenavir as there is only a small effect on R-methadone exposure and no evidence of opioid withdrawal."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers after coadministration with amprenavir in opioid-dependent subjects. Bigelow, GE; Christopher, J; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Martinez, E; Snidow, JW; Wakeford, J; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.32
"In drug-naive individuals with Type 2 diabetes, similar HbA(1c) levels are achieved with repaglinide when dosing is adjusted according to either post-prandial or pre-prandial levels."	( Pre-prandial vs. post-prandial capillary glucose measurements as targets for repaglinide dose titration in people with diet-treated or metformin-treated Type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Garon, J; Gerstein, HC; Joyce, C; Rolfe, A; Walter, CM, 2004)	0.32
" Various dosing strategies have been evaluated to overcome these negative interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics of Telzir (fosamprenavir). Wilkins, E, 2004)	0.32
"The factors which markedly influence availability of the drug from the dosage form include also auxiliary substances, which are an inevitable component in the formulation of the drug."	( [Preformulation studies of potential drug XIX M: partition coefficient]. Capková, Z; Cizmárik, J; Tilandyová, J; Vitková, Z, 2005)	0.33
" The efficiency of MIEX for NOM and mineral anions removal was furthermore evaluated using bench-scale dose-response experiments on raw, clarified and post-ozonated waters."	( Performance of selected anion exchange resins for the treatment of a high DOC content surface water. Croué, JP; Gallard, H; Humbert, H; Suty, H, 2005)	0.33
"Gastroretentive dosage forms have potential for use as controlled-release drug delivery systems."	( Calcium silicate based microspheres of repaglinide for gastroretentive floating drug delivery: preparation and in vitro characterization. Agrawal, GP; Awasthi, AM; Jain, NK; Jain, SK, 2005)	0.33
" Future investigation should address the possible hepatocarcinogenicity of pesticides using biomarkers of exposure and other techniques to better estimate dose-response relationships."	( Associations of pesticides, HCV, HBV, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt. Abdel-Hamid, A; Abdel-Hamid, M; Eissa, SA; El-Ghorory, L; Ezzat, S; Hifnawy, T; Labib, NA; Loffredo, CA; Mikhail, NN; Mokhtar, N; Strickland, GT, 2005)	0.33
" With the use of a double sucrose gap-recording chamber we perform a dose-response assay to examine the effects of these compounds on axonal conduction following an in vitro stretch injury."	( Dose responses of three 4-aminopyridine derivatives on axonal conduction in spinal cord trauma. Borgens, RB; Byrn, SR; McBride, JM; Shi, R; Smith, DT, 2006)	0.33
" In another study using the same dosage regimen, amelubant appeared to be safe and well tolerated."	( Leukotriene receptor antagonists in children with cystic fibrosis lung disease : anti-inflammatory and clinical effects. Schmitt-Grohé, S; Zielen, S, 2005)	0.33
" Blood samples were collected up to 60 h after dosing for plasma PK of RGB and AWD21-360."	( The role of Gilbert's syndrome and frequent NAT2 slow acetylation polymorphisms in the pharmacokinetics of retigabine. Borlak, J; Erb, K; Fuhr, U; Hermann, R; Maus, J; Munzel, U; Niebch, G, )	0.13
" Three fosamprenavir dosage regimens are approved by the US FDA for the treatment of HIV-1 PI-naive patients, including fosamprenavir 1,400 mg twice daily, fosamprenavir 1,400 mg once daily plus ritonavir 200mg once daily, and fosamprenavir 700 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100mg twice daily."	( Fosamprenavir : clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the amprenavir prodrug. Shelton, MJ; Studenberg, S; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.33
" For FPV 1,400 mg BID plus RTV 100 mg BID, the values for plasma amprenavir (APV) area under the concentration-time profile over the dosing interval (tau) at steady state [AUC(0-tau)], maximum concentration of drug in plasma (C(max)), and plasma concentration at the end of tau at steady state (C(tau)) were 54, 81, and 26% higher, respectively, and the values for plasma RTV AUC(0-tau), C(max), and C(tau) were 49% higher, 71% higher, and 11% lower, respectively, than those for FPV 700 mg BID plus RTV 100 mg BID."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of high-dose combinations of fosamprenavir and ritonavir. Adamkiewicz, B; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.33
" The only effect on plasma ESO exposure was a 55% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosing interval, tau[AUC0-tau], after coadministration of ESO 20 mg qd with FPV 1400 mg bid."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
" Forty-eight hours after initiation of HAART, C(trough) of CsA was 1200 mg/mL, so it was necessary to reduce the CsA dosage 12-fold (50 mg every day) to achieve a therapeutic effect."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between Amprenavir/Ritonavir and FosAmprenavir on cyclosporine in two patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Bonora, S; Cocchi, S; Codeluppi, M; Di Benedetto, F; Esposito, R; Gennari, W; Gerunda, GE; Guaraldi, G; Luzi, K; Masetti, M; Motta, A; Pecorari, M, 2006)	0.33
" However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day."	( An update and review of antiretroviral therapy. Piacenti, FJ, 2006)	0.33
" Additional investigations are warranted to determine the optimal dosing of FPV with LPV/RTV."	( Dose separation does not overcome the pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Kalvass, LA; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Ngo, LT; Patterson, KB; Tien, HC, 2006)	0.33
" Geometric least-square (GLS) mean ratios and the associated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for plasma APV maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing period (AUC0-tau), and trough concentrations (Ctau) during each dosing period."	( Plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics and tolerability following administration of 1,400 milligrams of fosamprenavir once daily in combination with either 100 or 200 milligrams of ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Lancaster, CT; Lou, Y; Luber, AD; Pappa, KA; Ruane, PJ; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2007)	0.34
" The 12-h half-life will enable bid dosing with an immediate-release oral formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 following single and multiple dosing to humans. Bialer, M; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
"To characterize the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine (CBZ) following multiple dosing in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine in healthy adults. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
"At steady-state following multiple dosing, RWJ-333369 peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the concentration-time-curve within the dosing interval (AUCss) increased in proportion to dose."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ-333369 and carbamazepine in healthy adults. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2006)	0.33
" Adult, male, Long Evans rats (n=4-5 dose group) were dosed orally with either carbaryl (30 mg/kg in corn oil); carbofuran (0."	( Time course of cholinesterase inhibition in adult rats treated acutely with carbaryl, carbofuran, formetanate, methomyl, methiocarb, oxamyl or propoxur. Hunter, DL; Lowit, A; Marshall, RS; Padilla, S, 2007)	0.34
" Excretion of radioactivity was rapid and nearly complete at 96 h after dosing in all species."	( Metabolism and excretion of RWJ-333369 [1,2-ethanediol, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-, 2-carbamate, (S)-] in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs. Annaert, P; Bockx, M; Goris, I; Hendrickx, J; Janssen, CG; Kao, M; Kelley, MF; Mamidi, RN; Mannens, G; Meuldermans, W, 2007)	0.34
"To characterize possible pharmacokinetic interactions between the new antiepileptic drug carisbamate (RWJ-333369) and valproic acid (VPA) or lamotrigine (LTG) following multiple dosing in healthy subjects."	( An interaction study between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug carisbamate (RWJ-333369) and lamotrigine and valproic acid. Bialer, M; Chien, S; Doose, DR; Mertens, A; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C, 2007)	0.34
" Oral dosing with URB597 achieved significant, albeit transient, drug levels in plasma, inhibited brain FAAH activity, and elevated spinal cord anandamide content."	( The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester) reduces neuropathic pain after oral administration in mice. Calignano, A; Compton, TR; Duranti, A; La Rana, G; Loverme, J; Mor, M; Parrott, J; Piomelli, D; Russo, R; Tarzia, G; Tontini, A, 2007)	0.34
" The dry matter dose-response relationships and the energy pipeline presentation confirmed the same trend."	( Monitoring the efficacy and metabolism of phenylcarbamates in sugar beet and black nightshade by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Abbaspoor, M; Streibig, JC, 2007)	0.6
" In the present study of the acute toxicity of seven N-methyl carbamate pesticides, we evaluated the dose-response profiles of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition in brain and erythrocytes (RBCs) as well as motor activity (both horizontally and vertically directed) and clinical signs of overt toxicity."	( Comparison of acute neurobehavioral and cholinesterase inhibitory effects of N-methylcarbamates in rat. Marshall, RS; McDaniel, KL; Moser, VC; Padilla, S; Phillips, PM; Podhorniak, L; Qian, Y, 2007)	0.56
" In cultured hippocampal slices, [3H]-L-685,458 binding density correlated with Abeta reduction following in-dish dosing of this radioligand or a non-radioactive gamma-secretase inhibitor."	( [3H]-L-685,458 as a radiotracer that maps gamma-secretase complex in the rat brain: relevance to Abeta genesis and presence of active presenilin-1 components. Clough, RW; Li, YM; Luo, XG; Struble, RG; Xiong, K; Yan, XX, 2007)	0.34
" The potential of 4 as an orally dosed anti-tumor agent is confirmed using breast and prostate cancer xenografts."	( 3,17-disubstituted 2-alkylestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Bubert, C; Ferrandis, E; Ho, YT; Kasprzyk, PG; Leese, MP; Mahon, MF; Newman, SP; Potter, BV; Purohit, A; Reed, MJ; Regis-Lydi, S, 2007)	0.34
" The present study investigates dose-response relationships for these classic Sertoli cell toxicants using histopathology endpoints."	( Dose-dependent effects of sertoli cell toxicants 2,5-hexanedione, carbendazim, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in adult rat testis. Boekelheide, K; Bryant, BH; Hall, SJ; Moffit, JS, 2007)	0.34
" Repaglinide has primarily a role in the treatment of T2DM when metformin cannot be used due to adverse effects, when metformin fails to adequately control blood glucose levels, when there is a need for flexible dosing (i."	( Defining the role of repaglinide in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Birkeland, KI; Johansen, OE, 2007)	0.34
" Selected compounds showed significant reduction of Abeta levels upon oral dosing in a transgenic murine model of Alzheimer's disease."	( Discovery of amide and heteroaryl isosteres as carbamate replacements in a series of orally active gamma-secretase inhibitors. Chu, I; Clader, JW; Del Vecchio, RA; Favreau, L; Greenlee, WJ; Hyde, LA; McBriar, MD; Nomeir, AA; Parker, EM; Pissarnitski, DA; Song, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, Z, 2008)	0.35
" It has thus been suggested that no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal dysfunction."	( [Pharmacokinetics of amprenavir in HIV-1 patients with renal insufficiency]. Deray, G; Izzedine, H; Janus, N; Karie, S; Launay-Vacher, V; Laville, I, 2007)	0.34
" Increased systemic exposure to RFB and its equipotent active metabolite, 25-O-desacetyl-RFB (dAc-RFB), has been reported during concomitant administration of CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir (RTV), lopinavir, and amprenavir (APV); therefore, a reduction in the RFB dosage is recommended when it is coadministered with these protease inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir-ritonavir and rifabutin in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, YC; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Yuen, GJ, 2008)	0.35
"Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for indinavir, ritonavir, and amprenavir: area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 12 hours after dosing (AUC(0-12)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), and 12-hour plasma concentration (C(12))."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The mean therapeutic dosage of insulin glargine in group A was 14."	( Therapeutic options for elderly diabetic subjects: open label, randomized clinical trial of insulin glargine added to oral antidiabetic drugs versus increased dosage of oral antidiabetic drugs. Alagona, C; Chiavetta, A; Fedele, V; Leotta, C; Lorenti, I; Luca, S; Papa, G; Pezzino, V; Piro, S; Purrello, F; Rabuazzo, AM; Spadaro, L, 2008)	0.35
" TDM is useful to determine the best dosage regimen adapted to each patient."	( Determination of abacavir, amprenavir, didanosine, efavirenz, nevirapine, and stavudine concentration in human plasma by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Alonzi, T; Ascenzi, P; Mancone, C; Narciso, P; Notari, S; Tripodi, M, 2008)	0.35
" The experimental results of low dosage carbendazim use indicated augmentation of investigated parameters."	( Toxic effects of carbendazim at low dose levels in male rats. Muthu, S; Muthuraman, P; Muthuviveganandavel, V; Srikumar, K, 2008)	0.35
" We studied the effect of dosing interval on the extent of the gemfibrozil-repaglinide interaction."	( The effect of gemfibrozil on repaglinide pharmacokinetics persists for at least 12 h after the dose: evidence for mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8 in vivo. Backman, JT; Kalliokoski, A; Laitila, J; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M; Tornio, A, 2008)	0.35
" Clinicians should be aware of this possible clarithromycin-repaglinide interaction; in particular, in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking repaglinide and begin clarithromycin therapy, blood glucose levels should be monitored closely for potential dosage adjustment of repaglinide."	( Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-repaglinide drug interaction. Khamaisi, M; Leitersdorf, E, 2008)	0.35
" A first-derivative UV spectroscopic method was developed for the determination of repaglinide in tablet dosage form and for dissolution testing."	( A comparative study of first-derivative spectrophotometry and column high-performance liquid chromatography applied to the determination of repaglinide in tablets and for dissolution testing. AlKhalidi, BA; AlKhatib, HS; Bustanji, Y; Mohammad, M; Shtaiwi, M, )	0.13
"01), so that a marked dosage increase was needed (0."	( Drop in trough blood concentrations of tacrolimus after switching from nelfinavir to fosamprenavir in four HIV-infected liver transplant patients. Adani, GL; Bresadola, V; Furlanut, M; Londero, A; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2008)	0.35
" The isobolographic analysis for parallel and nonparallel dose-response effects was used in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model for evaluation of pharmacodynamic interaction."	( Isobolographic characterization of interactions of retigabine with carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Raszewski, G; Wu, JZ, 2009)	0.35
"There is a wide variation and lack of evidence in current recommendations for atropine dosing schedules leading to subsequent variation in clinical practice."	( Comparison of two commonly practiced atropinization regimens in acute organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning, doubling doses vs. ad hoc: a prospective observational study. Dawson, AH; Gawarammana, I; Perera, PM; Shahmy, S, 2008)	0.35
" XP13512 may therefore provide more predictable gabapentin exposure and decreased dosing frequency."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin. Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)	0.35
"This study explored the dose-response relationship of carisbamate administered at doses of 100 mg per day, 300 mg per day, or 600 mg per day, in the prevention of migraine."	( Evaluation of carisbamate for the treatment of migraine in a randomized, double-blind trial. Cady, RK; Diener, HC; Haas, M; Hu, P; Mathew, N; Novak, GP, 2009)	0.35
" Subjects received a single oral dose of 250 mg carisbamate on day 1 followed by a 3-day washout period; twice-daily dosing of 250 mg carisbamate on days 5-8; subsequently, 500 mg on days 9-12 and a single dose of 500 mg on day 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of carisbamate (RWJ-333369) in healthy Japanese and Western subjects. Bialer, M; Franc, MA; Novak, G; Solanki, B; Verhaeghe, T; Yao, C; Zannikos, P, 2009)	0.35
"The efficacy of twice-daily dosing of a repaglinide/metformin FDC tablet was non-inferior to that of three-times-daily dosing."	( Twice-daily and three-times-daily dosing of a repaglinide/metformin fixed-dose combination tablet provide similar glycaemic control. Lewin, A; Lyness, W; Raskin, P; Reinhardt, R, 2009)	0.35
"HIV-1-infected adults receiving a regimen containing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or fosamprenavir were recruited into a prospective study of adherence and dosage timing of both agents."	( Occurrence of selective ritonavir nonadherence and dose-staggering in recipients of boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy. Rode, RA; Sarlo, JA; Shuter, J; Zingman, BS, )	0.13
"Atazanavir 400 mg/day plus fosamprenavir 1400 mg/day significantly decreased concentrations of atazanavir compared with standard dosing regimens of each drug alone."	( Pharmacokinetics of concurrent administration of fosamprenavir and atazanavir without ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects. Anderson, PL; Clay, PG; Glaros, AG; McRae, M, 2009)	0.35
" For subjects with mild hepatic impairment, the studied regimen of fosamprenavir 700 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily delivered 17% higher values for the maximum plasma amprenavir concentration at the steady state (C(max)), 22% higher values for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve over the dosing interval at the steady state [AUC(0-tau)], similar values for the concentration at the end of the dosing interval (C(tau)), and 114% higher unbound C(tau) values."	( Pharmacokinetics of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adult subjects with hepatic impairment. Clotet, B; Felizarta, F; Gutiérrez, F; Hernández-Quero, J; Lou, Y; Morellon, ML; Nichols, G; Ortega, E; Pérez-Elías, MJ; Pineda, JA; Rodríguez-Torres, M; Wire, MB, 2009)	0.35
" Thus, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitory effect persisted even after gemfibrozil and gemfibrozil 1-O-beta-glucuronide concentrations had decreased to less than 1% of their maximum (24-h dosing interval)."	( CYP2C8 activity recovers within 96 hours after gemfibrozil dosing: estimation of CYP2C8 half-life using repaglinide as an in vivo probe. Backman, JT; Honkalammi, J; Kurkinen, KJ; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M; Tornio, A, 2009)	0.35
" No differences were noted in adverse events among dosing periods."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.36
" Next, dose-response data were collected for each carbamate, using four doses and control, with motor activity testing beginning 15 min after dosing and tissue collection at 40-45 min."	( Time-course, dose-response, and age comparative sensitivity of N-methyl carbamates in rats. Lowit, AB; McDaniel, KL; Moser, VC; Phillips, PM, 2010)	0.59
" A standardized dosage of 25 mg/m(2) plus high dosages of carbosulfan (50 mg/m(2), 100 mg/m(2) and 200 mg/m(2)) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (100 mg/m(2)) were used to compare the three types of insecticide."	( Behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate-, carbamate- and pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets against African malaria vectors. Lyimo, I; Magesa, SM; Malima, RC; Matowo, J; Maxwell, C; Mosha, FW; Mwingira, V; Oxborough, RM; Rowland, MW; Tungu, PK, 2009)	0.35
" These methods were successfully applied for the analysis of fosamprenavir pharmaceutical dosage forms, human serum and urine samples."	( Electrochemical evaluation and determination of antiretroviral drug fosamprenavir using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. Gumustas, M; Ozkan, SA, 2010)	0.36
" Substantial recovery of cholinesterase activity was noted at both 8 and 29days after dosing but significant inhibition was still noted in some brain regions at the latest time-point."	( Behavioral sequelae following acute diisopropylfluorophosphate intoxication in rats: comparative effects of atropine and cannabinomimetics. Liu, J; Nallapaneni, A; Pope, CN; Wright, LK, )	0.13
" Single-dose escalation from 50 to 400 mg resulted in a 164-fold increase in GS-9350 exposure, whereas multiple-dose escalation in the dosage range of 50-300 mg resulted in a 47-fold increase in exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GS-9350: a novel pharmacokinetic enhancer without anti-HIV activity. German, P; Hui, J; Jain, A; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Murray, BP; Warren, D; Wei, L; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" No clinically significant depressions in blood cholinesterases were detected during the dosing study."	( Biological monitoring for exposure to pirimicarb: method development and a human oral dosing study. Jones, K; Patel, K; Sams, C, 2010)	0.36
" This discrepancy may be explained by the subtherapeutic dosage used in the pharmacokinetic study."	( Symptomatic hypoglycemia associated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and repaglinide in a diabetic patient. Blondel, E; Fonrose, X; Mallaret, MP; Roustit, M; Villier, C, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response curves were obtained with increasing concentrations of the KCNQ((2-5)) selective positive modulator, retigabine or with the KCNQ((1-5)) negative modulator XE991."	( Functional effects of the KCNQ modulators retigabine and XE991 in the rat urinary bladder. Rode, F; Rønn, LC; Sheykhzade, M; Svalø, J, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response bioassays were conducted to determine relative tolerances to the insecticides pirimicarb, dimethoate, and imidacloprid; these results have been reported previously."	( Relationship of insecticide tolerance to esterase enzyme activity in Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Foottit, RG; Lowery, DT; Smirle, MJ; Zurowski, CL, 2010)	0.36
"With the objective to achieve prolonged drug release, especially for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and thereby to reduce the side effects of administration of conventional dosage form, repaglinide loaded PMMA nanoparticles have been formulated."	( In vitro characterization and invivo toxicity study of repaglinide loaded poly (methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles. Dhana Lekshmi, UM; Kishore, N; Poovi, G; Reddy, PN, 2010)	0.36
" AM966 demonstrated a good pharmacokinetic profile following oral dosing in mice."	( A novel, orally active LPA(1) receptor antagonist inhibits lung fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model. Baccei, CS; Bundey, RA; Chapman, C; Correa, LD; Evans, JF; Fagan, P; Hutchinson, JH; Lorrain, DS; Parr, TA; Prasit, P; Prodanovich, PC; Santini, AM; Seiders, TJ; Stebbins, KJ; Swaney, JS, 2010)	0.36
" macrocephala was treated with two dosage of carbendazim during growing."	( [Safe use of carbendazim in GAP of Atractylodes macrocephala]. Lin, J; Wang, T; Wei, H; Wu, J; Xue, J, 2010)	0.36
" When MMC and VIN were dosed by different routes at the same dose levels both compounds produced positive results in all three tissues by intraperitoneal injection but not oral administration."	( The rat gut micronucleus assay: a good choice for alternative in vivo genetic toxicology testing strategies. Coffing, S; Dickinson, D; Engel, M; Schuler, M; Shutsky, T; Spellman, R; Thiffeault, C, 2011)	0.37
" Surface-modified NPs could be used to improve patient compliance with drug treatment as a result of decreased dosing frequency."	( Repaglinide-loaded long-circulating biodegradable nanoparticles: rational approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, S; Saraf, S, 2009)	0.35
" Healthy volunteer studies have demonstrated a decrease in glucose disposal associated with dosing with specific antiretrovirals."	( Effect of boosted fosamprenavir or lopinavir-based combinations on whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipids in treatment-naive HIV-type-1-positive men. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Jackson, AG; Mandalia, S; Moyle, GJ; Randell, PA; Taylor, J; Tjia, JF, 2010)	0.36
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."	( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)	0.37
" Echocardiographic traces obtained after twenty-eight consecutive days of dosing revealed two animals with diminished left ventricular cardiac ejection fraction."	( A twenty-eight-day mechanistic time course study in the rhesus monkey with hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor BILN 2061. Huang, Q; Knight, BL; Pack, FD; Seidler, RW; Stern, JO; Stoltz, JH, 2011)	0.37
"05-10 μg/mouse) produced antidepressant-like effect dose-dependently, whereas influenced the MBB in a biphasic manner (produced a U-shaped dose-response curve)."	( Involvement of endocannabinoids in antidepressant and anti-compulsive effect of fluoxetine in mice. Jain, NS; Manna, SS; Umathe, SN, 2011)	0.37
" Maintenance dosing was for 9 days."	( QT response after a test dose and during maintenance therapy with AZD1305 in patients with atrial fibrillation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Aunes-Jansson, M; Bergfeldt, L; Berggren, A; Duris, T; Edvardsson, N; Egstrup, K; Frison, L; Gullestad, L; Johansson, S; Kochmanski, M; Kuśnierz, B; Nielsen, T; Sawicki, S, 2011)	0.37
" This study assessed the efficacy of GEn vs placebo and compared the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral dosing of GEn or gabapentin in patients with PHN."	( Efficacy of gabapentin enacarbil vs placebo in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and a pharmacokinetic comparison with oral gabapentin. Backonja, MM; Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC, 2011)	0.37
"Baclofen exhibits insufficient CNS-availability when dosed systemically."	( Baclofen ester and carbamate prodrug candidates: a simultaneous chromatographic assay, resolution optimized with DryLab. Abouzid, K; Hanafi, R; Mosad, S; Niess, R; Spahn-Langguth, H, 2011)	0.37
" The PK profile was supportive of once-daily dosing with median peak plasma concentrations at 1-2 hours postdose and mean terminal half-life of 12-15 hours."	( Multiple ascending dose study of BMS-790052, a nonstructural protein 5A replication complex inhibitor, in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1. Bifano, M; Chung, E; DeMicco, MP; Fuentes, E; Gao, M; Goldwater, R; Grasela, DM; Lawitz, E; Lopez-Talavera, JC; Marbury, TC; Nettles, RE; Persson, A; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Vutikullird, A, 2011)	0.37
" Lopinavir was active at levels well below those achieved with standard dosing of coformulated lopinavir-ritonavir."	( In vitro activity of antiretroviral drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Nsanzabana, C; Rosenthal, PJ, 2011)	0.37
"Toxicological effects of repeat dosing were assessed in naïve monkeys."	( Investigation of mechanism of drug-induced cardiac injury and torsades de pointes in cynomolgus monkeys. Albassam, M; Frantz, C; Gralinski, MR; Guo, L; Kolaja, KL; Ly, J; Misner, DL; Senese, PB, 2012)	0.38
" This allows for once-daily dosing and less variability in serum levels."	( Gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Burke, RA; Faulkner, MA, 2011)	0.37
" protocol XP066), to determine whether dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
"The data suggest that dosage adjustment for gabapentin enacarbil is necessary in patients with impaired renal function."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, precautions, dosing recommendations, and patient counseling for gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in adults."	( Gabapentin enacarbil for treatment of restless legs syndrome in adults. Farver, DK; Hayes, WJ; Lemon, MD, 2012)	0.38
" We have already reported that dosing of the test compound after partial hepatectomy (PH) is essential to detect genotoxicity of numerical chromosome aberration inducers in mice [Mutat."	( Structural and numerical chromosome aberration inducers in liver micronucleus test in rats with partial hepatectomy. Hattori, C; Itoh, S; Nagata, M; Sanbuissho, A, 2012)	0.38
"Effects of pre-treatment with a single dose, versus 4 day repeated dosing with the selective FAAH inhibitor, URB597 (i."	( Lack of effect of chronic pre-treatment with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 on inflammatory pain behaviour: evidence for plastic changes in the endocannabinoid system. Alexander, SP; Barrett, DA; Bennett, AJ; Burston, J; Chapman, V; Kendall, DA; Norris, LM; Okine, BN; Patel, A; Woodhams, S, 2012)	0.38
" Overcoming antiviral resistance, broad genotype coverage, and a convenient dosing regimen are important attributes for future agents to be used in combinations without interferon."	( MK-5172, a selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease with broad activity across genotypes and resistant variants. Burlein, C; Carroll, SS; Claudio, G; Coleman, PJ; Di Filippo, M; Dimuzio, JM; Fandozzi, C; Ferrara, M; Gates, AT; Graham, DJ; Harper, S; Hazuda, DJ; Huang, Q; Liverton, NJ; Ludmerer, SW; McCauley, JA; McHale, C; Monteagudo, E; Olsen, DB; Pucci, V; Rowley, M; Rudd, MT; Soriano, A; Stahlhut, MW; Summa, V; Vacca, JP, 2012)	0.38
" The best-fitting models were selected for the single-chemical dose-response data and used to develop a combined prediction model, which was then compared with the experimental mixture data."	( Impact of chemical proportions on the acute neurotoxicity of a mixture of seven carbamates in preweanling and adult rats. Haber, LT; Hertzberg, RC; Moser, VC; Padilla, S; Simmons, JE, 2012)	0.61
"Several direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are available, but they are limited by tolerability and dosing schedules."	( Daclatasvir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C genotype-1 infection: a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2a trial. Abrams, GA; Bräu, N; Bronowicki, JP; Diva, U; Everson, GT; Ghalib, RH; Hernandez, D; Hézode, C; Hindes, R; Hughes, EA; Lim, JK; Martorell, C; McPhee, F; Morris, DW; Pol, S; Reindollar, RW; Rustgi, VK; Schnittman, S; Tatum, HA; Thuluvath, PJ; Wind-Rotolo, M; Yin, PD, 2012)	0.38
" The AEs reported most frequently were somnolence and dizziness; there was a dose-response relationship to these AEs."	( Dose response of Gabapentin Enacarbil versus placebo in subjects with moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome: an integrated analysis of three 12-week studies. Barrett, RW; Kavanagh, ST; VanMeter, SA; Warren, S, 2012)	0.38
"In this highly adherent population, the number of daily pills was related to self-reported health status but not to self-reported adherence, whereas the dosing interval did not influence self-reported adherence or health status."	( Number of daily pills, dosing schedule, self-reported adherence and health status in 2010: a large cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Bocchiola, B; Cahua, T; Castagna, A; Danise, A; Galli, L; Gianotti, N; Lazzarin, A; Maillard, M; Panzini, P; Pazzi, A; Salpietro, S; Zandonà, D, 2013)	0.39
" Among HCV protease inhibitors, the safety, potency, and convenient dosing of simeprevir, asunaprevir, faldaprevir, and ABT-450/r were particularly highlighted."	( Hepatitis C therapy: highlights from the 2012 annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Barreiro, P; Fernández-Montero, JV; Poveda, E; Soriano, V; Vispo, E, 2013)	0.39
" dosing a mixture of the SIL and the unlabeled drugs."	( Practical and efficient strategy for evaluating oral absolute bioavailability with an intravenous microdose of a stable isotopically-labeled drug using a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. Arnold, ME; Aubry, AF; Bifano, M; Burrell, R; Easter, J; Gu, H; Jiang, H; Kandoussi, H; Li, W; Titsch, C; Zeng, J, 2012)	0.38
" This therapeutic principle called 'boosting' helped to overcome the obstacles of this class of drugs concerning unfavorable pharmacokinetics, resulting in either a high frequency of dosing or subtherapeutic plasma concentrations."	( Safety of pharmacoenhancers for HIV therapy. Haberl, A; von Hentig, N, 2012)	0.38
" The effect of SNJ-1945 on α-spectrin degradation exhibited a U-shaped dose-response curve when treatment was initiated 15 min post-TBI."	( Pharmacological analysis of the cortical neuronal cytoskeletal protective efficacy of the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 in a mouse traumatic brain injury model. Bains, M; Barnes, CC; Cebak, JE; Geddes, JW; Gilmer, LK; Hall, ED; Thompson, SN, 2013)	0.39
"Ethosomal system can successfully deliver RPG transdermally; sustain its effect and thus reduce its dosing frequency."	( A study on ethosomes as mode for transdermal delivery of an antidiabetic drug. Bodade, SS; Chaudhari, PD; Kamble, MS; Shaikh, KS, 2013)	0.39
" Dosage adjustments are recommended in elderly patients and those with moderate and severe renal or moderate hepatic impairment."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of retigabine/ezogabine. Crean, CS; Tompson, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" However, since Inhibin B was only decreased at the end of the Dosing Phase and not at the Recovery Phase, when the onset of testicular pathology occurred, it is unclear if monitoring Inhibin B would provide sufficient advanced warning for the onset of testicular pathology."	( Assessment of inhibin B as a biomarker of testicular injury following administration of carbendazim, cetrorelix, or 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in Wistar han rats. Her, LS; Knight, BL; Mineo, AM; Moffit, JS; Phillips, JA; Thibodeau, MS, 2013)	0.39
" We determined the effect on the usefulness of each strategy of (i) fitness costs of resistance, (ii) partial resistance to fungicides, (iii) differences in the dose-response curves and decay rates between fungicides, and (iv) different frequencies of the double-resistant strain at the start of a treatment strategy."	( The usefulness of fungicide mixtures and alternation for delaying the selection for resistance in populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat: a modeling analysis. Hobbelen, PH; Oliver, RP; Paveley, ND; van den Bosch, F, 2013)	0.39
" The purpose of this study is to predict the dosing time-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions of repaglinide with rifampicin, using mechanistic models."	( Quantitative prediction of repaglinide-rifampicin complex drug interactions using dynamic and static mechanistic models: delineating differential CYP3A4 induction and OATP1B1 inhibition potential of rifampicin. Bi, YA; El-Kattan, AF; Fahmi, OA; Goosen, TC; Lai, Y; Lam, JL; Lin, J; Rotter, CJ; Varma, MV, 2013)	0.39
" No effects were observed on glucose, potassium, heart rate, blood pressure and no dose-response effect was seen on corrected QT elongation."	( A new class of bronchodilator improves lung function in COPD: a trial with GSK961081. Baggen, S; Chan, R; Locantore, N; Ludwig-Sengpiel, A; Riley, JH; Wielders, PL, 2013)	0.39
" The estimated 24-hour potency (expressed as concentration of dosing solution) was 45."	( In vivo pharmacological characterization of TD-4208, a novel lung-selective inhaled muscarinic antagonist with sustained bronchoprotective effect in experimental animal models. Hegde, SS; Jaw-Tsai, S; Ji, Y; Martin, WJ; McNamara, A; Obedencio, GP; Pulido-Rios, MT, 2013)	0.39
"EVG exposures were 40%-50% lower upon simultaneous dosing of EVG/r and antacids, probably due to local complexation with cations in gastrointestinal tract, and were unaffected with ≥2 hours staggered dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted elvitegravir when administered in combination with acid-reducing agents. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Koziara, J; Mathias, A; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G; Wei, X, 2013)	0.39
" We also summarised data on adverse events from all single dosage studies and calculated risk differences (RDs) and numbers needed to harm (NNHs)."	( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)	0.39
" One trial of gabapentin enacarbil (523 participants) failed to demonstrate a significant difference versus placebo or between doses for gabapentin enacarbil titrated to between 1200 mg and 3000 mg with regard to proportion of responders; there was also no evidence of a dose-response trend."	( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)	0.39
"Results from intensive pharmacokinetic sampling of subjects enrolled in single dose visits was used to determine individualized dosing for the first 6-10 subjects in each of 2 cohorts (4 weeks to <6 months, 6 months to <2 years); steady state pharmacokinetic data were then used to select the dosage regimen for the remaining subjects recruited to the cohort."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
"Final FPV/RTV dosing regimens achieved plasma amprenavir exposures comparable with those from regimens approved in adults, with the exception of trough exposures in the <6-month-old infants."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" No clinically relevant interactions between daclatasvir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were observed for either drug, and no dosing adjustments were indicated."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.39
" As a fixed-dose combination tablet given once daily, EFV/FTC/TDF was the first available STR combining efficacy, tolerability and convenience, with the simplest dosing schedule and smallest numbers of pills of any ART combination therapy."	( Single-tablet regimens in HIV: does it really make a difference? Aldir, I; Horta, A; Serrado, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, assessed on day 5 of period 1 and on days 10 and 20 of period 2, included the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the concentration at end of dosing interval (Cτ), and the area under the curve over dosing interval (AUCτ)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and fosamprenavir-ritonavir: an open-label, fixed-sequence study in healthy subjects. Fang, A; Heera, J; Mendes da Costa, L; Plotka, A; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.39
" Compared to baseline values, the R-methadone mean area under the concentration-time curve to the end of the dosing period (AUCtau) (5,550 versus 6,210 h · ng/ml) and mean maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) (316 versus 337 ng/ml) did not significantly increase in the presence of EVG/COBI."	( Investigation of the interactions between methadone and elvitegravir-cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic methadone maintenance. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, X; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
" Here, we show that oral dosing with SNJ-1945, a novel water-soluble calpain inhibitor, reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis clinical scores in vivo and has a two pronged effect via anti-inflammation and protection against neurodegeneration."	( Effects of a novel orally administered calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 on immunomodulation and neurodegeneration in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Azuma, M; Banik, NL; Beeson, C; Haque, A; Inoue, J; Smith, A; Trager, N; Wallace Iv, G, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma renin activity remained suppressed during the 24-hour dosing interval at all doses."	( Multiple ascending dose study with the new renin inhibitor VTP-27999: nephrocentric consequences of too much renin inhibition. Azizi, M; Balcarek, J; Bryson, C; Danser, AH; Garrelds, IM; Gregg, R; Griffith, SG; McGeehan, G; Ménard, J; Reeves, RA; Sevá Pessôa, B, 2014)	0.4
" In-medium dosing with MMS produced a LOGEL of 20 µg/ml, which was very similar to the topical LOGEL when considering the total mass of MMS added."	( Automation and validation of micronucleus detection in the 3D EpiDerm™ human reconstructed skin assay and correlation with 2D dose responses. Chapman, KE; Doak, SH; Jenkins, GJ; Pfuhler, S; Thomas, AD; Wills, JW, 2014)	0.4
" Designing a controlled release dosage form of the drug is required to maintain its therapeutic blood level and to eliminate its adverse effects, particularly the hypoglycaemia."	( Preparation and evaluation of a controlled drug release of repaglinide through matrix pellets: in vitro and in vivo studies. Minaiyan, M; Pendar, Y; Tabbakhian, M; Tavakoli, N, 2014)	0.4
"Pill burden, dosing frequency, and concerns about safety and tolerability are important obstacles to maintaining adequate medication adherence."	( Switching from twice-daily raltegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to once-daily elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects: 48 weeks data. Brinson, C; Cao, H; Cheng, A; Crofoot, G; Ebrahimi, R; Garner, W; Kulkarni, R; Mills, A; Ortiz, R; Rashbaum, B; Szwarcberg, J; Towner, W; Ward, D, )	0.13
" Patients in the control group (n = 66) received a combination of boceprevir and PR, dosed in accordance with boceprevir's US product circular."	( The combination of MK-5172, peginterferon, and ribavirin is effective in treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection without cirrhosis. Bacon, BR; Baruch, Y; Bruno, S; Caro, L; Cooreman, MP; Dutko, FJ; Fandozzi, C; Gilbert, CL; Gress, J; Howe, AY; Hwang, P; Manns, MP; Marcellin, P; Mobashery, N; Robertson, MN; Shaw, PM; Shibolet, O; Vierling, JM; Wahl, J, 2014)	0.4
" The final dosing regimen attained was maintained for an additional 14 days."	( A novel design for a dose finding, safety, and drug interaction study of an antiepileptic drug (retigabine) in early clinical development. Biton, V; DeRossett, S; Nohria, V; Partiot, A; Porter, RJ; Rosenfeld, WE; Sachdeo, R; Tompson, D, 2014)	0.4
" Likewise, information regarding the appropriate dosage of RTG with VPA, CBZ, PHT, or TPM was obtained, which permitted the subsequent pivotal trials to be performed appropriately."	( A novel design for a dose finding, safety, and drug interaction study of an antiepileptic drug (retigabine) in early clinical development. Biton, V; DeRossett, S; Nohria, V; Partiot, A; Porter, RJ; Rosenfeld, WE; Sachdeo, R; Tompson, D, 2014)	0.4
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."	( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)	0.4
" However, cost-analysis is only part of the equation when treating chronic pain patients and undervalues the relationships of enhanced compliance due to single-daily dosing and stable and reliable pharmacokinetics associated with extended-duration preparations using either retentive technologies or delayed absorption strategies."	( Can Chronic Pain Patients Be Adequately Treated Using Generic Pain Medications to the Exclusion of Brand-Name Ones? Anantamongkol, U; Candido, KD; Chiweshe, J; Knezevic, NN, )	0.13
" We therefore propose a 50% dosage increase of olanzapine when combining with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor."	( Effect of fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose olanzapine in healthy volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Jacobs, BS; Schouwenberg, BJ; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2014)	0.4
" ABHD6 blockade retained its antiepileptic activity over chronic dosing and was not associated with psychomotor or cognitive effects."	( ABHD6 blockade exerts antiepileptic activity in PTZ-induced seizures and in spontaneous seizures in R6/2 mice. Blankman, JL; Cao, JK; Cheah, CS; Cherry, AE; Cravatt, BF; Fung, S; Horne, EA; Hsu, KL; Li, W; Marrs, W; Naydenov, AV; Oakley, JC; Saporito, MS; Selley, DE; Stella, N; Swinney, K; Tu, S; Wen, A, 2014)	0.4
" Two kinds of dosages of carbendazim were treated, varying from recommended dosage (1."	( [Residue decline dynamics and safety utilization of carbendazim in cultivation of Anoectochilus roxburghii]. Li, MY; Liu, HB; Shao, QS; Zhang, AL; Zhang, YY, 2014)	0.4
" Daclatasvir 60 mg once daily and asunaprevir 600 mg twice daily were dosed for 7 days alone followed by combination dosing for 14 days at 30 mg once daily and 200 mg twice daily, respectively."	( The pharmacokinetics of daclatasvir and asunaprevir administered in combination in studies in healthy subjects and patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Gardiner, D; Grasela, DM; He, B; Huang, SP; Kandoussi, H; Sevinsky, H; Zhu, K, 2014)	0.4
" Fosamprenavir-ritonavir decreased the DTG area under the concentration-time curve, maximum concentration in plasma, and concentration in plasma at the end of the dosing interval by 35%, 24%, and 49%, respectively."	( Effect of fosamprenavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2014)	0.4
" However, because the PIs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, intentional inhibition of these enzymes leads to higher drug exposure, lower pill burden, and therefore simplified dosing schedules with this class of drug."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" Whether repeated dosing would achieve greater protection remains to be examined."	( Endocannabinoid degradation inhibition improves neurobehavioral function, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation following mild traumatic brain injury. Impastato, RA; Katz, PS; Molina, PE; Rogers, EK; Sulzer, JK; Teng, SX, 2015)	0.42
" Following optimization of the propranolol dosing regimen (study 1), we conducted a five-period crossover study (study 2) in which subjects received the following treatments: dry powder inhaler (DPI) GSK961081 400 µg + oral placebo, DPI GSK961081 1,200 µg + oral placebo, DPI GSK961081 400 µg + oral propranolol 80 mg, DPI GSK961081 1,200 µg + oral propranolol 80 mg and DPI and oral placebo."	( Use of propranolol blockade to explore the pharmacology of GSK961081, a bi-functional bronchodilator, in healthy volunteers: results from two randomized trials. Ambery, C; Norris, V, 2014)	0.4
"Population and selective clonal sequencing were performed at baseline and at virologic failure in the 4 MK-5172 dosing arms."	( Virologic resistance analysis from a phase 2 study of MK-5172 combined with pegylated interferon/ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. Barnard, RJ; Black, S; Caro, L; Curry, S; DiNubile, MJ; Gilbert, C; Howe, AY; Hwang, PM; Liu, R; Ludmerer, SW; Mobashery, N; Newhard, W; Nickle, D, 2014)	0.4
" A pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for APV was developed and simulation was used to identify dosing regimens for pediatric patients receiving FPV in combination with ritonavir (RTV) which resulted in concentrations similar to those in adults receiving FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" Residues of carbendazim and mancozeb were dissipated to the below detectable limit 7 days after spray at recommended dosage in all the locations."	( Degradation pattern and risk assessment of carbendazim and mancozeb in mango fruits. Devi, PA; Paramasivam, M; Prakasam, V, 2015)	0.42
" Ombitasvir was evaluated in vivo in a 3-day monotherapy study in 12 HCV genotype 1-infected patients at 5, 25, 50, or 200 mg dosed once daily."	( In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity and resistance profile of ombitasvir, an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS5A. Beyer, J; Campbell, A; Collins, C; DeGoey, D; Kati, W; Koev, G; Krishnan, P; Mistry, N; Molla, A; Pilot-Matias, T; Reisch, T; Setze, C; Williams, L; Xie, W, 2015)	0.42
" Randomisation was by presence or absence of ribavirin, 8 or 12 weeks of treatment, and dosage of elbasvir."	( Efficacy and safety of 8 weeks versus 12 weeks of treatment with grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) with or without ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 mono-infection and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection (C-WORTHY): a rando Barr, E; Bourliere, M; DeJesus, E; Dutko, F; Gerstoft, J; Haber, B; Hezode, C; Howe, AY; Hwang, P; Kugelmas, M; Mallolas, J; Murillo, A; Nahass, R; Pol, S; Robertson, M; Serfaty, L; Shaughnessy, M; Shibolet, O; Sulkowski, M; Vierling, JM; Wahl, J; Weis, N; Zuckerman, E, 2015)	0.42
" In a phase 2b trial, batefenterol produced statistical and clinically significant differences compared to placebo and numerically greater improvements in the primary end point of trough FEV1 compared to salmeterol after 4 weeks of dosing in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Discovery of (R)-1-(3-((2-chloro-4-(((2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)piperidin-4-yl [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate (TD-5959, GSK961081, batefenterol): first-in-class dual pharmac Chen, Y; Hegde, SS; Hughes, AD; Jasper, JR; Jaw-Tsai, S; Lee, TW; Mammen, M; McNamara, A; Pulido-Rios, MT; Steinfeld, T, 2015)	0.42
" This phase 2, randomized, open-label study evaluated an IFN- and RBV-free regimen of once-daily ombitasvir (ABT-267), an NS5A inhibitor, plus paritaprevir (ABT-450), an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir (paritaprevir/ritonavir), in pegylated IFN/RBV treatment-experienced Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus subtype 1b or genotype 2 infection."	( Randomized trial of interferon- and ribavirin-free ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Badri, P; Chayama, K; Kumada, H; Kurosaki, M; Notsumata, K; Pilot-Matias, T; Rodrigues, L; Sato, K; Setze, C; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.42
" Thirteen studies were conducted to characterize drug-drug interactions for the 3D regimen of OBV, PTV/r, and DSV and various medications in healthy volunteers to inform dosing recommendations in HCV-infected patients."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
"6 mg/kg) served as a discriminative stimulus in both genotypes, with similar THC dose-response curves between groups."	( Phenotypic assessment of THC discriminative stimulus properties in fatty acid amide hydrolase knockout and wildtype mice. Vann, RE; Walentiny, DM; Wiley, JL, 2015)	0.42
" The results suggest that cyclosporine and tacrolimus doses and dosing frequency should be reduced in HCV-infected posttransplant patients being treated with this 3-DAA regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose recommendations for cyclosporine and tacrolimus when coadministered with ABT-450, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, W; Badri, P; Bernstein, B; Coakley, E; Cohen, D; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T, 2015)	0.42
" Both FAAH inhibitors: (1) blocked FAAH activity in brain and liver, increasing levels of endogenous ligands for cannabinoid and α-type peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR-α) receptors; (2) shifted nicotine self-administration dose-response functions in a manner consistent with reduced nicotine reward; (3) blocked reinstatement of nicotine seeking induced by reexposure to either nicotine priming or nicotine-associated cues; and (4) had no effect on cocaine or food self-administration."	( Effects of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibitors in Non-Human Primate Models of Nicotine Reward and Relapse. Armirotti, A; Auber, A; Bandiera, T; Barnes, C; Bertorelli, R; Chefer, SI; Goldberg, SR; Justinova, Z; Mascia, P; Moreno-Sanz, G; Panlilio, LV; Piomelli, D; Redhi, GH; Secci, ME; Yasar, S, 2015)	0.42
" The typical clinical picture can be confirmed by the dosage of plasma cholinesterases."	( [Acute voluntary poisoning by carbamate]. Ghuysen, A; Van Brussel, E, 2014)	0.4
" We examined the efficacy and safety of an all-oral interferon-free regimen of ombitasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, and paritaprevir (ABT-450), an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir (ombitasvir plus paritaprevir plus ritonavir), given with or without ribavirin."	( Ombitasvir plus paritaprevir plus ritonavir with or without ribavirin in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C virus infection (PEARL-I): a randomised, open-label trial. Asselah, T; Berenguer, M; Fleischer-Stepniewska, K; Hall, C; Hassanein, T; Hézode, C; Marcellin, P; Mobashery, N; Pilot-Matias, T; Pol, S; Reddy, KR; Redman, R; Schnell, G; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.42
" In the present study, we assessed a twice dosing regimen, in which the genotoxicant is dosed both before and after partial hepatectomy, using the four chromosome aberration inducers used in the previous study."	( Assessment of a twice dosing regimen both before and after partial hepatectomy in the rat liver micronucleus test. Hattori, C; Igarashi, M; Itoh, S; Nagata, M, 2015)	0.42
" Importantly, adjustments to the immunosuppressant dosage were not required."	( Daclatasvir, Simeprevir and Ribavirin as a Promising Interferon-Free Triple Regimen for HCV Recurrence after Liver Transplant. Achterfeld, A; Canbay, A; Gerken, G; Herzer, K; Papadopoulos-Köhn, A; Paul, A; Timm, J; Walker, A, 2015)	0.42
"The treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus is diverse, with no clear consensus regarding the initial drug regimen or dosing to achieve optimal glycemic control."	( Getting to goal in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes using combination drug "subtraction therapy". George, TM; Jennings, AS; Jennings, JS; Lovett, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, the utility of prodrug 8t was demonstrated through similar exposure of the parent compound when the prodrugs were dosed in vivo."	( Design and synthesis of imidazole N-H substituted amide prodrugs as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication. Cai, J; Chen, B; Chen, J; Ji, M; Li, W; Wang, P; Zhou, G; Zong, X, 2015)	0.42
" A total of 321 patients without cirrhosis were randomized and dosed with double-blind study drug (106 received double-blind placebo and later received open-label OBV/PTV/r), and 42 patients with cirrhosis were enrolled and dosed with open-label OBV/PTV/r."	( Randomized phase 3 trial of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b-infected Japanese patients with or without cirrhosis. Burroughs, M; Chayama, K; Ikeda, K; Karino, Y; Kioka, K; Kumada, H; Matsuzaki, Y; Patwardhan, M; Pilot-Matias, T; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Sato, K; Setze, C; Suzuki, F; Toyoda, H; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.42
" GS-5816 5-150 mg for 3 days was well tolerated and resulted in rapid declines in HCV RNA that were sustained over the dosing period."	( A phase 1, randomized, dose-ranging study of GS-5816, a once-daily NS5A inhibitor, in patients with genotype 1-4 hepatitis C virus. Brainard, DM; Freilich, B; German, P; Han, L; Lawitz, E; Link, J; Marbury, T; McNally, J; Mo, H; Rodriguez-Torres, M, 2015)	0.42
" All test materials and controls were dosed orally by gavage."	( p-Chloroaniline, t-butylhydroquinone, and methyl carbamate: Rat in vivo comet test, JaCVAM trial phase 4.2. Barfield, W; Burlinson, B, 2015)	0.42
"To assess efficacy/tolerability of ezogabine (EZG)/retigabine (RTG) in combination with specified monotherapy antiepileptic drug (AED) treatments in adults with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures using a flexible dosing regimen."	( Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)	0.42
"NCT01227902 was an open-label, uncontrolled study of flexibly dosed EZG/RTG."	( Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)	0.42
"EZG/RTG was effective as adjunctive therapy to CBZ/OXC, LTG, LEV, and VPA, using a flexible dosing regimen, in adults with partial-onset seizures; safety and tolerability were consistent with that previously observed."	( Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)	0.42
" Where interaction is possible, risk can be mitigated by paying careful attention to concomitant medications, adjusting drug dosage as needed, and monitoring patient response and/or clinical parameters."	( Dosing Recommendations for Concomitant Medications During 3D Anti-HCV Therapy. Badri, PS; Dutta, S; King, JR; McGovern, BH; Menon, RM; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
" Drug-drug interactions were evaluated in healthy volunteers to develop dosing recommendations for HCV-infected subjects."	( Drug Interactions with the Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination of Ombitasvir and Paritaprevir-Ritonavir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Zha, J, 2016)	0.43
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
"Herein, quantitation aspects of a fully automated autosampler/HPLC-MS/MS system applied for unattended droplet-based surface sampling of repaglinide dosed thin tissue sections with subsequent HPLC separation and mass spectrometric analysis of parent drug and various drug metabolites were studied."	( Quantitation of repaglinide and metabolites in mouse whole-body thin tissue sections using droplet-based liquid microjunction surface sampling-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, W; Gan, J; Kertesz, V; Van Berkel, GJ; Wang, L, 2016)	0.43
"Local delivery of anti-HIV drugs to the colorectal mucosa, a major site of HIV replication, and their retention within mucosal tissue would allow for a reduction in dose administered, reduced dosing frequency and minimal systemic exposure."	( Colorectal delivery and retention of PEG-Amprenavir-Bac7 nanoconjugates--proof of concept for HIV mucosal pre-exposure prophylaxis. Ganapathi, U; Gunaseelan, S; Myers, DR; Nelson, AG; Palombo, MS; Samizadeh, M; Singh, Y; Sinko, PJ; Szekely, Z; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" The open-label ALLY-1 study assessed the safety and efficacy of a 60-mg once-daily dosage of daclatasvir (pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitor) in combination with sofosbuvir at 400 mg once daily (NS5B inhibitor) and ribavirin at 600 mg/day for 12 weeks with a 24-week follow-up in two cohorts of patients with chronic HCV infection of any genotype and either compensated/decompensated cirrhosis or posttransplantation recurrence."	( Daclatasvir with sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C virus infection with advanced cirrhosis or post-liver transplantation recurrence. Fontana, RJ; Hughes, EA; Landis, C; McPhee, F; Noviello, S; Poordad, F; Schiff, ER; Swenson, ES; Vierling, JM; Yang, R, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-response curves had inverted U shapes, with peak response rates occurring at a dose of 10 μg/kg/injection."	( Self-administration of the anandamide transport inhibitor AM404 by squirrel monkeys. Goldberg, SR; Justinova, Z; Makriyannis, A; Redhi, GH; Scherma, M; Schindler, CW; Vadivel, SK, 2016)	0.43
" Unlike other drugs, repeated dosing of retigabine was necessary to induce this effect."	( Profile of retigabine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain. Brown, L; Forcelli, PA; Gutherz, S; Kondratyev, A; Kulick, C; Soper, C, 2016)	0.43
" While many of the second-generation DAAs are principally metabolized by the hepatic system, dosing in severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <30 mL/min) or dialysis has remained questionable due to limited experience."	( New and Emerging Evidence on the Use of Second-Generation Direct Acting Antivirals for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in Renal Impairment. Cope, R; Friedman, ML; Sorbera, MA, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, a dosage of 420 g active ingredient per 100 kg seed was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals."	( Residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice field ecosystem in China. He, HM; Hu, XQ; Wang, Q; Yu, JZ; Zhang, CP; Zhu, YH, 2016)	0.43
" The dietary exposure was lower than the MPI, which indicates the harvested tomato samples under the experimental conditions (open field) are safe for human consumption at the recommended high dosage of the wettable powder."	( Residues and dissipation kinetics of carbendazim and diethofencarb in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and intake risk assessment. Chen, Z; Dong, Z; du, H; Fan, W; Fang, L; Guan, S; Li, H, 2016)	0.43
"Among 2,053 patients enrolled and dosed with study drug, 410 (20%) were receiving concomitant ARAs; of these, 308 (15%) were taking concomitant PPIs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.43
"0ng/mL for a one-month period when dosed intramuscular to dogs or minipigs."	( Lipophilic nalmefene prodrugs to achieve a one-month sustained release. Annaert, PP; Atack, JR; Borghys, H; de Vries, R; De Zwart, LL; Embrechts, RC; Gaekens, T; Guillaume, M; Herdewijn, P; Leysen, JE; Megens, AA; Vermeulen, A, 2016)	0.43
" Recurrent dosing of RPG before each meal is burdensome remedy."	( Nanoemulsion: for improved oral delivery of repaglinide. Akhtar, J; Aqil, M; Fareed, S; Khalid, M; Siddiqui, HH, 2016)	0.43
" Although the FAAH inhibitors PF-3845 ((N-3-pyridinyl-4-[[3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenyl]methyl]-1-piperidinecarboxamide) and URB597 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-(aminocarbonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl ester) did not substitute for SA-57, PF-3845 produced a 2-fold leftward shift in the MJN110 substitution dose-response curve."	( Discriminative Stimulus Properties of the Endocannabinoid Catabolic Enzyme Inhibitor SA-57 in Mice. Beardsley, PM; Cravatt, BF; Ignatowska-Jankowska, B; Jali, A; Lichtman, AH; Mustafa, M; Niphakis, MJ; Owens, RA; Selley, DE; Wiley, JL, 2016)	0.43
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Observed data for tacrolimus and CSA in liver transplant recipients confirm that the recommended dosing strategies are valid and therapeutic levels of immunosuppression can be maintained during 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Objective Switching from sulfonylureas to repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes improves glycemic control; however, the optimal dosage has not been fully evaluated."	( Effect of Switching from Sulphonylurea to Repaglinide Twice or Three Times Daily for 4 Months on Glycemic Control in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Aoki, K; Kamiko, K; Kamiyama, H; Nakajima, S; Shinoda, K; Taguri, M; Terauchi, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Overall, 24 subjects, six in each of four renal function groups (normal, mild, moderate, and severe), received a single dose of the 3D and 2D regimens in separate dosing periods."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Treatment with Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, with or Without Dasabuvir, in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Preston, RA; Rodrigues, L; Wang, H, 2017)	0.46
"Four experiments were performed in dogs: (i) dose-response effects of YKP10811 on liquid gastric emptying; (ii) effects and mechanisms of YKP10811 on solid gastric emptying delayed by glucagon; (iii) effects of low-dose YKP10811 on antral contractions; and (iv) effects of low-dose YKP10811 on gastric accommodation."	( Prokinetic effects of a new 5-HT Chen, JD; Han, HS; Kim, HW; Song, G; Xu, X; Yin, J, 2017)	0.46
" Dose-response studies using adult male Fischer 344 rats subchronically exposed to model Sertoli cell toxicants (0."	( From the Cover: Sperm Molecular Biomarkers Are Sensitive Indicators of Testicular Injury following Subchronic Model Toxicant Exposure. Anderson, LM; Boekelheide, K; Dere, E; Wilson, SK, 2016)	0.43
"PL mice with myelin basic protein on Days 0 and 2, and mice received twice daily oral dosing of SNJ 1945 from Day 9 until sacrificing (Day 26)."	( Calpain inhibition reduces structural and functional impairment of retinal ganglion cells in experimental optic neuritis. Azuma, M; Banik, NL; Inoue, J; Ray, SK; Rohrer, B; Samantaray, S; Smith, AW; Wheless, L, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" This article presents an overview of the drug interaction studies conducted during the clinical development of DCV, the findings of these studies that led to the guidance on concomitant medication use and dosage along with any required DCV dose modifications, and the use of the known metabolic pathway of DCV to guide concomitant dosing where direct drug-drug studies have not been conducted."	( A Review of Daclatasvir Drug-Drug Interactions. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Eley, T; Garimella, T; Huang, SP; Kandoussi, H; Wang, R; You, X, 2016)	0.43
" The combination fungicide was sprayed thrice at the recommended dosage of 93."	( Multilocation field trials for risk assessment of a combination fungicide Fluopicolide + Propamocarb in tomato. Banerjee, H; Banerjee, T; Hudait, RK; Patel, AR; Patel, HK; Sahoo, SK; Shah, PG; Sharma, D; Sharma, KK; Shukla, VR; Singh, B; Tripathy, V; Vaghela, KM, 2016)	0.43
" When combined with the CYP3A4 substrate daclatasvir, the daclatasvir dosage should be reduced from 60 to 30 mg once daily."	( Daclatasvir 30 mg/day is the correct dose for patients taking atazanavir/cobicistat. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Kanter, CT; Drenth, JP; Smolders, EJ; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, this method provides a simple, sensitive, precise, and reproducible assay for dosing daclatasvir that can be readily adaptable to routine use by clinical laboratories with standard equipment."	( Development and validation of a simple and robust HPLC method with UV detection for quantification of the hepatitis C virus inhibitor daclatasvir in human plasma. Basso, M; Celegato, M; Loregian, A; Messa, L; Nannetti, G; Pagni, S; Palù, G; Parisi, SG, 2017)	0.46
" In the phase II/III clinical studies, ALT and bilirubin increases were reversible with continued dosing or after treatment cessation."	( Exposure-Safety Response Relationship for Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: Analysis of Data from Five Phase II and Six Phase III Studies. Awni, W; DaSilva-Tillmann, B; Dutta, S; Lin, CW; Liu, W; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Shulman, N, 2017)	0.46
" Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 25 mg ombitasvir, 150 mg paritaprevir, and 100 mg ritonavir once daily, with weight-based ribavirin dosed twice daily for either 12 weeks or 16 weeks."	( Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin in adults with hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection and cirrhosis (AGATE-I): a multicentre, phase 3, randomised open-label trial. Asselah, T; ElKhashab, M; Feld, JJ; Ferenci, P; Hassanein, T; Hézode, C; Mobashery, N; Moreno, C; Papatheodoridis, G; Pilot-Matias, T; Qaqish, RB; Redman, R; Yu, Y; Zeuzem, S, 2016)	0.43
" We assessed the efficacy and safety of the two direct-acting antiviral drugs ombitasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, and paritaprevir, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir, plus ribavirin in treatment of chronic HCV infection in Egypt."	( Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection in Egyptian patients with or without compensated cirrhosis (AGATE-II): a multicentre, phase 3, partly randomised open-label trial. Allam, N; Asselah, T; Doss, W; Esmat, G; Hall, C; Hassany, M; Mobashery, N; Mohey, MA; Qaqish, RB; Redman, R; Shiha, G; Soliman, R; Waked, I; Yosry, A; Zayed, N, 2016)	0.43
" Similar values were found at all 3 time points, thus indicating that there is probably no need to adapt MPA dosage to 3D."	( Managing Drug-Drug Interaction Between Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Bellissant, E; Ben Ali, Z; Boglione-Kerrien, C; Guyader, D; Jezequel, C; Lemaitre, F; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2017)	0.46
"The first three UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed of simultaneous determination of two new FDA approved drugs namely; elbasvir and grazoprevir in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Application of different spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of elbasvir and grazoprevir in pharmaceutical preparation. Abdelazim, AH; Attia, KAM; El-Abasawi, NM; El-Olemy, A, 2018)	0.48
"Our data shows that successful treatment of CHC patients with and without prior RG-101 dosing results in reduction of broad immune activation, and normalisation of miR-122 levels (EudraCT: 2014-002808-25)."	( Immune responses in DAA treated chronic hepatitis C patients with and without prior RG-101 dosing. Barnes, E; Brown, A; de Vree, JML; Klenerman, P; Kootstra, NA; Reesink, HW; Sinnige, MJ; Stelma, F; Swadling, L; van der Ree, MH; van der Valk, M; van Nuenen, AC; Willemse, SB, 2017)	0.46
"Type I isobolographic analysis for nonparallel dose-response effects for the combination of retigabine with LCM (at the fixed-ratio of 1:1) in both the MES and chimney test in mice was performed."	( Beneficial Combination of Lacosamide with Retigabine in Experimental Animals: An Isobolographic Analysis. Adamczuk, P; Czuczwar, SJ; Florek-Luszczki, M; Kondrat-Wrobel, MW; Luszczki, JJ; Miziak, B; Wroblewska-Luczka, P; Zagaja, M; Zaluska, K, 2018)	0.48
"Linear regression analysis revealed that retigabine had its dose-response effect line nonparallel to that of LCM in both the MES and chimney tests."	( Beneficial Combination of Lacosamide with Retigabine in Experimental Animals: An Isobolographic Analysis. Adamczuk, P; Czuczwar, SJ; Florek-Luszczki, M; Kondrat-Wrobel, MW; Luszczki, JJ; Miziak, B; Wroblewska-Luczka, P; Zagaja, M; Zaluska, K, 2018)	0.48
" CPD-4645 (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or vehicle was dosed 1 and 7 h after status epilepticus onset in video-electroencephalography (EEG) recorded mice."	( Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase terminates diazepam-resistant status epilepticus in mice and its effects are potentiated by a ketogenic diet. Butler, CR; Guilmette, E; Pauletti, A; Piro, JR; Porcu, L; Rizzi, M; Salamone, A; Samad, TA; Sheehan, MJ; Terrone, G; Vezzani, A; Villa, BR, 2018)	0.48
" RBV was dosed by physician discretion between 200 mg weekly and 200 mg daily."	( High Efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir in hepatitis C genotypes 4 and 1-infected patients with severe chronic kidney disease. Afghani, AA; Alghamdi, AS; Alghamdi, MN; AlMousa, A; Alswat, K; AlZanbagi, A; Aseeri, M; Assiri, AM; Babatin, MA; Sanai, FM, 2018)	0.48
" In fat tissues, the key genes Lep, Nmb and Nmbr were altered in high dosed offspring, and were differentially expressed between sexes."	( Effects on metabolic parameters in young rats born with low birth weight after exposure to a mixture of pesticides. Axelstad, M; Christiansen, S; Hass, U; Mandrup, K; Ramhøj, L; Svingen, T; Vinggaard, AM, 2018)	0.48
" We describe the clinical management of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with ribavirin."	( Ribavirin dose management in HCV patients receiving ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. Bernstein, DE; Feld, JJ; Ferenci, P; Larsen, L; Tatsch, F; Vlierberghe, HV; Younes, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Geometric least squares means ratios (coadministration:alone) and 90% confidence intervals were constructed for area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval, maximum concentration, and trough, for all analytes."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Hepatitis C Virus Antivirals Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and Boosted and Unboosted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antiretroviral Regimens in Healthy Volunteers. Brainard, DM; Ling, KHJ; Mathias, A; Mogalian, E; Osinusi, A; Shen, G; Stamm, LM, 2018)	0.48
" In taxol-sensitive cell models, the congeners had improved dose-response parameters relative to (+)-discodermolide and, in some cases, were superior to taxol."	( Improved Dose-Response Relationship of (+)-Discodermolide-Taxol Hybrid Congeners. Atasoylu, O; Horwitz, SB; McDaid, HM; Nadaradjane, C; Rodriguez-Gabin, A; Smith, AB; Sugasawa, K; Yang, CH; Ye, K, 2018)	0.48
"5%) patients (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, diuretics, tacrolimus); four patients required further adjustment of antihypertensive drugs or tacrolimus dosage on-treatment."	( Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Ombitasvir Plus Dasabuvir Regimen in the Treatment of Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Patients with Severe Renal Impairment and End-Stage Renal Disease: a Real-Life Cohort. Chmelova, K; Frankova, S; Kreidlova, M; Merta, D; Senkerikova, R; Sperl, J, 2018)	0.48
" We first conducted acute toxicity testing and avoidance response testing using earthworms to obtain dose-response data for two different endpoints; then the benchmark dose (BMD) methodology was applied to estimate the toxicity values for the active ingredients of these four pesticides and their mixtures."	( Quantitative ecotoxicity analysis for pesticide mixtures using benchmark dose methodology. Chen, C; Li, J; Shao, K; Wang, Y; Yang, G; Zhao, H, 2018)	0.48
"DAA in adult dosage are safe and effective for treatment of chronic hepatitis C (genotype 3) in pediatric β-thalassemic major population."	( Efficacy and Safety of Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C in Thalassemic Children. Garg, K; Gupta, GK; Maharshi, S; Nijhawan, S; Padhi, S, 2018)	0.48
" The two drugs were co-formulated for treatment of hepatitis C virus in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous Determination of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in Their Pharmaceutical Preparation Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method. Abdelazim, AH; Attia, KAM; El-Abasawi, NM; El-Dosoky, M; El-Olemy, A, 2018)	0.48
" Additionally it was possible to reduce prednisolone dosage to 5 mg/day."	( Hepatitis C virus infection: 'beyond the liver'. Arrais de Castro, R; Borges-Costa, J; Tato Marinho, R; Vilas, P, 2018)	0.48
"A stability-indicating ultraperformance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative determination of degradation products and process-related impurities of daclatasvir in a pharmaceutical dosage form."	( A Stability-Indicating UPLC Method for the Determination of Potential Impurities and Its Mass by a New QDa Mass Detector in Daclatasvir Drug Used to Treat Hepatitis C Infection. Jagadabi, V; Mahesh, K; Nagaraju, D; Nagendra Kumar, PV; Pamidi, S; Ramaprasad, LA, 2019)	0.51
"Two sensitive and accurate methods have been developed for the estimation of daclatasvir (DAC) in its raw material, dosage form and in biological fluids."	( Two validated spectrofluorimeteric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with fluorescence detection for the analysis of a new anti-hepatitis C drug, daclatasvir hydrochloride, in raw material or tablet form and in biological fluids. Aboshabana, R; Eid, M; El-Enany, N; Shalan, S, 2018)	0.48
" We evaluated non-adherence (<90% adherent) as measured by electronic blister-pack assessed using logistic regression and generalised estimating equations (continuous) with detailed analyses of dosing dynamics."	( Adherence to sofosbuvir and velpatasvir among people with chronic HCV infection and recent injection drug use: The SIMPLIFY study. Amin, J; Applegate, TL; Bruggmann, P; Bruneau, J; Conway, B; Cooper, C; Cunningham, EB; Dalgard, O; Dillon, JF; Dore, GJ; Dunlop, AJ; Feld, JJ; Fraser, C; Gane, E; Grebely, J; Hajarizadeh, B; Hellard, M; Litwin, AH; Marks, P; Matthews, GV; Norton, B; Powis, J; Quiene, S; Read, P; Shaw, D; Siriragavan, S; Thurnheer, MC; Weltman, M, 2018)	0.48
"A fast, simple and sensitive micellar enhanced spectrofluorimetric method is performed for the determination of Daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC) in its pharmaceutical dosage form and in spiked human plasma."	( Stability-indicating micellar enhanced spectro-fluorometric determination of Daclatasvir in its tablet and spiked human plasma. Abou El-Alamin, MM; Azab, MM; Sultan, MA; Wark, AW, 2019)	0.51
" As part of a larger preclinical effort to gain a mechanistic understanding as to the origins of retinal pigment changes associated with RTG, we conducted a long-term repeat dosing study in rats."	( An Investigation into Retigabine (Ezogabine) Associated Dyspigmentation in Rat Eyes by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Castellino, S; Groseclose, MR, 2019)	0.51
"To describe the phase 1 and population pharmacokinetic investigations that support dosing recommendations for elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) in hepatitis C virus-infected people with advanced chronic kidney disease."	( Pharmacokinetics of elbasvir and grazoprevir in subjects with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment. Bhagunde, P; Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Du, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2019)	0.51
" No dosage adjustment of EBR/GZR is required in people with any degree of renal impairment, including those receiving dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of elbasvir and grazoprevir in subjects with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment. Bhagunde, P; Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Du, L; Fandozzi, C; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Marshall, WL; Panebianco, D; Wenning, L; Yeh, WW, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment was a combination of sofosbuvir 400 mg/day + daclatasvir 60 mg/day, with or without a weight-adjusted dosing of ribavirin for 12 or 24 weeks."	( Effectiveness and safety of daclatasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin in genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infected patients. Results in real clinical practice. Castro-Iglesias, A; Cid-Silva, P; Delgado-Blanco, M; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Mena-de-Cea, A; Pernas-Souto, B; Pertega-Díaz, S; Rodríguez-Osorio, I, 2019)	0.51
" Revefenacin is the first once-daily dosed nebulized long-acting muscarinic antagonist indicated for the maintenance treatment of patients with COPD."	( Revefenacin for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Li, F; Yang, J, 2019)	0.51
" Results from this study combined with population pharmacokinetic modeling/simulation suggest that solriamfetol dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with moderate or severe but not with mild renal impairment."	( Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Solriamfetol in Participants With Normal or Impaired Renal Function and With End-Stage Renal Disease Requiring Hemodialysis. Chen, D; Lasseter, K; Lee, L; Marbury, T; Zomorodi, K, 2019)	0.51
"Although off-label use of sofosbuvir-containing regimens occurs regularly in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection undergoing dialysis for severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), these regimens are not licensed for this indication, and there is an absence of dosing recommendations in this population."	( Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. Agarwal, K; Ampuero, J; Ben-Ari, Z; Borgia, SM; Brown, A; Bruck, R; Calleja, JL; Cooper, C; Cramp, ME; Dearden, J; Dvory-Sobol, H; Esteban, R; Fox, R; Foxton, M; Gane, EJ; Haider, S; Hyland, R; Kirby, BJ; Lu, S; Lurie, Y; Markova, S; Meng, A; Osinusi, AO; Rodriguez, CF; Ryder, SD; Shafran, SD; Shaw, D; Willems, B; Yoshida, EM, 2019)	0.51
" Despite the lack of dosing recommendations, sofosbuvir-containing regimens (including sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) are frequently used for HCV-infected patients undergoing dialysis."	( Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. Agarwal, K; Ampuero, J; Ben-Ari, Z; Borgia, SM; Brown, A; Bruck, R; Calleja, JL; Cooper, C; Cramp, ME; Dearden, J; Dvory-Sobol, H; Esteban, R; Fox, R; Foxton, M; Gane, EJ; Haider, S; Hyland, R; Kirby, BJ; Lu, S; Lurie, Y; Markova, S; Meng, A; Osinusi, AO; Rodriguez, CF; Ryder, SD; Shafran, SD; Shaw, D; Willems, B; Yoshida, EM, 2019)	0.51
" Dosage was then up-titrated as tolerated over the course of the 9-week dose-titration period, to a maximum total daily dose of 600 μg (300 μg twice daily)."	( Efficacy and safety of ralinepag, a novel oral IP agonist, in PAH patients on mono or dual background therapy: results from a phase 2 randomised, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial. Adams, J; Cabell, C; D'Souza, G; Escribano Subías, P; Farber, H; Grundy, J; Hoffmann, I; Keogh, A; Klassen, P; McLaughlin, V; Ristic, A; Rubin, L; Shanahan, W; Sood, N; Torres, F; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
" The established PBPK model was capable of accurately predicting complex rifampicin-induced alterations in the profiles of glibenclamide, repaglinide, and coproporphyrin I (an endogenous biomarker of OATP1B activities) with various dosing regimens."	( Expanded Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifampicin for Predicting Interactions With Drugs and an Endogenous Biomarker via Complex Mechanisms Including Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B Induction. Asaumi, R; Imawaka, H; Kusuhara, H; Lee, W; Menzel, K; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Patients from 46 centers were dosed for 12 or 24 weeks with or without ribavirin, in line with existing guidelines."	( SD1000: High Sustained Viral Response Rate in 1361 Patients With Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 Using a Low-cost, Fixed-dose Combination Tablet of Generic Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir: A Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial. Merat, S, 2020)	0.56
"4%) received DCV at a dosage of 60 mg, 52 (16."	( Safety and efficacy of daclatasvir at doses other than 60 mg daily in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects: Data from the ICONA/HepaICONA foundation cohorts. Bonora, S; Cingolani, A; d'Arminio Monforte, A; Lo Caputo, S; Marinaro, L; Mussini, C; Puoti, M; Rossotti, R; Saracino, A; Soria, A; Tavelli, A; Uberti-Foppa, C, 2020)	0.56
"DCV use resulted in high SVR rate regardless of dosage and correctness of prescription."	( Safety and efficacy of daclatasvir at doses other than 60 mg daily in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects: Data from the ICONA/HepaICONA foundation cohorts. Bonora, S; Cingolani, A; d'Arminio Monforte, A; Lo Caputo, S; Marinaro, L; Mussini, C; Puoti, M; Rossotti, R; Saracino, A; Soria, A; Tavelli, A; Uberti-Foppa, C, 2020)	0.56
" The findings suggested that the DDI between genistein and repaglinide is mediated by P-gp, and a dosage adjustment may be needed when they are co-administered in a clinical setting."	( Molecular pharmacokinetic mechanism of the drug-drug interaction between genistein and repaglinide mediated by P-gp. Huo, X; Jin, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Sun, P; Tan, A; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" We developed a long-acting DAA system (LA-DAAS) capable of prolonged dosing and explored its cost-effectiveness."	( Development of a long-acting direct-acting antiviral system for hepatitis C virus treatment in swine. Chu, JN; Collins, J; Eweje, F; Faiz, MT; Gwynne, D; Hayward, A; Hess, K; Hua, T; Ishida, K; Katz, S; Koeppen, R; Langer, R; Lopes, A; McManus, R; Miller, JB; Salama, JAF; Slocum, AH; Soares, V; Steiger, C; Sulkowski, MS; Tamang, SM; Thomas, DL; Traverso, G; Verma, M, 2020)	0.56
" Cenobamate demonstrated significant efficacy at a dosage between 100 and 400 mg per day."	( Cenobamate for the treatment of focal epilepsies. Bauer, S; Mann, C; Rosenow, F; Strzelczyk, A; Willems, LM, 2020)	0.56
" Zolpidem has been marketed in new dosage forms that include sublingual tablets and oral spray formulations."	( New pharmacologic agents for insomnia and hypersomnia. Earl, DC; Van Tyle, KM, 2020)	0.56
"Recent advancements in the treatment of insomnia includes agents with novel mechanisms, new indications, and new dosage forms."	( New pharmacologic agents for insomnia and hypersomnia. Earl, DC; Van Tyle, KM, 2020)	0.56
" Drug bioavailability of anti-diabetic drugs can be significantly increased by prolonging gastric retention time through gastro-retentive dosage form such as floating microspheres."	( Repaglinide and Metformin-Loaded Amberlite Resin-Based Floating Microspheres for the Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Mishra, K; Sahu, P, 2021)	0.62
" To further investigate the specificity of effects on partner preference, we repeated our URB597 dosing regimen on an additional group of females and tested their anxiety-related behavior in both an elevated-plus maze and a light/dark test."	( Effects of systemic endocannabinoid manipulation on social and exploratory behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Bales, KL; Simmons, TC; Singh, ALK, 2021)	0.62
"Two chemometric assisted spectrophotometric models were applied for the quantitative analysis of velpatasvir and sofosbuvir in their newly FDA approved pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of velpatasvir and sofosbuvir in recently approved FDA pharmaceutical preparation using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm artificial neural networks. Abdelazim, AH; Attia, KAM; El-Abasawi, NM; El-Olemy, A; Goda, AI; Shahin, M; Zeid, AM, 2021)	0.62
"Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm artificial neural networks, chemometric assisted spectrophotometric models, were developed for the quantitative analysis of elbasvir and grazoprevir in their newly FDA approved pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of elbasvir and grazoprevir using assisted chemometric models. Abdelazim, AH; Shahin, M; Zeid, AM, 2021)	0.62
" Increased dosage of cenobamate across 150-400 mg/day range was significantly associated with higher responder rates (p < 0."	( Cenobamate treatment of focal-onset seizures: Quality of life and outcome during up to eight years of treatment. Coe, P; Elizebath, R; Gutierrez, EG; Krauss, GL; Yang, J; Zhang, E, 2021)	0.62
"Four chemometric assisted spectrophotometric models were developed for the quantitative analysis of velpatasvir and sofosbuvir, in their newly FDA approved pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Application of different chemometric assisted models for spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of velpatasvir and sofosbuvir. Abdelazim, AH; Abu-Khadra, AS; Shahin, M, 2021)	0.62
" In the 194 subjects treated with sofosbuvir/ribavirin, median initial ribavirin dosage was 13."	( Sofosbuvir-based therapies in genotype 2 hepatitis C virus cirrhosis: A real-life experience with focus on ribavirin dose. Bellan, M; Crobu, MG; D'Avolio, A; Gualerzi, A; Pirisi, M; Smirne, C, 2021)	0.62
" This valor is even more important in the case of the combined dosage form (Darvoni® tablets) to the pharmaceutical market."	( HPLC-UV and TLC-Densitometry Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir: Application to Darvoni® Tablet. Eissa, MS; Fayed, AS; Hegazy, MA; Kamel, EB, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, a simple, rapid, precise and accurate isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for quantification of daclatasvir dihydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( RP-HPLC method development and validation for quantification of daclatasvir dihydrochloride and its application to pharmaceutical dosage form. Ali, A; Anwer, S; Hussain Shah, SS; Kashif, M; Nasiri, MI; S Naqvi, SB; Sarwar, H, 2021)	0.62
" For this purpose, simple, sensitive, rapid, and smart spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of these drugs in their combined dosage form."	( Three Smart and Original Spectrophotometric Data Processing Ratio Techniques for Resolving the Partial Overlapped Spectra of the Binary Antiviral Mixture Daclatasvir/Sofosbuvir: Application to Combined Dosage Form Darvoni® Tablets. Eissa, MS; Fayed, AS; Hegazy, MA; Kamel, EB, 2022)	0.72
"Development of smart, sensitive, low-cost spectrophotometric methods for the determination of DCV and SFV in their combined dosage form."	( Three Smart and Original Spectrophotometric Data Processing Ratio Techniques for Resolving the Partial Overlapped Spectra of the Binary Antiviral Mixture Daclatasvir/Sofosbuvir: Application to Combined Dosage Form Darvoni® Tablets. Eissa, MS; Fayed, AS; Hegazy, MA; Kamel, EB, 2022)	0.72
" They were tested on their tablet dosage form, and a good recovery was obtained."	( Three Smart and Original Spectrophotometric Data Processing Ratio Techniques for Resolving the Partial Overlapped Spectra of the Binary Antiviral Mixture Daclatasvir/Sofosbuvir: Application to Combined Dosage Form Darvoni® Tablets. Eissa, MS; Fayed, AS; Hegazy, MA; Kamel, EB, 2022)	0.72
" This benefit is even more important in the case of the combined dosage form (Darvoni® tablets) for the pharmaceutical market."	( Three Smart and Original Spectrophotometric Data Processing Ratio Techniques for Resolving the Partial Overlapped Spectra of the Binary Antiviral Mixture Daclatasvir/Sofosbuvir: Application to Combined Dosage Form Darvoni® Tablets. Eissa, MS; Fayed, AS; Hegazy, MA; Kamel, EB, 2022)	0.72
" Managing type-2 diabetes mellitus with repaglinide is considered a burdensome therapy, as it requires frequent dosing of repaglinide before each meal to maintain its therapeutic plasma concentration due to its short plasma half-life of approximately one hour."	( A Review on Recent Controlled Release Strategies for Oral Drug Delivery of Repaglinide (a BCS Class II Drug). Abdalhafez, A; Abu-Zaid, A; Albetawi, S, 2021)	0.62
"The clinical guidelines suggest that the dosing of cyclosporine (CsA), during combination therapy with paritaprevir/ritonavir-ombitasvir and dasabuvir (PrOD), would be only one-fifth of the pre-PrOD total daily dose to be administered once daily."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	0.72
" The authors proposed reducing the CsA dosage during PrOD treatment to one-seventh of that of the pre-PrOD treatment of the total daily dose to maintain target CsA levels."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	0.72
" We evaluated dosage and serum levels, efficacy, drug interactions, and adverse effects."	( Initial Real-World Experience With Cenobamate in Adolescents and Adults: A Single Center Experience. Elliott, T; Gienapp, AJ; Ridley-Pryor, T; Wheless, JW, 2022)	0.72
"After gradually increasing cenobamate to clinical effect using the FDA-approved dosing protocol, 60% (n = 22) of patients were responders."	( Initial Real-World Experience With Cenobamate in Adolescents and Adults: A Single Center Experience. Elliott, T; Gienapp, AJ; Ridley-Pryor, T; Wheless, JW, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of this study was to describe dosing and titration strategies used when initiating solriamfetol and to assess whether and how patient factors affected these strategies."	( Solriamfetol Titration and AdministRaTion (START) in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Retrospective Chart Review and Hypothetical Patient Scenario. Baldys, B; Chen, A; Foley, C; Hyman, D; Ito, D; Parks, GS; Singh, H; Thorpy, MJ, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to develop and validate, according to the most recent guidelines, an analytical method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to evaluate CNB dosage in plasma samples."	( Development and Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method to Quantify Cenobamate in Human Plasma Samples. Charlier, B; Coglianese, A; Coppola, G; Dal Piaz, F; de Grazia, U; Filippelli, A; Izzo, V; Menna, P; Operto, FF, 2022)	0.72
"5 days) and cumulative dosage (316 mg vs."	( Hemoperfusion for Clinically Suspected Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial. George, JA; Khoza, S; Madi, S; Mashamba, L; Mathivha, LR; Omar, S; Sooka, PN; Van Rooyen, MC, 2023)	0.91
" The final model was qualified to simulate pediatric dosing recommendations."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of givinostat. Bettica, P; Cazzaniga, S; Del Bene, F; Fiorentini, F; Germani, M; Pellizzoni, C; Rocchetti, M, 2023)	0.91
"Based on these data, givinostat dosing will be body weight adjusted and include monitoring of platelet counts to support efficacy and safety in a Phase III DMD study."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of givinostat. Bettica, P; Cazzaniga, S; Del Bene, F; Fiorentini, F; Germani, M; Pellizzoni, C; Rocchetti, M, 2023)	0.91

Class	Description
amino-acid anion
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
allantoin degradation IV (anaerobic)	4	22
cyanate degradation	4	17
uracil degradation III	4	16
L-citrulline degradation	4	15
L-arginine degradation V (arginine deiminase pathway)	6	19
L-arginine degradation (Stickland reaction)	12	54
Cyanate catabolism	1	7

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3994 (31.10)	18.7374
1990's	1057 (8.23)	18.2507
2000's	2730 (21.26)	29.6817
2010's	4008 (31.21)	24.3611
2020's	1054 (8.21)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	985 (7.18%)	5.53%
Reviews	854 (6.23%)	6.00%
Case Studies	342 (2.49%)	4.05%
Observational	85 (0.62%)	0.25%
Other	11,451 (83.48%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.4	1	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	1.95	1	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	1.94	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.98	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
n-carbamoyl-beta-alanine N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine : A beta-alanine derivative that is propionic acid bearing a ureido group at position 3.	1.97	1	0	beta-alanine derivative	metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	17.83	99	35	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.35	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.46	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.63	8	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	4.16	5	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.37	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.99	14	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.	1.97	1	0	acyl monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenine [no description available]	17.28	91	29	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.35	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	1.99	1	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	7.43	67	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.36	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.43	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.07	15	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.69	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	5.76	17	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.47	8	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.91	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamic acid carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.	11.07	89	2	carbon oxoacid; one-carbon compound; organonitrogen compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).	7.19	74	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ureidosuccinic acid ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.	3.22	6	0	aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; N-carbamoyl-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	5.11	14	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.8	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.96	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	3	4	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	7.68	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.32	19	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	4.94	39	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.25	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.92	34	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.24	6	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	8.42	7	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.47	8	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.47	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	1.99	1	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.4	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	1.97	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.96	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	4.07	5	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.85	2	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.19	3	1	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxaluric acid oxaluric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is amino(oxo)acetic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at the nitrogen atom.	1.95	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	1.94	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.02	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.86	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.5	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.95	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.21	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
cytosine [no description available]	3.97	14	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.32	13	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
5,6-dihydroorotate 4,5-dihydroorotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. dihydroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; N-acylurea; pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid; secondary amide
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.89	4	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-diaminopelargonic acid 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid: structure. 7,8-diaminononanoic acid : An amino fatty acid carrying amino substituents at positions 7 and 8. Some of its isomers are naturally occurring intermediates of biotin synthesis, and targets of antimicrobial and herbicide development.	2.39	2	0	amino fatty acid; amino monocarboxylic acid
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	9.11	16	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	3.46	7	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.14	17	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	1.95	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.59	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	11.46	58	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.94	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.86	12	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.04	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.21	6	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.35	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.71	77	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	9.31	20	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	4.56	24	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.7	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.34	6	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.93	4	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.09	5	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	9.23	18	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	4.29	20	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	7.04	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.66	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.31	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	6.91	38	2	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	13.26	11	2	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.88	4	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	3.19	6	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.44	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	4.39	21	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	6.27	34	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.67	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.51	22	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.4	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	7.81	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.36	21	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.49	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	6.04	39	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.86	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	3.07	5	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.18	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.91	4	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.92	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	6.94	41	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.76	3	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.52	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	5.19	9	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	3.16	5	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	1.95	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.02	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.37	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	3.46	8	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.77	17	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	3.52	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	6.93	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.38	2	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.15	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.01	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.45	8	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	7.39	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.35	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	7.36	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.66	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.94	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	1.95	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.46	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.65	10	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	7.9	4	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	8.1	5	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.42	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.07	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.38	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.77	10	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	25.22	234	49	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.02	9	1	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	13.19	320	3	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.46	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.46	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.11	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.37	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	1.94	1	0	catecholamine
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin 2-(N-phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin: potent, specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	tetralins
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.67	3	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	7.94	4	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.54	2	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.98	4	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.29	32	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.76	3	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.08	1	0	imidazoles
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	4.01	4	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	2.38	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	3.94	13	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid: structure. 2,4-DB : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. A selective post-emergence herbicide.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.03	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propandiol 2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol : An aminodiol that is propane-1,3-diol substituted ny an amino and a methyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	aminodiol
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.74	11	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
pyrithione pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.	1.93	1	0	monohydroxypyridine; pyridinethione	ionophore
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	4.87	35	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.01	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	1.99	1	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	3.34	7	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.2	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.1	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.9	12	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.03	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.11	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
phenytoin [no description available]	6.48	14	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
ag-1549 capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor	2.4	2	0
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.86	4	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.46	2	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.63	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	10.79	47	2	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.1	1	0	monoazo compound
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.78	3	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.15	5	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	3.29	6	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	1.96	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.01	1	0	acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.34	2	0
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	5.57	5	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	7.45	7	3	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.84	3	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.37	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	6.86	59	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.54	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.97	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	3.46	2	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.35	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.05	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	5.38	14	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.48	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	10.63	7	3	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.15	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.63	3	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.53	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	1.98	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.05	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.98	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.02	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.36	21	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	4.33	19	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	3.21	6	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.6	1	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	2.34	2	0	piperidones
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	6.23	55	0	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bentazone bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.	2.78	3	0	benzothiadiazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.45	2	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.31	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	1.96	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.9	4	0	propan-3-olide
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.01	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.01	1	0
bromodiphenhydramine bromodiphenhydramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. bromazine : A tertiary amino compound that is the 4-bromobenzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. An antihistamine with antimicrobial properties, it is used in the control of cutaneous allergies.	1.93	1	0	organobromine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimicrobial agent; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	1.93	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	3.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
bufexamac Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bumetanide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	5.52	9	2	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
busulfan [no description available]	2.35	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	7.03	17	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	6.39	22	2	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.97	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	8	14	2	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	13.14	82	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	6.95	24	1	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.23	6	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.41	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	1.95	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	3.01	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.85	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.41	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	4.3	6	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.34	7	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	6.78	24	3	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.63	3	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.38	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.34	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	3.14	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorphenesin carbamate [no description available]	3.32	7	0	carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol	muscle relaxant
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	5.73	21	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.37	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.	9.16	17	0	benzenes; carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide; plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	8.15	75	1	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.04	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.38	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.24	6	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
platinum tetrachloride platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.03	1	0	platinum coordination entity	catalyst; reagent
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.54	2	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	4.21	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	5.5	9	2	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofilium clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.16	5	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.38	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
conduritol epoxide conduritol epoxide: conduritol C epoxide refers to the (epi & neo)-isomers; structure. conduritol epoxide : An epoxide resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of a conduritol.	2.13	1	0	cyclitol; epoxide; tetrol
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	1.94	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	1.94	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	9.53	23	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.39	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.66	3	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	5.42	20	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.71	32	6	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.28	19	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	5.54	5	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	4.29	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.24	6	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.37	2	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	15.37	97	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	5.81	30	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.95	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	3.74	2	1	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	3.96	4	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	5.84	30	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.46	8	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.03	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.64	3	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	4.25	19	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.87	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	3.48	8	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.54	9	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.42	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	14.16	80	9	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	2.31	1	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
ebastine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organic molecular entity
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.69	3	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	4	14	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.6	9	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.09	5	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethinamate ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.	5.63	26	0	carbamate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sedative
ethion ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).	2.31	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
ethoprophos ethoprop: structure	2.44	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; antinematodal drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	4.75	3	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.21	1	0	phenoxazine
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.1	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	3.5	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	5.41	7	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	4.85	8	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.36	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.81	2	1	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.67	3	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.38	2	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	5.98	15	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.25	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.44	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	3.53	1	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	1.98	1	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.15	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluphenazine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.79	24	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.52	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	3.13	5	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.72	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furfurylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.35	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	11.86	24	6	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	8.9	16	7	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.66	3	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	9.63	20	8	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	11.62	29	7	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	7.53	15	3	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	4.06	4	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	4.65	9	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	14.65	68	18	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.93	12	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.35	2	0
gr 89696 GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer	2.06	1	0	acetamides
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.65	3	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	5.63	15	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	6.06	12	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.09	5	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.17	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.97	9	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.75	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride AM 374: a palmitylsulfonyl fluoride; inhibits anandamide amidase; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	acyl fluoride
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	2.38	2	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.37	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
hexestrol [no description available]	2.37	2	0	stilbenoid
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.65	10	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.06	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	1.96	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	5.85	19	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.19	18	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.7	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	7.37	21	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	5.53	5	1	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.16	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	6.04	16	2	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.03	15	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.76	3	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.01	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.08	15	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
iproniazid [no description available]	2.35	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.17	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.97	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	3.73	2	1	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.78	3	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.27	4	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.67	9	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.51	24	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
itopride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzamides
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.49	2	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	7.4	12	4	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.47	2	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kojic acid [no description available]	2.57	2	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	8.88	12	2	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.21	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	3.46	8	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	2.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	6.36	29	0	indoles
lomustine [no description available]	2.87	4	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.43	7	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.25	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.11	1	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.47	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loviride loviride: structure given in first source; inhibits virion and recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	1.99	1	0
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	7.94	59	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
edaravone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	6.71	18	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	8.57	9	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.03	5	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.43	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	1.94	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
memantine [no description available]	6.28	10	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.35	2	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	4.18	18	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.64	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	8.34	56	2	organic molecular entity
merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.31	1	0
2-mercaptoethylguanidine 2-mercaptoethylguanidine: proposed as a radiation protective agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANIDINES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	2.07	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	19.5	120	34	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.17	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	7.42	10	5	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.71	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.55	2	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.73	11	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	4.84	32	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	5.42	6	0	organochlorine insecticide
nocodazole [no description available]	5.26	53	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.69	10	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.18	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
n-methylcarbamylcholine N-methylcarbamylcholine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	3.87	12	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	3.07	5	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	1.93	1	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.01	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.55	2	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	8.36	7	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.64	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	7.01	10	3	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	3.47	2	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	5.16	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.75	3	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.74	11	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.66	3	0	purine nucleoside
naled Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.66	3	0	dialkyl phosphate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	9.59	27	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.01	1	0
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	10.35	23	2	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	4.24	4	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.39	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.49	8	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.33	4	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitidine nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure	7.05	1	0	phenanthridines
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	6.04	3	3	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	5.2	4	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	1.97	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	7.35	2	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.21	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.35	2	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.86	8	3	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.63	3	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	4.99	5	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	5.98	15	2	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.45	7	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	3.35	7	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	1.94	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.07	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.87	4	0	phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	1.97	1	0	fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative
4-iodoclonidine 4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
4-nitrophenylacetic acid 4-nitrophenylacetic acid: don't confuse with 4-Nitrophenyl acetate, which is the ester of phenol and acetic acid. (4-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl grup is substituted at the para- position by a nitro group.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylacetic acids
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	5.57	21	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.34	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	7.17	1	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	4.43	7	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.08	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.39	22	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.94	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.34	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	9.93	35	4	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.95	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	5.03	10	1	aromatic amine
phenprobamate phenprobamate: structure	5.42	15	1	benzenes
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	3.77	2	1	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.02	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	8.34	7	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	3.69	10	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	3.06	5	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosalone phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.	1.96	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; carbamate ester; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	1.98	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.42	2	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	13.91	32	4	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	3.45	7	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	3.04	1	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	8.89	12	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	4.44	1	1	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.26	6	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.44	23	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.06	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	5.72	6	1	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	4.44	1	1	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	4.25	4	1	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.69	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	3.45	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.33	7	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.37	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.64	3	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.98	14	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.35	2	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.44	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	4.42	5	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.96	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propanil Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.	4.46	7	0	anilide; dichlorobenzene	herbicide
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	1.95	1	0	xanthenes
propargite Omite: structure	2.05	1	0	sulfite ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sulfite ester acaricide
propazine propazine: relatively non-toxic triazine herbicide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRIAZINES (75-82). propazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.53	2	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	11.1	40	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	5.43	15	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	10.77	121	12	pyridines
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	3.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
pyrithyldione pyrithyldione: structure	2.34	2	0	tetrahydropyridine
resmethrin resmethrin: synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used against a variety of insects; online & Index Medicus search PYRETHRUMS (75-76), PYRETHRINS (77-82); Scourge is tradename	2.89	4	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; furans	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	5.22	3	1	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	2.25	1	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	5.41	4	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.17	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	4.62	4	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	2.44	2	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.69	3	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.92	4	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	3.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	4.8	4	2	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	1.97	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	3.28	6	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.98	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.83	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	4.65	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	1.96	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	3.32	7	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.61	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.94	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	3.06	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	3.1	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.53	2	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	2.67	3	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
temozolomide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.91	4	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.36	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.64	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	3.79	3	0	phosphoramide
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	4.17	5	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	10.65	78	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	5.05	5	0	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	5.35	4	1	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	3.73	3	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	4.37	21	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	5.73	3	1	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.35	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	2.35	2	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	6.85	11	2	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate [no description available]	2	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.1	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.02	1	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	3.35	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	1.95	1	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triallate Triallate: A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops.	2.08	1	0	tertiary amine
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	3.01	4	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	3.27	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	1.97	1	0	amine
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	3.44	2	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.36	4	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	1.97	1	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	1.95	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	2.34	2	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	10.37	16	1	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	4.09	16	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	7.02	9	3	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	8.21	115	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.99	1	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	1.98	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.25	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.14	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	4.16	2	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	4.85	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	3.5	2	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.7	10	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
hydroxyphenamate [no description available]	3.88	13	0	alkylbenzene
corticosterone [no description available]	4.17	16	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.67	10	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.88	4	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.73	3	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	4.89	37	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.35	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.86	4	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.35	7	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.16	5	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.2	18	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.42	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.77	11	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	5.47	14	1	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
dichloroisoproterenol dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67	1.94	1	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.79	3	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	6.63	17	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.65	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	4.41	22	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.38	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	4.65	3	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.94	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.19	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.81	18	1	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.21	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.34	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	1.95	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.64	3	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	3.34	7	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.05	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	5.36	19	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	3.33	7	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.65	19	1	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.9	4	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.14	5	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2.68	3	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	5.79	30	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	5.44	4	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.22	6	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.15	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	11.85	57	6	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	10.77	29	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	3.76	9	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.74	11	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	9.04	159	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	6.91	56	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.81	56	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.4	2	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.29	30	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	2.34	2	0	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	9.21	77	1	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	4.68	8	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	5.09	14	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	5.34	7	2	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.06	14	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	5.63	15	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.34	6	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
fencarbamide fencarbamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.94	1	0
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.2	6	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.35	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	1.94	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.12	31	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	4.59	6	1	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	15.34	55	13	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	16.43	28	8	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	15.95	74	14	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.1	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	1.95	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.09	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.21	6	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	16.87	73	31	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.39	7	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	5.43	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.62	28	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	1.95	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.74	31	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.88	4	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	1.93	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	4.04	3	1	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.52	13	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	1.94	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.06	5	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.94	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	16.93	99	23	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.66	3	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	4.7	6	1	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.91	4	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.1	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.65	3	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	8.34	105	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.21	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.	3.49	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.07	5	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.98	14	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.97	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	18.44	130	33	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-phenylurea [no description available]	2.08	1	0	ureas
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.94	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	8.49	77	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
etimizol Etimizol: A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.	1.97	1	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	4.75	10	0
cytidine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	1.95	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.83	12	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.93	4	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	1.93	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.84	12	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.93	4	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	4.04	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	1.94	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	9.43	7	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	2.65	3	0	isoindoles
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	1.96	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.88	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.15	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	7.87	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.32	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	6.96	59	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	3.8	3	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	7.44	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.96	21	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.73	11	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	25.66	983	209	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.25	17	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.35	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	6.49	8	2	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	3.73	3	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.54	25	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.35	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	13.58	88	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.69	3	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.68	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.04	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.64	3	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.72	3	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	7.03	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.58	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	4.05	4	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.66	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.51	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	1.94	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	3.45	2	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.85	32	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.4	2	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	2.49	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.87	4	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.49	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.68	3	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	3.21	6	0	acyl chloride
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	1.94	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
acetone cyanohydrin acetone cyanohydrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	cyanohydrin
trichloroacetaldehyde trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.	1.93	1	0	aldehyde; organochlorine compound	mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.42	2	0	fluoroalcohol
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	1.94	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	8.76	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.91	12	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
carbromal carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94	1.93	1	0	N-acylurea
methylpentynol methylpentynol: structure	3.54	9	0	ynone
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.05	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tabun tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure	2.4	2	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.69	3	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	1.94	1	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
emylcamate emylcamate: minor descriptor (66-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (66-84)	3.54	9	0	carbamate ester
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.94	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	5.24	12	1	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
propylene dichloride propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chloroalkane; volatile organic compound
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.97	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	1.94	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.96	4	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.02	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
dimethylcarbamyl chloride dimethylcarbamyl chloride: searcher request; structure	5.15	15	0	halide
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.37	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.8	3	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
alpha-pinene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.95	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.5	2	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
quintozene quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2	1	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; pentachlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.39	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.46	8	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.15	1	0
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	4.83	6	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.1	1	0	phthalimides
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	1.94	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	3.34	6	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.64	3	0	penicillanic acids
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.05	1	0
2,4,6-trimethylaniline 2,4,6-trimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	substituted aniline
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	5.79	12	2	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-isopropylphenol 2-isopropylphenol: structure given in first source. 2-isopropylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	phenols
2-sec-butylphenol 2-sec-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-sec-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	phenols
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	7.1	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	3.46	7	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	2.68	3	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
2,6-diisocyanatotoluene 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene 2,6-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	1.99	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	22.04	272	92	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.88	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
uvitex swn Uvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure	1.98	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.04	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	19.98	192	49	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.11	5	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.37	2	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.83	10	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	7.25	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.41	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
benzanilide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	5.08	5	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy group at position 4.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.46	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	7.58	2	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	2	1	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.4	2	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2.41	2	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	dioxanes
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for bromine & chlorine moieties	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound
3-methylpentane 3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.	1.93	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	allelochemical; human metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.16	5	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	5.45	15	1	phosphonic ester
dichlofenthion [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	1.95	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethyl lactate ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.	2.1	1	0	ethyl ester; lactate ester; secondary alcohol	metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.46	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.34	2	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
tert-butylbenzene [no description available]	2	1	0
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.95	1	0
alpha-methylstyrol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	olefinic compound
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.25	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.38	2	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2.88	3	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	2.11	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.05	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	2.59	2	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	5.65	23	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	1.95	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	4.38	21	0	pyridinium salt
barban barban: selective herbicide for wild oats; structure. barban : A carbamate ester that is 4-chlorobut-2-yn-1-yl ester of N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamic acid. A herbicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Community.	4.43	21	0	acetylenic compound; carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
fenuron fenuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of weeds in beetroot as well as various vegetable and ornamental crops.	1.95	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
diphenylmethane diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
phenylurethane [no description available]	3.58	9	0
diphenylguanidine diphenylguanidine: vulcanization accelerator; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-diphenylguanidine : Guanidine carrying a phenyl substituent on each of the two amino groups. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.	2.25	1	0	guanidines	allergen
boric acid [no description available]	2.73	3	0	boric acids	astringent
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.37	2	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.4	2	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
chlorphenesin Chlorphenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203). chlorphenesin : Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.	6.49	18	3	glycol; monochlorobenzenes; propane-1,2-diols	antibacterial drug; antifungal drug; muscle relaxant
2-ethylhexanol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	primary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methyl acetoacetate methyl acetoacetate: structure	2.11	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
n-methyldiethanolamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.11	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.1	1	0	aminotoluene
dimethyl succinate dimethyl succinate: potent insulin secretagogue	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.15	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.1	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.21	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.41	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-bromoethylamine [no description available]	2.42	2	0
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.44	2	0	alkylamine
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2.67	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.93	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.96	4	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.48	2	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.44	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
methyl formate methyl formate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.	2.11	1	0	formate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	fumigant; insecticide; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	8.08	5	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.82	11	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.7	3	0
diisopropylamine diisopropylamine: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	2.15	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
3-chloroaniline 3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.94	1	0
3-toluidine 3-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.25	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	11.44	16	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	aryl thiol
2-chloropyridine 2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	monochloropyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.36	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
diethylamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	13.85	51	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	3.12	5	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	9.44	37	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	3.44	7	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.03	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.18	5	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.68	3	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	1.98	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	7.96	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.15	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.39	2	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
butyl isocyanate n-butyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.24	6	0	isocyanates	allergen
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.49	2	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dibutylamine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
undecan-2-one undecan-2-one: Insect Repellents; 2-undecanone is the active ingredient of arthropod repellent BioUD; an efficacious alternative to deet. undecan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and nonyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.17	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	plant metabolite; rodenticide
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2.43	2	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.35	2	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.35	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	6.09	9	1
propylene propylene: structure	1.92	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
isobutylene 2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.7	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
pentaerythritol pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.	1.94	1	0	primary alcohol; tetrol	flame retardant; laxative
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	1.96	1	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
tetradifon tetradifon: acaricide; ovicide on deciduous fruits, citrus, cotton and other crops; structure. tetradifon : A sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorine at position 4, while the other is substituted by a chlorine at positions 2, 4, and 5.	2.06	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; sulfone; trichlorobenzene
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	1.95	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.04	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	5.7	6	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	4.05	4	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
dichlorprop dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	2.92	4	0	benzodioxoles
2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.	2.13	1	0	dinitrotoluene
triethylamine [no description available]	3.01	4	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.31	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.05	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	5.29	17	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
folpet folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.	2.38	2	0	organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
chloroprocaine chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; monochlorobenzenes	central nervous system depressant; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.39	2	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.45	23	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ziram Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.	3.08	5	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer
dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzododecinium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	1.96	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	enoate ester
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.09	5	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.47	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.39	2	0	D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	4.26	19	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
ic 140 IC 140: structure	3.33	1	1
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	1.94	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.03	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	8.86	24	2	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.17	17	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.31	6	0	indazole
benzisothiazole benzisothiazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzisothiazole : A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.	2.08	1	0
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.72	10	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
indolizine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indolizines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	4.8	7	1	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.78	11	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	6.26	17	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	10.16	46	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	19.92	248	43	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	7	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	3.04	5	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	9.91	31	11	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
1,2,4,5-tetrazine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	tetrazine
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	3.38	1	1	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.97	4	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.15	5	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
ronnel ronnel: FENCHLORPHOS was heading 1972-95 (Prov 1972-73); RONNEL was see FENCHLORPHOS 1975-95; use FENCHLORPHOS (NM) to search FENCHLORPHOS 1972-95	1.94	1	0	organic thiophosphate
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	9.05	63	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	5.81	7	1	diarylmethane
methylpentynol carbamate [no description available]	4.13	17	0
2,7-diacetylaminofluorene 2,7-diacetylaminofluorene: has been found to induce leukemia in animals; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE/AA (80-82), FLUORENES (75-79)	1.96	1	0
benzoquinonium benzoquinonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine
paraoxon [no description available]	4.96	12	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.98	1	0
mexacarbate mexacarbate: insecticide & acaricide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-82)	3.21	6	0	benzenes
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.47	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.06	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
haloxon haloxon: structure	1.95	1	0
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	3.68	10	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.65	3	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.74	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.41	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	10.81	43	2	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hexapropymate hexapropymate: structure	4.25	4	1	carbamate ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	4.01	13	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.37	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	8.12	75	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	7.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.38	2	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.05	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	1.96	1	0
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	1.93	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	1.95	1	0
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	3.83	3	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	5.8	29	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	2.63	3	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	5.34	7	2	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hydantoic acid hydantoic acid: norallophanic acid; structure	1.94	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine; ureas	rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
propadiene [no description available]	2.45	2	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.72	3	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	2.66	3	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.39	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.65	3	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	5.36	54	0
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	2.13	1	0	nitramine	explosive
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.94	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.27	6	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.02	13	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.91	4	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	1.96	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.78	3	0	indoles
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.05	1	0
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.31	1	0	butenolide
isomaltose [no description available]	3.14	1	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.46	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.41	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.64	3	0	quinone imine	dye
phenylcarbamic acid [no description available]	4.95	37	0	amino acid
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.09	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	7.18	30	0
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	8.19	6	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.75	10	0	thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	3.05	5	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	2.36	2	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
barium carbonate barium carbonate : An inorganic carbonate salt of barium.	2.17	1	0	carbonate salt; inorganic barium salt
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.41	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	2.35	2	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.41	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	5.78	17	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.38	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.49	2	0
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.88	4	0	organic molecular entity
2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroaniline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.47	8	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.87	4	0	thiazoles
dazomet dazomet: fumigant for poultry litter & eggs to control salmonella; structure. dazomet : A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.	2.59	2	0	dithiocarbamic ester; thiadiazinane	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; herbicide; nematicide
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	1.96	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.09	5	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	1.97	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
tropone [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.01	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.01	13	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.67	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.36	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.06	1	0	bipyridine
aniline mustard Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.	2.01	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.1	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.49	2	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
glycylglycine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	3.07	1	0	bis(azo) compound
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.45	2	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.34	7	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.42	2	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
n-hydroxyurethane N-hydroxyurethane: structure	2.87	4	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.94	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
vinyl bromide vinyl bromide: structure	2.01	1	0	bromoalkene; monohaloethene
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.38	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
methylurea N-methyl urea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.	1.95	1	0	ureas
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	7.43	65	0	carbamate ester
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
indoxyl acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indoles
pentachlorobenzene pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.	2.03	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes	persistent organic pollutant
trimecaine Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.	3.46	8	0	amino acid amide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.97	12	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	3.25	6	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol 3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol: structure	1.95	1	0
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.59	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
3,5-dichloroaniline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dichloroaniline
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.98	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	13.02	15	3	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	2.78	3	0	organic molecular entity
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	2.86	4	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.88	4	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2,2-dichloroacetamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.67	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methyl diethyldithiocarbamate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.04	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
phenylphosphate phenylphosphate: structure given in first source. phenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with phenol.	2.02	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.37	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
eptc EPTC: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-82)	2.03	1	0	tertiary amine
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.94	1	0
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2.1	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	2.03	1	0
ethyl n-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate ethyl N-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyl N-acetyl-L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-acetyltyrosine.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; ethyl ester; L-tyrosine derivative; phenols
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	1.99	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
2-chloroethylamine [no description available]	1.92	1	0
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	2.48	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.15	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.74	3	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-phenylmaleimide N-phenylmaleimide: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7104	2.07	1	0
fonofos Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	7.38	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine [no description available]	16.7	69	24	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diphenamid diphenamid: do not confuse with anti-inflammatory agent difenpiramide; structure	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
diazoxon diazoxon: a pesticide; structure. diazoxon : An organic phosphate that is diethyl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a metabolite of the pesticide diazinon.	2.49	2	0	organic phosphate; pyrimidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.11	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
simetryn simetryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylthio group at position 6.	2	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	herbicide
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.03	1	0	organooxygen compound
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	1.95	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
dichlofluanid dichlofluanid: structure. dichlofluanid : A member of the class of sulfamides that is sulfamide in which the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups, while those attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a phenyl and a [dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanediyl group. A fungicide introduced in 1965 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.	1.95	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylsulfamide fungicide; sulfamides	acaricide; antifungal agrochemical
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	3.1	1	0	methylpyridines
benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.	1.95	1	0	bipyridines
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.39	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
1,3-propane sultone 1,3-propane sultone: sultone is usually defined as a derivative of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid; structure	2.31	1	0	sultone
cyclohexamethylene carbamide cyclohexamethylene carbamide: structure	1.97	1	0
metolcarb metolcarb: pesticide; structure in first source	3.25	6	0	carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.19	15	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	3.26	5	0	zinc molecular entity
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.02	1	0
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.02	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.05	1	0
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	1.96	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.25	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	4.2	5	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.11	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.38	6	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.04	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.76	2	0	diarylmethane
daminozide daminozide: induces tumors	2.1	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
nereistoxin nereistoxin: toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa; RN given refers to parent cpd. nereistoxin : Toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa. It is also the active insecticide of the proinsecticide thiocyclam.	3.06	1	0	dithiolanes	insecticide; toxin
meturedepa meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031	2.85	4	0	phosphoramide
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	1.95	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	alkane
monolinuron monolinuron: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	ureas
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent	2.05	1	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	4.15	15	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
phenyltrimethylammonium phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.	2.38	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	5.64	10	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.02	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	7.03	15	2	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.11	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	6.35	29	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.67	3	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
aminocarb aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.	5.84	31	0	carbamate ester; toluenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; molluscicide
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	3.74	10	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
carsalam carsalam: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	benzoxazine
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.64	3	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2.04	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	1.95	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
allyl carbamate [no description available]	4.55	7	0
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.25	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	5.48	21	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
dienochlor dienochlor: structure	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	1.97	1	0
solan solan: structure	1.95	1	0	anilide
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.39	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.04	1	0	thioxanthenes
captafol captafol: RN given refers to cpd with specified chlorine locants. captafol : A dicarboximide that captan in which the trichloromethyl group is replaced by a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group. A broad-spectrum fungicide used to control diseases in fruit and potatoes, it is no longer approved for use in the European Community.	2	1	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.08	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
dodine dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.	2	1	0	acetate salt; aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	acylcholine
tetrapentylammonium tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	3.42	1	1	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promecarb promecarb: structure	3.49	8	0	alkylbenzene
isoprocarb [no description available]	4.53	22	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
chloroneb chloroneb: structure. chloroneb : A dimethoxybenzene that is p-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 5. A fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	1.95	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; dimethoxybenzene	antifungal agrochemical
2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	13.36	12	2	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dibromoacetonitrile dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.1	5	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mepiquat mepiquat : A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	agrochemical; Maillard reaction product; plant growth retardant
asulam asulam: wild oat herbicide used in prairie regions for control of wild oats in cereal grains such as wheat; RN given refers to parent cpd. asulam : A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.	4.4	21	0	carbamate ester; primary amino compound; substituted aniline; sulfonamide	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dithianone dithianone: structure. dithianon : A naphthodithiin that is 5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b][1,4]dithiin which is substituted by nitrile groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a broad spectrum fungicide used to control scab, downy mildew, rust, and leaf spot in the commercial growing of grapes and other fruit, citrus, coffee, and vegetables.	2.11	1	0	dinitrile; naphthodithiin; p-quinones	antifungal agrochemical
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	5.77	20	1	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.58	9	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.87	4	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.04	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	1.94	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
ecdysone [no description available]	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.66	3	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	6.51	44	1	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
streptomycin [no description available]	3.66	10	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	8.32	65	0	carbon oxoanion
2,3-hexanedione hexane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	1.98	1	0	alpha-diketone	metabolite
fuberidazole fuberidazole: fumigant; structure. fuberidazole : A ring assembly consisting of benzimidazole substituted at position 2 by a 2-furyl group. A fungicide used as a seed treatment to control Fusarium spp. in cereals.	3.14	5	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; furans	antifungal agrochemical
tybamate tybamate: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (65-84); Index Medicus search TYBAMATE (65-84)	3.55	9	0	carbamate ester
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	phthalic acid monoester
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	6.3	8	5
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	3.86	12	0
butyrylthiocholine Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.	2.68	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure	2.08	1	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	1.94	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	1.97	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.42	2	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.	2.76	3	0	anilide fungicide; anilide; enamide; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	3.47	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.95	1	0
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.2	5	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1-nitrosopiperazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phytanoyl-CoAs
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.76	3	0	dioxolane
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.31	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	1.95	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
diazoline diazoline: see also record for mebhydroline, RN: 524-81-2. diazoline : A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.	2	1	0	polymer
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	3.24	6	0
lobendazole [no description available]	2.43	2	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.75	10	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
dioxacarb dioxacarb: structure	3.08	5	0	benzenes
tert-butyl isocyanide tert-butylisonitrile: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.4	6	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	6.65	6	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.45	21	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	6.16	26	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.13	5	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.06	1	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	7.46	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.05	35	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	8.36	6	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.08	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	4.49	22	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.86	11	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.74	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.47	2	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	4.12	15	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.67	3	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.56	8	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.7	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.6	24	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.1	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.93	4	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.02	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.1	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	5.11	39	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	7.03	1	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	1.96	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.03	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	1.94	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.73	10	0	titanium group element atom
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	4.01	4	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	4.52	2	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.08	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.95	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.46	2	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.48	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	9.85	10	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	7.1	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	6.34	22	2	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	1.94	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.07	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.88	4	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.94	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.44	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.94	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
thioridazine-5-sulfoxide thioridazine-5-sulfoxide: metabolite of thioridazine; cardiotoxic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
potassium sulfate potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4	2	1	0	inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.04	15	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	10.54	23	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	6.67	31	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.95	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.02	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
propham propham: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. propham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.	8.75	11	0	benzenes; carbamate ester	herbicide; plant growth retardant
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	1.98	1	0
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	3.24	6	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
phenmedipham phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.	4.79	31	0	carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.88	4	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.96	4	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	2.01	1	0
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.1	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.69	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4	2.07	1	0	cadmium salt
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.06	5	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.66	3	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	1.95	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	10.66	651	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	4.03	15	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.66	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.33	6	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.	1.95	1	0	benzotriazines	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.99	1	0
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	2.38	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure	1.96	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.93	4	0
parbendazole parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.87	4	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	3.82	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	5.77	12	2	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
chlorphoxim chlorphoxim: structure	2.37	2	0
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.07	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
devrinol devrinol: structure. napropamide : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.. N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; naphthalenes
chlortoluron chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
vinyl carbamate vinyl carbamate: promutagen & more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate (urethane); structure	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	1.95	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.79	11	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
3-hydroxycarbofuran 3-hydroxycarbofuran: main metabolite of carbofuran	3.46	7	0	1-benzofurans
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.03	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
3-ketocarbofuran [no description available]	2.97	4	0	benzofurans
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	2.08	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	5.76	29	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
benomyl [no description available]	10.99	114	1	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
iodofenphos [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites	1.99	1	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.17	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
oryzalin oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.	2.71	3	0	aromatic amine; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	5.97	5	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	4.87	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.9	4	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.15	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
demethylchlordimeform demethylchlordimeform: RN given refers to parent cpd.	1.95	1	0
fenamiphos [no description available]	3.12	5	0	organophosphate insecticide; organophosphate nematicide; phosphoramidate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
formetanate formetanate: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	4.24	17	0	carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	7.86	25	1	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
1,2-diphenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	9.89	104	2	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.31	1	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.69	3	0	formamides
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.15	1	0	beta-diketone
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.35	2	0	trioxane	sedative
pyrrolidine [no description available]	3.31	6	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.03	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.25	1	0	chloroolefin
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.59	2	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.94	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.89	4	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	7.36	103	1	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.46	2	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
pronamide pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.	2.08	1	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; herbicide
carticaine Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.	1.98	1	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
triazophos triazophos: structure	3	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.89	4	0
propamocarb propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.	9.82	30	0	carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alkenes [no description available]	6.95	54	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.21	29	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
cambendazole Cambendazole: A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.	2.87	4	0
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.15	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ethofumesate ethofumesate: structure in first source. ethofumesate : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-ethofumesate.. 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group.	2.97	4	0	1-benzofurans; ether; methanesulfonate ester
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	3.81	11	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.93	34	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
triforine triforine: structure. triforine : A member of the class of N-alkylpiperazines in which the two amino groups of piperazine are replaced by 1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups. A fungicide active against a range of diseases including powdery mildew, scab and rust.	2	1	0	amide fungicide; formamides; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	allergen; antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	1.97	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.44	2	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	3.1	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	5.29	4	1	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	3.24	6	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
croneton croneton: structure	3.69	10	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	16.88	35	9	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
cyclindole cyclindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.11	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	2.99	4	0
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	3.1	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	8.49	73	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	4.21	5	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
u 40481 U 40481: RN given refers to parent cpd. N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine : A member of the class of formamidines that is N-methylimidoformamide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by a 2,4-dimethylphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the insecticide amitraz.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; formamidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
etoposide [no description available]	2.71	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	3.11	5	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ethylene thiuram monosulfide ethylene thiuram monosulfide: breakdown product of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate; structure	2.65	3	0
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.81	11	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	2.41	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	3.09	5	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
sulprofos [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	3.29	6	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.44	1	1	N-arylpiperazine
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	3.33	1	1	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	4.01	13	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	23.66	480	146	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.44	2	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.03	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	3.63	9	0
imidazolidinyl urea imidazolidinyl urea: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.55	2	0	ureas	antimicrobial agent
cyphenothrin cyphenothrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.48	2	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
profenofos [no description available]	2.94	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	5.05	8	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
metamitron metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.	2.43	2	0	1,2,4-triazines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	1.96	1	0	penicillin
bezafibrate [no description available]	3.81	2	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.44	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	3.26	6	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
isoprothiolane isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.	1.99	1	0	dithiolanes; isopropyl ester; malonate ester	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; insecticide; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2.89	4	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.15	1	0	1,2-thiazoles	antifouling biocide; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.97	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
hexazinone hexazinone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	1,3,5-triazines
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	3.4	6	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	9.49	23	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	1.97	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.77	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	6.75	22	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	1.98	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
oxfendazole [no description available]	8.1	48	6	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	7.15	1	0	azepanes
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	9.02	16	1
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	6.79	77	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
triclopyr trichlopyr : A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	5.42	20	0
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	4.21	3	1	benzamides; carboxylic ester
eg 626 phthalazinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with phthalazinol: 62054-23-3; thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.36	2	0	phthalazines
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.92	1	0
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	3.67	9	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
pamatolol pamatolol: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.36	2	0
fenarimol fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	4.87	10	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
5-hydroxymebendazole 5-hydroxymebendazole: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	7.38	2	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	3.85	2	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
acifluorfen [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; C-nitro compound; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-nitrosoacetamide N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
deltanit [no description available]	3.1	5	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	3.17	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.24	6	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.48	2	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
carbizocaine [no description available]	5.85	31	0
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	thiazoles
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.46	2	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
fluazifop-butyl fluazifop-butyl: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. fluazifop-butyl : A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.. butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; organofluorine compound; pyridines
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	6.25	20	2	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	10.42	61	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.05	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	6.36	20	0	aminopyridine
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	3.06	1	0	aromatic ketone
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	4.78	2	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.08	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	5.2	10	1	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.02	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.17	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	7.91	4	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	2.06	1	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benfuracarb benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide	2.92	4	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester; ethyl ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.1	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	6.67	9	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	2.41	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	6.34	4	2	naphthoic acid
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	2.25	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.47	2	0
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.25	1	0	salicylamides
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.56	4	0	tetralins
aromasil [no description available]	2.25	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nsc 338720 penclomedine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	6.18	5	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.4	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.25	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.83	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.42	7	2	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	13.98	48	18	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	3.13	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	8.69	8	3	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.52	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.41	1	0
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.25	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	6.09	3	1	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	15.25	43	22	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
kynostatin 272 kynostatin 272: structure given in first source; contains allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic	2.39	2	0	peptide
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.94	4	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	5.01	13	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
metaldehyde metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.	3.1	1	0	tetroxocane	fuel; molluscicide
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.11	1	0
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	1.96	1	0	pentenoic acid
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	2.47	2	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.43	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.53	2	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.47	2	0
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane: biocide used in glue implicated in contact dermatitis; euxyl K 400 is a 2-phenoxyethanol mixture. 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile : An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.	5.11	5	0	aliphatic nitrile; organobromine compound	allergen; sensitiser
r 29148 R-29148 : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidine which is substituted by two methyl groups, dichloroacetyl group and a methyl group at positions 2, 3 and 5, respectively. It is a herbicide safener.	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound; oxazolidines; tertiary carboxamide	herbicide safener
prosulfocarb prosulfocarb : A monothiocarbamic ester that is carbamothioic S-acid substituted by two propyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a benzyl group at the the sulfur atom.	4.03	13	0	benzenes; monothiocarbamic ester	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.	7.21	38	0	acetylenic compound; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; organoiodine compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	2.1	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
diazolidinylurea diazolidinylurea: structure given in first source	3.55	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	1.96	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
isobutyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.06	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
ethylenesulfonic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.04	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.41	1	0
2-amino-9h-pyrido(2,3-b)indole 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole: pyrolysis product of soybean globulins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	pyridoindole
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	1.96	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.97	37	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	14.49	59	18	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	14.61	86	9	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	1.97	1	0
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	2.1	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.04	13	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.05	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.32	4	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	9.09	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.13	1	0	lignan
abbott 77003 Abbott 77003: a symmetry-based inhibitor of HIV-1 protease	2.39	2	0
kynostatin 227 kynostatin 227: structure given in first source; contains allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic	1.99	1	0
amprenavir [no description available]	20.71	435	88	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
bms 186318 BMS 186318: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.25	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.04	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.03	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
homocitrulline L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.	4.58	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ureas	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	2.87	4	0	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2.02	1	0	phosphoric acid derivative
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	1.98	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.95	1	0	iodine oxoacid
rhodamine 110 rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride	2.31	1	0
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.02	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.15	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.44	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.74	19	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.67	3	0
geneserine geneserine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	indoles
sufosfamide sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure	2.07	1	0
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	2.01	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
repaglinide [no description available]	23.52	566	151	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.53	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.5	2	0
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	boronic acids
2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
porphine porphine: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
parabanic acid parabanic acid: structure. parabanic acid : An imidazolidinone that is imidazolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.	1.94	1	0	hydracid; imidazolidinone	human metabolite
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.41	2	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	2	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	4.92	12	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	13.02	95	4	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
heptafluorobutyric anhydride heptafluorobutyric anhydride: structure. heptafluorobutyric anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride that is perfluorinated butyric anhydride. It is used as a derivatising reagent for gas chromatographic analyses.	1.95	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride; organofluorine compound	chromatographic reagent
trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	1.95	1	0
pentafluoropropionic anhydride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.03	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	1.99	1	0	isocoumarins
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.95	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.01	1	0
coproporphyrin i coproporphyrin I: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants; see also record for coproporphyrin III; zinc coproporphyrin I is fluorescent and a characteristic component of meconium	2.21	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	benzodioxoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	4.12	3	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	1.99	1	0	carbazoles
elmustine elmustine: structure	1.97	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	7.1	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	2.54	2	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	7.1	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine
trithiocarbonic acid trithiocarbonic acid: RN & Nl from 9th CI; cpd not in Chemline 8/83	1.93	1	0	chalcocarbonic acid; one-carbon compound; thiocarbonyl compound
glycolamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	2.06	1	0	quinolines
3-methylhistamine 3-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
allyl thiocyanate allyl thiocyanate: a glycosinolate degradation product that has insecticidal activity	2.05	1	0	thiocyanates
cyclopropylamine cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.	7.08	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
dansylglycine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n-acetylglutamic acid N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	2.65	3	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-glutamic acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorosulfonyl isocyanate chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
aprofen aprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.45	2	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.73	3	0
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	3.44	7	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
lecimibide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	tocol
bay i 7433 copovithane: structure given in first source	5.41	8	2
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.62	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.21	1	0	benzofurans
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
secnidazole [no description available]	7.25	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
buquineran buquineran: cardiac stimulant; structure	4.26	3	0
carbazeran carbazeran: structure given in first source	7.27	13	1
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans
luxabendazole luxabendazole: structure given in first source	3.48	8	0
cyclarbamate cyclarbamate: structure	3.44	8	0	carbamate ester
tioxidazole tioxidazole: structure	2.65	3	0	benzothiazoles
timoprazole timoprazole: gastric acid secretion inhibitor	1.99	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
fagomine fagomine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	piperidines
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
a 74704 A 74704: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	4.28	5	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.6	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dmp 323 (4R,5S,6S,7R)-4,7-dibenzyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]-1,3-diazepan-2-one : A 1,3-diazepanone ring with two 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl groups as substituents at positions N-1 and N-4, two benzyl groups at C-4 and C-7, and two hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-6 respectively.	2.01	1	0	diazepanone; ureas	anti-HIV agent; metabolite
phleomycins Phleomycins: Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.. phleomycin : A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus whose components all contain a thiazolinylthiazole moiety and can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. (Bleomycins are very similar to phleomycins, but have a bithiazole moiety in place of the thiazolinylthiazole moiety).	2.03	1	0
xanthydrol [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.96	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
triasulfuron triasulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-[o-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life.	2.46	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; aromatic ether; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; herbicide
amperozide amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
calpeptin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	amino acid amide
agroclavine agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.	2.01	1	0	ergot alkaloid
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	3.54	8	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	2.48	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
flusilazole flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.	2.55	2	0	conazole fungicide; monofluorobenzenes; organosilicon compound; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	2.08	1	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.14	15	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.31	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
propionylthiocholine propionylthiocholine: substrate for cholinesterase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.94	4	0
phenylenediamine mustard phenylenediamine mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
tetramethylrhodamine iodoacetamide tetramethylrhodamine iodoacetamide: fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent	1.98	1	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	1.97	1	0
n-bromophthalimide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
o-methylisourea O-methylisourea: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
2-nitrophenyl butyrate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	1.94	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
4-nitrophenyl butyrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.38	2	0	butyrate ester; C-nitro compound
1-benzylpiperazine 1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
monomethyl succinate monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate
2-methoxy ethyl acetate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	23.5	253	59	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	11.17	25	6	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
methyl mandelate methyl mandelate: RN given for (DL)-isomer; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzenes
quinoline-4-carbaldehyde [no description available]	2.11	1	0
5-cyanouracil [no description available]	2.03	1	0
boc-glycine BOC-glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	7.73	3	0
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	2.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.74	3	0
4-nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	2.06	1	0
bexarotene [no description available]	2.41	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
indophenyl acetate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	imidazoles
aminomethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	sulfoxide
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	1.96	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	5.06	5	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
asperuloside asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester; beta-D-glucoside; gamma-lactone; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	4.2	15	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	3.33	6	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
metconazole metconazole : A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzyl and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Used to control a range of fungal infections including alternaria, rusts, fusarium and septoria diseases.	2.21	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclopentanols; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
mepanipyrim mepanipyrim : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.	2.11	1	0	acetylenic compound; aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; hepatotoxic agent
4-chloro-n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxamide [no description available]	2.54	2	0	pyrazole acaricide; pyrazole insecticide	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	3.61	8	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	3.23	5	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
sulfosulfuron [no description available]	2.08	1	0
bisnorbiotin bisnorbiotin: bacterial catabolite of biotin	1.95	1	0	heterocyclic fatty acid
cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol: RN given refers to (3beta,4beta)-isomer	2.17	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	4.43	7	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
di-n-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate [no description available]	2	1	0
gemfibrozil 1-o-acylglucuronide gemfibrozil 1-O-acylglucuronide: urinary metabolite of gemfibrozil; structure in first source	5.04	3	3
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	6.62	41	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	3.91	4	0
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors	2.57	2	0	pyrrolidines
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	7.45	8	2	iditol	fungal metabolite
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.25	1	0
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	2.04	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.35	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
oryzemate oryzemate: induces disease resistance against rice blast fungus in rice; structure in first source. probenazole : A member of the class of 1,2-benzothiazoles that is 1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide substituted at position 3 by an allyloxy group. A fungicide used to control rice blast.	2.25	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; aromatic ether; benzothiazole fungicide; sulfone	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator
irgarol 1051 irgarol 1051: a booster biocide; structure given in first source. irgarol 1051 : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine carrying a N-tert-butyl, N'-cyclopropyl and a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	antifouling biocide; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines
pretilachlor [no description available]	2.07	1	0	anilide
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	3.17	5	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bitertanol bitertanol: a triazole fungicide; structure given in first source. bitertanol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-bitertanol in a 4:1 ratio with the enantiomeric pair (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-bitertanol. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including scab, powder mildew, rusts and blackspot. It is moderately toxic to most animal and insect species but is non-toxic to honeybees.. 1-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; biphenyls; secondary alcohol; triazoles
tolclofos-methyl tolclofos-methyl: a fungicide used in the cultivation of cotton, sugar beets, and ornamental plants. tolclofos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.	2.42	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical
kathon 930 Kathon 930: cp was added to finishing agents in textile factories; caused contact dermatitis; structure given in first source. 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 4 and 5 and an octyl group at position 2. It is used as a fungicide.	2.02	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; fungicide; xenobiotic
pencycuron pencycuron: structure given in first source. pencycuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea which is substituted by p-chlorobenzyl and cyclopentyl groups at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 3. A fungicide used to control diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pellicularia spp. It is not highly toxic to mammals but is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antifungal agrochemical
chlorfluazuron chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor	1.98	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
fenpiclonil fenpiclonil : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying cyano and 2,3-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. A fungicide used mainly to control seed-borne pathogens in cereal crops.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile; pyrroles	antifungal agrochemical
flutriafol flutriafol: fungicide; structure in first source. flutriafol : A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.. 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol : A tertiary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by an p-fluorophenyl group, the other hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, and one of the hydrogens at position 2 is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group.	2.58	2	0	monofluorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
fluazinam fluazinam: structure given in first source. fluazinam : A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.	2.79	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminopyridine; C-nitro compound; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	allergen; antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
teflubenzuron teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.	2.38	2	0	dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; N-acylurea	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diflufenican diflufenican : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; pyridinecarboxamide	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
hexafluoron hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
diethofencarb diethofencarb: structure given in first source. diethofencarb : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of (3,4-diethoxyphenyl)carbamic acid. A fungicide with strong activity against Botrytis cinerea and benzimidazole-resistant strains of Botryis spp.	3.88	12	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
cadusafos cadusafos: pesticide; structure in first source	2.72	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	3.5	8	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
pyridaben [no description available]	2.43	2	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fosthiazate fosthiazate: structure in first source	2.76	3	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
tylophorine tylophorine: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid	2.05	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	2.13	1	0	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
lopinavir [no description available]	14.99	82	19	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
cryptopleurine cryptopleurine: plant bark alkaloid shown to inhibit protein synthesis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure. cryptopleurine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (14aR)-11,12,13,14,14a,15-hexahydro-9H-dibenzo[f,h]pyrido[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid; aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	2.21	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	3.13	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glutamic acid dimethyl ester glutamic acid dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.99	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.45	2	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
dansyl fluoride dansyl fluoride: structure in second source	1.95	1	0
acequinocyl acequinocyl: structure in first source. acequinocyl : An acetate ester consisting of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing acetoxy and dodecyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.98	4	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; acetate ester	acaricide; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
fenpropimorph [no description available]	2	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyraclofos [no description available]	2.69	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide; pyrazoles	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
n-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.96	1	0
1,2-hexanediol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.92	4	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
olivacine olivacine: alkaloid with antitumor & antileukemic activity isolated from Aspidosperma olivaceum; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
epsilon-hydroxynorleucine, (l)-isomer epsilon-hydroxynorleucine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	1.97	1	0	ether; flavonoids
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.08	1	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
diosgenin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0
1,4-3,6-dianhydromannitol 1,4-3,6-dianhydromannitol: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	2.02	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	2.01	1	0
amiprophos methyl amiprophos methyl: structure	1.96	1	0
n-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine: RN given for (L)-Leu-isomer	2	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.01	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.07	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.78	11	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mafosfamide mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer	1.99	1	0
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.04	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.42	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.36	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
sr141716 [no description available]	6.4	50	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.02	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.51	2	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.17	1	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.61	2	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	14.98	161	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.02	1	0
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	3.43	7	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.44	2	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	3.36	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
bismuth nitrate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	2.95	4	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.06	1	0
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2.72	3	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.96	4	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.21	1	0
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
perhydrohistrionicotoxin perhydrohistrionicotoxin: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha(R*),7 beta,8 alpha))-isomer; structure	2	1	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.47	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.52	2	0	alpha-amino acid
ml 9 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	germacranolide
pentacaine pentacaine: pentacaine is the (trans-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source	6.44	57	0
senktide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	3.18	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.94	13	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	2	1	0
n-acetyl-s-(n-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine: human metabolite of N,N-dimethylformamide & N-methylformamide; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.04	9	1
5-hydroxythiabendazole 5-hydroxythiabendazole: thiabendazole metabolite	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.48	2	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2Z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate: a metal indicator for calcium and a colorimetric reagent for alkaline earth metal ions used for a colorimetric assay of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction reaction	2.1	1	0
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.06	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	5.68	11	2	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2.03	1	0
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	3.45	1	1	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.03	1	0
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.88	2	1	phenanthrenes
tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tritium-labeled cpd	2.01	1	0
dynemicin a [no description available]	1.99	1	0
s-(n-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione: metabolite of N-methylformamide	2.38	2	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	2.8	3	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	2.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
methyl phenylglycine methyl phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
ruthenium tetraoxide ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4	2.04	1	0
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
eseroline eseroline: RN given refers to (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure. eseroline : A pyrroloindole that is 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 3a and 8 and a hydroxy group at position 5. It is a metabolite of physostigmine and causes neuronal cell death by a mechanism involving loss of cell ATP.	7.9	4	0	phenols; pyrroloindole	human xenobiotic metabolite; opioid analgesic
romucide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
afdx 384 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.94	4	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.26	6	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
s-methyl diethylthiocarbamate S-methyl diethylthiocarbamate: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	4.38	3	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
cyclotriphosphazene ester cyclotriphosphazene ester: hydraulic fluid. 1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphinine : An inorganic heteromonocyclic compound that is 1,3,5-triazine in which the carbon atoms have been replaced by phosphorus atoms. It was one of a series of compounds which was being developed for use as a fire-resistant hydraulic fluid.	2.1	1	0	inorganic aromatic compound; inorganic heteromonocyclic compound; nitrogen molecular entity; phosphorus molecular entity
293b cpd 6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane: RN given for (trans-(+-))-isomer	2.97	4	0	1-benzopyran
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	7.61	14	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	18.92	335	26	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
6-deoxyerythronolide b 6-deoxyerythronolide B: Streptomyces erythreus metabolite; presumed intermediate in biosynthesis of erythromycins; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	erythronolide
1,2-dioxetane [no description available]	2.11	1	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0	peptide
zoxamide zoxamide: no further info available 4/02. zoxamide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-zoxamide. A fungicide used for the control of various fungal infections including blight in potatoes and tomatoes.. 3,5-dichloro-N-(1-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxopentan-3-yl)-4-methylbenzamide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichloro-4-methylbenzamide with the amino group of 3-amino-1-chloro-3-methylpentan-2-one.	2.48	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; benzamides; dichlorobenzene
chapso chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer	2	1	0
2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-biphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ribonic acid phosphate
dansylsarcosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone: inactivates bovine factor Xa	1.99	1	0
pd 128042 PD 128042: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	anilide
n-carbamyltryptophan N-carbamyltryptophan: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.02	1	0
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.02	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
chaetoglobosins chaetoglobosins: like CYTOCHALASINS but with an indoyl in place of a phenyl ring at C10; chaetoglobosins A-J; metabolites of Chaetomium species; RN given refers to chaetoglobosin A; structure. chaetoglobosin A : A cytochalasan alkaloid isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Calonectria morganii.	2.15	1	0
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.11	1	0	aryne; benzyne
stannane [no description available]	2.04	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; tin hydride
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	7.36	2	0	carbene; methanediyl
cyclopropene cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.	2.54	2	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes
diazene [no description available]	3.03	4	0	nitrogen hydride
disiloxane [no description available]	2.1	1	0	siloxane
1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
diphenylphosphorazidate diphenylphosphorazidate: reagent for racemization-free peptide synthesis; structure	2.04	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.55	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.77	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.01	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.88	4	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose 3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
peroxyoxalate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.45	2	0
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.25	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
1-o-myristoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.22	5	0
4-carboxamidopiperidine-n-dithiocarboxylate 4-carboxamidopiperidine-N-dithiocarboxylate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd; cadmium antagonist	1.96	1	0
5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine 5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine: analog of S-adenosylhomocysteine; structure	1.96	1	0
cl 277082 CL 277082: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.42	2	0
n-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine: RN given for (R)-isomer	1.98	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	3.19	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
cysteine isopropyl ester cysteine isopropyl ester: a chemoprotectant against paracetamol-induced toxicity	2.41	1	0
bk 129 BK 129: RN given refers to the parent compound	2.67	3	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.51	2	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
agatoxin-489 agatoxin-489: structure given in first source; anhydrous MW 489 Da; isolated from Agelenopsis aperta	2.05	1	0
alpha-n-carboxy-beta-n-methylaminoalanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	3.41	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	18.08	150	49	sulfonamide	prodrug
jg 365 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cui xing ning cui xing ning: RN given is for parent compound	3.07	5	0
1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone 1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone: an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption; structure given in first source	2	1	0
l 368899 L 368899: a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
4-azidobenzylcarazolol [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nsc 181928 NSC 181928: potently stimulates tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis; member of 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridine class of mitotic inhibitors with antineoplastic activity; structure given in both sources	1.96	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nsc 350386 NSC 350386: structure given in first source; NSC 370147 is the 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate hydrate, also called isethionate hydrate; NSC 613862 is the (S(-))-enantiomer; NSC 613863 is the (R(+))-enantiomer; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.47	2	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.98	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.74	3	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	22.7	380	100	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase	2.01	1	0
cdri 81-470 [no description available]	4.23	18	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.5	7	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
succinimidyl carbonate succinimidyl carbonate: activates polyethylene glycol which is coupled to proteins; structure in first source	3.59	2	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.08	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
allophanic acid urea-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a carboxy group.	3.32	7	0	ureas
benzoyl l-arginine methyl ester benzoyl L-arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L-Arg)-isomer	1.96	1	0
n-palmitoylglycine N-hexadecanoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).	2.04	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine 16:0	human metabolite; marine metabolite
3-deoxyglucose [no description available]	2.01	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	5.42	2	2	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
vx 497 N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source	8.36	14	3
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.49	2	0	organofluorine acaricide
dmp 450 DMP 450: structure in first source	2	1	0
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	2.08	1	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.52	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
canertinib dihydrochloride [no description available]	7.96	22	11
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.56	8	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
triflimide triflimide: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	15.13	60	18	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.17	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1h)-one 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one: used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
methylcyanocarbamate dimer methylcyanocarbamate dimer: admixture in BMK fungicide; MF C6-H8-N4-O4	1.96	1	0
torcetrapib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
gadolinium oxide gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3	2.25	1	0
vufb 16066 flobufen: antirheumatic drug	2.03	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.83	3	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.01	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.45	2	0	carbodiimide
carbazic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; one-carbon compound
4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin 4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin: from the root of Bursera tonkinensis Guillaum; structure in first source. 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group.	2.06	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; methoxybenzenes; phenols	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
3'-fucosyllactose 3'-fucosyllactose: antiserum against fuc alpha 1-3 gal linkage reacted with human colon adenocarcinoma cells	2.15	1	0
n(6)-(n-threonylcarbonyl)adenosine N(6)-(N-threonylcarbonyl)adenosine: anticodon adjacent nucleoside; occurs at3'end of anticodon in most tRNA's whih read codons beginning with adenosine;RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]threonine : An N-(adenosin-N(6)-ylcarbonyl)threonine in which the threonine portion has L-configuration.	1.94	1	0	L-threonine derivative; N-(adenosin-N(6)-ylcarbonyl)threonine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
deferrioxamine e deferrioxamine E: may act as siderophore in Streptomyces. desferrioxamine E : A cyclic hydroxamic acid siderophore that is produced by several bacterial species and exhibits antitumour activity.	2.41	1	0	cyclic desferrioxamine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; siderophore
3'-fluorothymidine-5'-triphosphate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
deacetyltrimepranol deacetyltrimepranol: RN given refers to parent cpd; VUFB 6502 is synonymous to HCl	1.98	1	0
bactenecin bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils	2.13	1	0
carmethizole carmethizole: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 2/89	1.97	1	0
cp 113818 CP 113818: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
ly 300164 talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist	3.13	1	0	benzodioxoles
chlorocarbonic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organooxygen compound
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cupric hydroxide copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
ro 20683 Ro 20683: RN given refers to bromide	2.4	2	0
acetyl-beta-(methylthio)choline acetyl-beta-(methylthio)choline: RN given refers to iodide	2.03	1	0
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
rac 109 RAC 109: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease	5.89	2	1
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	2.06	1	0
terics terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use	2	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.04	15	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	10.94	14	2	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	2.08	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	10.31	109	2
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.25	1	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	1.98	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
migalastat migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis	2.08	1	0	piperidines
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
bifenazate bifenazate: an acaricide. bifenazate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.	4.92	32	0	carboxylic ester	acaricide
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	17.22	97	29	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
ly 293111 LY 293111: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic ether
quizalofop quizalofop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P of and (S)-quizalofop. Quizalofop is used (commonly as the corresponding ethyl ester, known as quizalofop-ethyl) as a selective post-emergence herbicide against annual and winter-hard grasses. The active isomer is the R enantiomer, which is known as quizalofop-P.. 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	6.14	4	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
ceric ammonium nitrate cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate: a catalyst	2.1	1	0
dichamanetin dichamanetin: structure in first source	3.13	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
esketamine esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.	2.21	1	0	ketamine	analgesic; intravenous anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.59	2	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
dioxiram dioxiram: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.05	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
ascididemin ascididemin: can be viewed as a fused phenanthroline with quinoline; from the Mediterranean ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei; structure in first source	3.18	1	0
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	3.16	1	0
phenserine phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase	4.22	5	0
4-nitrophenyl anthranilate 4-nitrophenyl anthranilate: structure in second source	1.95	1	0
ahr-2666 AHR-2666: skeletal muscle relaxant; structure	3.05	5	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.95	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
carboxy phosphate carboxyphosphoric acid : An acyclic mixed acid anhydride formed by condensation of phosphoric acid with carbonic acid.	2.38	2	0	acyclic mixed acid anhydride; one-carbon compound; organic phosphate
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2.03	1	0
3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile 3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile: RN refers to (3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
uic-94003 UIC-94003: structure in first source	3.52	2	0
glucovance Glucovance: Glyburide/metformin (Glucovance) for type 2 diabetes	2.46	2	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.74	3	0	anabasine
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.13	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	3.73	9	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	12.06	43	6	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	3.44	1	1	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	3.54	8	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	8.3	12	0	N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	3.06	5	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.21	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.06	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchiceine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
mibolerone mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	20.65	195	64
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	2.11	1	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
hydroxydione 5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone : A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid formed from 11-deoxycorticosterone by reduction across the C4-C5 double bond.	1.93	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
acivicin [no description available]	2.67	3	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	3.85	3	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
nsc 352122 trimetrexate glucuronate: an orphan drug and AIDS drug; used for treatment of Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS	1.97	1	0
anthricin anthricin: antitumor constituent from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm; structure in first source. deoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group.	2.01	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; methoxybenzenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
acronine Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.	2.02	1	0	acridone derivatives; alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.05	1	0
acylfulvene acylfulvene: an antineoplastic agent; structure given in first source; an analog of illudin	2.05	1	0
3-(9-acridinylamino)-5-hydroxymethylaniline 3-(9-acridinylamino)-5-hydroxymethylaniline: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sc 52151 SC 52151: HIV protease inhibitor containing the (hydroxylethyl)urea isostere; R-isomer is 1700 times more active than S-isomer	2.39	2	0	asparagine derivative
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	22.94	457	149	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.1	5	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	1.95	1	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.21	1	0
2,3-diaminophenazine 2,3-diaminophenazine: product form horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine	2.43	2	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.22	6	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.01	1	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.41	7	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	2	1	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.66	10	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.64	3	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.98	4	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.64	3	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	6.99	30	3	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.72	22	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.35	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	3.04	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.41	2	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.1	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.49	8	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantolactone pantolactone: degradation product of pantothenic acid in liver; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure. (R)-pantolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3 and two methyl groups at position 4 (the R-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	butan-4-olide	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.24	6	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.46	8	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	3.19	6	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
isomaltulose 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.	3.14	1	0	glycosylfructose	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.96	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	1.97	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	2.02	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.03	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
s-ribosyl-l-homocysteine S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine: structure in first source. S-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine : An S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.	2.03	1	0	S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite
mannosamine mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.	2.49	2	0	D-mannosamine
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.21	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.46	2	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.21	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.9	13	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	7.98	30	3	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	5.71	16	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.98	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	4.04	3	1	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	14.08	92	9	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	2.36	2	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	13.87	59	17	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	1.96	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	5.78	4	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.01	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	1.93	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
indican [no description available]	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.68	3	0
dendrobine dendrobine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0	indoles
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.76	3	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.83	3	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.09	5	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.4	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	2.13	1	0	peptide
candoxatrilat candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	4.83	4	2
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.03	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
validamycin a validamycin A : A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.17	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; polyol; secondary amino compound; validamycins	antifungal agrochemical; EC 2.4.1.231 [alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining)] inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.64 (alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.28 (alpha,alpha-trehalase) inhibitor
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	5.86	2	1	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.53	23	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.25	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.15	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.73	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.52	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.73	3	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	4.99	12	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.37	2	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
desthiobiotin desthiobiotin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (4R,5S)-dethiobiotin : The (4R,5S)-isomer of dethiobiotin.	1.99	1	0	dethiobiotin
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.06	1	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.02	4	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	1.94	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	7.73	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.39	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	9.15	11	5	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
om99-2 OM99-2: eight-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.25	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.88	3	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	5.56	23	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	2.5	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.09	5	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.61	8	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	1.96	1	0
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.21	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	4.42	6	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylalaninol phenylalaninol: inhibits intestinal absorption of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry. L-phenylalaninol : An amino alcohol resulting from the formal reduction of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine to the corresponding alcohol.	2.31	1	0	amino alcohol; amphetamines; primary alcohol; primary amino compound
cyfluthrin cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).	3.82	3	0
desoxyepothilone b desoxyepothilone B: microtubule-targeted antitumor agent; lacking the epoxide of epothilone B; may be equiv to epothilone D. epothilone D : An epithilone that is epithilone C in which the hydrogen at position 13 of the oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione macrocycle has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	epothilone	microtubule-stabilising agent
epothilone b [no description available]	3.89	12	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.44	2	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	4.84	8	1	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	6.7	23	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
roflumilast [no description available]	3.19	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.02	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dioxirane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
kni-727 KNI-727: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
taribavirin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nucleobase-containing molecular entity
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	1.99	1	0
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.25	19	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.21	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.37	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	3.19	6	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.44	2	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.04	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.44	2	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
pms 601 PMS 601: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	15.92	56	27	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	7.08	5	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
dmp 850 DMP 850: structure in first source	2	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.82	2	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.65	3	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
bms-337197 BMS-337197: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2'-c-methyladenosine 2'-C-methyladenosine: antiviral	2.15	1	0
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
pl 100 PL 100: inhibits HIV-1 protease; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.65	3	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	2.67	3	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.05	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	7.41	1	0	oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.51	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
5-(2-methylthioethyl)hydantoin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
folicanthine folicanthine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aminal; calycanthaceous alkaloid; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	3.51	2	0	aminoquinoline
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	1.97	1	0	triterpenoid
tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	imidazopyridine
glycosides [no description available]	11.07	23	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	7.15	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.07	46	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.05	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.11	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.41	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.92	12	0	stilbene
coumestan coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.64	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.62	8	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA : A hydroxybutanoyl-CoA having 3-hydroxybutanoyl as the S-acyl component.	2.1	1	0	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA; hydroxybutanoyl-CoA	mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	6.06	5	2	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.43	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	4.15	17	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.04	1	0	benzamides
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	1.99	1	0
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	6.39	60	0	anthracenes
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.04	14	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	3.73	2	1	chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.04	5	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	3.75	11	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.25	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
rg108 RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	4.03	3	1	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
loline loline: RN given from CAS Index Guide (1982-1986), p.1019G. loline : A loline alkaloid with formula C8H14N2O.	2.11	1	0	loline alkaloid; secondary amino compound
phenylthiazolylthiourea Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0
urb 754 URB 754: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	7.61	33	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.66	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
difurfurylideneacetone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	2.06	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	1.95	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	11.39	372	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	3.34	1	1	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.6	22	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
tosylarginine methyl ester Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).	2.1	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine ester; methyl ester; sulfonamide
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.04	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.85	4	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.95	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	2.43	2	0	imidazolidines
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.22	27	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	6.3	11	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	1.95	1	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	1.97	1	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.1	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.08	1	0
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	4.66	6	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
guanylthiourea Guanylthiourea: May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system.	1.96	1	0
selectfluor selectfluor: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	3.94	12	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.44	2	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
fumonisin b2 fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).	2.44	2	0	diester; diol; fumonisin; primary amino compound	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.05	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.25	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
6-o-(n-heptylcarbamoyl)methylglucoside 6-O-(N-heptylcarbamoyl)methylglucoside: structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is hexyl.	2.07	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
nadp [no description available]	11.15	18	0
scandium triflate scandium triflate: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-biphenyl 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-biphenyl: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.78	3	0
6-aminoquinolyl-n-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate: structure given in first source	6.8	77	0
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
sirtinol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
apcin apcin: inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex; structure in first source	5.59	11	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.35	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	1.95	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	3.58	8	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.35	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.62	6	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
maraviroc [no description available]	4.18	3	1	tropane alkaloid
telaprevir [no description available]	11.52	31	4	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
ggti 286 GGTI 286: the methyl ester of GGTI-287; inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase	2.17	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.51	7	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	1.95	1	0
4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2h)-pyridazinone 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone: RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
((2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)sulfonyl)carbamic acid 2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl ester ((2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)sulfonyl)carbamic acid 2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl ester: a water soluble inhibitor of ACAT; structure in first source	3.09	5	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.05	1	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	5.53	22	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	4.25	18	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	4.1	15	0
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	8.06	5	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	3.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	6.37	39	1	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.94	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.75	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	4.38	20	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	5.54	20	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	2.21	1	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
mdl 100453 4-oxo-5-phosphononorvaline: structure given in first source; competitive glutamate antagonist at the NMDA receptor complex; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	1.98	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.87	4	0
ly335979 [no description available]	2	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
stilbostat stilbostat: carbamidic deriv of tetrakis(2-chloroethyl)-stilbestrol; structure	3.33	1	1
isepamicin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	2.25	1	0	benzamides
rasagiline [no description available]	3.14	5	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
rubreserine rubreserine: degradation product of physostigmine; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid 4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
laromustine laromustine: has antineoplastic activity	2.49	2	0
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	3.65	9	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
cytidine 3',5'-diphosphate [no description available]	3.07	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	3.14	5	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.21	1	0
tresperimus [no description available]	5.86	18	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.82	12	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	3.51	7	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
quinoxyfen quinoxyfen: structure in first source. quinoxyfen : A member of the class of quinolines carrying two chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 together with a 4-fluorophenoxy substituent at position 4. A fungicide used mainly to control powdery mildew in cereals.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.36	21	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.74	3	0	dithiocarbamate anions
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.47	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
n-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide N-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.08	1	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	4.66	29	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	1.95	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.29	6	0
am 281 AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source	3.46	7	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	5.67	17	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.01	1	0
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	quinazolines
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	3.68	9	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.87	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.13	1	0
merbarone merbarone: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen	7.14	5	2
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	2.05	1	0
grl 02031 GRL 02031: a protease inhibitor with anti-HIV1 activity; structure in first source	3.19	5	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	14.92	39	20	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.73	3	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.99	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	6.34	14	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.94	4	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
biochanin a [no description available]	2.47	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3	4	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.43	2	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.43	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.87	4	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.48	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.51	5	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.05	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.39	2	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.51	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	1.95	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.25	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
genistein [no description available]	3.16	5	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	1.97	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.6	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.14	3	1	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	3.2	6	0
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.7	3	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.21	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.41	2	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
toxiferine Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.	3.74	3	0	alkaloid
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	1.95	1	0	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.1	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	2.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.59	2	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.98	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
orobol orobol: from Aspergillus niger or Streptomyces neyagawaensis; potent inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol kinase. orobol : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones which consists of isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.17	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	anti-inflammatory agent; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	2.36	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.67	9	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
hydramethylnon hydramethylnon: used as fire ant insecticide in southern USA; poorly absorbed by mammals & more than 95% is excreted unchanged in the feces. hydramethylnon : A member of the class of hydrazones that is used as an insecticide for control of ants and cockroaches.	1.97	1	0	hydramethylnon
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	13.42	151	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
mycolactone mycolactone: toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence	2.1	1	0	macrolide
arachidonyl dopamine arachidonyl dopamine: a ligand for the vanilloid receptor VR1	2.03	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide
sf 837 midecamycin: minor descriptor (75-80); on-line search LEUCOMYCINS (75-80); Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-80); macrolide antibiotic	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	2.04	1	0
tak 147 TAK 147: structure given in first source	2.92	4	0
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	6.69	66	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.01	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	5.19	5	2	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.37	2	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
(2e)-decenal (2E)-decenal: structure in first source. (2E)-dec-2-enal : A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.	2.17	1	0	2-decenal	alarm pheromone; mutagen; nematicide
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	3.56	2	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.05	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	4.28	17	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.15	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.46	2	0
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.05	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.33	7	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate: vulcanization accelator. zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dibutyldithiocarbamic acid.	2.25	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.01	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	8.57	11	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.05	1	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.13	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	5.12	10	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.87	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	5.97	7	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.25	1	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	9.15	29	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	1.99	1	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.83	3	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	2.35	2	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
istradefylline [no description available]	3.59	2	0	oxopurine
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.01	1	0
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
olvanil [no description available]	2.48	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	5.1	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	3.73	2	1	peptide
halobetasol halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate	2.21	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	1.97	1	0
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.23	6	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	3.66	9	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.35	7	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	14.17	71	9	phenylalanine derivative
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.08	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
andrographolide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
2-oleoylglycerol 2-oleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is (9Z)-octadecenoyl.	2.46	2	0	2-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol
rhapontigenin rhapontigenin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid
ag-490 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
palbociclib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.	2.15	1	0	3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; organic peroxide; phytosterols	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.93	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.67	10	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	4.31	6	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	1.96	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.75	3	0
n-(aminocarbonyl)-2-ethyl-2-butenamide [no description available]	1.93	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.07	5	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	4.47	7	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
mevinphos Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.36	2	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.37	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.1	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.02	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.35	7	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.88	4	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	11.89	30	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	3.17	5	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	4.53	2	2	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.03	1	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	14.3	87	12	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.3	37	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.05	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-cyano-n-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide 2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
thiofanox thiofanox: shows potential systemic & contact insecticidal properties against certain phytophagous pests; structure	2.39	2	0
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	4.78	10	0	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.94	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.06	5	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
propetamphos [no description available]	2.38	2	0	isopropyl ester; organophosphate insecticide; phosphoramidate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
zr-512 ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid	3.22	6	0	ethyl ester; farnesane sesquiterpenoid	juvenile hormone mimic
plastoquinone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	plastoquinone
vitamin mk 8 vitamin MK 8: isoprenoid acetone-soluble lipid. menaquinone-8 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 8 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.1	1	0	menaquinone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
clathrodin clathrodin: structure given in first source; isolated from marine sponges of the genus Agelas	2.13	1	0
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.54	2	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.42	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	7.15	13	3	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	9.96	39	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
isophthalate isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.41	2	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	4.69	9	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.72	28	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.81	11	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	3.82	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
callystatin a callystatin A: structure in first source	2	1	0	diterpenoid
7-epiclusianone 7-epiclusianone: from Rheedia gardneriana; structure in first source. 7-epiclusianone : An enone that is a tetraprenyl benzophenone derivative isolated from Rheedia gardneriana and Garcinia brasiliensis. It exhibits anti-allergic, antibacterial, trypanocidal and vasodilating activities.	2.05	1	0
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	3.12	5	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
u 75875 U 75875: structure given in first source	3.5	2	0
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	8.62	81	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.04	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	5.9	6	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	8.01	7	4
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	6.23	4	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.67	3	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.	1.93	1	0	benzamides
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.31	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.38	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
brecanavir brecanavir: HIV protease inhibitor	5.72	7	3
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.13	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
geiparvarin geiparvarin: from Geijera parviflora; structure given in first source	7.38	2	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.2	6	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.	1.95	1	0
propineb propineb: structure. propineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the propylene 1,2-bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. A fungicide, it is used to control a wide range of fungal diseases, including downy mildew, brown rot, black rot, red fire, leaf spot, and blight in crops such as grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, berries, citrus, rice and tea.	2.05	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	3.36	6	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
thiodicarb [no description available]	2.03	1	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	1.94	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	3.66	9	0	fatty amide
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	2.08	1	0
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.99	14	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.77	11	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.	2.1	1	0
methaneselenol methaneselenol: RN given refers to (75)Se-labeled cpd. methylselenol : An organoselenium compound that is a selenium analogue of methanol, comprising a methyl group covalently bound to a selenol group.	2.07	1	0
cyhexatin cyhexatin: structure	2	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.25	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
allylsilane allylsilane: structure in first source	7.05	1	0
selenourea [no description available]	2.53	2	0
benzeneselenol benzeneselenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
triethoxysilane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fosetyl-al fosetyl-Al : An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.	2.25	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.2	6	0
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.41	1	1
aminopropylsilane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.46	2	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	2.01	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.74	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.66	3	0	amidobenzoic acid
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	8.24	81	1	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
prolylglycine prolylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-prolylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-prolyl group attached to its alpha-amino nitrogen.	2.25	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
zoniporide zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)	2.49	2	0
quaternium-15 quaternium-15 : A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.	3.55	2	0
japonilure japonilure: RN given for (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ralitoline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.43	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	2.05	1	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
acrinathrin acrinathrin: structure in first source	7.97	4	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	2.01	1	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.5	2	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
herboxidiene herboxidiene: structure in first source; isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus; a potent and selective herbicide (e.g. inactive against wheat); up-regulates the gene expression of LDL receptor	2.15	1	0
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol: RN refers to the (all-Z)-isomer	3.12	5	0
tautomycetin tautomycetin: isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes	3.11	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
everolimus [no description available]	2.61	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	3.71	9	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
amphidinolide a amphidinolide A: structure in first source	3.13	1	0
phoslactomycin a phoslactomycin A: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces nigrescens SC-273	2.05	1	0
phorboxazole a phorboxazole A: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
kalimantacin a kalimantacin A: RN refers to A; an antibacterial antibiotic isolated from Alcaligenes sp. YL-02632S; kalimantacin A is the E,E,Z-isomer; kalimantacin B is the E,E,E-isomer; structures of kalimantacin A & B given in first source. kalimantacin B : A fatty acid derivative isolated from the fermentation broth of Alcaligenes sp. YL-02632S. It is an antibiotic with antibacterial activity.. kalimantacin A : A fatty acid derivative isolated from the fermentation broth of Alcaligenes sp. YL-02632S. It is an antibiotic with antibacterial activity.	3.31	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbamate ester; fatty acid derivative; secondary carboxamide	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
ratjadone ratjadone: structure in first source	7.02	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
arvanil arvanil: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
u 75302 U 75302: RN refers to (R-(R,S-(E,Z)))-isomer; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.02	1	0
globotriaosyl lysosphingolipid globotriaosyl lysosphingolipid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ibutamoren mesylate ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	2.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
rilpivirine [no description available]	3.6	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.43	2	0
noladin ether noladin ether: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist; structure in first source. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether : A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	2-alkylglycerol; endocannabinoid; monoalkylglycerol
decarestrictine d decarestrictine D: from Penicillium; structure given in above journal p.66-73	7.05	1	0	oxacycle
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.42	2	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.08	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.19	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
methiazole methiazole: a parasitostatic agent	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
am 404 [no description available]	4.66	26	0	anilide
omdm-2 cpd OMDM-2 cpd: structure in first source	2.96	4	0
lactacystin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
tubacin tubacin: inhibits histone deacetylase 6; structure in first source	2.66	2	0	1,3-oxazoles
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	4.32	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.87	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	4.35	3	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
carboxyl radical [no description available]	3.11	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
snj-1945 ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester: calpain inhibitor	4.86	31	0
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.94	4	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
iprovalicarb iprovalicarb: a derivative of natural amino acid valine & carbamic acid; a fungicide. iprovalicarb : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising equimolar amounts of L-(R)- and L-(S)-iprovalicarb. It is a systemic fungicide, specific to oomycetes, used on potatoes and grape vines.. isopropyl (3-methyl-1-{[1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate : A carbamate ester that is valinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by a 1-(p-tolyl)ethyl group and the alpha-amino group has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl carbamate.	3.45	7	0	amino acid amide; carbamate ester; valine derivative
cj-15,801 CJ-15,801: an antibiotic from a fungus, Seimatosporium sp; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	olefinic compound
fumagillin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.05	1	0
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	1.95	1	0
ro-23-9424 Ro-23-9424: fused compound containing fleroxacin combined with desacetylcefotaxime; active against gram-positive bacteria	1.98	1	0
2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane 2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
flibanserin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
eleutherobin eleutherobin: structure in first source	4.71	5	0
laulimalide laulimalide: isolated from Cacospongia mycofijiensis; structure in first source. laulimalide : A macrolide with formula C30H42O7 that is isolated from the marine sponges, Cacospongia mycofijiensis and Hyattella sp.	4.03	2	0	carboxylic ester; epoxide; macrolide; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	animal metabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
rwj-333369 S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source	14.47	44	13	organochlorine compound
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	4.21	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.54	2	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.86	3	0	amino acid amide
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.48	2	0	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
pep005 3-ingenyl angelate: protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
5-((4-prop-2-ynylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol 5-((4-prop-2-ynylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol: InChIKey JWUOZHTYFQHGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.13	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.13	1	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
gamma-glutamylvaline gamma-glutamylvaline: improves the bitter taste of valine. gamma-Glu-Val : A glutamyl-L-amino acid that is the N-(L-gamma-glutamyl) derivative of L-leucine.	2.25	1	0	glutamyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.9	4	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.35	2	0
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.13	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.45	1	1	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.95	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.15	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
transkarbam 12 transkarbam 12: structure in first source	3.74	10	0
sidnocarb sidnocarb: Russian drug; structure	1.95	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	1.95	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.72	3	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
aldicarb sulfoxide aldicarb sulfoxide: metabolite of aldicarb	2.39	2	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	4.72	30	0
aldicarb sulfone aldicarb sulfone: metabolite of aldicarb	1.97	1	0	sulfone
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.13	1	0
milameline milameline: a candidate drug for the treatment of age-related disorders of cognition; RN refers to the E-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
tri-cyclen [no description available]	3.48	1	1
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	7.45	5	3	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.48	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	3.46	2	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.39	52	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
radafaxine radafaxine: a bupropion metabolite; radafaxine is a (+)-isomer of hydroxybupropion	2.05	1	0
win 51708 WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
givinostat [no description available]	11.81	36	6	carbamate ester
sr 142801 SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0
ncx 4040 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
n-(3-fluoro-4-(2-(propylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4-oxo-1h-indole-3-carboxamide N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-(propylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4-oxo-1H-indole-3-carboxamide: a GABA(A) partial agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ganstigmine ganstigmine: structure in first source	5.13	8	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	6.33	4	2
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	4.72	3	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.58	2	0	alkylbenzene
biln 2061 BILN 2061: a macrocyclic NS3 protease inhibitor and antiviral agent; structure in first source	9.07	47	6
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	3.15	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	6.57	3	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
pbox-6 PBOX-6: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.51	8	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.78	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
tafluprost tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; organofluorine compound; prostaglandins Falpha	prostaglandin receptor agonist
avanafil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; prolinols; pyrimidines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	3.15	1	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cp 724714 2-methoxy-N-(3-(4-((3-methyl-4-((6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-6-quinazolinyl)-2-propenyl)acetamide: CP-724714 is the ((2E)-isomer, 1:1.5 succinate); structure in first source	2.13	1	0	2-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	3.21	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
bts 67582 [no description available]	3.1	1	0
xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge	2.01	1	0
ica 27243 N-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-3,4-difluorobenzamide: a KCNQ2/3 channel activator; structure in first source	3.45	7	0
indoxam indoxam: structure in first source	5.32	17	0
dirlotapide dirlotapide: structure in first source	9.23	15	7
avn 944 VX-944: small molecule selective noncompetitive inhibitor of both isoforms of human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells primarily via caspase-independent AIF/Endo G pathway	4.71	6	1
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	6.54	5	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	3.71	2	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ethiprole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	2.49	2	0
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	3.5	2	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.83	3	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	5.72	6	0	organochlorine compound
ro 67-4853 (9H-xanthene-9-carbonyl)carbamic acid butyl ester: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 agonist; structure in first source	3.34	6	0
sch 51344 SCH 51344: inhibits ras transformation; structure given in first source. SCH51344 : A pyrazoloquinoline that is 6-methoxy-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline bearing an additional 2-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]amino substituent at position 4	3.21	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; primary alcohol; pyrazoloquinoline; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
arachidonoylserotonin arachidonoylserotonin: an NSAID with antinociceptive activity; fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source. N-arachidonoylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.	3.77	10	0	N-acylserotonin; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; capsaicin receptor antagonist; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; human metabolite; signalling molecule
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	2.07	1	0
5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine: structure in first source	2	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
masitinib [no description available]	3.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	3.15	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
halichondrin b halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin	2.44	2	0	furopyran
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	9.06	4	0
givinostat hydrochloride givinostat hydrochloride: has antineoplastic activity	2.41	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.07	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
losigame losigame: tetronic acid derivative	2.05	1	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.15	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.07	1	0
af 150 1-methylpiperidine-4-spiro-(2'-methylthiazoline): a selective and efficacious M1 agonist no further information	3.1	1	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine: a chloroethylating agent that alkylates and cross-links DNA; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1h-indole 2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-indole: an imidazoline compound; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
betrixaban betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	2.17	1	0	benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	15.34	65	11	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
aee 788 AEE 788: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	6-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; trypanocidal drug
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.85	3	0
rolapitant [no description available]	3.59	1	1	azaspiro compound; ether; organofluorine compound; piperidines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
angiotensin amide Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.	1.93	1	0	oligopeptide
3-hydroxydesloratadine 3-hydroxydesloratadine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
crenolanib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
lactonamycin lactonamycin: isolated from Streptomyces rishiriensis; structure in first source. lactonamycin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rishiriensis. It is an antibiotic with antibacterial activity.	2.08	1	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; phenols; trideoxyhexose derivative	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; metabolite
batefenterol batefenterol: a bronchodilator	9.62	12	9
fenamidone fenamidone: a fungicide against downy mildew; structure in first source. fenamidone : A member of the class of imidazolones that is 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one substituted at position 2 by a methylthiogroup, at position 3 by an anilino group and at position 5 by phenyl and methyl groups (the S-enantiomer). A fungicide effective against Oomycete diseases such as downy mildew and certain leaf spot diseases.	3.19	5	0	carbohydrazide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolone; organic sulfide	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor
omdm-1 cpd OMDM-1 cpd: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sl0101 SL0101: p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
arterolane arterolane: a trioxolane with antimalarial activity; structure in first source. arterolane : An oxaspiro compound that is dispiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-[1,2,4]trioxolane-5',2''-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane] substituted by a 2-[(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group at position 4s. Its maleic acid salt is used as an antimalarial drug in combination with piperaquine.	2.06	1	0
dibromophakellstatin dibromophakellstatin: from the Indian Ocean sponge, Phakellia mauritiana; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.36	20	0
lennoxamine lennoxamine: structure in first source	7.03	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.44	7	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source	3.47	7	0
iejimalide b iejimalide B: structure in first source	3.55	8	0	ether; formamides; macrolide	antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	1.95	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
fluopicolide fluopicolide: structure in first source. fluopicolide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methylamine. A fungicide used for the control of a range of diseases including downy mildew and blight.	2.13	1	0	benzamide fungicide; benzamides; dichlorobenzene; monochloropyridine; organofluorine compound	antifungal agrochemical
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
phenylnitrene [no description available]	2.17	1	0
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pyrrophenone pyrrophenone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	2.11	1	0
picoxystrobin picoxystrobin: a fungicide. picoxystrobin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid. A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; organofluorine compound; pyridines	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.68	3	0	nystatins
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	3.18	1	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
dictyostatin dictyostatin: a macrocyclic compound; structure in first source	6.24	14	0
peloruside a peloruside A: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic from the sponge Mycale; structure in first source. peloruside A : A macrolide that is a novel secondary metabolite isolated from a New Zealand marine sponge, Mycale hentscheli.	2.46	2	0
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	7.89	4	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.04	1	0	dipeptide
mesosulfuron-methyl mesosulfuron-methyl: an herbicide	2.48	2	0
technetium tc 99m mebrofenin technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin: hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical	2.25	1	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	stilbenoid
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
cyflumetofen cyflumetofen: acaricide; structure in first source. cyflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cyflumetofen. A proacaricide (via ester hydrolysis and subsequent decarboxylation), it is used to control phytophagous mites at all development stages in a variety of fruit crops. It acts as an inhibitor of complex II of mitochondrial electron transport chain.. 2-methoxyethyl 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoate : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by o-trifluoromethylbenzoyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl groups.	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 2-methoxyethyl ester; beta-ketoester; nitrile
ly2183240 LY2183240: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	biphenyls
alisporivir alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source	4.71	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anticoronaviral agent
methylphenidate N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
aclidinium bromide aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.21	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist
monomethyl auristatin e [no description available]	2.25	1	0
2,5-dimethylcelecoxib 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib: non-COX-2 inhibitory structural analog of celecoxib	2.48	2	0
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.08	1	0	emamectins
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
pyroxasulfone pyroxasulfone: an herbicide	2.81	3	0
mrk 560 MRK 560: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; MRK-560 is the (cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
fonsartan fonsartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	7.32	6	2
doxazolidine doxazolidine: structure in first source	2.5	2	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.4	2	0
tak 285 N-(2-(4-((3-chloro-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-5H-pyrrolo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamide: also inhibits HER2; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	5.21	3	1
trametinib [no description available]	5.2	7	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
zj43 ZJ43: N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptidase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	6.53	5	1
td-4208 revefenacin: structure in first source	13.85	27	9
dc 88-a duocarmycin A: from a Streptomycete	2.07	1	0
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	4.84	2	1
narlaprevir narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.	3.59	1	1	azabicyclohexane; cyclopropanes; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary carboxamide; ureas	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	7.02	1	0
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	4.72	2	1
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.89	4	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.63	8	0
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	3.25	1	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.44	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.33	20	0
asperulosidic acid asperulosidic acid: from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (noni), a plant originally grown in the Hawaiian and Tahitian islands, has long been used by islanders to treat diseases, including cancer; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	glycoside; iridoid monoterpenoid
cinobufagin cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom	2.25	1	0	steroid lactone
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.06	5	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	1.95	1	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	1.99	1	0
sazetidine-a sazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
tubulysin a tubulysin A: has both antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	carboxylic acid; diester
batzelladine a batzelladine A: strucutre in first source. batzelladine A : A carboxylic ester obtained by the formal condensation of (2aS,3S,4R,7R,8aS)-4-methyl-7-nonyl-2,2a,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1H-5,6,8b-triazaacenaphthylene-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 4-carbamimidamidobutyl (3R)-3-(9-hydroxynonyl)-1-imino-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate. Isolated from a bright red Caribbean sponge, Batzella, it has potential anti-HIV activity.	3.13	1	0	alkaloid; carboxylic ester; guanidines; organic heterotricyclic compound; pyrrolopyrimidine; triazaacenaphthylene	anti-HIV-1 agent; metabolite
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	3.15	1	0
hexahydroindolinone hexahydroindolinone: structure in first source	2	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.44	2	0
titanocene titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.	7.05	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.45	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.89	13	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.74	3	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.67	3	0
3-hydroxyquinidine 3-hydroxyquinidine: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer	5.29	2	2
4-amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one 4-amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one: has antiviral activity	2.08	1	0
eth 1001 ETH 1001: Ca++ carrier; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
discodermolide discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol	14.39	117	0
adenanthin adenanthin: inhibits both peroxiredoxin I and II; isolated from Rabdosia adenantha; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
bioallethrin bioallethrin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(S*),3beta))-isomer; see also record for ALLETHRIN which is cpd without isomeric designation. bioallethrin : A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin consisting of a mixture of two allethrin isomers (1R,trans;1R and 1R,trans;1S) in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Widely registered mosquito adulticide and spatial repellent. Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a pesticide against household pest insects such as mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches.	2	1	0	allethrin; trans-allethrin
l 364373 L 364373: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	6.57	28	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sch6 SCH6: hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
pseudomycin b pseudomycin B: structure in first source	2.7	3	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.5	2	0
picogreen PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.	2.03	1	0	benzothiazoles; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
bms-650032 asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus	19.06	194	42	oligopeptide
rg 7128 2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source	4.09	2	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	3.36	7	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.35	2	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	3.08	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	5.02	5	2	polypeptide
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	5.41	4	1
ganirelix [no description available]	2.25	1	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	3.44	7	0
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	2.15	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.01	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.87	4	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.92	4	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.91	12	2	peptide hormone
big gastrin big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin	2.03	1	0
somatostatin-28 prosomatostatin: see also preprosomatostatins: 75037-28-4	1.98	1	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.77	3	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.71	3	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.15	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	8.16	18	1
liraglutide [no description available]	4.1	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	12.82	22	1
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	6.61	5	1
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	8.04	17	15
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.99	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	3.04	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	9.9	105	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.45	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.09	14	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
gdc-0973 cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.	4.54	3	0	aromatic amine; difluorobenzene; N-acylazetidine; organoiodine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.7	10	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3	1.95	1	0	inorganic molecular entity
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2	1	0	organotin acaricide
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	2.15	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
tg101209 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
platencin platencin: inhibits both FabF and FabH; structure in first source. platencin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the polycyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.04	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.66	3	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.66	3	0
aminocyclopyrachlor aminocyclopyrachlor: structure in first source. aminocyclopyrachlor : An organochlorine herbicide, the structure of which is that of pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 2, 5 and 6 by cyclopropyl, chloro and amino groups respectively.	2.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines	herbicide; synthetic auxin
cyenopyrafen cyenopyrafen: an acaricide; structure in first source. cyenopyrafen : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is ethene in which the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by p-tert-butylphenyl and cyano groups, while the hydrogens at position 2 have been replaced by pivaloyloxy and 1,3,4-trimethylpyrazol-5-yl groups (the E isomer). A proacaricide (by hydrolysis of the pivalate ester linkage to give the corresponding enol), it was formerly used for the control of mites in fruit, vegetables and tea.	2.21	1	0	nitrile; pivalate ester; pyrazoles	agrochemical; proacaricide
1,2-azaborine 1,2-azaborine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bluensomycin bluensomycin: differs from dihydrostreptomycin only in absence of guanidino group; structure	1.95	1	0	amino sugar
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	4.85	31	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.04	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
benzmalecene benzmalecene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
gv 196771a GV 196771A: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
n-methylcarbamate N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.88	59	0	amino-acid anion
chitosan [no description available]	9.48	20	0
sphingadienine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
n(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine: from Streptococcus lactis; RN given is for the L isomer. N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine : A L-lysine derivative formed during the reaction between methylglyoxal and protein. CEL is a homologue of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product that is formed on reaction of glyoxal or glycolaldehyde with protein and on oxidative cleavage of fructoselysine, the Amadori adduct formed on glycation of protein by glucose.	2.01	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.66	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
tert-butoxide, potassium [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	4.26	4	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.66	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	4.85	7	1
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	1.95	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.01	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.48	2	0
olaparib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.44	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	1.94	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mk-7009 vaniprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease. vaniprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor which is approved for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infections in Japan.	2.1	1	0	azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
bms 754807 BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; pyrrolidines; pyrrolotriazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	4.41	1	1	thiophenecarboxylic acid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.88	4	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.48	2	0	glycoside
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	9.84	10	5
superphosphate superphosphate: RN given refers to normal or enriched superphosphate, MF unknown	2	1	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor	3.16	4	0	carbamate ester
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	3.35	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	5.16	41	0	benzodioxoles
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.94	1	0
belactosin a belactosin A: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.05	1	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	7.29	20	1
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	3.08	1	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	5.38	3	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	2.41	1	0
cobicistat [no description available]	16.53	58	27	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	23.89	688	128	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
pf 3845 PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase	3.74	9	0	piperidines
pf 750 N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	quinolines
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	3.31	1	0	purine nucleoside
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	3.25	6	0
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.96	4	0	organic anion
bi 201335 faldaprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease	4.4	3	0
plx4032 [no description available]	11.79	23	5	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	3.2	5	0
baricitinib [no description available]	3.41	1	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
quad pill Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.	9.76	13	2
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	29.53	925	165
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.55	2	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.57	2	0
1, 3-di-(n-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone 1, 3-di-(N-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	6.28	16	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
kahalalide f kahalalide F: a cyclodepsipeptide toxin; isolated from a mollusk, Elysia rubefescens; exhibits antitumoral activity against cell lines of colon cancer and prostatic cancer; structure given in first source	3.57	2	0
siponimod siponimod: S1P receptor modulator	2.21	1	0
grazoprevir grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	20.68	177	70	aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; lactam; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; quinoxaline derivative	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	2.6	1	0
palmostatin b palmostatin B: inhibits acyl protein thioesterase 1; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	21.25	254	77
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.02	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	24.18	632	137	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	4.79	3	0
mycalamide b mycalamide B: structure given in first source; isolated from marine sponges; ChemLine lists mycalamide B incorrectly under RN 122752-21-0	2.05	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; oxacycle
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	4.43	7	0
jzl195 JZL195: inhibits both fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 and monoglyceride lipase; structure in first source	4.43	19	0
aminostigmine aminostigmine: a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase	3.11	5	0
lalistat 2 [no description available]	5.34	8	0
ptilomycalin a ptilomycalin A: a polycyclic guanidine alkaloid from the marine sponge Ptilocaulis spiculifer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
g 52 GRL-0519: an HIV-1 protease inhibitor; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
am6545 AM6545: structure in first source	2.55	2	0
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.66	2	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
delgocitinib delgocitinib: a Janus kinase inhibitor. delgocitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a (3S,4R)-1-(cyanoacetyl)-3-methyl-1,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-yl group at position 4. It is a pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor and is approved for treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan.	3.41	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-acylazetidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antipsoriatic; antiseborrheic; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
encorafenib encorafenib: a BRAF inhibitor	16.68	111	13
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.21	6	0
crambescidin 800 crambescidin 800: structure in first source. crambescidin 800 : An organic heteropentacyclic guanidine alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Crambe crambe and Batzella. It exhibits anti-HIV-1 and anti-HSV-1 activity.	3.13	1	0	alkaloid; carboxylic ester; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary amino compound; secondary alcohol; spiro compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-HSV-1 agent; antimalarial; marine metabolite
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
urb937 URB937: a peripherally restricted inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase	3.21	5	0
lesinurad lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.	3.65	2	0	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; triazoles	uricosuric drug
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.35	2	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.06	1	0
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	4.79	9	0
propenylphosphonic acid 6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanoic acid: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
crotylsilane crotylsilane: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.02	15	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.38	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.64	3	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.66	3	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.17	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.31	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.92	20	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	14.08	46	3	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	9.45	18	1	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
omadacycline omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	tetracyclines
dolutegravir [no description available]	7.19	5	4	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
sar127303 SAR127303: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	3.06	4	0
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	21.51	266	77	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
9-(2-aminoethoxy)phenoxazine 9-(2-aminoethoxy)phenoxazine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
abt-333 dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	19.98	192	49	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; pyrimidone; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
byl719 [no description available]	4.45	4	1	proline derivative
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.73	3	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	3.01	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	3.75	10	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.72	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.78	3	0
miravirsen miravirsen: has antiviral activity; a 15-nucleotide locked nucleic acid-modified antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits miR-122	4.41	1	1
oxathiapiprolin oxathiapiprolin: fungicide, structure in first source. 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone : An N-acylpiperidine that is N-acetyl 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine in which the thiazole ring is substituted at position 4 by a 5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the acetyl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl group.. oxathiapiprolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxathiapiprolin.	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; isoxazoline; N-acylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; tertiary carboxamide
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.07	1	0	ketal
gsk2336805 GSK2336805: has antiviral activity	7.63	6	4
doravirine [no description available]	2.21	1	0
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.64	1	1
pyrethrins [no description available]	12.97	199	1
globotriaosylceramide globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.	2.11	1	0
am4113 AM4113: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor neutral antagonist	2.31	1	0
2-methylthio-n6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ly3000328 LY3000328: a cathepsin S inhibitor	4.23	3	1
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	14.54	74	6	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816 velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.	20.25	201	63	carbamate ester; ether; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
plecanatide plecanatide: A uroguanylin analog and guanylate cyclase (GC-C receptor) agonist that activates receptors on gut epithelial cells to maintain barrier function, mucus production, and suppress inflammation. It is used in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.	2.17	1	0
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide 4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.67	3	0
mk-8742 elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	20.25	150	62	carbamate ester; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
mjn110 MJN110: structure in first source	4.31	16	0
santacruzamate a santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source	4.52	6	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
glutaminase [no description available]	3.96	4	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.13	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.83	12	0
m8-nelfinavir M8-nelfinavir: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
mancozeb dithane M-45: coordination product of zinc ion & manganese ethylene bis dithiocarbamate	1.96	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.31	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.05	5	0
ferbam ferbam: structure. ferbam : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.	2	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.03	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	6.48	36	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.41	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
plx8394 PLX8394: a RAF inhibitor; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	2.25	1	0
snx 482 SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source	2.03	1	0
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	2.76	3	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.03	1	0
buprenorphine-3-o-glucuronide buprenorphine-3-O-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha-(S))-isomer	3.46	1	1
n-(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxamide N-(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxamide: constituent of insecticide WC Insect Finish	1.97	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.96	4	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	4.43	7	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.63	3	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.92	4	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	8.4	8	3
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.48	1	1
s 8932 [no description available]	3.82	2	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
glutamyl-valyl-glycine [no description available]	2.57	2	0	peptide
rifamycin s rifamycin S: structure	2	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	11.02	26	5
blasticidin s blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.	2.21	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.95	1	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	3.18	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.66	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.13	1	0
danoprevir [no description available]	2.1	1	0
haloperidol diphenylprolinol silyl ether: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.21	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.37	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.76	10	0
chromomycins Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.	1.95	1	0
8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4h-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one 8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	4.39	6	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.04	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.35	2	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.92	8	1
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.71	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.31	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.68	10	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.6	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.54	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.68	10	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.61	8	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	4	14	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.73	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.69	2	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.65	9	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.95	4	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	9.81	13	5	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.46	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	6.88	12	1	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	5.06	3	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	6.62	16	1	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
2-aminopurine dioxolane (4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source	2	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.74	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.39	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
diazeniumdiolate diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	7.07	1	0
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	purine nucleoside
2-amino-3-hydroxyphenazine 2-amino-3-hydroxyphenazine: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.19	1	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.51	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
spd 502 SPD 502: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
vicine vicine: pyrimidine glycoside found in fava bean; structure	2.07	1	0	glycoside
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.17	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.39	2	0
ethirimol ethirimol: structure. ethirimol : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-ethylaminopyrimidin-4-one carrying butyl and methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 respectively. A fungicide first marketed in 1970 and used as a seed treatment for diseaases such as damping-off, it is not licensed for use within the European Union.	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine fungicide; pyrimidone; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
tn 16 TN 16: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.36	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
asoxime chloride [no description available]	2.39	2	0
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
papa nonoate [no description available]	2	1	0	alkylamine
hs 6 HS 6: structure	1.96	1	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	4.84	31	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amelubant amelubant: structure in first source	7.15	10	3
idx184 IDX184: prodrug to enhance formation in the liver of the active triphosphate of 2'-methylguanosine, a potent and specific polymerase inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
trimedoxime bromide Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.	1.96	1	0
opicapone opicapone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	3.08	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
teicoplanin aglycone teicoplanin aglycone: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
cephalostatin i cephalostatin I: two steroid units are annulated to a 1,4-pyrazine ring; RN given for (3'R-(3'alpha(R),4'alpha,4'abeta,6'balpha,8'abeta,11'aalpha,11'bbeta,13'alpha,13'aalpha,13'bbeta,14'beta,15'alpha(3R,5''S),16'abeta,17'balpha,19'abeta,22'aalpha,22'bbeta,24'aR'*))-isomer; structure in first source	3.18	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.05	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	4.83	2	1
eye [no description available]	3.36	7	0
flutax 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.45	2	0
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
batumin batumin: an anti-staphylococcal antibiotic; produced by Pseudomonas	2.05	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.47	8	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
lucinactant lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid	2.08	1	0
nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir: component of COVID-19 drug Paxlovid. Paxlovid : A mixture containing nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. It is co-administered in tablet form for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19.. nirmatrelvir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is the first orally administered inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease developed by Pfizer and used in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19.	2.41	1	0	azabicyclohexane; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.68	3	0
yo-pro 1 YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye	2.46	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	3.9	12	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.2	6	0
octaarginine octaarginine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	14.93	89	17
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.24	6	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	22.81	406	119
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	22.81	406	119
Aura [description not available]	11.98	66	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	15.58	111	11
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	16.98	66	2
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	15.58	111	11
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	28.28	1,463	567
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	8.81	50	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	11.12	63	2
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	8.81	50	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	11.12	63	2
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	28.28	1,463	567
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	17.63	68	20
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	17.63	68	20
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	5.79	35	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	3.54	7	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	24.19	519	265
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	24.19	519	265
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	3.54	7	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	18.94	50	11
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	13.94	50	11
Nerve Pain [description not available]	9.05	23	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	9.05	23	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	12.65	246	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	9.35	22	4
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	9.35	22	4
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	14.61	29	15
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	14.94	32	16
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	14.95	35	22
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	14.94	32	16
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	14.95	35	22
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	14.61	29	15
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	4.62	1	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	23.34	488	179
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	23.34	488	179
Allodynia [description not available]	6.58	44	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	9.52	12	2
Ache [description not available]	10.71	59	2
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	9.52	12	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	10.71	59	2
a-Synucleinopathies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	11.75	36	4
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.38	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	4.02	4	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	10.02	25	8
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	5.34	12	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.71	10	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	5.34	12	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	3.38	6	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.69	6	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	14.97	59	20
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	2.93	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	12	69	13
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	12	69	13
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	17.9	241	43
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	12.74	67	8
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	17.9	241	43
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	12.74	67	8
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	13.1	27	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.28	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	5.56	16	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	11.24	68	7
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	5.56	16	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	3.28	5	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	13.03	46	2
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	8.69	59	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	8.03	46	2
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.2	4	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.2	4	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	14.5	74	9
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	13.1	51	6
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	14.5	74	9
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	13.1	51	6
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	6.89	12	2
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	6.89	12	2
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	4.24	17	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	13.05	154	5
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	7.65	34	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	7.65	34	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.8	1	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	7.46	11	2
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.41	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.46	11	2
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.92	29	10
Exanthem [description not available]	6.62	10	2
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	6.62	10	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.92	29	10
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.33	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.33	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	8.96	11	5
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	8.96	11	5
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.99	3	1
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	5.34	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	26.32	617	105
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	26.32	617	105
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	6.46	23	2
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	3.2	4	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	6.46	23	2
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	3.2	4	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.94	12	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	6.94	12	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	11.69	98	2
Acid Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolase Deficiency, Wolman Type [description not available]	4.28	6	0
Wolman Disease The severe infantile form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage diseases due to deficiency of acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. It is also known as Wolman's xanthomatosis and is an allelic variant of CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE.	4.28	6	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	2.41	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.53	2	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	3.81	2	1
Lassitude [description not available]	17.55	60	40
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	17.55	60	40
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	17.29	74	56
Regurgitation, Gastric GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER	2.6	1	0
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.	2.6	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.98	41	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.69	10	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	6.83	8	3
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	6.83	8	3
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	6.99	5	2
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	6.99	5	2
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.31	6	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.79	3	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	7.51	48	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	7.51	48	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	9.59	22	6
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	5.68	19	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	5.68	19	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	4.28	4	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.41	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	4.17	6	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.39	17	3
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	12.39	17	3
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	10.04	40	9
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	5.4	14	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	12.26	76	2
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	3.13	5	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	17.26	76	2
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	7.86	5	4
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)	2.6	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6.37	22	2
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	6.37	22	2
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	15.08	56	27
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	15.08	56	27
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	8.42	9	3
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	8.42	9	3
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.88	4	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.3	55	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	9.81	18	8
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.15	6	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.6	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	5.15	6	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.57	9	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.57	9	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.72	24	3
Asystole [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	7.72	24	3
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	4.3	4	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	10.39	24	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	6.51	47	1
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	4.47	9	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	4.51	1	1
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	8.79	3	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	4.96	9	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	9.96	9	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.97	9	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.97	9	2
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	9.33	18	5
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	6.34	14	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	6.34	14	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.44	21	3
Emesis [description not available]	9.06	17	4
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	9.06	17	4
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	5.07	17	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	17.16	110	61
Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.	2.21	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	9.42	32	6
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.38	7	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	11.39	26	3
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	11.39	26	3
Co-infection [description not available]	16.68	83	30
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	4.28	6	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.28	6	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	7.15	8	4
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	6.98	41	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	6.98	41	2
Sleepiness Compelling urge to sleep.	10.62	9	6
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	9.68	69	5
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	10.41	57	2
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	6.82	10	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	9.68	69	5
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.39	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	3.68	8	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	3.68	8	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	8.73	10	4
Genital Herpes [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	5.73	7	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.21	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.74	34	2
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	7.74	34	2
Metastase [description not available]	9.47	25	3
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	9.47	25	3
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	16.08	56	19
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	16.08	56	19
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	13.91	46	14
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	13.91	46	14
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.25	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	10.22	185	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	16.17	60	51
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	16.17	60	51
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	6.55	10	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.46	5	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	6.55	10	2
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	8.59	45	4
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.21	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	8.59	45	4
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.87	11	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.87	11	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	4.3	6	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	4.3	6	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	10.13	38	3
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.81	13	6
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	6.46	29	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.39	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	6.46	29	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	5.47	5	1
Dysphagia [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.57	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	5.16	9	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.61	2	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	7.09	6	3
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	7.09	6	3
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.25	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.37	7	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.25	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	2.38	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.72	9	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.58	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.91	4	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	11.61	24	8
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	11.61	24	8
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	3.17	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	4.3	3	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.88	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	4.3	3	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.88	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	18.66	234	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	18.66	234	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	8.45	13	3
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	8.45	13	3
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	8.45	13	3
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	13.43	40	9
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	13.43	40	9
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	10.23	26	3
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	10.23	26	3
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.82	11	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	7.37	9	2
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	7.37	9	2
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.41	7	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.41	7	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.99	4	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	6.34	13	1
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.25	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	20.02	235	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	21.88	357	2
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	20.02	235	1
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	5.88	2	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	8.02	24	4
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	8.02	24	4
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.06	5	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.99	4	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	4.74	6	1
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	4.84	4	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	4.84	4	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	4.74	6	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.62	8	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	6.32	17	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	7.01	48	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	6.32	17	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.95	4	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.25	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.14	5	0
Amentia [description not available]	9.5	19	5
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	12.32	22	15
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	9.5	19	5
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	12.32	22	15
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	5.49	5	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	5.49	5	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.61	2	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.47	2	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	17.03	54	26
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	17.03	54	26
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	2.25	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.46	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.67	9	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.25	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	9.41	9	3
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	9.41	9	3
Panic Attacks [description not available]	3.26	5	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	3.26	5	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	6.07	16	2
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	6.07	16	2
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	6.64	7	3
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.38	7	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.38	7	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.31	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	7.28	9	3
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	7.28	9	3
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	9.63	21	1
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	2.25	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	6.79	12	2
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	6.79	12	2
Insect Bites [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	4.03	5	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	5.77	22	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	5.77	22	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	8.17	24	5
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	8.17	24	5
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.7	3	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	5.34	9	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	3.23	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	4.04	3	0
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).	3.23	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	4.04	3	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	5.12	3	1
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	5.88	4	2
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	5.68	7	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	5.88	4	2
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	5.68	7	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	12.68	43	12
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	12.68	43	12
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	6.08	6	2
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	6.08	6	2
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.31	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	13.94	21	11
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	13.94	21	11
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.79	4	0
Absence Status [description not available]	5.06	15	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	5.06	15	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.41	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	13.79	46	12
Granulomatosis, Lipid [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Erdheim-Chester Disease A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.	2.31	1	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	2.75	3	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	3.44	7	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.31	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.65	3	0
Debility [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.71	11	2
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.46	2	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.41	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.15	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	3.48	2	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.09	4	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.09	4	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	5.27	4	3
Chronic Illness [description not available]	10.78	39	6
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	10.78	39	6
Atherogenesis [description not available]	4.77	11	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	4.77	11	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	10.24	13	9
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	4.27	6	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	4.27	6	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	10.24	13	9
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.68	11	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.35	8	2
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	6.35	8	2
HbS Disease [description not available]	6.73	33	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	6.73	33	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	12.08	34	12
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.71	3	0
Angiitis [description not available]	4.41	4	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.71	3	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4.41	4	1
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	7.35	22	6
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	7.05	19	5
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	7.35	22	6
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	7.05	19	5
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.41	7	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.15	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.87	4	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.15	1	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.15	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.47	2	0
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.15	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	5.7	7	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.7	7	1
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.15	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	5.53	6	1
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.57	2	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	5.53	6	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	3.21	6	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.66	3	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.35	7	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	6.22	6	2
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	6.22	6	2
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.93	4	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	4.48	8	0
Itching [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	4.81	7	1
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.17	1	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.76	3	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.7	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	5.78	7	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.05	5	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.14	5	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.7	3	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.33	7	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	9.97	15	4
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	9.97	15	4
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	3.7	3	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	4.31	4	1
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	2.52	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.17	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Respiratory System [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	5.73	7	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.41	7	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.81	4	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	3.59	9	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	4	5	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.17	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	4	5	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.17	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.77	3	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.77	4	0
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	2.17	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.78	3	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.99	4	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	2.17	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	12.83	22	6
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	12.83	22	6
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.87	4	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.59	2	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.59	2	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	2.17	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	2.17	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2.44	2	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Lichen Myxedematosus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	2.17	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	3.94	2	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	8.76	25	3
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	8.76	25	3
Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.17	1	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	3.02	4	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	7.02	13	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	7.02	13	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.62	3	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	3.09	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.21	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.17	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.21	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	4.7	2	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.93	4	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.88	4	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.38	2	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2.39	2	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	2.21	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	5.31	13	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.21	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	16.22	106	10
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	6.13	4	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	6.13	4	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.68	11	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	3.09	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.39	2	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.66	3	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	2.38	2	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	4.51	1	1
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	5.25	20	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.21	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.21	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.39	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.39	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	5.87	4	2
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	5.87	4	2
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	3.12	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	4.15	17	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	4.15	17	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	2.21	1	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2.21	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.55	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.53	2	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.07	5	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.44	2	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.54	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	6.09	5	2
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	6.09	5	2
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	2.21	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.21	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2.21	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.98	4	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	4.96	9	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	8.65	21	4
Adult Sandhoff Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sandhoff Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.	2.21	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.89	8	1
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.25	1	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	5.62	3	2
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	5.62	3	2
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.21	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.74	3	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.21	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	7.69	12	6
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	7.69	12	6
Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions [description not available]	5	6	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	5.46	5	1
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	8.56	7	5
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	8.56	7	5
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.08	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	6.65	7	3
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	6.65	7	3
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	7.13	11	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	7.13	11	2
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	3.06	5	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.08	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	3.41	2	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Chromosomes, Ring [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.52	9	2
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.77	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.41	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.07	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anticholinergic Syndrome Adverse drug effects associated with CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS. Clinical features include TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTHERMIA; MYDRIASIS, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and HALLUCINATIONS; PSYCHOSES; SEIZURES; and COMA in central anticholinergic syndrome.	2.08	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.08	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.08	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.28	6	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.1	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.1	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene for acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes.	3.42	2	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	3.16	5	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	2.78	3	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	2.9	4	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.82	8	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.82	8	1
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.48	2	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	3.2	5	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	3.2	5	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	2.1	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.61	3	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	5.72	7	1
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	8.61	3	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	10.4	20	6
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	5.22	6	2
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	5.22	6	2
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	10.4	20	6
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.83	8	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.83	8	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.63	3	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.04	3	1
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	4.32	4	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	4.32	4	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.1	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	4.56	5	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	4.56	5	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3.8	4	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.95	4	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.24	6	0
HIGM2 Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.11	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.11	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.36	7	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	4.49	5	1
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.1	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	3.48	1	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	5.93	9	3
Weight Reduction [description not available]	5.58	6	3
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	5.93	9	3
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	5.58	6	3
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.1	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.75	3	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.05	5	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.1	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.53	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.78	3	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.65	3	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	2.1	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	6.21	4	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	6.21	4	1
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	5.74	4	1
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	5.74	4	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.1	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	3.01	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.1	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.1	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	3.01	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.01	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	2.11	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.44	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	3.48	1	1
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	4.41	1	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.11	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3.7	10	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3.7	10	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.7	3	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.72	3	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.48	2	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.37	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.11	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.03	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	3.87	2	1
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	9.89	11	9
Alternariosis Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus.	2.1	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.49	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.52	2	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.11	1	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.11	1	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.11	1	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	4.41	1	1
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.92	4	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.11	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	3.36	2	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.43	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.13	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.68	3	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.13	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.13	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.48	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	2.93	4	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.74	3	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.13	1	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	2.49	2	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.13	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.39	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	2.89	4	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	3.7	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	3.99	5	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	3.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Drooling [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	2.13	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	3.04	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.45	5	1
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.15	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.13	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	2.13	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.13	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	4.21	6	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	4.21	6	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.45	2	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.75	3	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.15	1	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.39	2	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.39	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.15	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	4.45	1	1
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.38	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.15	1	0
Calculosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.15	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.15	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	4.6	6	1
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	4.39	2	2
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.04	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	5.85	9	3
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	5.85	9	3
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.36	2	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	3.81	2	1
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	3.81	2	1
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.46	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.05	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nail Abnormalities [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Microglossia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2.04	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.04	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.4	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.11	16	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.11	16	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	5.54	9	2
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	5.54	9	2
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.06	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.59	18	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	5.59	18	1
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.05	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.05	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.94	4	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.05	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.05	5	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.66	3	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.44	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.48	8	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.43	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2.38	2	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.47	2	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.05	1	0
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.93	4	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.	2.05	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.37	2	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.42	2	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.05	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	4.36	1	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.38	2	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	4.36	1	1
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	4.36	1	1
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	4.25	19	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2.33	2	0
Oral Fistula An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures.	1.92	1	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	1.92	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.46	2	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.05	1	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	3.76	2	1
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.05	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.05	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.42	2	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.05	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.05	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.06	5	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.05	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	3.26	6	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	4.7	7	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.33	7	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.06	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.06	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.05	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.06	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.66	10	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.06	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	4.89	14	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	5.91	41	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.66	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.66	3	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.65	3	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.47	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.06	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.48	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.06	1	0
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	2.06	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	7.78	26	3
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	3.59	3	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.59	6	1
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.86	9	1
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.91	4	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.86	9	1
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.69	3	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	3.45	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	3.45	1	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	3.46	1	1
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	3.9	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.08	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	3.27	6	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.86	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.86	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.38	2	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	2.99	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	5.92	5	2
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	5.92	5	2
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.08	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.08	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	5.61	10	2
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	5.61	10	2
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.67	3	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.08	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.42	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.46	2	0
Agyria [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	4.47	23	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	4.46	23	0
Psychoses [description not available]	6.19	13	3
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	6.19	13	3
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	3.34	2	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.01	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.41	2	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.01	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	3.8	2	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	3.8	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.07	5	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	8.43	13	5
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	8.43	13	5
Black Death [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	7.37	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	3.4	1	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	2.01	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	2.01	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.67	3	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.21	6	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	3.76	2	1
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.34	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	4.23	4	1
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	2.62	3	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	4.23	4	1
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.93	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.34	2	0
Embolus [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	1.93	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.35	2	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.35	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	1.93	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	1.93	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	5.6	10	2
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	5.6	10	2
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.93	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.36	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	1.93	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.63	3	0
Neuroses [description not available]	7.88	15	6
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	7.88	15	6
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	4.03	3	1
Headache, Tension [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	1.93	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	1.93	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	3.03	5	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	3.55	9	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	2.33	2	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.63	3	0
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).	1.93	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.78	4	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	1.93	1	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	1.93	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	6.09	17	2
Arachnidism [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	8.16	24	5
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	9.98	69	7
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	8.16	24	5
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	4.43	5	1
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	4.43	5	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	2.34	2	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	1.93	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	1.93	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Clonorchiasis Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.85	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	3.79	4	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.85	4	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.63	3	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	1.93	1	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	1.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	1.94	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.34	2	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Harelip [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.85	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	3.55	3	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.85	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	1.94	1	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	1.94	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	1.94	1	0
Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Conduction Defect [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	5.95	10	3
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.94	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	5.95	10	3
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.	1.94	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	4.03	3	1
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.44	8	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.34	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.34	2	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.24	4	1
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	4.24	4	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	5.04	43	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	1.94	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	2.63	3	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1.94	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.02	3	1
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	4.43	5	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.02	3	1
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	4.43	5	1
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	1.94	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	3.75	2	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.37	2	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	1.94	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	4.99	5	2
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.35	2	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	6.06	6	2
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.34	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4.72	7	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.35	2	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.94	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	2.01	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	5.05	5	2
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.66	3	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	2.02	1	0
Dissociation [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	1.92	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.02	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	4.25	7	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	4.25	7	0
Autism [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.02	1	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	2.02	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	3.3	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	7.44	4	4
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	7.44	4	4
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	3.76	2	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	3.76	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.21	20	0
Acariasis [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	4.47	5	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	2.02	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	7.92	77	3
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	8.15	75	4
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	1.92	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	6.09	17	2
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Sprains [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Injuries, Whiplash [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	1.94	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	2.34	2	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	2.34	2	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.02	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.02	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	3.8	2	1
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	4.95	9	0
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease A urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. The disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA). (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	4.62	3	2
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	4.62	3	2
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.37	2	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.02	1	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.41	1	1
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.58	3	0
Crigler Najjar Syndrome [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Flatus [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	3.41	1	1
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.03	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.47	8	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	2.42	2	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	4.04	3	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.03	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	4.95	3	1
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	3.57	3	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	5.35	5	3
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	5.35	5	3
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.03	1	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	7.03	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.38	2	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.7	3	0
Hyperamylasemia A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.	2.03	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	4.28	4	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.9	4	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.03	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.03	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Anticipatory Vomiting [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.96	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	3.07	5	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.41	2	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.04	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	5.5	6	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	5.5	6	1
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	6.2	19	2
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	11.2	19	2
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.86	4	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.88	4	0
Alcaptonuria [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Alkaptonuria An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.	1.94	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	4.03	3	1
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	3.96	14	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	6.65	54	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	5.48	16	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	4.15	17	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	5.82	23	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.88	4	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	4.84	8	1
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	6.09	17	2
Habronemiasis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	5.52	9	2
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	5.13	11	1
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	5.13	11	1
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.96	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.35	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.36	2	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.37	2	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	1.96	1	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	3.56	9	0
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	6.29	21	2
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	4.48	24	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	5.35	14	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.87	4	0
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	3.74	2	1
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	3.06	5	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	2.35	2	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	3.21	6	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	2.87	4	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	1.96	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.96	1	0
Tuberculoma A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.	1.96	1	0
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	2.36	2	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	3.2	6	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	3.56	9	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	7.36	27	5
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	7.36	27	5
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.66	3	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.66	3	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.65	3	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.81	4	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	1.98	1	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	1.98	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	1.98	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.98	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.39	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.17	11	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.17	11	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	1.99	1	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2.37	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	1.99	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	1.99	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	1.99	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	1.99	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	4.99	3	3
MODS [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	1.99	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.4	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	1.99	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	3.75	2	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.77	2	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.38	1	1
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	3.75	2	1
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	1.99	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	1.99	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.66	3	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	11.33	8	2
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Pediculosis [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	3.78	4	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.91	1	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.41	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.41	2	0
Acquired Neuromyotonia [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	3.2	6	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	5.51	6	3
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.39	1	1
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2	1	0
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	2	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	5.64	7	1
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.92	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2	1	0
Digitate Dermatosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Parapsoriasis The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).	2	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	2.01	1	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.01	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	1.95	1	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	1.95	1	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	3.33	7	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	3.27	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	3.27	2	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	4.03	3	1
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.64	3	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	4.59	3	2
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	4.59	3	2
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.95	1	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.59	3	2
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	1.95	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	7.48	22	7
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	3.05	5	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	1.95	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.64	3	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	3.27	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	4.02	3	1
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	1.95	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	3.04	5	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	1.95	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	1.95	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	2.64	3	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Chrysomya bezziana Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	2.64	3	0
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)	2.65	3	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	4.58	6	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.95	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	4.58	6	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	3.79	4	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	1.95	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.35	2	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	1.95	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.95	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.95	1	0
Arginino Succinase Deficiency [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Argininosuccinic Aciduria Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.	1.95	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.36	2	0
Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.	1.98	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	1.98	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.98	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	1.98	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	1.97	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.36	2	0
Black Fever [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	3.36	1	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.65	3	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dicrocoeliasis Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.	2.89	4	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	4.03	3	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	1.97	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	1.97	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	1.97	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Marasmus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	1.97	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Tick Paralysis Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.	2.88	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	1.97	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	1.96	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.37	2	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eczema, Dyshidrotic A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.94	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	1.94	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	2.86	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.86	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	1.95	1	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.55	3	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	3.73	2	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	1.94	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.94	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	1.94	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	2.35	2	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	3.33	1	1
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.33	1	1
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.64	3	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	1.94	1	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	1.94	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.64	3	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	1.94	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.95	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	1.95	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	4.9	6	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	1.94	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	1.94	1	0
Acne [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	1.94	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.94	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	1.94	1	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.35	2	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.86	4	0
Bejel [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.95	1	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	2.86	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	2.86	1	0
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	2.86	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.35	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	1.95	1	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	2.35	2	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	1.95	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	2.35	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.35	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.35	2	0
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Congenital Micrognathia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Congenital Foot Deformities [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.95	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	1.95	1	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	3.73	2	1
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	1.95	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	1.95	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	1.95	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.94	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	1.94	1	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ochronosis The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).	1.94	1	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	1.94	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	1.94	1	0
Stammering [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	1.94	1	0
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	1.94	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	1.94	1	0
Angle's Classification [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	1.94	1	0
Periostitis Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Costen's Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	1.94	1	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	1.94	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	1.94	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	1.94	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.94	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	1.94	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	1.94	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	3.32	1	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.94	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	1.94	1	0
Amyoplasia Congenita [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.94	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	1.94	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	1.94	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.94	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	1.94	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	1.94	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	1.94	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	1.94	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	1.94	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	1.94	1	0
Varices [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	1.94	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	1.94	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	1.94	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.94	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.35	2	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	1.94	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	1.94	1	0
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	3.32	1	1
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.34	2	0

carbamates

Cross-References

Synonyms (16)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (7)

Research

Studies (12,843)

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Research Demand Index: 62.29

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carbamates

Cross-References

Synonyms (16)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (7)

Research

Studies (12,843)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.29

Study Types

Related Drugs (3,102)

Related Conditions (1,734)