calcium citrate profile

Calcium citrate is a salt formed from calcium and citric acid. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement for calcium, particularly for people with low calcium intake. It is also used as a food additive to enhance the flavor and shelf life of processed foods. Calcium citrate is readily absorbed by the body and is well tolerated. Research has shown that calcium citrate supplementation can help improve bone health, reduce the risk of osteoporosis, and potentially lower the risk of certain types of cancer. The compound is studied extensively because of its potential therapeutic benefits for various health conditions, including bone disorders, kidney stones, and premenstrual syndrome. It is also studied for its potential role in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.'

Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Citrus	genus	A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.[MeSH]	Rutaceae	A plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	13136
CHEMBL ID	2106123
CHEBI ID	190513
MeSH ID	M0028810

Synonym
813-94-5
ec 212-391-7
86117bwo7p ,
unii-86117bwo7p
AKOS015839590
calcium citrate, tribasic
einecs 212-391-7
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid calcium salt (2:3)
citric acid, calcium salt (2:3)
calcium citrate [usan]
tricalcium dicitrate
tribasic calcium citrate
calcium citrate
acicontral
calcium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (3:2)
citrical
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt (2:3)
hsdb 5756
tricalcium bis(2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid)
calcium citrate tribasic
tricalcium bis(citric acid)
calcitrate
CHEBI:190513
citric acid calcium salt (2:3)
calcium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (3:2)
calcium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (3/2)
tricalcium citrate
tricalcium citrate tetrahydrate
CHEMBL2106123
e-333(iii)
calcium (as citrate)
calcium citrate anhydrous
calcimax
ins no.333(iii)
ins-333(iii)
tricalcium dicitrate tetrahydrate
calcium citrate [mi]
calcium citrate [hsdb]
calcium citrate [who-dd]
FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H
DTXSID7061148
J-509604
DB11093
Q420280
calciumcitrate
tricalcium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Calcium citrate has superior bioavailability than calcium carbonate in RYGB patients."	( Comparison of the absorption of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Adams-Huet, B; Chang, C; Provost, D; Sakhaee, K; Sims, T; Tondapu, P, 2009)	2.04

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The proportions of patients who had at least one adverse event were similar between groups (84 [93%] patients in the rhPTH[1-84] group vs 44 [100%] patients in the placebo group), with hypocalcaemia, muscle spasm, paraesthesias, headache, and nausea being the most common adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) in hypoparathyroidism (REPLACE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 study. Bajnok, L; Bilezikian, JP; Brandi, ML; Clarke, BL; Fraser, WD; Garceau, R; Lagast, H; Lakatos, P; Mannstadt, M; Mosekilde, L; Ranganath, L; Shoback, D; Vokes, T, 2013)	0.39

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This study was conducted to compare pharmacokinetic indices of calcium absorption after a single oral (500 mg calcium) load of Citracal (calcium citrate) and Os-Cal (calcium carbonate)."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium absorption from two commercial calcium supplements. Haynes, S; Heller, HJ; Pak, CY; Stewart, A, 1999)	0.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Nevertheless, there is little information on the effect of HT combined with calcium salts (HT-Ca) on calcium absorption and cell wall stability during storage of mango at CI temperature."	( Cell wall stabilization and calcium absorption on mango fruit treated with a quarantine hot water treatment combined with calcium salts and stored at chilling temperature. Ayón-Reyna, LE; Díaz-Corona, DA; López-López, ME; López-Velázquez, JG; Molina-Corral, J; Olivas Orozco, GI; Rubio-Trías, A; Vega-García, MO, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Not only is the calcium content of a preparation significant for providing adequate calcium supplementation for the prophylaxis and therapy of osteoporosis, but also its bioavailability is of essential importance."	( Intestinal calcium absorption from different calcium preparations: influence of anion and solubility. Erbes, HJ; Hansen, C; Kaltwasser, JP; Larrat, V; Werner, E, 1996)	0.29
"Several calcium supplements are currently available and many of them are marketed without proper comparison of the bioavailability of the actual preparations."	( Acute changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone circulating levels induced by the oral intake of five currently available calcium salts in healthy male volunteers. Albert, A; Deroisy, R; Meurmans, L; Micheletti, MC; Nelissenne, N; Reginster, JY; Zartarian, M, 1997)	0.3
"This randomized crossover study compared the single-dose bioavailability and effects on parathyroid function of two commercially formulated calcium supplements containing 500 mg of elemental calcium."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. Greer, LG; Haynes, SD; Heller, HJ; Pak, CY; Poindexter, JR, 2000)	0.31
"To perform a meta-analysis of data from available published trials comparing the bioavailability of calcium carbonate with that of calcium citrate."	( Meta-analysis of calcium bioavailability: a comparison of calcium citrate with calcium carbonate. Adams-Huet, B; Bhuket, T; Rao, DS; Sakhaee, K, 1999)	0.75
" Published cost-benefit analyses assume equal bioavailability for all calcium sources."	( Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation. Bendich, A; Bierman, J; Dowell, MS; Hale, CA; Heaney, RP, 2001)	0.31
"Given the equivalent bioavailability of the two marketed products, the cost benefit analysis favors the less expensive carbonate product."	( Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation. Bendich, A; Bierman, J; Dowell, MS; Hale, CA; Heaney, RP, 2001)	0.31
"The authors hypothesized that estrogen treatment or vitamin D status may affect the bioavailability of two common calcium supplements differently."	( Effect of estrogen treatment and vitamin D status on differing bioavailabilities of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. Adams-Huet, B; Heller, HJ; Poindexter, JR, 2002)	0.53
" The objective of this study was to compare the oral bioavailability of calcium from calcium formate, a new experimental dietary calcium supplement, to that of calcium citrate and calcium carbonate."	( Relative bioavailability of calcium from calcium formate, calcium citrate, and calcium carbonate. Fisher, DH; Fowler, SC; Hanzlik, RP, 2005)	0.77
"Calcium citrate has superior bioavailability than calcium carbonate in RYGB patients."	( Comparison of the absorption of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Adams-Huet, B; Chang, C; Provost, D; Sakhaee, K; Sims, T; Tondapu, P, 2009)	2.04
" In the present study, we examined whether the bioavailability of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate can be improved by reducing the particle size."	( Effects of nano calcium carbonate and nano calcium citrate on toxicity in ICR mice and on bone mineral density in an ovariectomized mice model. Chang, WH; Chen, JC; Hsu, CW; Huang, S, 2009)	0.84
"A total of 15 patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included in a 2-phase, crossover, randomized study comparing the single-dose bioavailability of PCC versus Citracal Petite."	( Superior calcium bioavailability of effervescent potassium calcium citrate over tablet formulation of calcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Pak, C; Sakhaee, K, )	0.37
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fortification and nano-size reduction on calcium absorption and bioavailability of milk powder formula in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats as a menopause and menopause-osteoporosis model."	( Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats. Abd Manap, MY; Bin Mustafa, S; Erfanian, A; Hair-Bejo, M; Mirhosseini, H; Rasti, B, 2015)	0.67

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Calcium, 1200 mg/d, has effects on BMD in men comparable with those found in postmenopausal women but a dosage of 600 mg/d is ineffective for treating BMD."	( Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Ames, R; Bacon, CJ; Bolland, MJ; Gamble, GD; Grey, A; Horne, A; Mason, B; Reid, HE; Reid, IR, 2008)	0.35
"05) and dose-response relationship between treatments."	( Anticaries effect of dentifrices with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate. Bergamaschi, M; Delbem, AC; Missel, EM; Rodrigues, E; Sassaki, KT; Vieira, AE, 2012)	0.65
" A dose-response was observed between fluoride concentration in toothpastes and fluoride present in enamel, regardless of dilution."	( In vitro enamel remineralization by low-fluoride toothpaste with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate. Danelon, M; Delbem, AC; Freire, IR; Hirata, E, 2013)	0.63
"Guidelines for the dosage of vitamin D supplementation vary widely globally."	( Vitamin D3 Dose Requirement That Raises 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to Desirable Level in Overweight and Obese Elderly. Al-Shaar, L; Arabi, A; Bacha, DS; Baddoura, R; El-Hajj Fuleihan, G; Habib, R; Halaby, G; Mahfoud, ZR; Rahme, M; Singh, RJ, 2021)	0.62

Item	Process	Frequency
Fermented foods	core-ingredient	122
Dairies	core-ingredient	122
Fermented milk products	core-ingredient	118
Beverages	core-ingredient	117
Desserts	core-ingredient	116
Dairy desserts	core-ingredient	104
Fermented dairy desserts	core-ingredient	102
Yogurts	core-ingredient	101
Dried products	core-ingredient	60
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	59
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	59
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	57
Snacks	core-ingredient	52
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	43
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	34
Confectioneries	core-ingredient	27
Greek-style yogurts	core-ingredient	25
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	19
Plant-based spreads	core-ingredient	19
Spreads	core-ingredient	19
Fruit and vegetable preserves	core-ingredient	16
Sweet spreads	core-ingredient	16
Breakfasts	core-ingredient	16
Cheeses	core-ingredient	16
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	12
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	10
Biscuits	core-ingredient	10
Fermented dairy desserts with fruits	core-ingredient	9
Fruit yogurts	core-ingredient	8
Breads	core-ingredient	7
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	7
Waters	core-ingredient	7
Low-fat yogurts	core-ingredient	6
Cheese substitutes	core-ingredient	6
Vanilla yogurt	core-ingredient	5
Sodas	core-ingredient	5
Carbonated drinks	core-ingredient	5
Frozen foods	core-ingredient	5
Non-dairy yogurts	core-ingredient	4
Non-dairy fermented foods	core-ingredient	4
Non-dairy desserts	core-ingredient	4
Infant formulas	core-ingredient	4
Milks	core-ingredient	3
Sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	3
Candies	core-ingredient	3
Cakes	core-ingredient	3
Cereal bars	core-ingredient	3
Bars	core-ingredient	3
Groceries	core-ingredient	3
Dips	core-ingredient	3
Sauces	core-ingredient	3
Condiments	core-ingredient	3
Meals	core-ingredient	3
Baby milks	core-ingredient	3
Baby foods	core-ingredient	3
Fruit juices	core-ingredient	2
Juices and nectars	core-ingredient	2
Fruit-based beverages	core-ingredient	2
en:yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Almond milk yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Gummy bears	core-ingredient	2
Gummi candies	core-ingredient	2
Spicy guacamoles	core-ingredient	2
Guacamoles	core-ingredient	2
Jams	core-ingredient	2
electrolyte mix	core-ingredient	2
Sugar-free chewing gum	core-ingredient	2
Chewing gum	core-ingredient	2
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	2
Shredded cheese substitutes	core-ingredient	2
Bifidus yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	2
Juices	core-ingredient	1
Fruits based foods	core-ingredient	1
Fruits and vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	1
Coconutmilk yogurts	core-ingredient	1
Plain yogurts	core-ingredient	1
Energy drinks	core-ingredient	1
Frozen desserts	core-ingredient	1
Sugars	core-ingredient	1
Sweeteners	core-ingredient	1
Dairy free cheese	core-ingredient	1
Carrot cakes	core-ingredient	1
en:biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits secs	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits et gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
sucrés	core-ingredient	1
Spring waters	core-ingredient	1
en:Vitamin mineral combinations	core-ingredient	1
Suplementos dietéticos	core-ingredient	1
Productos sin gluten	core-ingredient	1
Unsweetened beverages	core-ingredient	1
Refrigerated non-dairy yogurts	core-ingredient	1
Multifruit juices from concentrate	core-ingredient	1
Multifruit juices	core-ingredient	1
Fruit juices from concentrate	core-ingredient	1
Cheesecakes	core-ingredient	1
Probiotique-de-riz-fermente-a-boire	core-ingredient	1
Jaffa cakes	core-ingredient	1
Electrolytes	core-ingredient	1
80 calories	core-ingredient	1
Baguettes	core-ingredient	1
Pastry helpers	core-ingredient	1
Cooking helpers	core-ingredient	1
Fats	core-ingredient	1
nutrient enhanced water	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin Water	core-ingredient	1
Sports Nutrition	core-ingredient	1
en:Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	1
en:Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	1
en:Dried products	core-ingredient	1
en:Beverages	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate candies	core-ingredient	1
Cocoa and its products	core-ingredient	1
Frozen pizzas	core-ingredient	1
Frozen pizzas and pies	core-ingredient	1
Pizzas	core-ingredient	1
Pizzas pies and quiches	core-ingredient	1
en:flavored-waters	core-ingredient	1
Poires fraîches	core-ingredient	1
Poires	core-ingredient	1
Fruits frais	core-ingredient	1
Compléments alimentaires	core-ingredient	1
Fruits	core-ingredient	1
Fruits et produits dérivés	core-ingredient	1
Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes	core-ingredient	1
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	1
Drinkable yogurts	core-ingredient	1
Fermented milk drinks	core-ingredient	1
Fermented drinks	core-ingredient	1
Dairy drinks	core-ingredient	1
Fruit spread	core-ingredient	1
Raspberry jams	core-ingredient	1
Berry jams	core-ingredient	1
ro:Orez	core-ingredient	1
Rice puddings	core-ingredient	1
Puddings	core-ingredient	1
en:dietary-supplements	core-ingredient	1
Nutritional Supplement	core-ingredient	1
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	1
en:baby-milks	core-ingredient	1
en:milks	core-ingredient	1
en:Baby milks in powder	core-ingredient	1
en:Infant formulas	core-ingredient	1
en:Baby milks	core-ingredient	1
Żywność dla niemowląt	core-ingredient	1
Cheese spreads substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Salted spreads	core-ingredient	1
Sliced cheese substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Fromages blancs aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Fromages blancs	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés fermentés aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés fermentés	core-ingredient	1
Desserts lactés	core-ingredient	1
Produits laitiers fermentés	core-ingredient	1
Produits fermentés	core-ingredient	1
Produits laitiers	core-ingredient	1
Yogurt with fruits no 0% fat	core-ingredient	1
Cow milk yogurts	core-ingredient	1
formula milk	core-ingredient	1
en:fruit-yogurts	core-ingredient	1
Boissons avec sucre ajouté	core-ingredient	1
Thés glacés saveur pêche	core-ingredient	1
Thés glacés	core-ingredient	1
Boissons au thé	core-ingredient	1
Boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	1
Boissons	core-ingredient	1
First age baby milk powder	core-ingredient	1
Baby milks in powder	core-ingredient	1
mineral supplement	core-ingredient	1
Nutritional-supplement	core-ingredient	1
electrolyte powder	core-ingredient	1
sports drinks	core-ingredient	1

Role	Description
nutraceutical	A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
food additive	Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
food preservative	Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
flavouring agent	A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
organic calcium salt
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12 (6.56)	18.7374
1990's	21 (11.48)	18.2507
2000's	58 (31.69)	29.6817
2010's	71 (38.80)	24.3611
2020's	21 (11.48)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	53 (26.50%)	5.53%
Reviews	11 (5.50%)	6.00%
Case Studies	13 (6.50%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.50%)	0.25%
Other	122 (61.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	7.78	18	2	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	7.21	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	2.48	2	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.46	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.41	1	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	4.17	3	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.42	1	1
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.94	2	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	3.51	1	1	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
taurine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.06	3	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.01	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.02	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.02	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.02	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.13	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	1.99	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
pamidronate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.02	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.35	1	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium fluoride [no description available]	11.92	6	4	fluoride salt	mutagen
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.56	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.15	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.31	1	0	guanidines
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	2.06	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2	1	0	lactose
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	4.65	6	1	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	3.38	1	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
calcium gluconate [no description available]	4.06	4	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	12.97	52	18	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.37	1	1	organic molecular entity
calcium lactate [no description available]	8.14	5	0
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	10.28	6	2	potassium salt	diuretic
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.93	4	2
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.1	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.43	2	0	carbon oxoanion
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	5.4	7	2	calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	7.25	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
fluorides [no description available]	2.48	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
taurolidine [no description available]	7.17	1	0	thiadiazinane
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.03	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	4.52	5	1	organic calcium salt
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.1	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.02	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	4.73	3	2
dolomite calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals	2.08	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.08	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trimethyl citrate trimethyl citrate: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.15	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	3.85	2	1	calcium salt; hydrate
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	4.3	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	2.41	1	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.31	1	0	carbonyl compound
lactogluconic acid [no description available]	3.37	1	1
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.1	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.02	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.13	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	7.17	1	0	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	7.6	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.51	1	1	diphosphate ion
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.33	4	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.03	1	0
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.82	2	1	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	8.97	15	7	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	6.99	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.38	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.21	4	3	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.93	1	0
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	2.04	1	0	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	3.92	2	1	magnesium salt	laxative
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.36	2	2
ferrous bisglycinate ferrous bisglycinate: an iron fortificant in bread for iron-deficient school children	2.03	1	0
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	2.13	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	2.85	4	0
calcium pidolate calcium pidolate: tradename	3.38	1	1
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	3.41	1	1
chitosan [no description available]	7.6	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.04	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.44	2	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.21	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.25	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.1	1	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2	1	0
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.35	1	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	3.8	1	1
Ache [description not available]	0	14.01	37	36
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	14.03	36	36
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	14.01	37	36
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	3.52	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	6.93	7	4
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	3.12	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	7.77	15	2
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	7.77	15	2
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	6.93	7	4
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	4.36	4	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	4.36	4	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	4.5	5	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	2.77	3	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	9.42	15	12
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	9.42	15	12
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	2.25	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	6.56	6	3
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	6.56	6	3
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	4.62	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	4.76	2	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	5.98	3	3
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	11.22	7	2
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	9.93	4	2
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	5.3	4	1
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	0	4.93	4	2
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	5.3	4	1
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	2.17	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.49	5	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	4.18	3	1
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	4	5	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	3.59	1	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	4.5	2	2
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	3.59	1	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	3.59	1	1
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	0	3.59	1	1
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	5.45	5	1
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	2.08	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	2.08	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.08	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	1	4.08	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	4.39	1	1
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	4.39	1	1
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	4.39	1	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	4.39	1	1
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	0	8.11	8	4
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.42	9	5
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	13.42	9	5
Diathesis [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	3.03	1	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	3.03	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	7.39	8	6
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
AIRE Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.1	1	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	2.1	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	2.1	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	3.85	2	1
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	5.34	2	2
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	3.5	1	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	5.34	2	2
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	3.51	1	1
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.15	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	2.15	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	2.15	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	7.86	5	5
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	4.39	2	2
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	7.86	5	5
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	4.39	2	2
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	0	2.04	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	3.43	1	1
Cramp [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	0	3.43	1	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	3.43	1	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	3.43	1	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	3.43	1	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	4.35	1	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.97	1	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	0	2.97	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.97	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.97	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	4.69	3	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	4.69	3	2
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.86	4	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	4.65	3	2
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	4.65	3	2
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	2.07	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.01	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	2.85	4	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	2.34	2	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	4.03	3	1
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	1.94	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	1.94	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	1.94	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	1.94	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	1.94	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.02	1	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	0	2.02	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	2.03	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	2.03	1	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	3.8	2	1
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	2.03	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	3.42	1	1
Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	3.42	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	1.99	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	1.99	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	1.99	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	1.99	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	1.99	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	1.99	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	0	1.99	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	0	1.99	1	0
Calculosis [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	2	1	0

calcium citrate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (46)

Research Excerpts

Effects

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (173 Items)

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (183)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 63.89

Study Types