Compounds > chlorine dioxide
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chlorine dioxide

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Description

chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID24870
CHEBI ID29415
CHEBI ID52357
CHEBI ID37750
MeSH IDM0084108

Synonyms (61)

Synonym
dioxido-lambda(5)-chloranyl
CHEBI:29415
[clo2](.)
dioxidochlorine(.)
o2cl(.)
10049-04-4
(oclo)(.)
ccris 9130
epa pesticide chemical code 020503
caswell no. 179a
einecs 233-162-8
hsdb 517
chlorine oxide (clo2)
chlorine dioxide
chlorosyloxidanyl
chlorine dioxide, hydrate
ec 233-162-8
unii-8061yms4rm
8061yms4rm ,
purite
DTXSID5023958 ,
e926
chlorine oxide?
DB12453
skin n clean
pure o2-s f
joyden plus
purogene
chlorine oxides
bluemax pre-post
jiajia gaseous air disinfectant
virus zero-f
virus kill sanitizer
chlorine dioxide (mart.)
ko-c100
clo2(.)
chlorine dioxide sustained release granules
10049-04-470377-94-5(hydrate)
doxido de cloro
gladiator super dry
usepa/opp pesticide code: 020503
provtect hand sanitizer
chlorine dioxide hydrate, (frozen)
chebi:52357
sfp inc. nvo-2 topical navel dip
joyden
chlorine dioxide disinfectant
m.c. (morningcalm) v zero
dmine pentose medi plus
chlorine(iv)oxide
chlorine dioxide air disinfectant
chebi:37750
anthium dioxide
sani-health sanitizer
sfp inc. vo-2 sanitizing teat dip
chlorine dioxide(clo2)
dtxcid803958
pure o2 s
nobda disinfectant
bluemax premium eu
tbosen emergency sterilization card

Research Excerpts

Overview

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfectant gas with strong antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. It is a convenient, fast, and effective disinfection technique for COVID-19-contaminated airway endoscopes. Chlorina dioxide complex™ is a new molecule to dermatology that is a unique, non-toxic, broad spectrum anti-microbial and keratolytic compound.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Chlorine dioxide is a safe and effective disinfectant, even at concentrations as low as 20 to 30 mg/L."( A systematic review on chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant.
Al-Worafi, YM; Choo, CY; Jefri, UHNM; Kalusalingam, A; Kassab, YW; Khan, A; Lee, KS; Liew, KB; Lim, YC; Ming, LC, 2022)		1.75
"Chlorine dioxide is a convenient, fast, and effective disinfection technique for COVID-19-contaminated airway endoscopes."( Efficacy of chlorin dioxide wipes in disinfecting airway devices contaminated with Covid-19.
Abdelfattah, A; Albaharna, H; Almualim, M; Almubiereek, H; Bukhamsin, R; Buohliqah, L, 2023)		2.35
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfectant gas with strong antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. "( Antimicrobial efficiency of chlorine dioxide and its potential use as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent: mechanisms of action and interactions with gut microbiota.
Jiménez-Fernández, M; Juárez-Trujillo, N; Peredo-Lovillo, A; Romero-Luna, HE, 2023)		2.65
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas is an effective method, but decontamination often requires a ClO₂ gas generator with a specialized air-tight exposure chamber."( Low-cost, Small-scale Decontamination of Laboratory Equipment by Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas.
Beck, B; Fong, D; Leszczynski, JK; Manuel, CA; McGrath, A; Mitchell, CM; Schurr, MJ, 2019)		1.47
"Chlorine dioxide complex™ is a new molecule to dermatology that is a unique, non-toxic, broad spectrum anti-microbial and keratolytic compound. "( Chlorine Dioxide Complex Cleanser: A New Agent With Rapid Efficacy for Keratosis Pilaris.
Fichtel, J; Zirwas, MJ, 2018)		3.37
"Chlorine dioxide is a potential fumigant to control phosphine-resistant strains of the five stored-product insect species."( Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide Gas to Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Adults of Five Stored-Product Insect Species: Influence of Temperature and Food During Gas Exposure.
E, X; Li, B; Subramanyam, B, 2018)		1.58
"Chlorine dioxide is a commonly used water disinfectant. "( An unusual case of reversible acute kidney injury due to chlorine dioxide poisoning.
Bathina, G; Burri, S; Ch, R; Deshpande, P; Enganti, R; Prasad Ch, R; Prayaga, A; Uppin, M; Yadla, M, 2013)		2.08
"Chlorine dioxide appears to be a safe biologically acceptable antiseptic wound irrigant that does not appear to interfere with cosmetic outcomes."( Activated chlorine dioxide solution can be used as a biocompatible antiseptic wound irrigant.
Bertsch, K; Jay, GD; Reinert, SE; Valente, JH; Zabbo, CP, 2014)		1.53
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a widely used chemical employed for this purpose."( Influence of drinking water treatments on chlorine dioxide consumption and chlorite/chlorate formation.
Biasibetti, M; Collivignarelli, C; Gialdini, F; Sorlini, S, 2014)		1.39
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a strong oxidizer and is used as a decontaminating agent in food processing plants."( Inactivation Kinetics and Mechanism of a Human Norovirus Surrogate on Stainless Steel Coupons via Chlorine Dioxide Gas.
DiCaprio, E; Kaur, S; Li, J; Linton, R; Lou, F; Morgan, M; Yeap, JW, 2016)		1.37
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a novel and effective fumigation agent with strong oxidization ability and a broad biocidal spectrum. "( Kinetics of Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger Spores and Staphylococcus albus on Paper by Chlorine Dioxide Gas in an Enclosed Space.
Hao, L; Qi, J; Wang, T; Wu, J; Yi, Y; Zhang, Z, 2016)		2.09
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidant that possesses an antimicrobial activity. "( A study of the properties of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigant.
Hayashi, T; Ito, Y; Matsuura, A; Shirasaki, Y; Uekusa, M, 2016)		2.17
"Chlorine dioxide is a hypochlorite alternative disinfectant agent. "( Chlorine dioxide reaction with selected amino acids in water.
Alvaro, M; Garcia, H; Navalon, S, 2009)		3.24
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidizing agent that can be applied in solution as well as in the gaseous state. "( Effects of food composition on the inactivation of foodborne microorganisms by chlorine dioxide.
Cucu, T; De Bruyne, J; De Meulenaer, B; Devlieghere, F; Kerkaert, B; Ragaert, P; Van Camp, J; Vandekinderen, I, 2009)		2.02
"Chlorine dioxide is an alternative treatment to kill spores of Alicyclobacillus spp."( Mitigation of Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on food contact surfaces with aqueous chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite.
Danyluk, MD; Friedrich, LM; Goodrich-Schneider, R; Parish, ME, 2009)		1.3
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) is an antimicrobial agent available for commercial produce washing. "( Spray washing of tomatoes with chlorine dioxide to minimize Salmonella on inoculated fruit surfaces and cross-contamination from revolving brushes.
Kelsey, DF; Long, W; Pao, S, 2009)		2.08
"Chlorine dioxide is a well known powerful disinfectant. "( Using RuO(2) anode for chlorine dioxide production in an un-divided electrochemical cell.
Chandrasekara Pillai, K; Kwon, TO; Moon, IS; Park, BB, 2010)		2.11
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a highly effective disinfectant for food and potable water treatment. "( [Bactericidal effects of chlorine dioxide by respiratory inhibition].
Lai, J; Li, C; Wei, M, 2011)		2.12
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a highly effective disinfectant for food and potable water treatment. "( [Action modes of chlorine dioxide--a review].
Lai, J; Wei, M; Zhan, P, 2012)		2.16
"Chlorine dioxide is a possible alternative and an automated washer-disinfector fitted with this agent is currently available."( Endoscope disinfection using chlorine dioxide in an automated washer-disinfector.
Hirakata, Y; Hirayama, T; Inoue, K; Isomoto, H; Kamihira, S; Kawazoe, K; Kohno, S; Matsuda, J; Matsuo, N; Nishi, Y; Ohnita, K; Urata, M; Wada, A, 2006)		1.35
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) gas is a strong oxidizing and sanitizing agent that has a broad and high biocidal effectiveness and big penetration ability; its efficacy to prolong the shelf-life of a minimally processed (MP) vegetable, grated carrots (Daucus carota L.), was tested in this study. "( Shelf-life extension of minimally processed carrots by gaseous chlorine dioxide.
Debevere, J; Devlieghere, F; Gómez-López, VM; Ragaert, P, 2007)		2.02
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an antimicrobial agent recognized for its disinfectant properties. "( Using aqueous chlorine dioxide to prevent contamination of tomatoes with Salmonella enterica and erwinia carotovora during fruit washing.
Ettinger, MR; Kelsey, DF; Khalid, MF; Pao, S, 2007)		2.14
"Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant used worldwide. "( Biochemical method for chlorine dioxide determination.
Hernandez-Saavedra, D; Ochoa, JL; Tinoco, R; Vazquez-Duhalt, R, 1996)		2.05
"Chlorine dioxide is a new type of forceful disinfectant, but it cannot be stored and transported as a gas and is very toxic. "( [Study on stable unified disinfectant capable of releasing chlorine dioxide].
Li, Q; Tang, YA; Yu, J; Zhong, X, 1999)		1.99

Effects

Chlorine dioxide has a similar or better direct effect than sodium hypochlorite and a similar residual effect than chlorhexidine. It has a long history of use as a disinfectant.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas has a history of use as a decontamination agent in response to an act of bioterrorism. It has been promoted as an alternative disinfectant because of its high disinfection efficiency and less formation of organic disinfection by-products.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas has a history of use as a decontamination agent in response to an act of bioterrorism."( Potential biodefense model applications for portable chlorine dioxide gas production.
Newsome, AL; Stubblefield, JM, )		1.1
"Chlorine dioxide has a similar or better direct effect than sodium hypochlorite and a similar residual effect than chlorhexidine."( Surface Disinfectants for Burn Units Evaluated by a New Double Method, Using Microorganisms Recently Isolated From Patients, on a Surface Germ-Carrier Model.
Herruzo, I; Herruzo, R; Sanchez, M; Vizcaino, MJ, )		0.85
"Chlorine dioxide has a long history of use as a disinfectant."( Disinfection of football protective equipment using chlorine dioxide produced by the ICA TriNova system.
DuBois, JD; Newsome, AL; Tenney, JD, 2009)		1.32
"Chlorine dioxide has been promoted as an alternative for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, especially in Peru, despite the lack of evidence to support its efficacy. "( Factors associated with the consumption of chlorine dioxide to prevent and treat COVID-19 in the Peruvian population: a cross-sectional study.
Ccami-Bernal, F; Fernandez-Guzman, D; Nieto-Gutierrez, W; Rojas-Miliano, C; Soriano-Moreno, DR, 2021)		2.33
"Chlorine dioxide has been reported as very efficiently removing pesticides and other organic compounds from water matrixes. "( Examination of degradation and ecotoxicology of pethoxamid and metazachlor after chlorine dioxide treatment.
Avdin, VV; Kodranov, ID; Manojlović, DD; Pergal, MV, 2020)		2.23
"Chlorine dioxide has been historically used as a disinfecting agent for drinking water supplies and surfaces. "( Acute kidney injury secondary to chlorine dioxide use for COVID-19 prevention.
García-Estrada, C; Medina-Avitia, E; Tella-Vega, P, 2021)		2.35
"Chlorine dioxide has been used as an antiseptic in industrial settings for decades, primarily in water treatment facilities for municipal water supplies and food preparation."( Chlorine Dioxide Complex Cleanser: A New Agent With Rapid Efficacy for Keratosis Pilaris.
Fichtel, J; Zirwas, MJ, 2018)		2.64
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas has a history of use as a decontamination agent in response to an act of bioterrorism."( Potential biodefense model applications for portable chlorine dioxide gas production.
Newsome, AL; Stubblefield, JM, )		1.1
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been promoted as an alternative disinfectant because of its high disinfection efficiency and less formation of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs). "( Influence of ultrasound enhancement on chlorine dioxide consumption and disinfection by-products formation for secondary effluents disinfection.
Lan, J; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, D; Yang, X; Zhao, J; Zhou, X, 2016)		2.15
"Chlorine dioxide has a similar or better direct effect than sodium hypochlorite and a similar residual effect than chlorhexidine."( Surface Disinfectants for Burn Units Evaluated by a New Double Method, Using Microorganisms Recently Isolated From Patients, on a Surface Germ-Carrier Model.
Herruzo, I; Herruzo, R; Sanchez, M; Vizcaino, MJ, )		0.85
"Chlorine dioxide has a long history of use as a disinfectant."( Disinfection of football protective equipment using chlorine dioxide produced by the ICA TriNova system.
DuBois, JD; Newsome, AL; Tenney, JD, 2009)		1.32
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been recently proposed as an irrigation solution in endodontics."( Comparison of organic tissue dissolution capacities of sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide.
Cobankara, FK; Ozkan, HB; Terlemez, A, 2010)		1.31
"Chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) has been postulated as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for fresh-cut produce sanitization to avoid risks associated with chlorination by-products. "( Cross-contamination of fresh-cut lettuce after a short-term exposure during pre-washing cannot be controlled after subsequent washing with chlorine dioxide or sodium hypochlorite.
Allende, A; Gil, MI; López-Gálvez, F; Selma, MV; Truchado, P, 2010)		2.01
"Chlorine dioxide (CD) gas has been used as a fumigant in the disinfection of biosafety laboratories. "( Decontamination of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas.
Jia, HQ; Li, YJ; Qi, JC; Wu, JH; Yi, Y; Zhu, N, 2012)		2.05
"Chlorine dioxide has been proposed as an alternative to chlorine because it is a powerful disinfection agent that does not react with ammonia or chlorinated organics to form chloramines or trihalomethanes. "( Derivation of acute ecological risk criteria for chlorite in freshwater ecosystems.
Burton, DT; Fisher, DJ; Turley, BS; Turley, SD; Yonkos, LT; Ziegler, GP, 2003)		1.76
"Chlorine dioxide has advantages over other chlorine products."( Formation and decontamination of biofilms in dental unit waterlines.
Marshall, GW; Rowland, RW; Wirthlin, MR, 2003)		1.04
"Chlorine dioxide at 30 ppm has equivalent microbicidal activity against most microbes and faster antimicrobial effects on M."( Endoscope disinfection using chlorine dioxide in an automated washer-disinfector.
Hirakata, Y; Hirayama, T; Inoue, K; Isomoto, H; Kamihira, S; Kawazoe, K; Kohno, S; Matsuda, J; Matsuo, N; Nishi, Y; Ohnita, K; Urata, M; Wada, A, 2006)		1.35
"Chlorine dioxide has antimicrobial activity against many bacteria, spores, and viruses."( Evaluation of ultrasonic scaling unit waterline contamination after use of chlorine dioxide mouthrinse lavage.
Marshall GW, JR; Wirthlin, MR, 2001)		1.26
"Chlorine dioxide (Cl02) has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine to avoid formation of organohalides. "( Effect of chlorine dioxide and metabolites on glutathione dependent system in rat, mouse and chicken blood.
Abdel-Rahman, MS; Couri, D, 1979)		2.1
"Chlorine dioxide has some important advantages over chlorine with respect to water quality (no formation of trihalomethanes, no impairment of taste and no odor) and stability when used for oxidation/disinfection of drinking water. "( Chlorine dioxide as a post-disinfectant for Dutch drinking water.
van Dijk-Looijaard, AM; Wondergem, E, 1991)		3.17

Treatment

Chlorine dioxide treatment of the biologically treated effluent with dosages down to 0.75 mg/L resulted in more than 97% reduction of all parabens. The treatments of chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and ozonated water promoted reduction of 2.5, 1.1 and 0.7 log cycle.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Chlorine dioxide treatment reduced (P < 0.05) total coliforms on seeds with no effect (P > 0.05) on germination."( Chloroxyanion Residue on Seeds and Sprouts after Chlorine Dioxide Sanitation of Alfalfa Seed.
Herges, GR; Smith, DJ, 2018)		1.46
"Chlorine dioxide-treated spores also did not germinate with Ca2+-DPA and could not be recovered by lysozyme treatment, but did germinate with nutrients."( Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide.
Setlow, P; Young, SB, 2003)		1.27
"Chlorine dioxide treated apples were stored at 4 degrees C for 7 days to assess the effect on visual quality."( Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores on apple surfaces.
Chang, SS; Dancer, GI; Kang, DH; Lee, SY; Rhee, MS, 2006)		1.43
"Chlorine dioxide treatment of the biologically treated effluent with dosages down to 0.75 mg/L resulted in more than 97% reduction of all parabens."( Estrogenic personal care products in a greywater reuse system.
Andersen, HR; Eriksson, E; Ledin, A; Lundsbye, M; Wedel, HV, 2007)		1.06
"The treatments of chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and ozonated water promoted reduction of 2.5, 1.1 and 0.7 log cycle, respectively, on count of microbial load of minimally processed product and can be used as substitutes for sodium hypochlorite."( Alternative sanitization methods for minimally processed lettuce in comparison to sodium hypochlorite.
Amaral, RD; Bachelli, ML; Benedetti, BC, 2013)		0.71

Toxicity

Chlorite is a primary decomposition product when chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is added during water treatment. The toxic effects of both compounds on aquatic organisms are possible.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The only unexpected and significant toxic effect was elicited by ClO2; this chemical inhibited thyroid metabolism in the animals at a dose of ca."( Subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and related compounds in drinking water in the nonhuman primate.
Bercz, JP; Boston, J; Garner, L; Jones, L; Ludwig, DA; Murray, D, 1982)		0.57
" Both products showed no toxic effects even at doses 50 times higher than the LD50 of cylindrospermopsin (10 mg/kg mouse ip)."( Uracil moiety is required for toxicity of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin.
Banker, R; Carmeli, S; Porat, R; Sukenik, A; Teltsch, B; Werman, M, 2001)		0.31
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of toxic and genotoxic compounds in surface drinking waters treated with two widely used disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), and a new disinfectant, peracetic acid (PAA)."( A new approach to evaluating the toxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected drinking water.
Feretti, D; Monarca, S; Moretti, M; Richardson, SD; Thruston, AD; Villarini, M; Zani, C, 2004)		0.51
" The surface-water extracts were very often toxic to most of the test organisms considered, partially masking their potential mutagenic activity."( In vitro potential genotoxic effects of surface drinking water treated with chlorine and alternative disinfectants.
Buschini, A; Feretti, D; Guzzella, L; Monarca, S; Poli, P; Richardson, SD; Rossi, C; Zani, C; Zerbini, I, 2004)		0.32
" Experimental groups were compared by the logarithmic difference between the clinical and LD50 concentrations of a particular irrigant."( An in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of various endodontic irrigants on human gingival fibroblasts.
Barnhart, BD; Chuang, A; Joyce, AP; Liewehr, F; Lucca, JJ; Roberts, S, 2005)		0.33
" The exposure to chlorine disinfectants without the addition of HA produced a clear toxic effect."( Modulating effects of humic acids on genotoxicity induced by water disinfectants in Cyprinus carpio.
Buschini, A; Gustavino, B; Monfrinotti, M; Poli, P; Rizzoni, M; Rossi, C; Tancioni, L, 2005)		0.33
"Chlorite (ClO2-) is a primary decomposition product when chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is added during water treatment; therefore the toxic effects of both compounds on aquatic organisms are possible."( Acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorite (ClO2-) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Mickeniene, L; Stasiŭnaite, P; Svecevicius, G; Syvokiene, J, 2005)		0.86
" Chlorite was found to be from 48 to 18 times less acutely toxic to larvae and adult fish, correspondingly."( Acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorite (ClO2-) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Mickeniene, L; Stasiŭnaite, P; Svecevicius, G; Syvokiene, J, 2005)		0.62
"Due to its very reactive nature, chlorine dioxide is rapidly (in a few hours) reduced to chlorite, which is persistent also as a biocide but 16 times less toxic to fish, according to MATC."( Acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorite (ClO2-) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Mickeniene, L; Stasiŭnaite, P; Svecevicius, G; Syvokiene, J, 2005)		0.9
" Patient discontinuations resulting from adverse events were similar for both groups and most of these were a result of signs or symptoms of ocular allergic reaction."( The safety and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% preserved with polyquaternium-1.
Andrew, RM; Bergamini, MV; Bosworth, CF; Dickerson, JE; James, JE; Landry, TA; Moster, MR; Ochsner, KI; Silver, LH; Sullivan, EK; Wells, DT; Whitson, JT, 2006)		0.33
", Management Strategies for Toxic Blue Green Algae: Literature Review."( Assessing drinking water treatment systems for safety against cyanotoxin breakthrough using maximum tolerable values.
Bornmann, K; Imhof, L; Izydorczyk, K; Mankiewicz, J; Schmidt, W, 2008)		0.35
"The toxic effect of chlorine dioxide to the different instar larvae of chironomid was studied using raw water as test sample."( [Toxicity and influencing factors of chlorine dioxide to chironomid larvae].
Cui, FY; Guo, ZH; Sun, XB, 2007)		0.94
"A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20 d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) and peracetic acid (PAA)."( A protocol for the evaluation of genotoxicity in bile of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lake water treated with different disinfectants.
Dominici, L; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Fatigoni, C; Monarca, S; Moretti, M; Villarini, M, 2011)		0.55
" Data accumulated during the last two decades demonstrate that, when used properly, peroxide-based tooth whitening is safe and effective."( Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials.
Greenwall, L; Li, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The formation of more toxic mid-byproducts during the ClO2 disinfection process poses a potential risk to consumers."( Oxidation of diclofenac by aqueous chlorine dioxide: identification of major disinfection byproducts and toxicity evaluation.
Liu, G; Liu, H; Wang, Y; Xie, Y, 2014)		0.68
" In summary, the chlorine dioxide based decontaminant efficiently killed Bacillus anthracis spores in liquid suspension, as well as on isolated swine skin, and was less toxic than sodium hypochlorite in cultures of human skin keratinocytes."( Decontamination Efficacy and Skin Toxicity of Two Decontaminants against Bacillus anthracis.
Crichton, MK; Sawyer, TW; Stratilo, CW, 2015)		0.76

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The half-life for 36Cl absorption was 22."( Pharmacodynamics of alcide, a new antimicrobial compound, in rat and rabbit.
Abdel-Rahman, MS; Gerges, SE; Gona, O; Khan, MY; Scatina, J, 1984)		0.27

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These results provide a framework to producers of fresh-cut cantaloupes for the potential use of hot water as an intervention treatment in combination with NatureSeal for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of this commodity."( Evaluation of Hot Water, Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide, and Chlorine Treatments in Combination with an Edible Coating for Enhancing Safety, Quality, and Shelf Life of Fresh-Cut Cantaloupes.
Alicea, C; Annous, BA; Burke, A; Mendez, DP; Orellana, LE, 2018)		0.76

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative disinfectant for drinking water, was found to decrease gastrointestinal (GI) bioavailability of dietary iodide."( Effects of ClO2 on the absorption and distribution of dietary iodide in the rat.
Bercz, JP; Harrington, RM; Shertzer, HG, 1985)		0.7

Dosage Studied

Cyclops can be completely inactivated after 30 min of contact time by low dosage of chlorine dioxide (1.Carrier quantitative bactericidal test) The optimal conditions are chlorine dioxide dosage 5.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Pancreas/body weight ratios were significantly reduced in all gel groups, while spleen, pancreas and ovary/body weight ratios were significantly higher in both liquid dosage groups."( Subchronic dermal toxicity studies of Alcide Allay gel and liquid in rabbits.
Abdel-Rahman, MS; Abu-Hadeed, AH; Gerges, SE; Kadry, AR; Skowronski, GA; Turkall, RM, 1987)		0.27
" A significant dose-response relationship in the decreases of the numbers of implants and live fetuses were observed in the C1O2 groups."( Effect of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites in drinking water on fetal development in rats.
Abdel-Rahman, MS; Bull, RJ; Suh, DH, 1983)		0.67
" After three cases of the disease occurred in a hospital, a continuous dosing regime using chlorine dioxide was initiated to replace chlorination of the water system."( Control of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital water system by chlorine dioxide.
Keevil, CW; Mackerness, CW; Makin, T; Mallon, D; Walker, JT; Williets, T, 1995)		0.75
" It was found that the humic acid treatment dosage was not significant."( The formation and control of disinfection by-products using chlorine dioxide.
Chang, CY; Hsieh, YH; Hsu, SS; Shih, IC; Wang, KH, 2000)		0.55
" In order to determinate the influence of ClO2 dosage on the NOM adsorption on GAC two parallel pilot scale experiments were performed."( Adsorption of natural organic matter oxidized with ClO2 on granular activated carbon.
Biłozor, S; Ilecki, W; Nawrocki, J; Raczyk-Stanisławiak, U; Swietlik, J, 2002)		0.31
" Following a 4 week acclimation period, individual ARs operated in parallel were dosed with high (0."( Disinfectant efficacy of chlorite and chlorine dioxide in drinking water biofilms.
Andrews, RC; Chauret, C; Gagnon, GA; O'leary, KC; Rand, JL; Rygel, AC, 2005)		0.6
"15% preserved with chlorine dioxide (brimonidine P) dosed 3 times daily and were followed up for 6 months."( The safety and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% preserved with polyquaternium-1.
Andrew, RM; Bergamini, MV; Bosworth, CF; Dickerson, JE; James, JE; Landry, TA; Moster, MR; Ochsner, KI; Silver, LH; Sullivan, EK; Wells, DT; Whitson, JT, 2006)		0.66
" The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage increased from 0 mg/L to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage increased from 0 mg/L to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples."( [Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and ahlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen].
Hu, HY; Koichi, F; Ta, CH; Tian, J; Wang, C; Wang, LS, 2007)		0.87
" Cyclops can be completely inactivated after 30 min of contact time by low dosage of chlorine dioxide (1."( [Inactivation and removal of chlorine dioxide on cyclops of zooplankton].
Cui, FY; Lin, T; Liu, GP; Zhao, ZW, 2007)		0.85
" Under a given condition (ClO2 concentration 80 mg/L, microwave power 50 W, contact time 5 min, catalyst dosage 50 g/L, pH 9), phenol removal percentage approached 92."( Treatment of phenol wastewater by microwave-induced ClO2-CuOx/Al203 catalytic oxidation process.
Bi, XY; Huang, JL; Jiang, H; Shi, SJ; Wang, P; Xu, HY, 2007)		0.34
"1, AC dosage 200 g/L, reaction time 30 min and ClO2 dosage 300 mg/L."( [Influencing factors on the paranitrobenzoic acid wastewater treatment by chlorine dioxide and activated carbon catalysis-oxidation technology].
Ding, CS; Miao, J; Ning, P; Qin, SL, 2008)		0.58
" The results showed that microwave enhanced catalytic oxidation process could effectively degrade remazol golden yellow dye with low oxidant dosage in a short reaction time and extensive pH range compared to the conventional wet catalytic oxidation."( Degradation of remazol golden yellow dye wastewater in microwave enhanced ClO2 catalytic oxidation process.
Bi, X; Cao, H; Jiao, C; Wang, P, 2009)		0.35
" The lowest effective inactivation dosage and time was 15mg/mL for 30min."( Inactivation and mechanisms of chlorine dioxide on Nosema bombycis.
Huang, Z; Li, W; Liao, F; Lin, J; Tan, P; Wang, Z; Zhong, Y, 2010)		0.65
"2, the dosage of chlorine dioxide is 1000 mg/l, the dosage of activated carbon-MnO(2) catalyst is 6g by reacting 60 min."( Catalytic oxidation and spectroscopic analysis of simulated wastewater containing o-chlorophenol by using chlorine dioxide as oxidant.
Li, N; Shi, L; Wang, C, 2010)		0.91
"2, the dosage of chlorine dioxide is 1,200 mg/L, the dosage of activated carbon-MnO(2) catalyst is 4 g by reacting 50 min."( Catalytic oxidation and spectroscopic analysis of simulated wastewater containing acid chrome blue K by using chlorine dioxide as oxidant.
Shi, L; Yu, F, 2010)		0.91
"355 g L(-1), reaction time 60 min, catalyst dosage 10."( Study on the treatment of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) wastewater by ClO2 in the presence of aluminum oxide as catalyst.
Dong, J; Jiang, WF; Wang, HL, 2010)		0.36
" The verified dosage of disinfectants, which could effectively inactivate 99."( [Inactivation of the chlorine-resistant bacteria isolated from the drinking water distribution system].
Chen, C; Chen, YQ; Duan, XD; Lu, PP; Wang, Q; Zhang, XJ, 2012)		0.38
" coli than the others, indicating there was a positive synergistic effect on chlorine disinfection by prior dosing with a low level of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2))."( The synergistic effect of Escherichia coli inactivation by sequential disinfection with low level chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine.
Chen, BY; Huo, MX; Li, JW; Yang, D; Yang, W; Zhu, SY, 2012)		0.8
"4 μM) were spiked to the raw water samples from Yangshupu and Minhang drinking water treatment plant, certain amounts of CHI3 and IAA were found under pH 7 and the concentrations were strongly correlated with ClO2 dosage and water qualities, however, no TIAA was detected."( Formation of iodinated disinfection by-products during oxidation of iodide-containing waters with chlorine dioxide.
Gao, NY; Hu, CY; Lin, L; Lin, YL; Xu, B; Ye, T; Zhang, TY, 2013)		0.61
" The current study addresses the representativeness of studies using this type of inoculation method compared to when coupons are dosed with a metered amount of aerosolized spores."( Effect of inoculation method on the determination of decontamination efficacy against Bacillus spores.
Calfee, MW; Clayton, M; Griffin-Gatchalian, N; Lee, SD; McDonald, S; Nysewander, M; Ryan, SP; Smith, L; Touati, A; Wood, JP, 2014)		0.4
" Results show that NaOCl dosing was effective in reducing the viability of algae, but precipitated little Mn."( Pretreatment of algae-laden and manganese-containing waters by oxidation-assisted coagulation: Effects of oxidation on algal cell viability and manganese precipitation.
Hua, LC; Huang, C; Lin, JL; Wu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The dosage rates of silver micro-particles, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide and ozone and pH stress to the activated sludge were not able to decrease the number of culturable Legionella spp."( Strategies for the reduction of Legionella in biological treatment systems.
Exner, M; Nogueira, R; Rosenwinkel, KH; Utecht, KU; Verstraete, W, )		0.37
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
chlorine dioxide
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (828)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990110 (13.29)18.7374
1990's62 (7.49)18.2507
2000's267 (32.25)29.6817
2010's294 (35.51)24.3611
2020's95 (11.47)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 60.64

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index60.64 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.82 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.95 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index168.32 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.24 (0.95)

This Compound (60.64)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials26 (2.92%)5.53%
Reviews42 (4.72%)6.00%
Case Studies12 (1.35%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other810 (91.01%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Wound Irrigation: Comparison of Normal Saline With Chlorous Acid Chlorine Dioxide Solution [NCT01341041]Early Phase 1201 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Effects of Various Oral Hygiene Procedures on the Reduction of Oral Malodor in Periodontally Healthy Patients [NCT02113137]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
The Effectiveness of Hyperpure Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigants During Endodontic Retreament on the Healing of Chronic Periapical Lesions - Clinical, Radiological and Microbiological Study. Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT04954638]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-11-15Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect of a Chlorine Dioxide Spray on Dental Plaque and Respiratory Pathogens in Institutionalized Elders [NCT03533335]Phase 4228 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-01Completed
Effect of Antiseptic Mouthwash/Gargling Solutions and Pre-procedural Rinse on SARS-CoV-2 Load (COVID-19) [NCT04409873]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-31Terminated(stopped due to The funder decided not to continue funding, causing enrollment to cease prematurely and curtailing originally planned analyses. Participants with any samples collected after the baseline pre-rinse samples were included in the analysis.)
Double-blind Sham Device-controlled Multi-center Crossover Trial of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on the Protective Effect Against Respiratory Infections [NCT00969800]1,469 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Active, not recruiting
The Clinical Effects of a Mouthwash Containing Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor and Salivary Periodontal and Malodorous Bacteria Using for 7days [NCT00748943]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Bad Breath Response to Tongue Scraper and Rinses, a Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel Group Clinical Trial. [NCT00867035]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
[NCT02689297]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Effects of a Mouthwash Containing Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor [NCT00655772]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
A Phase 2 Screening Study of Candidate Non-prescription Treatments for COVID-19: A Patient-driven, Randomized, Factorial Study Evaluating Patient-reported Outcomes (PROFACT-01) [NCT04621149]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-15Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit participants due to decline in COVID-19.)
Determination of the Effectiveness of Oral Chlorine Dioxide in the Treatment of COVID 19 [NCT04343742]20 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-04-01Recruiting
Pilot Study: The Efficacy of Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide Rinse as a Chemical Adjuvant for Treatment of Peri-implant Mucositis [NCT04838054]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-15Completed
A Pilot Phase II Study Evaluating the Role of Chlorine Dioxide on Mucositis for Patients Undergoing Head and Neck Radiotherapy [NCT03602066]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-14Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated by pharmaceutical company)
Short- and Long Term Antibacterial Effects of a Single Rinse With Different Mouthwashes: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05178823]Phase 4171 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 1 Hour
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 1 Week
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 2 Hours
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 4 Hours
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 1 Hour
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 1 Week
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 2 Hours
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 4 Hours
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Number of Bacteria on Tongue at 1 Week
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Sulfide-producing Black Colonies Out of Total Viable Count(TVC) on Anaerobe Agar Containing Lead Acetate
NCT00867035 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Rosenberg Score at Indicated Time Points
NCT04409873 (3) [back to overview]Any Hospitalization(s)
NCT04409873 (3) [back to overview]Change in SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load
NCT04409873 (3) [back to overview]Self-reported Clinical Symptom(s)
NCT04838054 (3) [back to overview]Global Plaque Score.
NCT04838054 (3) [back to overview]Global Probing Depth
NCT04838054 (3) [back to overview]Modified Gingival Index (MGI)

Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 1 Hour

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1hr

Interventionparts per billion (ppb) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper10.1
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper9.12

[back to top]

Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 1 Week

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionparts per billion (ppb) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper9.17
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper20.2

[back to top]

Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 2 Hours

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 2hr

Interventionparts per billion (ppb) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper12.7
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper3.88

[back to top]

Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Mouth Air at 4 Hours

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 4 hours

Interventionparts per billion (ppb) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper12.7
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper7.0

[back to top]

Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 1 Hour

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1 hour

Interventionparts per billion (ppb) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper17.5
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper36.0

[back to top]

Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 1 Week

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionparts per billion (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper9.75
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper2.12

[back to top]

Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 2 Hours

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Interventionparts per billion (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper14.5
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper23.9

[back to top]

Concentration of Methyl Mercaptan (MM) in Mouth Air at 4 Hours

Using portable gas chromatograph (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 4 hours

Interventionparts per billion (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper14.4
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper6.88

[back to top]

Number of Bacteria on Tongue at 1 Week

Total viable count(TVC) in colony forming units(CFU) on anaerobe agar (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventioncolony forming units (CFU) (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper15500000
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper28400000

[back to top]

Percentage of Sulfide-producing Black Colonies Out of Total Viable Count(TVC) on Anaerobe Agar Containing Lead Acetate

(NCT00867035)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionpercentage black colonies (Mean)
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper43.1
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper27.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Rosenberg Score at Indicated Time Points

2 investigators are trained to evaluate smell using the Rosenberg scale which measures foul smelling breath. The Rosenberg scale is validated and is scored 0-5 with 0= no bad breath, 5=worst bad breath. A score of 2 is the threshold at which bad breath is determined. (NCT00867035)
Timeframe: baseline, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 1 week

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Percentage with score of 2 or 3 at BaselinePercentage with score of 0 or 1 at 1 hourPercentage with score of 0 or 1 at 2 hoursPercentage with score of 0 or 1 at 4 hoursPercentage with score of 0 or 1 at 1 week
Chlorhexidene Rinse and Tongue Scraper74100948181
Chlorine Dioxide Rinse and Tongue Scraper9679795464

[back to top]

Any Hospitalization(s)

Any hospitalization(s) from baseline to 4 weeks. Hospitalization(s) were collected on adverse event, unanticipated problem, and final disposition forms. (NCT04409873)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control (Distilled Water)0
Oral-B Mouth Sore (H2O2) Mouthwash0
Crest Pro-Health Multi-Protection (C21H38ClN) Mouthwash0
CloSYS (ClO2) Mouthwash0
Listerine Mouthwash0

[back to top]

Change in SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load

The change in the outcome measure, SARS-CoV-2 viral load, in saliva wash RT-PCR was measured by Cycle Threshold (Ct) value. Ct value refers to the number of cycles it takes for the fluorescent signal generated during the PCR reaction to cross a certain threshold, indicating the presence of the target nucleic acid sequence, here, SARS-CoV-2. The lower the Ct value, the faster the threshold is crossed and the higher the viral load in a biological sample, suggesting a higher concentration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in that sample. (NCT04409873)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks

InterventionAbsolute Change in Cycle Threshold (Mean)
Control (Distilled Water)-0.6
Oral-B Mouth Sore (H2O2) Mouthwash-0.4
Crest Pro-Health Multi-Protection (C21H38ClN) Mouthwash0.8
CloSYS (ClO2) Mouthwash-0.4
Listerine Mouthwash-1.4

[back to top]

Self-reported Clinical Symptom(s)

Any self-reported (questionnaire) clinical symptom(s). A symptom checklist included cough, runny nose, scratchy/sore throat, fever, chills, fatigue, muscle ache, shortness of breath, diarrhea/nausea/vomiting, loss of taste/smell, and red /painful eye. (Clinical symptoms were collected at baseline and at 3 months; only problems with the study mouth rinse were collected daily through 4 weeks.) (NCT04409873)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control (Distilled Water)1
Oral-B Mouth Sore (H2O2) Mouthwash0
Crest Pro-Health Multi-Protection (C21H38ClN) Mouthwash0
CloSYS (ClO2) Mouthwash0
Listerine Mouthwash0

[back to top]

Global Plaque Score.

The plaque index assesses the amount of dental plaque visible on the vestibular and lingual surfaces of all teeth, except the third molars. The index is calculated by dividing the number of plaque-containing surfaces by the total number of available surfaces. Values range from 0-18 with 0 being excellent and 18 poor. Higher numbers mean a worse outcome. (NCT04838054)
Timeframe: 90 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Test - Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide Rinse1.57
Placebo - Oral Rinse, no Active Ingredients1.98

[back to top]

Global Probing Depth

The distance measured from the base of the pocket to the most apical point on the gingival margin. Measured in mms. Over 3 mm indicates a need for periodontal therapy. Higher results mean a worse outcome. (NCT04838054)
Timeframe: 90 days

Interventionmm (Mean)
Test - Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide Rinse2.37
Placebo - Oral Rinse, no Active Ingredients2.64

[back to top]

Modified Gingival Index (MGI)

The MGI relies on a visual assessment of gingival changes to measure the severity of inflammation. Five categories, using a 0-4 scale, score the marginal and papillary gingival tissue based on color, texture, edema, and spontaneous bleeding. 0 being normal and 4 being severe inflammation characterized by edema, redness, swelling, and spontaneous bleeding. The higher scores mean a worse outcome. (NCT04838054)
Timeframe: 90 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Test - Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide Rinse1.48
Placebo - Oral Rinse, no Active Ingredients1.52

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9610ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.8840azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzene
[no description available]		2.9130aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		7.4110benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		1.9610amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.6290halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		1.9910carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.7130tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		7.84673halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		5.2441gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.56802-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		7.7730methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		4.850aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		1.9610alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		1.9910alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		4.17160diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.0210hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		3.74100alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.0431alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		1.9710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.3841monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		1.9910nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.4420monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.07104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		10.5170phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.1310phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9710propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.0710azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		4.7821aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.3110divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		3.150divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.4420sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		3.1350sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.5420methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.9540pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.0310isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		1.99101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0210pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0510ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.2510benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4620dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.4110ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		4.3341pyridinium ion
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		7.52202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.7930amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.0210pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		7.4110difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		7.51132dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		3.3911organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.0510monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4920secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
merbromin
Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.110
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.04101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.2110furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.39202,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		3.4711benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.4420potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0410phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.5611fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.0810haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		7.4920isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
triclosan
[no description available]		3.4511aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		7.110inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.161016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.37202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.161017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.96102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.4820pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.562017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.6630tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.1750ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.7330amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		210quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.9740anilines;
primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		3.4770nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.4220aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		5.290chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.1250erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		7.0510alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.2110alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		2.0210chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
iodoform
[no description available]		2.0810iodomethanes
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		1.9910benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.0510alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
chloroacetone
[no description available]		1.9610alpha-chloroketone
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		7.2110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		7.64420a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
skatole
[no description available]		2.0510methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.4111mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
veratryl alcohol
(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.		2.4110benzyl alcohols;
dimethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol		fungal metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0310benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.05102-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
furfuryl alcohol
furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.		7.0310furans;
primary alcohol		Maillard reaction product
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.2110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.610alkylbenzene
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		1.9610sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
methyl acetoacetate
methyl acetoacetate: structure		7.0710oxo carboxylic acid
acrolein
[no description available]		1.9910enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.4520pyrrole;
secondary amine
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		1.97104-pyranonesmetabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		1.9610aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		210methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
syringaldehyde
syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		1.9910dimethoxybenzene;
hydroxybenzaldehyde		hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.7230naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		1.9610NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		2.0510pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		210carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0110pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4220dialdehydebiomarker
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.0210hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.110bis(azo) compound
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		210alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.0510manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.3620alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		7.0510aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
troclosene
[no description available]		4.4360
didecyldimethylammonium
didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide		1.9510quaternary ammonium salt
methiocarb sulfoxide
methiocarb sulfoxide: a metabolite of methiocarb; structure given in first source. methiocarb-sulfoxide : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid. It is a metabolite of the pesticide methiocarb.		2.0510carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		marine xenobiotic metabolite
tetramethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.110thioureas
chloric acid
[no description available]		1.9910chlorine oxoacid
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		210carbon oxoanion
chlorophenol red
chlorophenol red: used in transport studies of goldfish renal tubules; structure		2.3920
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.4620cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.0410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.250elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.0710elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		7.0710iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.9540copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.1250titanium group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		3.5320sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		9.15160chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		7.1710mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		3.5611inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
chlorous acid
chlorous acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.6261chlorine oxoacid
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9710metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.110inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.7130calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
calcium hypochlorite
calcium hypochlorite: structure		2.9840calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt		bleaching agent
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		14.352693diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		9.67700elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.0410iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.7530aluminium sulfate
chloramine
[no description available]		7.28300halide
cysteic acid
Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.		2.0310alanine derivative;
amino sulfonic acid;
carboxyalkanesulfonic acid;
cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		animal metabolite
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.0110titanium oxidesfood colouring
geosmin
geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.		2.7230geosmin
iodine
[no description available]		3.2660halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid
3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.3120benzenes;
phenyl acetates
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0710
metazachlor
metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.		7.2510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazoles		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromine chloride
bromine chloride: alternative to chlorine for municipal waste disinfection		2.6630
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.1110
vanillyl alcohol
vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.		2.4110benzyl alcohols;
guaiacols		plant metabolite
bis(trichloromethyl)sulfone
bis(trichloromethyl)sulfone: structure given in first source		1.9810
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.3110hydrochloride
chlorin
chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.		2.610
kasugamycin
kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.		2.1110
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		210iodine oxoacid
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.110benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iridium oxide
iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2		2.4620
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.3920bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
fludioxonil
fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.		2.110benzodioxoles;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroles		androgen antagonist;
antifungal agrochemical;
estrogen receptor agonist
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer
N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.		2.0210N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenols;
tyrosine derivative		human urinary metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.0210D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
nitrophenylgalactosides
Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.0710beta-D-galactoside;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.0310sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		4.35200chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		5.4451
dehydroacetic acid
[no description available]		1.9710ketone;
pyran-2,4-dione		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
plasticiser
perchlorate
perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.		2.8330chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
2-nitrophenylgalactoside
2-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
1-methylcyclopropene
1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.		7.4110cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes		agrochemical;
plant growth regulator
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		7.5120oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.4820chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.0710
chlorosyl
chlorosyl: do not confuse with chlorsyle or chlorozil		2.0810chlorine oxide;
inorganic radical
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		210iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
gigasept
gigasept: contains butanedial, formaldehyde & tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran mixture		210
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.8190
chlorite
[no description available]		7.2502chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.1510
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		4.5270
permanganate
[no description available]		3.360manganese oxoacid
anatoxin a
anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)		2.4620tropane alkaloid
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.0810dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.5220butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.9540microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.3110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.0310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		4.3760
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.7130one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		7.0210chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0310organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0510stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9910
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		1.9710pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
acetylthiourea
acetylthiourea: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		7.0310acetamides;
thioureas
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		7.4220imidazolidines
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		7.4620one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
nadp
[no description available]		1.9610
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		2.4220dithiocarbamic acids
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.0510
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.4220dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.4220
cystine
[no description available]		2.0310
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0310
c 31g
C 31G: mixture of above cpds		1.9610
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0810organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
bilirubin
[no description available]		1.9710biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.0810D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.0510alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		1.9610boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.0510metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		7.4984chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.4420cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.4720monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.0610
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		9.15226biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.7330
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		3.4111
imidazolone
imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source		2.0310organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		3.3811
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		7.0410organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.4110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.9440glycoside
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		3.0640chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
chitosan
[no description available]		8.8930
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		8.17750inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		710inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
monoperoxysulfate
monoperoxysulfate: RN given refers to mono-Na salt		2.420
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		1.9710bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		210
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4110
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0210
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.7830ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		7.0610
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		5.661monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		7.0510
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.2510benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.0510
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.0510
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0710
hexenuronic acid
[no description available]		7.1110
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		2.5420
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.1510
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.0310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.5820
acid chrome blue k
acid chrome blue K: a spectrophotometric reagent; structure in first source		7.0510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		05.3130
Grippe
[description not available]		02.5220
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.5220
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		07.3110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3110
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		07.5675
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		06.0331
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4110
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.4110
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		02.4110
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.4110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.31131
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		02.4110
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		014.84138
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		04.4270
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.2510
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.6920
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.6920
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		06.42151
Legionellosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.		02.9740
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		06.42151
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.5520
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.5520
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.5520
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.5520
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		03.0610
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		03.420
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		08.420
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.4320
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.4320
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.4920
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.4920
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.1710
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		02.1710
Blue-Eared Pig Disease
[description not available]		03.1210
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0810
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		02.0810
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.9210
Cyst
[description not available]		02.110
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.110
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.110
Caliciviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.		02.4720
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.4811
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		03.4811
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.1110
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.1110
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.1110
Enterobiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.		02.110
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		04.8881
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.9991
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		04.4851
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.9991
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		04.4851
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.110
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		02.110
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.7630
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.1510
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0410
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.0410
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.0410
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0410
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.0410
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.7130
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.7130
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.7230
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.3920
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		07.3920
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		02.4120
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.0510
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		02.0510
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		03.4511
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.0610
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.4220
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.9540
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.6930
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.6930
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.0710
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		02.0710
Asialia
[description not available]		02.0710
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.4320
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.4320
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.0710
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.0710
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.0110
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.0110
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.3420
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.3570
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.3620
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		01.9310
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.7921
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.411
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.411
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.411
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.7921
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0210
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.420
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.420
Sick Building Syndrome
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		07.0210
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.4220
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.0210
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.4220
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.0210
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0210
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.0210
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.0210
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.0210
Androgenization
[description not available]		02.0310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.0750
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		03.4111
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		03.4111
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		03.4111
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.4111
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		03.4111
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.3720
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.3720
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.8710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.2820
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.8710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.2820
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9610
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		01.9610
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.6630
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.6630
Rida
[description not available]		01.9610
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		01.9510
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		01.9510
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		01.9810
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		01.9810
Laboratory Infection
Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.		01.9810
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		01.9810
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.3820
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		01.9810
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		01.9910
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		01.9910
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		01.9910
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		01.9910
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		01.9910
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9910
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.3820
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9910
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		01.9910
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		01.9910
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		0210
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		0210
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		0210
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		0210
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.3911
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		03.3911
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		0210
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		0210
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		01.9710
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		01.9710
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		01.9710
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		01.9710
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		01.9710
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9610
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9610
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		01.9610
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.3720
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.6630
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		01.9610