lactic acid and Insulin Resistance studies

Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.

Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Increased blood lactate or uric acid (UA) levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MS)."	9.30	Interaction Between Lactate and Uric Acid is Associated With a Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Community-Based Study. ( Li, F; Pan, H; Ren, M; Wu, M; Xu, M; Yan, D; Zhang, J, 2019)
"In two separate double-blind, randomized, cross-over studies, we assessed the effects of a single dose of ritonavir (800 mg) and amprenavir (1200 mg) on insulin sensitivity (euglycemic hyperglycemic clamp) in healthy normal volunteers."	9.12	Effects of ritonavir and amprenavir on insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers. ( Aweeka, F; Grunfeld, C; Lee, GA; Lo, JC; Mulligan, K; Rao, M; Schambelan, M; Schwarz, JM, 2007)
"Caffeine ingestion decreases the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) for an oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and decreases insulin-induced glucose disposal in lean male subjects during a hyperinsulinemic clamp."	9.11	Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. ( Belfie, LM; Chown, SE; Conquer, JA; Duncan, AM; Graham, TE; McLaren, DH; Petrie, HJ, 2004)
" Oral terbutaline was administered to determine the effects on hepatic glucose production with [6-6(2)H2] glucose tracer, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry)."	9.08	The effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in pregnancy. ( Amini, SB; Caritis, SN; Catalano, PM; Kalhan, SC; Roman-Drago, NM; Smigaj, D, 1998)
" Therefore, we carried out a randomized, double-blind study to compare the effects of losartan (50 mg QD) and metoprolol (95 mg QD) on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, and lipids and lipoproteins in 20 hyperinsulinemic subjects with essential hypertension."	9.08	Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. ( Karjalainen, L; Laakso, M; Lempiäinen-Kuosa, P, 1996)
"The relationship between plasma uridine levels and blood pressure (BP), and indicators of muscular purine degradation and insulin resistance (IR) has been evaluated in hypertensive (HT) patients."	7.74	Plasma levels of uridine correlate with blood pressure and indicators of myogenic purine degradation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. ( Hamada, T; Hisatome, I; Igawa, O; Inokuchi, T; Kaetsu, Y; Kato, M; Mizuta, E; Ninomiya, H; Ohtahara, A; Shigemasa, C; Shimada, T; Sonoyama, K; Sugihara, S; Yamamoto, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yanagihara, K, 2007)
"We investigated the relation between glucose transport/phosphorylation and glycogen synthase activation in individual rat skeletal muscles in response to moderate hyperinsulinaemia in the absence or presence of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy."	7.70	In late pregnancy insulin-dependent glucose transport/phosphorylation is selectively impaired and activation of glycogen synthase by insulin facilitated in skeletal muscles of 24-h starved rats. ( Holness, MJ; Sugden, MC, 1999)
"Obesity is a worldwide health problem with rising incidence and results in reproductive difficulties."	5.51	Palmitic acid causes insulin resistance in granulosa cells via activation of JNK. ( Chan, WY; Chen, ZJ; Ke, H; Leung, PCK; Li, W; Lu, G; Qin, Y; Wang, W; Xu, L; You, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, S, 2019)
"Increased blood lactate or uric acid (UA) levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MS)."	5.30	Interaction Between Lactate and Uric Acid is Associated With a Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Community-Based Study. ( Li, F; Pan, H; Ren, M; Wu, M; Xu, M; Yan, D; Zhang, J, 2019)
"In two separate double-blind, randomized, cross-over studies, we assessed the effects of a single dose of ritonavir (800 mg) and amprenavir (1200 mg) on insulin sensitivity (euglycemic hyperglycemic clamp) in healthy normal volunteers."	5.12	Effects of ritonavir and amprenavir on insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers. ( Aweeka, F; Grunfeld, C; Lee, GA; Lo, JC; Mulligan, K; Rao, M; Schambelan, M; Schwarz, JM, 2007)
"Caffeine significantly increased the concentration of plasma epinephrine (by 42%, 39%, and 49%), serum-free fatty acids (by 53%, 44%, and 50%), and plasma lactate (by 46%, 36%, and 48%), and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment-IR) (by 21%, 26%, and 23%) during rest, after 5 min of cycling, and at exhaustion."	5.12	Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. ( Jensen, MB; Madsen, MR; Norager, CB; Weimann, A, 2006)
"Caffeine ingestion decreases the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) for an oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and decreases insulin-induced glucose disposal in lean male subjects during a hyperinsulinemic clamp."	5.11	Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. ( Belfie, LM; Chown, SE; Conquer, JA; Duncan, AM; Graham, TE; McLaren, DH; Petrie, HJ, 2004)
" Oral terbutaline was administered to determine the effects on hepatic glucose production with [6-6(2)H2] glucose tracer, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry)."	5.08	The effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in pregnancy. ( Amini, SB; Caritis, SN; Catalano, PM; Kalhan, SC; Roman-Drago, NM; Smigaj, D, 1998)
" Therefore, we carried out a randomized, double-blind study to compare the effects of losartan (50 mg QD) and metoprolol (95 mg QD) on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, and lipids and lipoproteins in 20 hyperinsulinemic subjects with essential hypertension."	5.08	Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. ( Karjalainen, L; Laakso, M; Lempiäinen-Kuosa, P, 1996)
"The present study evaluates relative efficacies of insulin and PLGA-loaded-nano-insulin (NIn) in combating arsenic-induced impairment of glucose uptake, insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in L6 skeletal muscle cells."	3.79	Relative efficacies of insulin and poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid encapsulated nano-insulin in modulating certain significant biomarkers in arsenic intoxicated L6 cells. ( Das, J; Das, S; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR; Samadder, A, 2013)
"In order to better understand the impact of reduced mitochondrial function for the development of insulin resistance and cellular metabolism, human myotubes were established from lean, obese, and T2D subjects and exposed to mitochondrial inhibitors, either affecting the electron transport chain (Antimycin A), the ATP synthase (oligomycin) or respiratory uncoupling (2,4-dinitrophenol)."	3.74	Insulin resistance and the mitochondrial link. Lessons from cultured human myotubes. ( Gaster, M, 2007)
" Cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of insulin resistance are unclear, though one proposed mechanism is that nutrient overload chronically increases available energy, over-activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling pathway leading to increased phosphorylation of serine residues on insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)."	3.74	A chronic increase in physical activity inhibits fed-state mTOR/S6K1 signaling and reduces IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. ( DiCarlo, SE; Drummond, MJ; Glynn, EL; Kramer, VJ; Lujan, HL; Rasmussen, BB, 2008)
"The relationship between plasma uridine levels and blood pressure (BP), and indicators of muscular purine degradation and insulin resistance (IR) has been evaluated in hypertensive (HT) patients."	3.74	Plasma levels of uridine correlate with blood pressure and indicators of myogenic purine degradation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. ( Hamada, T; Hisatome, I; Igawa, O; Inokuchi, T; Kaetsu, Y; Kato, M; Mizuta, E; Ninomiya, H; Ohtahara, A; Shigemasa, C; Shimada, T; Sonoyama, K; Sugihara, S; Yamamoto, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yanagihara, K, 2007)
"A diet high in sucrose or fructose progressively impairs glucose and lipid metabolism, which leads to insulin resistance."	3.72	Does high-sucrose diet alter skeletal muscle and liver mitochondrial respiration? ( Lambert, K; Mercier, J; Py, G; Robert, E, 2003)
"To determine the impact of insulin resistance and obesity on muscle triacylglycerol (IMTG) and glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged exercise."	3.72	Postexercise muscle triacylglycerol and glycogen metabolism in obese insulin-resistant zucker rats. ( Bruce, CR; Hawley, JA; Kiens, B; Lee, JS, 2004)
" The aim was to define the insulin-sensitizing effects of S15261, the cleavage products, and troglitazone and metformin in the JCR:LA-cp rat, an animal model of the obesity/insulin resistance syndrome that exhibits an associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular disease."	3.70	Beneficial insulin-sensitizing and vascular effects of S15261 in the insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. ( Brindley, DN; Davidge, ST; Delrat, P; Jochemsen, R; Kelly, SE; O'Brien, SF; Pégorier, JP; Ravel, D; Russell, JC, 2000)
"Young first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients are insulin-resistant, with the insulin resistance mainly located in skeletal muscle due to decreased insulin-induced nonoxidative glucose metabolism and muscle glycogen synthase activation."	3.70	Intracellular skeletal muscle glucose metabolism is differentially altered by dexamethasone treatment of normoglycemic relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. ( Alford, F; Beck-Nielsen, H; Handberg, A; Henriksen, JE; Vaag, A, 1999)
"We investigated the relation between glucose transport/phosphorylation and glycogen synthase activation in individual rat skeletal muscles in response to moderate hyperinsulinaemia in the absence or presence of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy."	3.70	In late pregnancy insulin-dependent glucose transport/phosphorylation is selectively impaired and activation of glycogen synthase by insulin facilitated in skeletal muscles of 24-h starved rats. ( Holness, MJ; Sugden, MC, 1999)
"Food intake and body weight, circulating lactic acid, glucose, and insulin as well as fetal body weight and number were unaffected by the exercise protocol."	3.70	Aerobic exercise during pregnancy reverts maternal insulin resistance in rats. ( Herrera, E; Iglesias, MA; López-Luna, P; Muñoz, C, 1998)
"Transfer of young rats from a maintenance diet to a breeding diet plus 10% sucrose in the drinking water for 4 weeks caused the development of insulin resistance."	3.67	Reversal of dietary-induced insulin resistance in muscle of the rat by adenosine deaminase and an adenosine-receptor antagonist. ( Budohoski, L; Challiss, RA; Cooney, GJ; McManus, B; Newsholme, EA, 1984)
"Adults with type 1 diabetes established on insulin pumps undertook HIIE and MIE stages in random order during automated insulin delivery via a closed-loop system (Medtronic)."	2.84	Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Undertaking High-Intensity Interval Exercise Versus Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Study. ( Gerche, A; Grosman, B; Horsburgh, JC; Jayawardene, DC; Jenkins, AJ; Kurtz, N; MacIsaac, RJ; McAuley, SA; O'Neal, DN; Roberts, TJ; Roy, A; Ward, GM, 2017)
"During hyperinsulinemia, interstitial concentrations of glucose in skeletal muscle decreased in response to ghrelin exposure [2."	2.78	Acute peripheral tissue effects of ghrelin on interstitial levels of glucose, glycerol, and lactate: a microdialysis study in healthy human subjects. ( Jørgensen, JO; Møller, N; Vestergaard, ET, 2013)
"Postoperative insulin resistance is a well-characterized metabolic state that has been shown to correlate with the length of postoperative stay in hospital."	2.70	Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. ( Ljungqvist, O; Myrenfors, P; Nygren, J; Soop, M; Thorell, A, 2001)
"Glycogen was restored within a day with both diets."	2.70	Postexercise fat intake repletes intramyocellular lipids but no faster in trained than in sedentary subjects. ( Boesch, C; Decarli, B; Décombaz, J; Diem, P; Hoppeler, H; Ith, M; Kreis, R; Schmitt, B, 2001)
"Both cancer and diabetes have been associated with abnormal lactate metabolism and high level of lactate production is the key biological property of these diseases."	2.53	Lactate, a Neglected Factor for Diabetes and Cancer Interaction. ( Atefi, M; Dong, Y; Elshimali, Y; Liu, Y; Vadgama, JV; Wu, Y, 2016)
"Obesity is now recognized as a disease."	1.62	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and 2 deficiency reduces high-fat diet-induced hypertrophic obesity and inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. ( Byeon, JE; Choi, SH; Choi, WI; Go, Y; Ham, HJ; Harris, RA; Jeon, JH; Jeon, YH; Kang, HJ; Kim, DW; Kim, HJ; Kim, MJ; Lee, IK; Lee, JY; Lee, YK; Min, BK; Park, S; Wende, AR, 2021)
"Metabolic syndrome is an agglomeration of disorders including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and characterized as chronic mild inflammation which elevates the circulatory inflammatory markers."	1.51	High fat diet administration leads to the mitochondrial dysfunction and selectively alters the expression of class 1 GLUT protein in mice. ( Jha, D; Mitra Mazumder, P, 2019)
"Obesity is a worldwide health problem with rising incidence and results in reproductive difficulties."	1.51	Palmitic acid causes insulin resistance in granulosa cells via activation of JNK. ( Chan, WY; Chen, ZJ; Ke, H; Leung, PCK; Li, W; Lu, G; Qin, Y; Wang, W; Xu, L; You, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, S, 2019)
"Childhood obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR), increased levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) as well as with augmented hepatic de novo lipogenesis, which implies increased triose phosphate fluxes that may lead to increased methylglyoxal (MG) and its catabolic end product D-lactate."	1.48	Higher D-lactate levels are associated with higher prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein in obese adolescents. ( Bains, Y; Caccavello, R; Garay-Sevilla, ME; Gugliucci, A; Luevano-Contreras, C; Rodríguez-Mortera, R; Solorio-Meza, S, 2018)
" Therefore, in this study, to overcome extremely low bioavailability of γ-oryzanol with super-high lipophilicity, we encapsulated γ-oryzanol in polymer poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (Nano-Orz), and evaluated its metabolically beneficial impact in genetically obese-diabetic ob/ob mice, the best-known severest diabetic model in mice."	1.46	Marked augmentation of PLGA nanoparticle-induced metabolically beneficial impact of γ-oryzanol on fuel dyshomeostasis in genetically obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. ( Abe, K; Egashira, K; Fukuda, K; Kamei, A; Kinjo, A; Kondo, T; Kozuka, C; Masuzaki, H; Morinaga, H; Nakano, K; Shimizu-Okabe, C; Takayama, C; Yasuoka, A, 2017)
"Glycogen storage disease type Ia is a genetic disorder that is associated with persistent fasting hypoglycemia and the inability to produce endogenous glucose."	1.46	Diabetes mellitus in a patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia: a case report. ( Cohn, A; Ohri, A, 2017)
"steatosis grade 3 or steatohepatitis with or without beginning fibrosis frequently show altered fecal microbiota composition and elevated bacterial endotoxin levels."	1.46	Markers of intestinal permeability are already altered in early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Studies in children. ( Bergheim, I; Engstler, AJ; Maier, IB; Nier, A, 2017)
"Nilestriol (NIL) has been applied to treat menopausal dysfunctions, yet its mechanism has remained unknown."	1.40	(1)H NMR metabolic profiling analysis offers evaluation of Nilestriol treatment in ovariectomised rats. ( Dong, JX; Huang, RQ; Liu, YR; Xiao, BK; Yang, JY, 2014)
"Cardiac hypertrophy is accompanied by significant alterations in energy metabolism."	1.39	Cardiac insulin-resistance and decreased mitochondrial energy production precede the development of systolic heart failure after pressure-overload hypertrophy. ( Jaswal, JS; Lopaschuk, GD; Sankaralingam, S; Ussher, JR; Wagg, C; Zaugg, M; Zhang, L, 2013)
"Blood lactate is associated with carotid atherosclerosis."	1.39	Association of blood lactate with carotid atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study. ( Astor, BC; Brancati, F; Coresh, J; Shantha, GP; Sharrett, AR; Wasserman, B; Young, JH, 2013)
"Upper-body/visceral obesity is associated with abnormalities of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism and greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with lower-body obesity."	1.38	Impaired insulin-mediated antilipolysis and lactate release in adipose tissue of upper-body obese women. ( Christiansen, JS; Gormsen, LC; Nellemann, B; Nielsen, S; Sørensen, LP, 2012)
"Metabolic syndrome is a disease that today affects millions of people around the world."	1.37	Impact of early fructose intake on metabolic profile and aerobic capacity of rats. ( Botezelli, JD; Cambri, LT; Ghezzi, AC; Mello, MA; Ribeiro, C, 2011)
"The prevalence of type 2 diabetes rose across lactate quartiles (11, 14, 20 and 30%; P for trend <0."	1.36	Association of blood lactate with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. ( Astor, BC; Ballantyne, CM; Brancati, FL; Crawford, SO; Hoogeveen, RC; Schmidt, MI; Young, JH, 2010)
"Insulin sensitivity was assessed 4 h postexercise with a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (40 mU."	1.36	Combining short-term metformin treatment and one bout of exercise does not increase insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals. ( Braun, B; Chipkin, SR; Goodyear, LJ; Hagobian, TA; Hirshman, MF; Malin, SK; Sharoff, CG; Yu, H, 2010)
"the FGU response to hyperinsulinemia."	1.35	Effects of Intrabrachial metacholine infusion on muscle capillary recruitment and forearm glucose uptake during physiological hyperinsulinemia in obese, insulin-resistant individuals. ( Gudbjörnsdóttir, S; Jansson, PA; Lind, L; Lönnroth, P; Murdolo, G; Sjöstrand, M; Strindberg, L, 2008)
"Insulin resistance in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity is associated with an imbalance between the availability and the oxidation of lipids."	1.35	Maximal lipid oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and shows an adequate increase in response to aerobic training. ( Beck-Nielsen, H; Højlund, K; Mogensen, M; Sahlin, K; Vind, BF, 2009)
"Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the euglycemic clamp before and after the exposures."	1.35	Effects of acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia on insulin sensitivity in piglets using euglycemic clamp. ( Aouad, LJ; Tam, K; Waters, KA, 2008)
"Subjects with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes (n = 9) and age- and body mass index-matched nondiabetic controls (n = 9) were studied."	1.32	Direct assessment of muscle glycogen storage after mixed meals in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects. ( Carey, PE; Halliday, J; Morris, PG; Snaar, JE; Taylor, R, 2003)
"We conclude that, during hyperinsulinemia, muscle interstitial insulin and glucose concentrations did not differ between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls despite a significantly lower leg blood flow in diabetic subjects."	1.31	Estimations of muscle interstitial insulin, glucose, and lactate in type 2 diabetic subjects. ( Holmäng, A; Lönnroth, P; Sjöstrand, M; Strindberg, L, 2000)
"Treatment with acipimox (10 mg/kg), an anti-lipolytic agent, before or after amylin infusion blocked amylin's effects on plasma NEFA, glycerol, and insulin but not on glucose and lactate."	1.31	Evidence that amylin stimulates lipolysis in vivo: a possible mediator of induced insulin resistance. ( Choong, B; Cooney, GJ; Cooper, GJ; Iglesias, MA; Kraegen, EW; Lim-Fraser, M; Watson, DG; Ye, JM, 2001)
"The long term use of antiretroviral therapy is associated with metabolic and morphological abnormalities named lipodystrophy."	1.31	[Morphological and metabolic abnormalities related to antiretroviral therapy]. ( Debruyn, X; Demonty, J; Leonard, P; Moutschen, M; Nkoghe, D, 2002)
"The T-treated rats showed insulin resistance with both techniques, which was overcome with time and increasing insulin concentrations during the clamp measurements."	1.30	Imprinting of female offspring with testosterone results in insulin resistance and changes in body fat distribution at adult age in rats. ( Björntorp, P; Eriksson, E; Holmäng, A; Niklasson, M; Nilsson, C, 1998)
"Verapamil was infused through the portal vein to simulate oral overdose."	1.29	Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. ( Kline, JA; Leonova, E; Schroeder, JD; Watts, JA; Williams, TC, 1996)
"Increasing obesity is associated with increased blood lactate levels after an overnight fast."	1.28	Insulin resistance in obesity is associated with elevated basal lactate levels and diminished lactate appearance following intravenous glucose and insulin. ( DiGirolamo, M; Gebhart, SS; Lovejoy, J; Newby, FD, 1992)
" An attempt to analyze the ED50 of the three dose-response curves was inconclusive."	1.28	Hepatic insulin resistance during canine sepsis. ( Law, WR; McLane, MP; Raymond, RM; Tomasik, TW, 1991)
" Insulin dose-response curves revealed similar sensitivities and responsiveness."	1.28	Effect of insulin on glucose utilization in epitrochlearis muscle of rats with streptozocin-induced NIDDM. ( Gavin, JR; Karl, IE; Levy, J, 1990)
" In septic rats, the dose-response curve for the insulin-induced increment in glucose utilization was shifted downward and to the right."	1.28	In vivo insulin resistance during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis. ( Dobrescu, C; Lang, CH, 1989)
"A change in insulin sensitivity is possibly involved."	1.27	Phenobarbital treatment enhances insulin mediated glucose metabolism in man. ( Lahtela, JT; Särkkä, P; Sotaniemi, EA, 1984)
" Furthermore, 2-deoxyglucose uptake in CS-045-treated adipocytes was increased and the insulin dose-response curve was shifted to the left."	1.27	Characterization of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045. Studies in KK and ob/ob mice and Zucker fatty rats. ( Fujiwara, T; Horikoshi, H; Ushiyama, I; Yoshioka, S; Yoshioka, T, 1988)
"Muscle insulin resistance was assessed during hindlimb perfusion with a submaximally stimulating concentration of insulin."	1.27	Exercise and diet reduce muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker rat. ( Cutler, CL; Ivy, JL; Katz, AL; Sherman, WM, 1986)
"To determine the effect of thyroid hormone excess on insulin secretion, metabolism and action in humans, we examined intravenous glucose tolerance, glucose-induced insulin secretion, insulin clearance, monocyte insulin receptor binding, and the dose-response characteristics for the effects of insulin on glucose production, uptake, oxidation, and nonoxidative disposal in 10 normal volunteers for 14 days before and after oral administration of triiodothyronine (T3) in doses that increased plasma T3 to levels observed in spontaneous thyrotoxicosis (P less than 0."	1.27	Effect of thyroid hormone excess on action, secretion, and metabolism of insulin in humans. ( Baker, B; Bergman, R; Dimitriadis, G; Gerich, J; Haymond, M; Mandarino, L; Marsh, H; Rizza, R, 1985)
"Glycogen synthesis was subnormal at all levels of insulin and at the maximal insulin concentration; it was 54% lower in muscles of ARF compared to control rats."	1.27	Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia. ( Clark, AS; Goheer, MA; May, RC; Mitch, WE, 1985)

Research

Studies (175)

Authors

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in CD4+ Cell Count From Baseline to Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	17 (9.71)	18.7374
1990's	28 (16.00)	18.2507
2000's	62 (35.43)	29.6817
2010's	55 (31.43)	24.3611
2020's	13 (7.43)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kang, HJ	1
Min, BK	1
Choi, WI	1
Jeon, JH	1
Kim, DW	1
Park, S	1
Lee, YK	1
Kim, HJ	1
Byeon, JE	1
Go, Y	1
Ham, HJ	1
Jeon, YH	1
Kim, MJ	1
Lee, JY	1
Wende, AR	1
Choi, SH	1
Harris, RA	1
Lee, IK	1
Bonet, J	1
Galuppo, B	1
Santoro, N	1
DallaMan, C	1
Lin, Y	1
Bai, M	1
Wang, S	1
Chen, L	1
Li, Z	1
Li, C	1
Cao, P	1
Chen, Y	1
Cai, H	1
Wang, X	1
Zhang, Z	1
Chen, J	1
Wang, F	1
Wang, L	1
Liu, J	1
Vassilieva, A	1
Møller, K	1
Skjøth-Rasmussen, J	1
Sørensen, MK	1
Feng, T	1
Zhao, X	1
Gu, P	1
Yang, W	1
Wang, C	2
Guo, Q	1
Long, Q	1
Liu, Q	1
Cheng, Y	1
Li, J	1
Cheung, CKY	1
Wu, D	1
Kong, X	1
Xu, Y	2
Ye, D	1
Hua, S	1
Loomes, K	1
Xu, A	1
Hui, X	1
Sun, Y	2
Liu, L	1
Qiu, C	1
Biazi, GR	1
Uemura, IGF	1
Miksza, DR	1
Ferraz, LS	1
Diaz, BF	1
Bertolini, GL	1
de Souza, HM	1
Jevtovic, F	1
Zheng, D	1
Lopez, CA	1
Kern, K	1
Tanner, CJ	1
Jones, TE	1
Pories, WJ	1
Dohm, GL	1
Houmard, JA	1
May, LE	1
Broskey, NT	1
Jian, L	1
Gao, X	1
Sun, X	1
Han, R	1
Wang, Y	1
Xu, S	1
Ding, L	1
Zhou, J	1
Gu, Y	1
Zhao, Y	1
Yang, Y	2
Yuan, Y	1
Ye, J	2
Zhang, L	2
Oyabambi, AO	1
Olaniyi, KS	1
Soladoye, AO	1
Olatunji, LA	1
Eseberri, I	1
Laurens, C	1
Miranda, J	1
Louche, K	1
Lasa, A	1
Moro, C	1
Portillo, MP	1
Hernández, MAG	1
Canfora, EE	1
Blaak, EE	1
Jayawardene, DC	1
McAuley, SA	1
Horsburgh, JC	1
Gerche, A	1
Jenkins, AJ	1
Ward, GM	1
MacIsaac, RJ	1
Roberts, TJ	1
Grosman, B	1
Kurtz, N	1
Roy, A	1
O'Neal, DN	1
Brinkmann, C	2
Bloch, W	2
Brixius, K	2
Wu, MC	1
Ye, WR	1
Zheng, YJ	1
Zhang, SS	1
Nier, A	1
Engstler, AJ	1
Maier, IB	1
Bergheim, I	1
Cohn, A	1
Ohri, A	1
Morze, CV	1
Allu, PKR	1
Chang, GY	1
Marco-Rius, I	1
Milshteyn, E	1
Wang, ZJ	1
Ohliger, MA	1
Gleason, CE	1
Kurhanewicz, J	1
Vigneron, DB	1
Pearce, D	1
Tappy, L	1
Rodríguez-Mortera, R	1
Luevano-Contreras, C	1
Solorio-Meza, S	1
Caccavello, R	2
Bains, Y	2
Garay-Sevilla, ME	1
Gugliucci, A	2
Cataldo, LR	2
Fernández-Verdejo, R	1
Santos, JL	2
Galgani, JE	2
Svensson, K	1
Dent, JR	1
Tahvilian, S	1
Martins, VF	1
Sathe, A	1
Ochala, J	1
Patel, MS	1
Schenk, S	2
Pan, H	1
Yan, D	1
Xu, M	1
Li, F	1
Ren, M	1
Zhang, J	1
Wu, M	2
Jha, D	1
Mitra Mazumder, P	1
Cortés-Rivera, C	1
Bravo, C	1
Díaz-Casanova, L	1
Martínez, JA	1
Milagro, FI	1
Galgani, J	1
Erkin-Cakmak, A	1
Noworolski, SM	1
Schwarz, JM	2
Mulligan, K	4
Lustig, RH	1
Xu, L	1
Wang, W	2
Zhang, X	1
Ke, H	1
Qin, Y	2
You, L	2
Li, W	1
Lu, G	1
Chan, WY	2
Leung, PCK	1
Zhao, S	2
Chen, ZJ	2
de Sousa, MV	1
Fukui, R	1
Dagogo-Jack, S	1
Krustrup, P	1
Zouhal, H	1
da Silva, MER	1
de Moura, LP	1
Sponton, AC	1
de Araújo, MB	1
Dalia, RA	1
Pauli, JR	1
Rostom de Mello, MA	1
Shantha, GP	1
Wasserman, B	1
Astor, BC	2
Coresh, J	1
Brancati, F	1
Sharrett, AR	1
Young, JH	3
Vestergaard, ET	2
Møller, N	3
Jørgensen, JO	2
Samadder, A	1
Das, S	2
Das, J	1
Khuda-Bukhsh, AR	1
Jaswal, JS	1
Ussher, JR	1
Sankaralingam, S	1
Wagg, C	1
Zaugg, M	1
Lopaschuk, GD	1
Juraschek, SP	2
Selvin, E	1
Miller, ER	2
Brancati, FL	2
Metges, CC	1
Görs, S	1
Lang, IS	1
Hammon, HM	1
Brüssow, KP	1
Weitzel, JM	1
Nürnberg, G	1
Rehfeldt, C	1
Otten, W	1
Liu, YR	1
Huang, RQ	1
Xiao, BK	1
Yang, JY	1
Dong, JX	1
Lee, YS	1
Kim, JW	1
Osborne, O	1
Oh, DY	1
Sasik, R	1
Chen, A	1
Chung, H	1
Murphy, A	1
Watkins, SM	1
Quehenberger, O	1
Johnson, RS	1
Olefsky, JM	1
Lankhaar, JA	1
de Vries, WR	1
Jansen, JA	1
Zelissen, PM	1
Backx, FJ	1
Corvino, SB	1
Netto, AO	1
Sinzato, YK	1
Campos, KE	1
Calderon, IM	1
Rudge, MV	1
Volpato, GT	1
Zambrano, E	1
Damasceno, DC	1
Opitz, D	1
Lenzen, E	1
Opiolka, A	1
Redmann, M	1
Hellmich, M	1
Berhane, F	1
Fite, A	1
Daboul, N	1
Al-Janabi, W	1
Msallaty, Z	1
Caruso, M	1
Lewis, MK	1
Yi, Z	1
Diamond, MP	1
Abou-Samra, AB	1
Seyoum, B	1
Williams, RS	1
Heilbronn, LK	1
Chen, DL	1
Coster, AC	1
Greenfield, JR	1
Samocha-Bonet, D	1
Brina, D	1
Miluzio, A	1
Ricciardi, S	1
Clarke, K	1
Davidsen, PK	1
Viero, G	1
Tebaldi, T	1
Offenhäuser, N	1
Rozman, J	1
Rathkolb, B	1
Neschen, S	1
Klingenspor, M	1
Wolf, E	1
Gailus-Durner, V	1
Fuchs, H	1
Hrabe de Angelis, M	1
Quattrone, A	1
Falciani, F	1
Biffo, S	1
Covington, JD	1
Tam, CS	1
Bajpeyi, S	1
Noland, RC	1
Smith, SR	1
Redman, LM	1
Ravussin, E	1
McAdams-Demarco, M	1
Gelber, AC	1
Sacks, FM	1
Appel, LJ	1
White, KJ	1
Nakamura, F	1
Ishida, Y	1
Sawada, D	1
Ashida, N	1
Sugawara, T	1
Sakai, M	1
Goto, T	1
Kawada, T	1
Fujiwara, S	1
Ye, W	1
Zheng, Y	1
Zhang, S	1
Yan, L	1
Cheng, H	1
Burkart, AM	1
Tan, K	1
Warren, L	1
Iovino, S	1
Hughes, KJ	1
Kahn, CR	1
Patti, ME	1
Schwarz, P	1
Xu, H	1
Cui, Y	1
Robinson, SL	1
Chambers, ES	1
Fletcher, G	1
Wallis, GA	1
Se, CH	1
Chuah, KA	1
Mishra, A	1
Wickneswari, R	1
Karupaiah, T	1
Wu, Y	1
Dong, Y	1
Atefi, M	1
Liu, Y	1
Elshimali, Y	1
Vadgama, JV	1
Kozuka, C	1
Shimizu-Okabe, C	1
Takayama, C	1
Nakano, K	1
Morinaga, H	1
Kinjo, A	1
Fukuda, K	1
Kamei, A	1
Yasuoka, A	1
Kondo, T	1
Abe, K	1
Egashira, K	1
Masuzaki, H	1
Aouad, LJ	1
Tam, K	1
Waters, KA	1
Phillips, SA	1
Misra, B	1
Roul, L	1
Minz, NT	1
Pattnaik, M	1
Baig, MA	1
Mogensen, M	1
Vind, BF	1
Højlund, K	1
Beck-Nielsen, H	2
Sahlin, K	1
Kelly, KR	1
Williamson, DL	1
Fealy, CE	1
Kriz, DA	1
Krishnan, RK	1
Huang, H	1
Ahn, J	1
Loomis, JL	1
Kirwan, JP	1
Sharoff, CG	1
Hagobian, TA	1
Malin, SK	1
Chipkin, SR	1
Yu, H	1
Hirshman, MF	1
Goodyear, LJ	2
Braun, B	1
Crawford, SO	1
Hoogeveen, RC	1
Ballantyne, CM	1
Schmidt, MI	1
Contarteze, RV	1
de Alencar Mota, CS	1
de Oliveira, CA	1
de Almeida Leme, JA	1
Bottcher, LB	1
de Mello, MA	1
Luciano, E	1
Ghezzi, AC	1
Cambri, LT	1
Ribeiro, C	1
Botezelli, JD	1
Mello, MA	1
Gjedsted, J	1
Buhl, M	1
Nielsen, S	3
Schmitz, O	1
Tønnesen, E	1
Kiilerich, K	1
Ringholm, S	1
Biensø, RS	1
Fisher, JP	1
Iversen, N	1
van Hall, G	1
Wojtaszewski, JF	2
Saltin, B	1
Lundby, C	1
Calbet, JA	1
Pilegaard, H	1
Højbjerre, L	1
Alibegovic, AC	1
Sonne, MP	1
Dela, F	2
Vaag, A	2
Bruun, JM	1
Stallknecht, B	1
Nellemann, B	1
Gormsen, LC	1
Sørensen, LP	1
Christiansen, JS	2
Mackenzie, R	1
Maxwell, N	1
Castle, P	1
Elliott, B	1
Brickley, G	1
Watt, P	1
Sliwicka, E	1
Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak, L	1
Nowak, A	1
Zieliński, J	1
Pehmøller, C	1
Brandt, N	1
Birk, JB	1
Høeg, LD	1
Sjøberg, KA	1
Kiens, B	2
Richter, EA	1
Corkey, BE	1
Shirihai, O	1
Docherty, PD	1
Berkeley, JE	1
Lotz, TF	1
Te Morenga, L	1
Fisk, LM	1
Shaw, GM	1
McAuley, KA	1
Mann, JI	1
Chase, JG	1
Choi, CS	1
Kim, YB	1
Lee, FN	2
Zabolotny, JM	1
Kahn, BB	1
Youn, JH	2
Igawa, K	1
Mugavero, M	1
Shiota, M	1
Neal, DW	3
Cherrington, AD	3
Schambelan, M	3
Benson, CA	1
Carr, A	1
Currier, JS	1
Dubé, MP	1
Gerber, JG	1
Grinspoon, SK	1
Grunfeld, C	2
Kotler, DP	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Local Metabolic Effects of Ghrelin: A Clinical Microdialysis Study[NCT01595373]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Alkaline Diet for Insulin Sensitivity[NCT02501343]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
Digoxin In Treatment of Alcohol Associated Hepatitis (DIGIT-AlcHep)[NCT05014087]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-08	Recruiting
Is There Any Effect of Maternal Dietary Acid Load During Pregnancy on Arising Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?[NCT03790579]		80 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-01-05	Completed
Optimal Macronutrient Intake - Carbohydrate[NCT00608049]		189 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
The Relation Between Acute Changes in the Systemic Inflammatory Response, Thiamine and Magnesium Concentrations and Transketolase Activity After Elective Knee Arthroplasty.[NCT03554668]		47 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-01-15	Completed
Association of Insulin Resistance and FGF21 on Cardiac Function in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy[NCT04222101]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-07	Terminated (stopped due to COVID-19 pandemic)
The Effect of Caffeine as Endurance Enhancing Drug in the Elderly Following Eight Hour Abstinence From Caffeine Containing Drinks and Foods[NCT01048515]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Antiretroviral Activity and Tolerability of Once Daily Etravirine in Treatment-Naïve Adults With HIV-1 Infection[NCT00959894]	Phase 2	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
[NCT00525239]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Recruiting
Nutritional and Contractile Regulation of Muscle Growth (Cycle 2)[NCT00891696]	Phase 1	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Effect of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrates on the Glycemic Variability of Diabetic Patients[NCT04013594]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-20	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The per-protocol analysis of change in CD4+ cell count from baseline to Week 24 was calculated using the measurement closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and quantified with an estimated median and distribution-free 95% confidence interval (CI). (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Change in CD4+ Cell Count From Baseline to Week 48 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	cells/uL (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	156

The per-protocol intention-to-treat analysis of change in CD4+ cell count from baseline to Week 48 was calculated using the measurement closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and quantified with an estimated median and distribution-free 95% CI. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Change in CD4+ Cell Count From Baseline to Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	cells/uL (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	163

The per-protocol intention-to-treat analysis of change in CD4+ cell count from baseline to Week 96 was calculated using the measurement closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and quantified with an estimated median and distribution-free 95% CI. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 96 weeks

Change in Fat Mass Ratio as Measured by DEXA Scan, in the Same Subgroup of up to 40 Participants (as in Aim 8), From Baseline to Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	cells/uL (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	224

Change from baseline to follow-up in fat mass ratio was calculated. Whole body Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans (Hologic Discovery W, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) were conducted at baseline, Week 24, and Week 96 to assess body fat distribution. Fat mass ratio was calculated as the ratio of trunk fat percentage and lower limb fat percentage (% trunk fat mass / % lower limb fat mass). Calculations of change from baseline to follow-up used the value closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and were quantified with the estimated median and distribution-free 95% CI. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Change in Fat Mass Ratio as Measured by DEXA Scan, in the Same Subgroup of up to 40 Participants (as in Aim 8), From Baseline to Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	ratio of trunk fat % : lower limb fat % (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.02

Change in Glucose Metabolism (Insulin Resistance), in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	ratio of trunk fat % : lower limb fat % (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.06

Metabolic data analyses were conducted as-treated. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and was calculated as [fasting insulin (µU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. Changes from baseline to follow-up were calculated using the value closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and were quantified with the median and inter-quartile range. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Change in Glucose Metabolism (Insulin Resistance), in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 48 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	µU/ml*mmol/L (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	-0.08

Change in Glucose Metabolism (Insulin Resistance), in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	µU/ml*mmol/L (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.71

Pharmacokinetics of Etravirine in Genital Secretions of up to 10 Men and up to 10 Women at Week 4 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	µU/ml*mmol/L (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.23

This secondary outcome measure assessed the ratio of semen:plasma concentration of etravirine in paired semen and plasma samples collected from 14 male participants at Week 4 of treatment with etravirine and fixed dose tenofovir/emtricitabine. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Population Pharmacokinetics of Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily, in Combination With Fixed-dose Emtricitabine-tenofovir Among Treatment-naïve HIV-1 Infected Adults: Etravirine AUC-24 Hours at Steady State

Intervention	ratio of semen:plasma drug concentration (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.192

Population pharmacokinetics were calculated using sparse sampling. Plasma concentrations of etravirine measured in samples from participants who provided blood samples at multiple study visits, with variation in sampling times relative to dosing of etravirine used to cover the spectrum of the dosing schedule. Model simulations and fitting were performed with NONMEM ® 7.3. (ICON, plc) and model exploration was performed with Berkeley Madonna (Berkeley, CA, USA) (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: At or after 4 weeks

Probability of Remaining Free of a Safety/Tolerability Event at 96 Weeks

Intervention	ng*hr/mL (Median)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	8024.40

The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the proportion of participants ever exposed to etravirine who remained event-free through Week 96, with a 95% CI using Greenwood's variance estimate and a log-log transformation. Time was handled as continuous (weeks from treatment start to event or censoring). (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

The Antiretroviral Activity of Etravirine 400 mg Given Once Daily, With Fixed-dose Truvada Once Daily, Among Treatment-naïve HIV-1 Infected Adults as Measured by the Percentage of Participants With HIV RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 24

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.69

The primary study endpoint was the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 24 of study participation. The per-protocol primary analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. Achievement of HIV-1 viral load below 50 copies/ml was defined as having HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml during the Week 24 analysis window (>18 and <30 weeks post-entry). (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

The Proportion of Participants With HIV RNA <200 Copies/mL at Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.87

This secondary outcome assessed the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 24 of study treatment. The per-protocol analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

The Proportion of Participants With HIV RNA <200 Copies/mL at Week 48 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.89

This secondary outcome assessed the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 48 of study treatment. The per-protocol analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

The Proportion of Participants With HIV RNA <200 Copies/mL at Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.82

This secondary outcome assessed the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA 200 copies/ml at Week 96 of study treatment. The per-protocol analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

The Proportion of Participants With HIV RNA <50 Copies/mL at Week 48 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.77

This secondary outcome assessed the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 48 of study treatment. The per-protocol analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

The Proportion of Participants With HIV RNA <50 Copies/mL at Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.77

This secondary outcome assessed the proportion of participants who achieved HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 96 of study treatment. The per-protocol analysis was conducted intention-to-treat, with missing evaluations counted as failures. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

Change in Limb and Trunk Fat Distribution as Measured by DEXA Scan, in the Same Subgroup of up to 40 Participants (as in Aim 8), From Baseline to Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.71

Changes from baseline to follow-up in limb fat, trunk fat, total body fat, and lean mass were calculated. Whole body Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans (Hologic Discovery W, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) were conducted at baseline, Week 24, and Week 96 to assess body fat distribution. Calculations of change from baseline to follow-up used the value closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and were quantified with the estimated median and distribution-free 95% CI. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Change in Limb and Trunk Fat Distribution as Measured by DEXA Scan, in the Same Subgroup of up to 40 Participants (as in Aim 8), From Baseline to Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	percentage of body fat (Median)
	Total body fat	Limb fat	Trunk fat
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	0.43	0.48	0.32

Change in the Lipid Profile and Glucose Metabolism, in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 24 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	percentage of body fat (Median)
	Total body fat	Limb fat	Trunk fat
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	1.44	0.82	1.93

Change in the Lipid Profile and Glucose Metabolism, in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 48 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Total cholesterol	HDL-cholesterol	LDL-cholesterol	Triglycerides	Fasting glucose
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	-7	1	-9	-16	1

Change in the Lipid Profile and Glucose Metabolism, in a Subgroup of up to 40 Participants, From Baseline to Week 96 of Treatment With Etravirine and Fixed-dose Tenofovir/Emtricitabine

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Total cholesterol	HDL-cholesterol	LDL-cholesterol	Triglycerides	Fasting glucose
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	6	5	-1	-10	2

Metabolic data analyses were conducted as-treated. Changes in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose from baseline to follow-up were calculated using the value closest to schedule and within the analysis window, and were quantified with the median and inter-quartile range. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and was calculated as [fasting insulin (µU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: Baseline to 96 weeks

Population Pharmacokinetics of Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily, in Combination With Fixed-dose Emtricitabine-tenofovir Among Treatment-naïve HIV-1 Infected Adults

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Total cholesterol	HDL-cholesterol	LDL-cholesterol	Triglycerides	Fasting glucose
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	6	4	-5	3	2

Resistance Mutations in the Subset of Patients With Confirmed Virologic Failure Who Have HIV RNA >500 Copies/mL and Genotype Resistance Results

Intervention	ng/mL (Median)
	Etravirine trough plasma concentration	Etravirine peak plasma concentration
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	217.47	480.99

Per-protocol, genotype testing was conducted at confirmation of virologic failure if the confirmatory HIV-1 RNA was above the laboratory-specified threshold of 500 copies/mL. HIV-1 genotype was determined using the TRUGENE® HIV-1 assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY) (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

Tolerability of Etravirine in HIV-1 Infected Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Y181C	E138K	E138K, Y181C, M230L, M184I, K219E, V75I	No resistance-associated mutations detected
Etravirine 400 mg Once Daily	1	1	1	3

"The safety/tolerability endpoint was defined as the first grade 3 or higher sign, symptom or laboratory abnormality that was at least one grade higher than baseline among participants ever exposed to etravirine (regardless of treatment status), or permanent discontinuation of etravirine due to any toxicity (regardless of grade). Modification of tenofovir/emtricitabine was not a safety/tolerability event.~The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the proportion of participants ever exposed to etravirine who remained event-free through Week 96, with a 95% CI using Greenwood's variance estimate and a log-log transformation. Time was handled as continuous (weeks from treatment start to event or censoring)." (NCT00959894)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

Article	Year
Exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia - novel treatment strategies for type 2 diabetic patients?! Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2018, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise Therapy; Glucose; Humans; Hyperoxia; Hypoxia; Insulin Resistance	2018
Fructose metabolism and noncommunicable diseases: recent findings and new research perspectives. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 2018, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Sugars; Exercise; Fatty Acids; Feeding Behavior	2018
Impact of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism on exercise tolerance: a systematic review. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 2014, Volume: 85, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Exercise Tolerance; Hear	2014
Lactate, a Neglected Factor for Diabetes and Cancer Interaction. Mediators of inflammation, 2016, Volume: 2016 Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease Progression; Humans; H	2016
Management of metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2002, Nov-01, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Glucose; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Homeostas	2002
Toxic metabolic syndrome associated with HAART. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2006, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Bone Diseases, Metaboli	2006
Metabolic alterations and lactate overproduction in insulin-resistant states. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994, Volume: 354 Topics: Animals; Glucose; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Neoplasms; Obesity	1994
Substrate competition and insulin action in animal models. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2000, Volume: 24 Suppl 2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Ins	2000
Glucose homeostasis and the kidney. Kidney international, 1992, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Glucose; Glycogen;	1992

Article	Year
Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Undertaking High-Intensity Interval Exercise Versus Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2017, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus,	2017
Interaction Between Lactate and Uric Acid is Associated With a Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Community-Based Study. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2019, Volume: 127, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; C-Reactive Protein; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lacti	2019
Acute peripheral tissue effects of ghrelin on interstitial levels of glucose, glycerol, and lactate: a microdialysis study in healthy human subjects. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2013, Jun-15, Volume: 304, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Administration, Oral; Blood Glucose; Extracellular Fluid; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	2013
Effects of Lowering Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Plasma Uric Acid Levels: The OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cross-Over Studies;	2016
Evaluating Crossbred Red Rice Variants for Postprandial Glucometabolic Responses: A Comparison with Commercial Varieties. Nutrients, 2016, May-20, Volume: 8, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cooking; Cross-Over Studies; Crosses, Genetic; Dietary Carbohydrat	2016
Acute altitude-induced hypoxia suppresses plasma glucose and leptin in healthy humans. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2010, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Altitude; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Epinephrine; Female; Glucose; Humans; Hypoxia; Insulin; I	2010
Effects of adrenaline on lactate, glucose, lipid and protein metabolism in the placebo controlled bilaterally perfused human leg. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), 2011, Volume: 202, Issue:4 Topics: Amino Acids; Blood Glucose; Energy Metabolism; Epinephrine; Glucose Clamp Technique; Humans; Insulin	2011
Intermittent exercise with and without hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:4 Topics: Algorithms; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Deuterium; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Gluco	2012
Exercise alleviates lipid-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle-signaling interaction at the level of TBC1 domain family member 4. Diabetes, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Emulsions; Exercise; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Glucose; Glycogen Synthase; GTPase-Activatin	2012
Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2004, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Caffeine; Central Nervous S	2004
Intraoperative glucose control in diabetic and nondiabetic patients during cardiac surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2005, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopu	2005
Inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis increases intramuscular lipid and glycogen use in vivo in humans. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 289, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Blood Glucose; Carbon Isotopes; Deuterium; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucos	2005
Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clinical endocrinology, 2006, Volume: 65, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Blood Glucose; Caffeine; Calcium; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Metho	2006
Lactate release from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo: defective insulin regulation in insulin-resistant obese women. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 292, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Blood Glucose; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique; Humans; Ins	2007
Metabolic effects of protease inhibitor-sparing antiretroviral regimens given as initial treatment of HIV-1 Infection (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5095). Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2007, Apr-15, Volume: 44, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Alkynes; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Benzoxazines; Blood Glucose;	2007
Effects of ritonavir and amprenavir on insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers. AIDS (London, England), 2007, Oct-18, Volume: 21, Issue:16 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Carbamates; Double-Blind Method; Energy Metabolism; Furans; Glucose Clam	2007
Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 1996, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids, Nones	1996
No acute effects of smoking and nicotine nasal spray on lipolysis measured by subcutaneous microdialysis. European journal of clinical investigation, 1997, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose Tolerance Tes	1997
The effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1998, Volume: 178, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Adult; Blood Glucose; Calorimetry, Indirect; Energy Metabolism; Female; Ge	1998
Suppression of nocturnal fatty acid concentrations by bedtime carbohydrate supplement in type 2 diabetes: effects on insulin sensitivity, lipids, and glycemic control. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2000, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; C-Peptide; Circadian Rhythm; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2000
Insulin(GIK) improves myocardial metabolism in patients during blood cardioplegia. Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ, 2000, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Amino Acids; Cardioplegic Solutions; Citric Acid Cycle; Coronary Artery Bypass; Energy Metabol	2000
Insulin resistance and substrate utilization in human endotoxemia. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Temperature; Calorimetry, Indirect; Endotoxemia; Female; Glucose Clamp Te	2000
Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 280, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Blood Glucose;	2001
Postexercise fat intake repletes intramyocellular lipids but no faster in trained than in sedentary subjects. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2001, Volume: 281, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Body Composition; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Dietary Fats; Exercise Test; Glycogen; Humans	2001

Article	Year
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and 2 deficiency reduces high-fat diet-induced hypertrophic obesity and inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Experimental & molecular medicine, 2021, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adiposity; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Diet,	2021
A New Oral Model to Assess Postprandial Lactate Production Rate. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, 2022, Volume: 69, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Child; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistan	2022
Lactate Is a Key Mediator That Links Obesity to Insulin Resistance via Modulating Cytokine Production From Adipose Tissue. Diabetes, 2022, 04-01, Volume: 71, Issue:4 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cytokines; Diet, High-Fat; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; M	2022
Moderate l-lactate administration suppresses adipose tissue macrophage M1 polarization to alleviate obesity-associated insulin resistance. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2022, Volume: 298, Issue:4 Topics: Adipose Tissue; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; I	2022
Hyperlactatemia associated with elective tumor craniotomy: Protocol for an observational study of pathophysiology and clinical implications. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Craniotomy; Humans; Hyperlactatemia; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Observational	2022
Adipocyte-derived lactate is a signalling metabolite that potentiates adipose macrophage inflammation via targeting PHD2. Nature communications, 2022, 09-05, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Humans; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; Inflamma	2022
Tangeretin protects mice from diet-induced metabolic inflammation via activating adipose lactate accumulation and macrophage M2 polarization. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2022, 11-19, Volume: 630 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Carbon; Diet, High-Fat; Flavones; Glucose; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance	2022
Interleukin 6 acutely increases gluconeogenesis and decreases the suppressive effect of insulin on cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis in rat liver. Cell biochemistry and function, 2023, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glutamine; Glycogen; Glycogenolysis; Insu	2023
Greater reliance on glycolysis is associated with lower mitochondrial substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity in infant myogenic MSCs. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2023, 09-01, Volume: 325, Issue:3 Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Glucose; Glycolysis; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Mesenchymal S	2023
Perilipin 5 deficiency aggravates cardiac hypertrophy by stimulating lactate production in leptin-deficient mice. Biology direct, 2023, 09-04, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cardiomegaly; Fatty Acids; Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Leptin; Mice; Perilipi	2023
Suppression of uric acid and lactate production by sodium acetate ameliorates hepatic triglyceride accumulation in fructose-insulin resistant pregnant rats. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 2020, Volume: 80 Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Female; Fructose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Insulin Resistance;	2020
Effects of Physiological Doses of Resveratrol and Quercetin on Glucose Metabolism in Primary Myotubes. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Jan-30, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fatty Acids;	2021
Faecal microbial metabolites of proteolytic and saccharolytic fermentation in relation to degree of insulin resistance in adult individuals. Beneficial microbes, 2021, Jun-15, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Body Weights and Measures; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids, Noneste	2021
Oxamate Enhances the Anti-Inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Metformin in Diabetic Mice. Pharmacology, 2017, Volume: 100, Issue:5-6 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Blood Glucose; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabet	2017
Markers of intestinal permeability are already altered in early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Studies in children. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:9 Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adolescent; Alanine Transaminase; Carrier Proteins; Child; Endotoxins; Fatty L	2017
Diabetes mellitus in a patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 2017, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Acarbose; Adult; Blood Glucose; Canagliflozin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glycated Hemoglobi	2017
Non-invasive detection of divergent metabolic signals in insulin deficiency vs. insulin resistance in vivo. Scientific reports, 2018, 02-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Gluconeogenesis; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Kid	2018
Higher D-lactate levels are associated with higher prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein in obese adolescents. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 2018, 06-27, Volume: 56, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dy	2018
Plasma MOTS-c levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in lean but not in obese individuals. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 2018, Volume: 66, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Male; Mitochondrial Proteins; Obesity; Thinn	2018
Defining the contribution of skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase α1 to exercise performance and insulin action. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2018, 11-01, Volume: 315, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Athletic Performance; Body Composition; Diet, High-Fat; Energy M	2018
High fat diet administration leads to the mitochondrial dysfunction and selectively alters the expression of class 1 GLUT protein in mice. Molecular biology reports, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose Transporte	2019
Plasma lactate and leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number as biomarkers of insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic women. Journal of physiology and biochemistry, 2019, Volume: 75, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA Copy Number Variations; DNA, Mitochondrial; Female	2019
Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019, 07-01, Volume: 104, Issue:7 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Black or African American; Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Ch	2019
Palmitic acid causes insulin resistance in granulosa cells via activation of JNK. Journal of molecular endocrinology, 2019, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Fatty Acids; Female; Glucose; Granulosa Cells;	2019
Biomarkers of insulin action during single soccer sessions before and after a 12-week training period in type 2 diabetes patients on a caloric-restricted diet. Physiology & behavior, 2019, 10-01, Volume: 209 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Reducing; Exerci	2019
Moderate physical activity from childhood contributes to metabolic health and reduces hepatic fat accumulation in adult rats. Lipids in health and disease, 2013, Mar-06, Volume: 12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Ins	2013
Association of blood lactate with carotid atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study. Atherosclerosis, 2013, Volume: 228, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Carotid Artery Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Female; Gadolinium; Humans; Insulin Res	2013
Relative efficacies of insulin and poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid encapsulated nano-insulin in modulating certain significant biomarkers in arsenic intoxicated L6 cells. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2013, Sep-01, Volume: 109 Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Biomarkers; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin	2013
Cardiac insulin-resistance and decreased mitochondrial energy production precede the development of systolic heart failure after pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circulation. Heart failure, 2013, Sep-01, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Arterial Pressure; Blood Glucose; Cardiomegaly; D	2013
Plasma lactate and diabetes risk in 8045 participants of the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Annals of epidemiology, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Community-Based Participatory Research; Dia	2013
Low and high dietary protein:carbohydrate ratios during pregnancy affect materno-fetal glucose metabolism in pigs. The Journal of nutrition, 2014, Volume: 144, Issue:2 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Brain; Diet; Diet, Carbohydrate	2014
(1)H NMR metabolic profiling analysis offers evaluation of Nilestriol treatment in ovariectomised rats. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2014, Apr-25, Volume: 387, Issue:1-2 Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Estriol; Female; Indican; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Menopause; Metabolo	2014
Increased adipocyte O2 consumption triggers HIF-1α, causing inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Cell, 2014, Jun-05, Volume: 157, Issue:6 Topics: Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2; Adipocytes; Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors	2014
Intrauterine Growth Restricted Rats Exercised at Pregnancy: Maternal-Fetal Repercussions. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 2015, Volume: 22, Issue:8 Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Animals; Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental;	2015
Endurance training alters basal erythrocyte MCT-1 contents and affects the lactate distribution between plasma and red blood cells in T2DM men following maximal exercise. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 93, Issue:6 Topics: Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Erythrocytes; Exercise; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lact	2015
Plasma Lactate Levels Increase during Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Clamp and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Journal of diabetes research, 2015, Volume: 2015 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glyc	2015
Dietary acid load, metabolic acidosis and insulin resistance - Lessons from cross-sectional and overfeeding studies in humans. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2016, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Acidosis; Acids; Adiposity; Adult; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studi	2016
eIF6 coordinates insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism by coupling translation to transcription. Nature communications, 2015, Sep-18, Volume: 6 Topics: 3T3 Cells; Acetylation; Activating Transcription Factor 4; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Blotti	2015
Myokine Expression in Muscle and Myotubes in Response to Exercise Stimulation. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2016, Volume: 48, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Cells, Cultured; Colforsin; Connective Tissue Growth Factor; Exercise; Humans; Insuli	2016
Fragmented Lactic Acid Bacterial Cells Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Ameliorate Dyslipidemia in Obese Mice. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2016, Mar-30, Volume: 64, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Dyslipidemias; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipopro	2016
Oxamate Improves Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity via Inhibition of Tissue Lactate Production in db/db Mice. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Eating;	2016
Insulin Resistance in Human iPS Cells Reduces Mitochondrial Size and Function. Scientific reports, 2016, Mar-07, Volume: 6 Topics: Antigens, CD; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Down-Regulation; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Insuli	2016
[For diabetics sports are more strenuous]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2016, Mar-17, Volume: 158, Issue:5 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Oxygen; Physical	2016
Metabolic actions of insulin in ovarian granulosa cells were unaffected by hyperandrogenism. Endocrine, 2016, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Female; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Granulosa Cells; Hyperandrogenism; Insulin; Insulin Rec	2016
Lipolytic Markers, Insulin and Resting Fat Oxidation are Associated with Maximal Fat Oxidation. International journal of sports medicine, 2016, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Exercise Test; Fat	2016
Marked augmentation of PLGA nanoparticle-induced metabolically beneficial impact of γ-oryzanol on fuel dyshomeostasis in genetically obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. Drug delivery, 2017, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease Models, A	2017
Effects of acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia on insulin sensitivity in piglets using euglycemic clamp. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Glucose Clamp Techniqu	2008
Obesity, weight loss, and cardiovascular health: is oxidative capacity a missing link? American journal of hypertension, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hypertension	2008
Insulin resistance and beta cell function as prognostic indicator in multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2009, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; APACHE; Bicarbonates; Blood Glucose; Critical Illness; Disease Progression;	2009
Maximal lipid oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and shows an adequate increase in response to aerobic training. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:9 Topics: Citrate (si)-Synthase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Female; Glucose; Huma	2009
Combining short-term metformin treatment and one bout of exercise does not increase insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2010, Volume: 298, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Blotting, Western; Exercise; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique;	2010
Association of blood lactate with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. International journal of epidemiology, 2010, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries; Cross-Sectional Studies	2010
Association of blood lactate with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. International journal of epidemiology, 2010, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries; Cross-Sectional Studies	2010
Association of blood lactate with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. International journal of epidemiology, 2010, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries; Cross-Sectional Studies	2010
Association of blood lactate with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. International journal of epidemiology, 2010, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries; Cross-Sectional Studies	2010
Exercise test and glucose homeostasis in rats treated with alloxan during the neonatal period or fed a high calorie diet. Journal of diabetes, 2009, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experim	2009
Impact of early fructose intake on metabolic profile and aerobic capacity of rats. Lipids in health and disease, 2011, Jan-11, Volume: 10 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weights and Measures; Dietary Carbohydrates; Disease Mo	2011
Exercise-induced pyruvate dehydrogenase activation is not affected by 7 days of bed rest. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2011, Volume: 111, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Bed Rest; Biopsy; Blood Glucose; Enzyme Activation; Exercise; Exercise Test; Gene Expression	2011
Increased lipolysis but diminished gene expression of lipases in subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy young males with intrauterine growth retardation. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2011, Volume: 111, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bed Rest; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation;	2011
Impaired insulin-mediated antilipolysis and lactate release in adipose tissue of upper-body obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2012, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Body Constitution; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose Clamp Techniqu	2012
Resistin, visfatin and insulin sensitivity in selected phases of annual training cycle of triathletes. Acta physiologica Hungarica, 2012, Volume: 99, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Athletic Performance; Bicycling; Blood Glucose; Cytokines; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin;	2012
Metabolic master regulators: sharing information among multiple systems. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactic A	2012
Clinical validation of the quick dynamic insulin sensitivity test. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Insu	2013
Lactate induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by suppressing glycolysis and impairing insulin signaling. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2002, Volume: 283, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Glucose Transporter Type 4; Glycolysis; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactic	2002
Insulin sensitively controls the glucagon response to mild hypoglycemia in the dog. Diabetes, 2002, Volume: 51, Issue:10 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Consciousness; Dihydropyridines; Dogs; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonest	2002
Direct assessment of muscle glycogen storage after mixed meals in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2003, Volume: 284, Issue:4 Topics: Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glycogen; H	2003
The case against Zerit. GMHC treatment issues : the Gay Men's Health Crisis newsletter of experimental AIDS therapies, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:10 Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Lipodystrophy; Mitochondria; Reverse Transc	2002
Insulin-mediated hepatic glucose uptake is impaired in type 2 diabetes: evidence for a relationship with glycemic control. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2003, Volume: 88, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Fluorode	2003
Postnatal increase in insulin-sensitive glucose transporter expression is associated with improved recovery of postischemic myocardial function. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2003, Volume: 126, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Biological Transport; Biomarkers; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glucose-6-Ph	2003
Interaction of insulin and prior exercise in control of hepatic metabolism of a glucose load. Diabetes, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:8 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Fructosephosphates; Gluco	2003
Does high-sucrose diet alter skeletal muscle and liver mitochondrial respiration? Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cell Respiration; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycogen; Insulin Resistance; Lacti	2003
The development of myocardial insulin resistance in conscious dogs with advanced dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular research, 2004, Feb-01, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Cardiomyopathy, Dila	2004
Insulin action during late pregnancy in the conscious dog. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2004, Volume: 286, Issue:6 Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Animals; Consciousness; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Gluconeogene	2004
Modulation of basal glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by growth hormone and free fatty acids during short-term fasting. European journal of endocrinology, 2004, Volume: 150, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Glucose; Calorimetry, Indirect; Fasting; Fatty Acids,	2004
Postexercise muscle triacylglycerol and glycogen metabolism in obese insulin-resistant zucker rats. Obesity research, 2004, Volume: 12, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Dietary Carbohydrates; Eating; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glycogen;	2004
Fructose transport and metabolism in adipose tissue of Zucker rats: diminished GLUT5 activity during obesity and insulin resistance. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2004, Volume: 261, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biological Transport; Blood Glucose; Cell Membrane; Fructose; G	2004
Impaired insulin-dependent glucose metabolism in granulosa-lutein cells from anovulatory women with polycystic ovaries. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anovulation; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insu	2005
Real-time assessment of postprandial fat storage in liver and skeletal muscle in health and type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 288, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Chylomicrons; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Die	2005
Local effect of vanadate on interstitial glucose and lactate concentrations in human skeletal muscle. Life sciences, 2005, Apr-01, Volume: 76, Issue:20 Topics: Adult; Aged; Catheterization; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Leg; Male;	2005
Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2005, Jul-08, Volume: 332, Issue:3 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Activation; Fatty Acids; G	2005
Early pre-diabetic state alters adaptation of myocardial glucose metabolism during ischemia in rats. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2005, Volume: 272, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Fructose; Glucose; Glucose Tran	2005
The relationship between nucleoside analogue treatment duration, insulin resistance, and fasting arterialized lactate level in patients with HIV infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Nov-01, Volume: 41, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Fasting; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Male; Reverse Trans	2005
Glucose production, oxidation and disposal correlate with plasma lactate levels in HIV-infected patients on HAART. The Journal of infection, 2007, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glu	2007
Insulin regulation of skeletal muscle PDK4 mRNA expression is impaired in acute insulin-resistant states. Diabetes, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Blotting, Northern; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified;	2006
Protection against Western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid-binding protein knockout mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2006, Volume: 44, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cholesterol, Dietary; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Enzymes; Fatty Acid Synthases; Fatty Aci	2006
Plasma levels of uridine correlate with blood pressure and indicators of myogenic purine degradation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 2007, Volume: 71, Issue:3 Topics: Ammonia; Blood Pressure; Case-Control Studies; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Hypoxanthine;	2007
Metabolic complications of HIV therapy. IAPAC monthly, 2006, Volume: 12, Issue:9 Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Diseases; Dyslipidemias; HIV Infections; Humans; Insulin Res	2006
Insulin resistance and the mitochondrial link. Lessons from cultured human myotubes. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 2007, Volume: 1772, Issue:7 Topics: 2,4-Dinitrophenol; Antimycin A; Case-Control Studies; Cells, Cultured; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gl	2007
Increased insulin sensitivity and maintenance of glucose utilization rates in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 293, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Female; Fetal Growth Retardatio	2007
Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2008, Volume: 294, Issue:1 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adipocytes; AMP-Activated Protein Kin	2008
A chronic increase in physical activity inhibits fed-state mTOR/S6K1 signaling and reduces IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 2008, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blotting, Western; Citrate (si)-Syntha	2008
Effects of Intrabrachial metacholine infusion on muscle capillary recruitment and forearm glucose uptake during physiological hyperinsulinemia in obese, insulin-resistant individuals. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2008, Volume: 93, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Brachial Artery; Capillaries; Forearm; Glucose; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin; Insulin Res	2008
Interstitial glucose concentration in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle: influence of one bout of exercise and of local perfusion with insulin or vanadate. European journal of applied physiology, 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:5 Topics: Bicycling; Exercise; Extracellular Fluid; Glucose; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infusion	2008
Physical training of Zucker rats: lack of alleviation of muscle insulin resistance. The American journal of physiology, 1983, Volume: 244, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Muscles; Physic	1983
Phenobarbital treatment enhances insulin mediated glucose metabolism in man. Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Male; Meta	1984
Reversal of dietary-induced insulin resistance in muscle of the rat by adenosine deaminase and an adenosine-receptor antagonist. The Biochemical journal, 1984, Nov-15, Volume: 224, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycogen; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactates	1984
Adrenal function and the action of propranolol in surgical stress-mediated insulin resistance of glucose utilization by peripheral tissues in vivo. Inhibition of glucose accumulation in skeletal muscle. European journal of pharmacology, 1984, Jun-01, Volume: 101, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Animals; Blood Glucose; Extracellular Space; Female; Glucose; Glucose	1984
Mechanism of hyperglycemia and response to treatment with an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in a patient with insulin resistance due to antiinsulin receptor antibodies. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1984, Volume: 59, Issue:4 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Alanine; Epoxy Compounds; Erythrocytes; Ethers, Cyclic; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified;	1984
A metabolic profile of fed and fasting genetically obese mice at 4-5 months of age. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1984, Volume: 16 Suppl 1 Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blood Glucose; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diet; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Insulin	1984
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance during Escherichia coli bacteremic shock in the dog. Surgery, 1981, Volume: 90, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic Ac	1981
Isolated low HDL cholesterol. An insulin-resistant state. Diabetes, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Glucose; Cholesterol, HDL; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Finland; Glucose Tolerance Tes	1994
Obese men with type IIB hyperlipidemia are insulin resistant. Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology, 1993, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Blood Glucose; Calorimetry, Indirect; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique;	1993
Insulin resistance in familial and nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology, 1993, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Blood Glucose; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipoproteinemia	1993
Transgenic mice with muscle-specific insulin resistance develop increased adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia. Endocrinology, 1996, Volume: 137, Issue:6 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Composition; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; Glucose Tole	1996
Carbohydrate metabolism in insulin resistance: glucose uptake and lactate production by adipose and forearm tissues in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 1996, Volume: 90, Issue:5 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Female; Forearm; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lact	1996
Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Dogs; Female; Heart; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Mal	1996
Effect of moderate exercise on insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism during post-exercise recovery in cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1997, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Exercise; Female; Glucagon; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid; Liver	1997
Evidence for altered sensitivity of the nitric oxide/cGMP signalling cascade in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. The Biochemical journal, 1998, Jan-01, Volume: 329 ( Pt 1) Topics: Animals; Cell Fractionation; Cyclic GMP; Female; Glucose; Glycogen; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lac	1998
Imprinting of female offspring with testosterone results in insulin resistance and changes in body fat distribution at adult age in rats. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1998, Jan-01, Volume: 101, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Blood Glucose; Corticosterone; Fatty Acids, No	1998
Defects in insulin secretion and insulin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are inherited. Metabolic studies on offspring of diabetic probands. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1998, Jan-01, Volume: 101, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Body Composition; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Fatty A	1998
Minimal influence of blood flow on interstitial glucose and lactate-normal and insulin-resistant muscle. The American journal of physiology, 1998, Volume: 274, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistanc	1998
Defect of an early event of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of the male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1998, Apr-17, Volume: 245, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models, Animal; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphate; Glycogen S	1998
Simulated postaggression metabolism in healthy subjects: metabolic changes and insulin resistance. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1998, Volume: 47, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lactic Acid;	1998
Aerobic exercise during pregnancy reverts maternal insulin resistance in rats. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 1998, Volume: 30, Issue:10 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Eating; Female; Fetus; Glucose Clamp Tech	1998
Induction of rat muscle insulin resistance by epinephrine is accompanied by increased interstitial glucose and lactate concentrations. Diabetologia, 1998, Volume: 41, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Glucose; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Epinephrine; Extracellular Space;	1998
Glucose metabolic alterations in isolated and perfused rat hepatocytes induced by pancreatic cancer conditioned medium: a low molecular weight factor possibly involved. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1999, Apr-13, Volume: 257, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Biological Factors; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media, Conditioned; Cytosol; Di	1999
Hyperlactatemia reduces muscle glucose uptake and GLUT-4 mRNA while increasing (E1alpha)PDH gene expression in rat. The American journal of physiology, 1999, Volume: 276, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Deoxyglucose; Gene Expression; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucose Tra	1999
In late pregnancy insulin-dependent glucose transport/phosphorylation is selectively impaired and activation of glycogen synthase by insulin facilitated in skeletal muscles of 24-h starved rats. Diabetologia, 1999, Volume: 42, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Food; Glucose; Glucose C	1999
Intracellular skeletal muscle glucose metabolism is differentially altered by dexamethasone treatment of normoglycemic relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1999, Volume: 48, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Dexamethasone; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gluc	1999
Preoperative feeding does not reverse postoperative insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in the rat. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2000, Volume: 49, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Blood Glucose; Eating; Epinephrine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Gluco	2000
Beneficial insulin-sensitizing and vascular effects of S15261 in the insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2000, Volume: 295, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Chromans; Eating; Fluorenes; Gene Expression; Glucose Tolerance	2000
Estimations of muscle interstitial insulin, glucose, and lactate in type 2 diabetic subjects. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 279, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Arteries; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ext	2000
Nonhepatic response to portal glucose delivery in conscious dogs. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 279, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Consciousness; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucagon; Glucose; Glycerol; Hepat	2000
Correction of hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity by T-1095, an inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose cotransporters, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 2000, Volume: 84, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Carbonates; Deoxyglucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Glucosides; Hyperglycemia; Hypog	2000
Diurnal metabolic profiles after 14 d of an ad libitum high-starch, high-sucrose, or high-fat diet in normal-weight never-obese and postobese women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2001, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Circadian Rhythm; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary F	2001
Evidence that amylin stimulates lipolysis in vivo: a possible mediator of induced insulin resistance. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 280, Issue:4 Topics: Amyloid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Hypolipidemic Agents; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Islet Amyloid Po	2001
Metabolic and steroidogenic alterations related to increased frequency of polycystic ovaries in women with a history of gestational diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Diabetes, Gestational; Endocrine Glands; Female; Glucose Intolerance; Hormones; Humans; Hypog	2001
Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2001, Volume: 74, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Animals; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Bread; Dairy Products; Dietary Carbohydrates; Femal	2001
Effect of hepatic denervation on peripheral insulin sensitivity in conscious dogs. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2002, Volume: 282, Issue:2 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arteries; Denervation; Dogs; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Gluconeogen	2002
Glucose kinetics and splanchnic uptake following mixed meal ingestion in cirrhotic-diabetic subjects. Diabetes, nutrition & metabolism, 2001, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fatty Acids,	2001
[Morphological and metabolic abnormalities related to antiretroviral therapy]. Revue medicale de Liege, 2002, Volume: 57, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anti-HIV Agents; Body Composition; Diet Therapy; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Hyperlipi	2002
Insulin resistance in obesity is associated with elevated basal lactate levels and diminished lactate appearance following intravenous glucose and insulin. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1992, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Insulin; Insulin Resistance;	1992
Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by exercised human muscles one day after prolonged physical exercise. European journal of clinical investigation, 1991, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Biological Transport, Active; Blood Glucose; Exercise; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resi	1991
Hepatic insulin resistance during canine sepsis. Circulatory shock, 1991, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Homeostasis; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; L	1991
Effect of insulin on glucose utilization in epitrochlearis muscle of rats with streptozocin-induced NIDDM. Diabetes, 1990, Volume: 39, Issue:9 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus,	1990
In vivo insulin resistance during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis. Circulatory shock, 1989, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Escherichia coli Infections; Fasting; Glucagon; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin Re	1989
Effect of a novel thermogenic beta-adrenoceptor agonist (BRL 26830) on insulin resistance in soleus muscle from obese Zucker rats. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1985, Apr-30, Volume: 128, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Ethanolamines; Glycogen; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Male; Mu	1985
Characterization of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045. Studies in KK and ob/ob mice and Zucker fatty rats. Diabetes, 1988, Volume: 37, Issue:11 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Benzopyrans; Blood Glucose; Chromans; Deoxyglucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Expe	1988
Insulin binding and glycolytic activity in erythrocytes from dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients. Nephron, 1988, Volume: 48, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Erythrocytes; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glycolysis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin Resist	1988
Type I diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance not only with regard to glucose, but also to lipid and amino acid metabolism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1986, Volume: 62, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Gluco	1986
Effect of stress hormones on splanchnic substrate and insulin disposal after glucose ingestion in healthy humans. Diabetes, 1987, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Adult; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Epinephrine; Fatty Acids, Non	1987
Different types of postinsulin receptor defects contribute to insulin resistance in hearts of obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology, 1986, Volume: 119, Issue:3 Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Epoxy Compounds; Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Lacta	1986
Exercise and diet reduce muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker rat. The American journal of physiology, 1986, Volume: 251, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Animals; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glucose; Glycogen; Hexokinase; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lactic	1986
Effect of thyroid hormone excess on action, secretion, and metabolism of insulin in humans. The American journal of physiology, 1985, Volume: 248, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Basal Metabolism; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Humans; Hyp	1985
Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia. Kidney international, 1985, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Glucose; Glycogen; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactates; Lac	1985

lactic acid and Insulin Resistance