Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 45357193 |
| MeSH ID | M0010744 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| hydroxocobalamin |
| 13422-51-0 |
| AKOS015961228 |
| AC-13443 |
Hydroxocobalamin is a safe antidote for acute cyanide poisoning. The most common drug-related adverse events were asymptomatic and self-limiting chromaturia and reddening of the skin.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Cyanide toxicity of dietary origin has been implicated in acute animal deaths and as major etiologic factors in toxic ataxic neuropathy in man and as a cause of vision failure in humans suffering from tobacco amblyopia and leber's hereditary optic atrophy." | ( Cyanides and their toxicity: a literature review. Egekeze, JO; Oehme, FW, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Hydroxocobalamin has been shown to significantly reduce RBC and plasma cyanide concentrations in animals and surgical patients without producing clinically important adverse effects or toxic metabolites." | ( Use of vitamin B12 in the treatment and prevention of nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity. Wagner, BK; Zerbe, NF, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "Hydroxocobalamin is a safe and effective agent in the prevention and treatment of nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity." | ( Use of vitamin B12 in the treatment and prevention of nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity. Wagner, BK; Zerbe, NF, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " No other clinically significant adverse effects were noted." | ( Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. Becker, CE; Benowitz, NL; Forsyth, JC; Hall, AH; Mueller, PD; Osterloh, J; Rumack, BH, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "These results indicate that repeated administration of hydroxocobalamin was devoid of significant diaphragmatic and cardiac muscle toxicity and therefore remains a safe antidote for acute cyanide poisoning." | ( Hydroxocobalamin vs cobalt toxicity on rat cardiac and diaphragmatic muscles. Coirault, C; Houeto, P; Lecarpentier, Y; Perennec, J; Pery-Man, N; Riou, B; Suard, I, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " In the first instance, NO released from S-nitrosocysteine, a compound not related to cyanide, has no toxic effect on the hair cells of the cochlea." | ( Ototoxicity of sodium nitroprusside is not due to nitric oxide. Leong, SK; Ruan, RS; Yeoh, KH, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " The adverse drug reaction was rated probable on the Naranjo probability scale." | ( Life-threatening interaction between complementary medicines: cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C. Bromley, J; Buckley, NA; Hughes, BG; Leong, DC, 2005) | 0.33 |
| "The most common drug-related adverse events were asymptomatic and self-limiting chromaturia and reddening of the skin, which are attributed to the red color of hydroxocobalamin." | ( Safety of hydroxocobalamin in healthy volunteers in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Golor, G; Kovar, A; Nolting, A; Rost, KL; Uhl, W, 2006) | 0.33 |
| "Methanethiol is a highly toxic chemical present in crude oil and natural gas." | ( Efficacy of Intravenous Hydroxocobalamin for Treatment of Sodium Methanethiolate Exposure in a Swine Model (Sus scrofa) of Severe Methanethiol Toxicity. Bebarta, VS; Canellis, K; Castaneda, M; Maddry, JK; Ng, PC; Olson, G; Paredes, RM; Rebeles, J, 2020) | 0.56 |
Hydroxocobalamin's elimination half-life in these cyanide-exposed patients far exceeds those found in previous studies of dogs and minimally-expposed humans.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The pharmacokinetics were compatible with a two-compartment model with a first-order distribution and elimination rate, and pharmacokinetic parameters were not different between the two doses, except for the elimination half-life." | ( Pharmacokinetics of hydroxocobalamin in dogs. de La Coussaye, JE; Houeto, P; Levillain, P; Riou, B; Sandouk, P; Sassine, A, 1994) | 0.29 |
| "The safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic parameters of 5 g of hydroxocobalamin given intravenously, alone or in combination with 12." | ( Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. Becker, CE; Benowitz, NL; Forsyth, JC; Hall, AH; Mueller, PD; Osterloh, J; Rumack, BH, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " Hydroxocobalamin's elimination half-life in these cyanide-exposed patients far exceeds those found in previous studies of dogs and minimally-exposed humans." | ( Pharmacokinetics of hydroxocobalamin in smoke inhalation victims. Baud, FJ; Borron, SW; Houeto, P; Imbert, M; Levillain, P; Sandouk, P, 1996) | 0.29 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " HOCbl increased the rate of oxidation of thiols to a greater extent than CNCbl, but quenched ROS in combination with certain thiols." | ( Differences in the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Cytotoxicity between Thiols Combined with Aqua- and Cyanocobalamins. Akatov, VS; Shatalin, YV; Shubina, VS; Solovieva, ME, 2022) | 0.72 |
The rate of absorption may be greater with inhaled hydrogen cyanide. The rapid conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark raises the possibility that hydroxocobalamins in foods may be converted to the less well absorbed sulfitOCobalamin.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The rapid conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark raises the possibility that hydroxocobalamin in foods may be converted to the less well absorbed sulfitocobalamin in the upper gastrointestinal tract." | ( Conversion of hydroxo(aquo) cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the absence of light: a reaction of importance in the identification of the forms of vitamin B12, with possible clinical significance. Adams, JF; Farquharson, J, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " We therefore measured the systemic bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning when administered by the intraosseous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes in a small study of Göttingen minipigs." | ( Rapid and complete bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning in minipigs after intraosseous administration. Blain, PG; Clutton, RE; Dunn, M; Eddleston, M; Jefferson, RD; Murray, DB; Thomas, S; Thompson, A; Vidler, DS, 2012) | 0.38 |
| "This study showed rapid and substantial antidote bioavailability after intraosseous administration that appeared similar to that of the intravenous route." | ( Rapid and complete bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning in minipigs after intraosseous administration. Blain, PG; Clutton, RE; Dunn, M; Eddleston, M; Jefferson, RD; Murray, DB; Thomas, S; Thompson, A; Vidler, DS, 2012) | 0.38 |
| " The rate of absorption may be greater with inhaled hydrogen cyanide and the recommended slow intravenous administration of hydroxocobalamin may severely limit its clinical effectiveness in these circumstances." | ( Hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Marrs, TC; Thompson, JP, 2012) | 0.38 |
Intramuscular (IM) hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) is the main treatment for patients with cblC. formal dosing guidelines do not exist. She was maintained on 2 mg/kg/day dosing of hydroxOCobalamin.
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 372 (41.75) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 105 (11.78) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 132 (14.81) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 214 (24.02) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 68 (7.63) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 43 (4.59%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 63 (6.72%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 204 (21.77%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 2 (0.21%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 625 (66.70%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Phase II/III Study of N-803 (ALT-803) Plus Pembrolizumab Versus Standard of Care in Participants With Stage IV or Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Anti-PD-1 or Anti-PD-L1 Therapy (Lung-MAP Non-Match Sub-Study) [NCT05096663] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 82 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-03-15 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Influence of Different Doses of the Vitamin B12 on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis [NCT01127724] | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to difficulties in recruiting participants) | |||
| Perineural Injection Therapy With Vitamin B12 for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [NCT03802422] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-04-20 | Withdrawn(stopped due to It is hard to enroll patients due to Covid-19 pandemic.) | |||
| Oral or Enteral Administration of Methionine in Patients With Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis by Mutation of the MARS Gene. [NCT03887169] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 3 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-09-16 | Completed | ||
| B VITAMIN STATUS IN PREMATURE AND SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE INFANTS [NCT01201005] | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Completed | |||
| An Open-label, Single-Dose, Parallel-Group, Randomized Study of Comparative Bioavailability of B12 After Oral Administration of B2 Formulated With an Absorption Promoter (SNAC), Oral B12 Alone and IV B12 in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01311739] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | |||
| A Multi-center, Single Arm, Safety and Efficacy Study of Pralatrexate With Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation in Subjects With Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma [NCT03349333] | Phase 3 | 85 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-09-10 | Completed | ||
| A 60-DAY, Open-label, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Eligen® B12 OR Intramuscularly Administered B12 in Subjects With Low Serum Cobalamin With a 30 Day Extension to 90 Days of Dosing [NCT01312831] | 49 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 2, Single-Arm, Open-Label, Multicenter, Study of Folotyn® (Pralatrexate Injection) in Combination With Oral Leucovorin to Prevent or Reduce Mucositis in Patients With Hematological Malignancies Including PTCL and CTCL [NCT02106650] | Phase 2 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Serum Levels of Folate And Vitamine B12 in Patients Infected With HPV and Diagnosed Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance in Cervical Cytology [NCT03903952] | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-05-01 | Completed | |||
| The Efficacy of Intravenous Hydroxocobalamin Versus Methylene Blue as Treatment for Intraoperative Vasoplegic Syndrome in Liver Transplant Patients [NCT04054999] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-11-30 | Recruiting | ||
| The Effect of Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Nepali Infants on Growth and Development [NCT02272842] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 600 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-20 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Single Arm Phase II Study of Oral Vitamin B12 for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitors (AI) Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Women With Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT03069313] | 41 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-19 | Completed | |||
| Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Effectiveness of Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Combination With Pegylated Interferon-Alfa Plus Ribavirin for Treating Chronic Hepatitis C. [NCT02120274] | Phase 4 | 85 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to New Brazilian Guidelines for Viral Hepatitis C and Coinfetions. It does not include the treatment of chronic HCV Metavir < F3 and abandon the use of interferon.) | ||
| Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Addition to Folic Acid and Iron Improves Hematological and Biochemical Markers in Pregnancy: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03522428] | Phase 4 | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-15 | Completed | ||
| Developmental Origins of Neurocognitive and Behavioral Endophenotypes and Common Mental Health Disorders in Young Adults of a Prospective Birth Cohort [NCT03096028] | 700 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2018-05-14 | Recruiting | |||
| Prophylactic Use of Hydroxycobolamin in the Prevention of Vasoplegic Syndrome in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT06160219] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-08-28 | Completed | ||
| Vitamin B12 Status in Infancy and the Effect of Providing Vitamin B12 to Infants With Signs of Suboptimal Vitamin B12 Status - a Registry-based, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05005897] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 600 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-12-08 | Recruiting | ||
| Effects of Vitamin Supplementation and Strength Training in Parkinson's Disease [NCT01238926] | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| A Phase III, Randomized, Two Armed, Parallel, Double Blind (Patient and Assessor Blinded), Active Controlled Non Inferiority Clinical Trial to Determine the Non Inferior Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety Between CinnaPoietin® (Beta Erythropoietin) and Eprex [NCT03408639] | Phase 3 | 156 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-06-22 | Completed | ||
| Vitamin B12 Treatment in Singers - Assessment of Effects Exploratory Pilot Study [NCT03437824] | Early Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-10-01 | Completed | ||
| An Open, Randomized, Single-dose, Two-way Crossover Study to Characterize the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Cyanocobalamin When Administered as an Intranasal Spray and an Intramuscular Injection to Healthy Volunteers [NCT01306123] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Nutrition, Arsenic and Cognitive Function in Children [NCT03384862] | 239 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-27 | Completed | |||
| Cobalamin Status in Young Children With Gastrointestinal Symptoms or Feeding Problems [NCT00710359] | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Effects of Vitamin Supplementation on Micronutrient Blood Values, Body Composition, Waist-to-hip Ratio and Fasting Blood Glucose After Bariatric Surgery [NCT02686905] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-01-31 | Recruiting | |||
| The Absorption of Vitamin B12 Among Healthy Pregnant Women [NCT00730093] | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Assessment of Functional Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Mexican Women [NCT00826657] | 180 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Cervical Preparation Before Same-day Second Trimester Abortion With Buccal Misoprostol Versus Dilapan-S: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT00835731] | 125 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Completed | |||
| TRIM: Danish Form and Dose Study in Vitamin B12 [NCT02832726] | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Completed | |||
| An Exploratory, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Folic Acid and L-methylfolate in Parkinson's Disease [NCT00853879] | 150 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Terminated | |||
| Megadose of Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12) for the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia [NCT03372447] | Phase 4 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-27 | Completed | ||
| [NCT02457507] | Phase 4 | 271 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Bioavailability of Vitamin B12 in Bread Using Fermented Faba Bean as B12 Source in Healthy Volunteers (BeanBread) [NCT06096298] | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Impact of Preoperative Treatment of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Surgery on Outcome. [NCT02031289] | Phase 4 | 1,003 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Assessment of Cobalamin Status and Responses to Supplementation in Patients With Parkinson's Disease : a Pilot Study [NCT00208611] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 57 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Funding ended and enrollment not completed within a certain time period) | ||
| Single-blinded, Stratified, Multiple Ascending Dose Trial to Assess Pharmacokinetics and Identify Optimal Dose of Vitamin B12 in Pregnancy in Tanzania [NCT05426395] | Phase 1 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-05 | Recruiting | ||
| Platelet Rich Plasma Injection Versus Surgical and Medical Treatment of Mild-moderate Carpel Tunnel Syndrome. [NCT04235426] | Phase 1 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-26 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Routine Administration of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 to Prevent Childhood Infections in Young Indian Children [NCT00717730] | Phase 2 | 1,000 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Retrospective Analysis of Neevo® and Neevo®DHA Compared to a Standard Prenatal Vitamin in Anemia During Pregnancy (N-001) [NCT01062958] | 100 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2009-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy of a Therapeutic Treatment Trial in Angelman Syndrome [NCT00348933] | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Toothpaste Fortified With Cyanocobalamin on Vitamin B12 Status: A 3 Month Placebo Controlled Randomized Study [NCT02679833] | 180 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Double Blind Evaluation of Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Tartarate 100 mg, Glutamic Acid 100 mg, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate 50 mg, Thiamine Nitrate 25 mg, Pyridoxine Chloride 10 mg and Cyanocobalamin 5 mcg Versus Ginger for Vertigo-kinetosis [NCT05221892] | Phase 4 | 334 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-22 | Completed | ||
| Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Phase III Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral BIBF 1120 Plus Standard Pemetrexed Therapy Compared to Placebo Plus Standard Pemetrexed Therapy in Patients With Stage IIIB/IV or Recurrent Non Small Cel [NCT00806819] | Phase 3 | 718 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Preliminary Evidences of Active Form of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Supplementation to Ameliorate Cell Membrane in Children With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00730509] | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Dapoxetine, Combined Dapoxetine With Folic Acid and Combined Dapoxetine With Vitamin B12 in Treatment of Patients With Premature Ejaculation: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04085354] | Phase 3 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-02-10 | Completed | ||
| Effectiveness of Phonophoresis With Vitamin B12 on Patients With Mild to Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05260593] | 54 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-16 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Cobalamin Status in Young Children With Developmental Delay and Regression [NCT00710138] | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Examining the Commonness of the C677T Mutation in the MTHFR Gene in Subjects With B12 Deficiency and the Influence of the B12 Deficiency Combined With the C677T Mutation on the MTHFR Gene on Endothelial Function. [NCT00730574] | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to completed patient rectuitment) | |||
| Effect of Ultra-short-term Treatment of Patients With Iron Deficiency or Anemia Undergoing Adolescent Scoliosis Correction [NCT04343170] | 44 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Effect of Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy With Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6 on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation of Forearm Resistance Vessels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease [NCT00693589] | Phase 2 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors May Cause Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Institutionalized Elderly [NCT00843453] | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Comparison of Vitamin B12 Supplementation and SSRI to SSRI Monotherapy in Treating Depression With Low Normal B12: A Randomized Open Label trialComparison of Vitamin B12 Supplementation to SSRI Versus SSRI Antidepressant Treatment Alone [NCT00939718] | 268 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Pharmacogenetics of Adverse Outcomes After Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia [NCT00655980] | 687 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | |||
| A Comparison of Two Different Doses of Maternal B12 Supplementation in Improving Infant B12 Deficiency and Neurodevelopment [NCT04083560] | 708 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-26 | Completed | |||
| Can Oral Vitamin B12 and Folate Supplementation Preserve Cognitive Function of Patients With Early Dementia? [NCT00164970] | Phase 4 | 166 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | ||
| SEARCH: Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine [NCT00124072] | Phase 3 | 12,064 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1998-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Beyond Ageing Project: A RCT to Assess the Benefit of Improving Mental Health Literacy as Well as the Effect of Folate and B12, and Physical Activity, in Preventing Major Depression and Cognitive Decline Among Older Australians [NCT00214682] | Phase 2 | 909 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Nutritional Intervention for Diabetic Neuropathy (WCCR-DN2) [NCT01953757] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Does Small Scale Cereal-based Fortification Hold the Key to Improved Micronutrient Status in Ethiopia? The Case of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Teenage Girls in Arba Minch, Ethiopia [NCT06100146] | 474 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-09-06 | Recruiting | |||
| Double-Blind Vitamin Intervention to Lower Blood Homocysteine Levels: Amino Acid and Clinical Responses in Individuals With Schizophrenia. [NCT00403247] | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-07-31 | Completed | |||
| A Multi-Institution Phase II Study of Pralatrexate With Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation for Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer (HNSCC) [NCT01183065] | Phase 2 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase I/II Clinical Study of Pralatrexate in Japanese Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma [NCT02013362] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Vitamin B12 and Folinic Acid Supplementation in Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Syndromes [NCT06186154] | Phase 1 | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2024-01-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| The Role Of IV Iron (Ferric Carboxymaltose) And IM Vitamin B12 (Hydroxycobalamin) Supplementation In The Management Of Anaemic Prevalent Indian Hemodialysis Patients: A Parallel Group, Quadruple Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pragmatic Randomized Control Tria [NCT04627181] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-11-18 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparative Efficacy of Antidepressants With L-methylfolate, B12, and Magnesium in Depressive Disorders [NCT05931965] | 88 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-10-05 | Completed | |||
| Zinc Vitamin D and b12 Levels in the Covid-19 Positive Pregnant Women [NCT04407572] | 44 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2020-04-20 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy and Safety of FORRAD® for the Management of Radiation-induced Mucositis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Receiving IMRT: A Single-center, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02735317] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Phase 2 Pharmacological Study of Pemetrexed Administered With Cisplatin and a Vitamin Supplement in Patients With Nonresectable Pleural Mesothelioma [NCT00541073] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Vitamin B Substitution on Plasma NFL and Neurocognitive Performance in HIV-infected Individuals With Increased Plasma Homocysteine [NCT02773147] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Recruiting | ||
| University Hospital [NCT05312346] | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2022-04-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Effects of Vitamin B12 Fortified Milk Supplementation During Pregnancy and 6 Month Postpartum to Improve B12 Status and Child Development [NCT03258385] | 155 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-01 | Completed | |||
| Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid Among Patients With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation and Non-responding to Dapoxetine Treatment. [NCT04355949] | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-02-28 | Completed | |||
| Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention [NCT00004734] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1996-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Oral Versus Intramuscular Cobalamin to Treat Cobalamin Deficiency: Noninferiority Randomised Controlled Trial Pragmatic and Multi-center in the Primary Healthcare Setting (OB12 Project) [NCT01476007] | 284 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Impact of Vitamin B12 Supplementation With Iron and Folic Acid on Adolescent Girls [NCT01490944] | Phase 2 | 360 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Recruiting | ||
| GLP-1 Therapy: The Role of IL-6 Signaling and Adipose Tissue Remodeling in Metabolic Response [NCT04387201] | Phase 4 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-05-15 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Efficacy of a Novel Multivitamin-Mineral Supplement in Preventing Vitamin Deficiency in Postoperative Bariatric Patients [NCT01475617] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 61 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Oral Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Performance in Elderly People: the Brain12 Study [NCT00111267] | 165 participants | Interventional | 2003-05-31 | Completed | |||
| [NCT00288769] | 0 participants | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | |||
| Plasma Holotranscobalamin as Compared to Plasma Cobalamins for Assessment of Vitamin B12 Absorption. Optimisation of a Non-Radioactive Vitamin B12 Absorption Test (CobaSorb) [NCT00306358] | 78 participants | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | |||
| How Many Patients Are in Need of Vitamin B12 Injections? [NCT00326833] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Topical Vitamin B12 in Chronic Plaque Psoriasis [NCT00350116] | Phase 3 | 48 participants | Interventional | 2001-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Cobalamin Supplementation During Infancy; Effect on B-vitamin Status, Growth and Psychomotor Development [NCT00479479] | 107 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Randomized Trial of Vitamin B12 in Pregnant Indian Women [NCT00641862] | 366 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Phase I/II Study of Carboplatin and Pralatrexate in Patients With Recurrent Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian, Fallopian or Primary Peritoneal Cancer [NCT01188876] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Completed | ||
| VIP (Vitamins In Psychosis) Study. A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of the Effects of Vitamin B12, B6 and Folic Acid Augmentation on Cognition and Symptoms in Early Psychosis. [NCT00202280] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT01514942] | Phase 4 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| Effect of Vitamin B12 on the Human Circadian Pacemaker [NCT00120484] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | |||
| A Open,Randomized Phase II Trial Comparing Local Use of rhGM-CSF and Compound Vitamin B12 Solution to Compound Vitamin B12 Solution Alone Treating Chemoradiotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis in Patients With Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma [NCT01806272] | Phase 2 | 160 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-03-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Dose-finding Randomized Trial of Vitamin B12 Supplementation: Biomarker Responses and Implications for Dietary Recommendations. [NCT04731948] | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-10-01 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized Study of Oral Vitamin B12 for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitors (AI)-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms (AIMSS) in Women With Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT04205786] | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-08-12 | Recruiting | |||
| Autologous Tansfusion REquirements in Bone MArrow Harvest: The ATREMA Study [NCT04355130] | 7 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2020-03-20 | Completed | |||
| Vitamin Deficiencies and Suppletion in Morbid Obesity [NCT02270749] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Novel Skin Preparation Approaches for Transdermal Delivery by Iontophoresis of a Low Molecular Weight, Positively Charged Compound (Vitamin B12) to the Systemic Circulation [NCT04027959] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-10-05 | Completed | |||
| Homocysteine Lowering by B Vitamins and the Secondary Prevention of Deep-Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double Blind Trial. [NCT00314990] | 620 participants | Interventional | 1996-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Intracoronary Administration of Levosimendan in Cardiac Surgery Patients [NCT01500785] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-15 | Terminated(stopped due to Change of schedule) | ||
| A Nutritional Intervention for Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT01690962] | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Metformin Usage Index and Vitamin B12 Status in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetic Patients : A Case Control Study . [NCT04882332] | 108 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2021-05-05 | Recruiting | |||
| Evaluation of Holotranscobalamin as an Indicator of Vitamin B12 Absorption [NCT00235573] | 21 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Neurosensory Disturbance After Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy: a Randomized, Double-blind Trial [NCT05536596] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 220 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-09-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Acceptance and Biomarker Response With Oral vs. Intramuscular Supplementation of Vitamin B12 in Primary Care [NCT01832129] | Phase 4 | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised Double Blind Study of the Effects of Homocysteine Lowering Therapy on Mortality and Cardiac Events in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography [NCT00354081] | Phase 3 | 3,096 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1999-04-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00004495] | 84 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 1999-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Hydroxocobalamin Approach for Reducing of Calprotectin With Butyrate for Ulcerative [NCT04259060] | Phase 2 | 42 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2024-01-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| SHARON: Study of Metastatic Cancers in Patients With a Defect in a Homologous Recombination Gene Using Autologous Stems Cells and Potentiated Redox Cycling to Overcome Drug Resistance to Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives [NCT04150042] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-01-13 | Recruiting | ||
| Serum Vitamin D, HbA1c and Vitamin B12 Levels in Patients With Gingivitis and Periodontitis Stages [NCT05745779] | 606 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2022-08-11 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Methyl-donor Nutrient Supplementation on Methylation Profile of Inflammatory-related Genes in Lupus Patients With Obesity: a Clinical Trial [NCT05097365] | 48 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-01-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Effect of Methylcobalamin and Cyanocobalamin Consumption on Vitamin B12 Nutritional Status in Vegetarians With Marginal Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled, Triple-Blind Clinical Trial. [NCT05785585] | 54 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-09-09 | Recruiting | |||
| Role of Vitamin B12 Supplementation During Pregnancy and Postpartum to Reduce Nutritional Anemia and Improve Immunity in Bangladeshi Women and Their Infants [NCT01795131] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study for High-Dose Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12A) for Vasopressor Refractory Hypotension Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT03735316] | Phase 2 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-04-25 | Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment over study period) | ||
| MTHFR Gene Mutation C6777T and Concentration of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Homocysteine and High Sensitive CRP in the Blood of Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. [NCT04952324] | 100 participants (Actual) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2020-09-01 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized Trial of Quadruple Fortified Salt for Anemia and Birth Defects Prevention in Southern India [NCT03853304] | 1,000 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Phase II Randomized Evaluation of 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition by Herbal Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approach Compared to Control as an Adjuvant Therapy in Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent High-grade Gliomas [NCT00243022] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual) | ||
| Comparison of Post-Operative Nutritional Deficiency Between Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass [NCT04717973] | 50 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2021-01-05 | Completed | |||
| Changes in Hematologic Profile, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Level in Cirrhotic Patients Received Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir With or Without Ribavirin [NCT03283176] | 50 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2018-03-01 | Completed | |||
| A Phase II Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of High Dose Vitamin B12 in Septic Shock [NCT03783091] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-08-05 | Recruiting | ||
| Effect of Preoperative Intervention With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 on Postoperative Neurobehavioral Changes in Children [NCT04456985] | 360 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-06-01 | Recruiting | |||
| A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Single-center Pilot Study of the Hemodynamic Effects of Methylene Blue vs Hydroxocobalamin in Patients at Risk of Vasoplegia Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT03446599] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-11-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding) | ||
| Effectiveness of Quadruple Fortified Salt in Improving Hemoglobin Levels Among Anemic Women of Reproductive Age (18-49 Years) in Rural Low Resource Setting [NCT04404751] | 174 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-08-23 | Completed | |||
| A Phase II Study of Pemetrexed (Alimta) as Second-Line Therapy for Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer: Hoosier Oncology Group GU03-67 [NCT00216099] | Phase 2 | 49 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Impact of Vitamin B12 Replacement on Epogen Dosing and Improvement of Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01876732] | 132 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Major vascular events (MVE) defined as major coronary events (MCE [non-fatal MI, coronary death or coronary revascularisation]), non-fatal or fatal stroke, or peripheral revascularization (peripheral artery angioplasty or arterial surgery, including amputations), during the scheduled study treatment period. (NCT00124072)
Timeframe: 6.7 years median follow-up
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Simvastatin 20 mg Daily | 1553 |
| Simvastatin 80 mg Daily | 1477 |
| Folic Acid 2 mg + Vitamin B12 1 mg Daily | 1537 |
| Placebo | 1493 |
"Best overall Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) response~PSA response is defined by a greater than or equal to 50% decline in PSA confirmed by a second PSA value at least 4 weeks after the first PSA response timepoint PSA Stable Disease is defined as less than a 50% decline in PSA and less than a 50% increase in PSA from baseline PSA progression is defined as greater than or equal to a 50% increase in PSA compared to baseline" (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: Start of treatment until disease progression/recurrence (for life)
| Intervention | percentage of participatns (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| >50% decline in PSA | Stable PSA | PSA progression | |
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 8 | 20 | 65 |
Safety and Tolerability was evaluated by reporting the percentage of patient who experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicities using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events CTCAE v3.0 criteria. CTCAE grades the severity of an adverse event from 1-5 where 1=least severe and 5=death. (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: 18 months
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Grade 3 | Grade 4 | |
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 42.9 | 8.2 |
Samples for RFC1 G80A pharmacogenetic analysis were collected at screening (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: Screening
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A/A Genotype | A/G Genotype | G/G Genotype | |
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 6 | 22 | 18 |
"Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Objective overall response rate is defined as Complete Response (CR) + Partial Response (PR)~Per RECIST:~CR= Disappearance of all target and non-target lesions and normalization of tumor marker level PR= Disappearance of all target lesions and persistence of non-target lesion(s) or maintenance of tumor marker level above normal limits OR at least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter, taking as reference the baseline sum longest diameter and disappearance of all non-target lesions or persistence of non-target lesion(s) or maintenance of tumor marker level above normal limits" (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: Start of treatment until disease progression/recurrence (for life)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Participants with PR with meas. dis. per RECIST | participants with SD maintained at 12 weeks | |
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 8 | 39 |
Serological Progression (sPD) - increase in PSA to >50% above lowest level recorded on study. Two consecutive increases required at least 4 weeks apart, but time to progression will be determined at time of first PSA showing increase > 50% above baseline (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: From study enrollment to progression per PSA criteria (for life)
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 2 |
Progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) or Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Progression RECIST PD=at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions or Appearance of one or more new lesions and/or unequivocal progression of existing non-target lesions PSA progression=increase in PSA to >50% above lowest level recorded on study. Two consecutive increases required at least 4 weeks apart, but time to progression will be determined at time of first PSA showing increase > 50% above baseline *Note, upper confidence interval was not reached* (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: Study enrollment until progression per RECIST or PSA (for life)
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 5 |
"A clinical benefit is defined as an improvement for at least 3 consecutive weeks in at least one of the following parameters without any sustained worsening in any other:~> 50% reduction in analgesic consumption or > 50% reduction in pain intensity or > 20 point gain in performance status." (NCT00216099)
Timeframe: Any time among evaluable subjects (for life)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 33 |
(NCT00216099)
Timeframe: From study enrollment until death (for life)
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pemetrexed 500mg/m^2 | 14 |
Holo-TC is a vitamin B12 carrier protein. Only vitamin B12 bound to holo-TC can be taken up by cells. Changes in holo-TC after an oral dose of vitamin B12 may provide a clinical test to assess vitamin B12 absorption. The change in holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC) from baseline was measured at timed intervals in response to supplemental vitamin B12 and compared to baseline. The purpose was to ascertain the time point at which holo-TC reaches the maximum concentration in the blood following a dose of vitamin B12 in subjects without defects in vitamin B12 absorption. (NCT00235573)
Timeframe: Holo-transcobalamin measured at 24 hours after baseline
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 Group | 124 |
Percentage of participants with tumor progression (>25% increase in tumor volume compared to time 0) will be measured from enrollment to documented progression or death whichever comes first. The method used to calculate the time to tumor progression was Kaplan Meier test method to define the 95% confidence levels. (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | 43 |
| Arm II (Control) | 100 |
Percentage of participants with tumor progression (>25% increase in tumor volume compared to time 0) will be measured from enrollment to documented progression or death whichever comes first. The method used to calculate the time to tumor progression was Kaplan Meier test method to define the 95% confidence levels. (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | 71 |
| Arm II (Control) | 80 |
The relative change from baseline will be assessed longitudinally, however, the main comparison of interest is the relative change at the 4-month evaluation. For each patient change = edema at follow up - baseline edema (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: at 2 months
| Intervention | cm^3 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | -3.87 |
| Arm II (Control) | -3.045 |
The relative change from baseline will be assessed longitudinally, however, the main comparison of interest is the relative change at the 4-month evaluation.For each patient change = edema at follow up - baseline edema. (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: at 4 months
| Intervention | cm^3 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | -2.7 |
| Arm II (Control) | 10.21 |
The relative change from baseline will be assessed longitudinally, however, the main comparison of interest is the relative change at the 4-month evaluation. For each patient change = edema at follow up - baseline edema. (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: at 6 months
| Intervention | cm^3 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | -3.7 |
| Arm II (Control) | -1.5 |
Overall survival will be measured from the date of enrollment to date of death or last contact. Survival will be evaluated by the Kaplan Meier method to evaluate the median survival and 1 year survival rates. (NCT00243022)
Timeframe: 1 year.
| Intervention | percentage of particpants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Intervention) | 57 |
| Arm II (Control) | 60 |
(NCT00348933)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Metafolin/Creatine/Betaine/B12) | 77 |
(NCT00348933)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betaine | Creatine | Dimethylglycine | Guanidinoacetate | Homocysteine | Methionine | |
| Treatment (Metafolin/Creatine/Betain/B12) | 206.9 | 83.3 | 93.7 | 0.11 | 2.3 | 5.5 |
"Primary:~Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures Mental Developmental Index standard scores 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Psychomotor Developmental Index standard scores 0 (least skilled - 10 (most skilled) Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), Communication standard scores 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Daily Living Skills standard scores 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Socialization standard scores 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Motor Skills standard scores 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Preschool Language Scale (PLS), Auditory Comprehension 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled) Expressive Communication 0 (least skilled) - 100 (most skilled)" (NCT00348933)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Scales Mental Developmental Index | Bayley Scales Psychomotor Developmental Index | VABS Communication | VABS Daily Living Skills | VABS Socialization | VABS Motor Skills | PLS Auditory Comprehension | PLS Expressive Communication | |
| Treatment (Metafolin/Creatine/Betaine/B12) | 5.7 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 5.5 |
The Gross Motor Scale is a single scale that measures movement of the limbs and torso, static positioning (e.g., sitting, standing), dynamic movement including locomotion and coordination, balance, and motor planning. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maxiumum possible value is 72. (NCT00641862)
Timeframe: 9 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 36 |
| Placebo | 34 |
The Fine Motor Scale is a single scale that measures prehension, perceptual-motor integration, motor planning and speed, visual tracking, reaching, object grasping, object manipulation, functional hand skills, and responses to tactile information. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 66. (NCT00641862)
Timeframe: 9 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 26 |
| Placebo | 26 |
The Expressive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to communicate using sounds, gestures, or words. Higher scores represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 48. (NCT00641862)
Timeframe: 9 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 10 |
| Placebo | 11 |
The cognitive scale is a single scale that measures sensorimotor integration, concept formation, attention, habituation, and memory. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides an adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score of the cognitive scale is 0 and the maximum possible score is 91. (NCT00641862)
Timeframe: 9 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 39 |
| Placebo | 39.5 |
(NCT00641862)
Timeframe: from 1st to 3rd trimester
| Intervention | pmol/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 3.0 |
| Placebo | -37.6 |
The Receptive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to recognize sounds and understand spoken words and directions. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum possible score is 49. (NCT00641862)
Timeframe: 9 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 11 |
| Placebo | 11 |
Myocardial Infarction per Third Definition of MI (NCT00655980)
Timeframe: 30 day postoperative
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| B-Vitamin Group | 7 |
| Comparator | 15 |
| Standard of Care | 8 |
Follow-up analysis was conducted at the time of overall survival analysis. Progression Free Survival (PFS) as assessed by investigator according to the modified RECIST (version 1.0) criteria. Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve. (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 5.3 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 4.3 |
"Time to confirmed objective response is defined as time from randomisation to the date of first documented (CR) or (PR) and evaluated according to the modified RECIST criteria version 1.0. Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve.~This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Central independent review (N=32, 30) | Investigator assessment (N=53, 48) | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 2.7 | 2.8 |
"QoL was measured by standardised questionnaires (EQ-5D, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-LC13). The EORTC QLQ-C30 comprises of 30 questions, using both multi-item scales and single-item measures. EORTC LC-13 comprises of 13 questions incorporating 1 multi-item scale and a series of single items. The following were the main points of interest: Time to deterioration of cough (QLQ-LC13 question 1), Time to deterioration of dyspnoea (QLQ-LC13, composite of questions 3 to 5), Time to deterioration of pain (QLQ- C30, composite of questions 9 and 19). Time to deterioration of cough, dyspnoea and pain was defined as the time to a 10-point increase from the baseline score.~Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to deterioration of cough | Time to deterioration of dyspnoea | Time to deterioration of pain | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 6.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 4.3 | 2.0 | 2.7 |
Confirmed objective response is defined as confirmed Complete Response (CR) and Partial Response (PR) and evaluated according to the modified RECIST criteria version 1.0. This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | % of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Central independent reviewer | Investigator assessment | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 9.1 | 15.0 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 8.3 | 13.3 |
"Incidence and intensity of adverse events according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. The worst CTCAE grade per patient is reported and MedDRA version 15.1 used.~Serious signs and symptoms of progressive disease were reported as an adverse event in analysis of this endpoint." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From the first drug administration until 28 days after the last drug administration, up to 36 months
| Intervention | % of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTCAE grade 1 | CTCAE grade 2 | CTCAE grade 3 | CTCAE grade 4 | CTCAE grade 5 | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 4.9 | 22.2 | 46.1 | 12.4 | 9.8 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 9.2 | 30.5 | 34.5 | 7.8 | 12.0 |
"The duration of disease control was defined as the time from randomisation to the date of disease progression or death (which ever occurs first) for patients with disease control. Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve.~This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Central independent review (N=215, 192) | Investigator assessment (N=233, 217) | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 7.4 | 6.9 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 6.8 | 6.8 |
"The duration of objective response is the time from first documented (CR) or (PR) to the time of progression or death and evaluated according to the modified RECIST criteria version 1.0. Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve.~This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| central independent reviewer (N=32, 30) | Investigator assessment (N=53, 48) | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 6.9 | 6.5 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 4.4 | 7.2 |
Geometric mean of dose normalised predose plasma concentration (Cpre,ss,norm) of nintedanib and of its metabolites BIBF 1202 and BIBF 1202 glucuronide evaluated at steady state based on course 2 and 3. If only one value was available and valid, then this value was used for calculation of Cpre,ss,norm. (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: Before the administration of nintedanib or placebo and between a window of 30 mins to an hour after administration of trial drug during Course 2 and between 1 and 3 hours after administration of trial drug during Course 3
| Intervention | ng/mL/mg (Geometric Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nintedanib BIBF 1120 (N=188, 39) | Nintedanib BIBF 1202 (N=188, 40) | Nintedanib BIBF 1202 glucuronide (N=184, 39) | |
| Nintedanib 150 mg Bid Plus Pemetrexed | 0.103 | 0.151 | 1.72 |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 0.0883 | 0.131 | 1.40 |
"Disease control was defined as a best overall response of Complete Response (CR), Partial Response (PR), or Stable Disease (SD) and evaluated according to the modified RECIST criteria version 1.0.~This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | % of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Central independent review (N=215, 192) | Investigator assessment (N=233, 217) | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 60.9 | 66.0 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 53.3 | 60.3 |
Percentage change from baseline in tumour size is defined as decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of the target lesion. Presented means are in fact adjusted best means percentage changes generated from ANOVA model adjusted for baseline ECOG PS (0 vs. 1), tumour histology (adenocarcinoma vs. non-adenocarcinoma), brain metastases at baseline (yes vs no) and prior treatment with bevacizumab (yes vs no) This endpoint was analysed based on the central independent reviewer as well as the investigator. (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | percentage of change in tumor size in mm (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Central independent review (N=298, 305) | Investigator assessment (N=322, 325) | |
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | -10.10 | -15.60 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | -7.53 | -11.28 |
"Progression Free Survival (PFS) as assessed by central independent review according to the modified RECIST (version 1.0) criteria. Progression free survival (PFS) is defined as the duration of time from date of randomisation to date of progression or death (whatever occurs earlier).~Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until cut-off date 9 July 2012
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 4.4 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 3.6 |
"Clinical improvement was defined as the time from randomisation to deterioration in body weight and/or Eastern Cooperative Oncology group performance score (ECOG PS) whichever occurred first.~Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve." (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 7.2 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 7.5 |
Overall Survival (OS) defined as the duration from randomisation to death (irrespective of the reason of death). Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve. (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 12.0 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 12.7 |
Follow-up analysis was conducted at the time of overall survival analysis. Progression Free Survival (PFS) as assessed by central independent review according to the modified RECIST (version 1.0) criteria. Median, 25th and 75th percentiles are calculated from an unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curve. (NCT00806819)
Timeframe: From randomisation until data cut-off (15 February 2013), Up to 30 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nintedanib Plus Pemetrexed | 4.4 |
| Placebo Plus Pemetrexed | 3.4 |
(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | mm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 32.1 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 33.9 |
(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 62 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 60 |
(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 2.8 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 3.0 |
"Measure assesses patient pain during cervical preparation. Pain was assessed after cervical ripening was complete, immediately before D&E procedure. Subjects were asked to rate pain on a 6 point Likert scale:~0 = no pain 1-2 = mild pain 3 = moderate pain 4-5 = severe pain~Higher values represent a worse outcome." (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 1 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 1 |
"Scale:~1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neutral, 4 = satisfied, 5 = very satisfied" (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 5 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 4 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 4 |
"Measure assesses subject pain during dilation and evacuation. Pain was assessed immediately after the D&E procedure. Subjects were asked to rate pain on a 6 point Likert scale:~0 = no pain 1-2 = mild pain 3 = moderate pain 4-5 = severe pain~Higher values represent a worse outcome." (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Misoprostol | 3 |
| Synthetic Osmotic Dilator | 3 |
by RECIST version 1.1 criteria (NCT01183065)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate and Vitamin Supplementation | 8 |
The number of participants still alive at the given time points. The duration of time is measured from the start of treatment until death due to any cause, participants are censored at the date of the last evaluation. The number participants surviving at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months is shown. (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: 6, 12, 18, and 24 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Months | 12 Months | 18 Months | 24 Months | |
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 49 | 49 | 46 | 33 |
Summary of the treatment related adverse events experienced by participants as assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE 4). Adverse events were assessed from the start of treatment until 30 days after the last dose of study drug. (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: 1 Year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constipation | Mucositis | Nausea | Vomiting | Diarrhea | Anemia | Thrombocytopenia | Neutropenia | Febrile neutropenia | Hypersensitivity reaction | Hypomagnesemia | Pruritis | Rash | Fatigue | |
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 2 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 15 |
The number of participants alive and without disease progression at the given time-points. Time is measured from the start of treatment. Progression is defined as having at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions. (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: 3 months, 6 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 Months | 6 Months | |
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 44 | 40 |
The maximum tolerated dose of Pralatrexate in combination with Carboplatin in this patient population. The unit is given in milligrams per square meter of body surface area. MTD was determined using a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation cohort, where 3 participants were enrolled on the starting dose of 30 mg/m2 and if no dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were experienced after a full cycle, 3 additional participants were enrolled at the next highest dose level. Each increase in dose level escalated the dose of Pralatrexate by 15 mg/m2. If during any dose level, 1 patient out of 3 develops a DLT, then 3 additional patients will be added to that dose level. If 2 out of the 3 patients placed on any dose level experience a DLT, the preceding dose is considered MTD. If 1/6 has a DLT, the next higher dose level will commence accrual (unless at level +5 and then accrual to the Phase I portion will stop). If ≥ 2 of 6 patients have a DLT, then the preceding dose will be considered MTD. (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | mg/m^2 (Number) |
|---|---|
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 105 |
Area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) for phase 1 participants that were dosed at 105 mg/m2. AUC represents the actual body exposure to drug after administration of a dose of the drug and is expressed in micrograms * hour per milliliter (ug*h/mL). (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 15
| Intervention | ug*h/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 15 | |
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 9.89 | 8.01 |
The maximum concentration of Pralatrexate at day 1 and 15 among phase 1 participants dosed at 105 milligrams per square meter of body surface area (mg/m2). The concentration is given in micrograms per milliliter. (NCT01188876)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 15
| Intervention | ug/ml (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 15 | |
| Carboplatin/Pralatrexate | 23.87 | 17.61 |
The effects of Vitamin B12 supplementation on erythropoitin alpha (Epogen) requirements in HD patients (NCT01876732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 months
| Intervention | unit/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | -16,572 |
The scoring procedure for the KDQOL-36 (Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument adopted for quality of life assessment of patients with kidney disease),first transforms the raw precoded numeric values of items to a 0-100 possible range with higher transformed scores reflecting a better quality of life. Each item is put on a 0 to100 range so that the lowest and highest possible scores are set at 0 and100, respectively. The results entered in the outcome data is the mean absolute difference between the mean pre-test score and the mean post-test score. (NCT01876732)
Timeframe: 3 month
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Function (pre-test) | Social Function (post-test) | Symptom/problem list (pre-test) | Symptom/problem list (post-test) | Effects of kidney disease (pre-test) | Effects of kidney disease (post-test) | Burden of kidney disease pre-test | Burden of kidney disease (post-test) | Work status (pre-test) | Work status (post-test) | Cognitive function (pre-test) | Cognitive function (post-test) | Quality of social interaction (pre-test) | Quality of social interaction (post-test) | Sexual function (pre-test) | Sexual function (post-test) | Sleep (pre-test) | Sleep (post-test) | Social support (pre-test) | Social support (post-test) | Dialysis staff encouragement (pre-test) | Dialysis staff encouragement (post-test) | Overall health (pre-test) | Overall health (post-test) | Patient satisfaction (pre-test) | Patient satisfaction (post-test) | Physical functioning (pre-test) | Physical functioning (post-test) | Role-physical (pre-test) | Role-physical (post-test) | Pain (pre-test) | Pain (post-test) | General health (pre-test) | General health (post-test) | Emotional well-being (pre-test) | Emotional well-being (post-test) | Role-emotional (pre-test) | Role-emotional (post-test) | Energy/fatigue (pre-test) | Energy/fatigue (post-test) | SF-12 physical composite (pre-test) | SF-12 physical composite (post-test) | SF-12 mental composite (pre-test) | SF-12 mental composite (post-test) | Social function (pre to post change) | Symptom/problem list (pre to post change) | Effects of kidney disease (pre to post change) | Burden of kidney disease (pre to post change) | Work status (pre to post change) | Cognitive function (pre to post change) | Quality of social interaction (pre to post change) | Sleep (pre to post change) | Social support (pre to post change) | Dialysis staff encouragement (pre to post change) | Overall health (pre to post change) | Patient satisfaction (pre to post change) | Physical functioning (pre to post change) | Role-physical (pre to post change) | Pain (pre to post change) | General health (pre to post change) | Emotional well-being (pre to post change) | Role-emotional (pre to post change) | Energy/fatigue (pre to post change) | SF-12 physical composite (pre to post change) | SF-12 mental composite (pre to post change) | |
| Vitamin B12 | 56.67 | 67.50 | 76.62 | 75.69 | 52.29 | 54.58 | 43.75 | 37.50 | 26.67 | 16.67 | 71.11 | 72.44 | 70.67 | 79.11 | 87.50 | 100.00 | 51.00 | 51.33 | 77.78 | 77.78 | 83.33 | 82.50 | 54.67 | 60.00 | 71.11 | 62.22 | 39.33 | 37.00 | 28.33 | 40.00 | 55.83 | 65.83 | 36.92 | 44.33 | 68.00 | 64.00 | 35.56 | 55.56 | 40.33 | 48.00 | 34.06 | 36.12 | 41.88 | 44.83 | 10.83 | -3.13 | 2.29 | -6.25 | -10.00 | 1.33 | 8.44 | 0.33 | 0.00 | -0.83 | 5.33 | -8.89 | -2.33 | 11.67 | 10.00 | 7.42 | -4.00 | 20.00 | 7.67 | 2.06 | 2.94 |
We will draw a blood sample at study start and at end study to measure to what extent vitamin status is altered. (NCT02272842)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | mol/L (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cobalamin | homocysteine' | Methyl Malonic acid | |
| Placebo | 290.1 | 8.2 | .4 |
| Vitamin B12 | 316.3 | 6.6 | 0.3 |
Cognitive, Fine Motor, Gross Motor, Receptive language, and Expressive language scaled scores of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development version 3. This scale measures different aspects of neurodevelopment. The mean (SD) scores are usually 100 (15), and 95% of the population has scores between 70 and 130 (theoretical max/means 0/200). The higher scores, the better neurodevelopment; the scale is normalized on age. (NCT02272842)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | Scaled Scores (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | Receptive language | Expressive language | Fine Motor | Gross Motor | |
| Placebo | 8.2 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 9.1 |
| Vitamin B12 | 8.1 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 9.2 |
Change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline to end study. (NCT02272842)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | g/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 1.1 |
| Placebo | 1.0 |
"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Fourth Edition. This is a test of general abilities (IQ-test) Expected mean (SD): 100 (15), higher value indicate better cognitive functioning. Range approx. 40-140" (NCT02272842)
Timeframe: 3 years
| Intervention | IQ points (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 84.4 |
| Placebo | 85.0 |
All of the items in this questionnaire have a 5 scale rating, from not at all (0) to very much (4). Outcomes were measured pre and post treatment. Version 4 of the FACT-ES contains 3 subscales with seven questions: Physical Well-Being (PWB) (score range 0-28), Functional Well-Being (FWB) (score range 0-28), and Social and Well-Being (SWB) (score range 0-28); Emotional Well-Being (EWB) (score range 0-24) with six questions, and the Endocrine Symptom Subscale (ESS) (score range 0-76) containing 19 questions. For all subscale a higher score represents better quality of life. (NCT03069313)
Timeframe: Baseline and 90 days (+/- 10 days)
| Intervention | Percentage change (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWB | EWB | PWB | FWB | ESS | |
| Arm I | 10.02 | 10.8 | 46.3 | 18 | 15.6 |
"Analysis of the data collected at baseline and at the end of treatment in the BPI-SF questionnaire. The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI- SF) worst pain score used. This item has a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 indicating No pain and 10 indicating Pain as bad as you can imagine. Participants were asked to rate worst pain an average pain within the last 24 hours." (NCT03069313)
Timeframe: Baseline and 90 days (+/- 10 days)
| Intervention | Percentage change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm I | -23.03 |
"The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI- SF) average pain score used. This item has a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 indicating No pain and 10 indicating Pain as bad as you can imagine We expect at least 20% improvement in BPI-SF pain scores. Participants were asked to rate worst pain an average pain within the last 24 hours." (NCT03069313)
Timeframe: Baseline and 90 days (+/- 10 days)
| Intervention | Percentage change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm I | -33.8 |
Inflammatory markers were measured pre and post treatment. (NCT03069313)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 90 days (+/- 10 days)
| Intervention | Percentage change (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B12 | CRP | HCys | MMA | |
| Arm I | 209.8 | 64.2 | -24.6 | -7.1 |
"ORR defined as the percentage of subjects with CR, CRu or PR as Best Overall Response.Evaluation of response must be performed within 7 days prior to the projected first dose of cycle 2-4 and then within 7 days prior to the projected first dose of every even-numbered subsequent cycle (i.e. prior to cycles 6, 8, etc). Unscheduled radiological response assessments will be performed earlier if clinical progression is suspected.The primary analysis will be conducted once all subjects have completed cycle 5 treatment or discontinued before. Study treatment may continue per investigator judgment for a maximum of 24 months.~Response will be assessed on the basis of clinical, radiological, and pathological criteria. Response will be assessed by independent central review and by the treating investigator. Central review assessors will be blinded to the response assessments by the treating investigator. The primary analysis will be based on response assessed by central review." (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 37 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | L/h (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Day 1 (30 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (20 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (30 mg/m2) | |
| Pralatrexate | 34.6341 | 27.9794 | 45.2022 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | ng/mL (Geometric Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 3727.8582 | 2325.5105 | 3439.9695 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | ng/mL (Geometric Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 4649.6811 | 2488.1502 | 5064.6667 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week6(Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection)
| Intervention | L (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 day1（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 week6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 week6（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 194.1589 | 344.2511 | 329.1892 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | h*ng/ml (Geometric Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 1364.7686 | 2182.5078 | 1674.8773 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day1，Cycle 1 week 6(Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection)
| Intervention | h*ng/ml (Geometric Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 2350.7402 | 3979.1069 | 3586.2925 |
PFS was measured from treatment day 1 until event or censoring. An event was defined as the earliest of the following: death from any cause or disease progression. Subjects undergoing transplant or any other subsequent therapy prior to documentation of PD was censored at that time. Progression of disease deems as 1. 50% increase from nadir in the SPD of any previously identified abnormal node for PRs or nonresponders, 2.Appearance of any new lesion during or at the end of therapy as per IWC criteria. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 4.76 |
treatment emergent AE was scheduled to be collected during all subject visits, the data evaluated as clinical significant will be summarized and presented. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 4 years
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 98.6 |
OS was measured from treatment day 1 until death or censoring. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 4 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 18.00 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | h (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-R in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 0.1000 | 0.1000 | 0.1000 |
Time to response was measured from first day of treatment to the first date of documented response. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | months (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 2.0947 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | h (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 day 1（30mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（20mg/m2） | Pralatrexate-S in Cycle 1 week 6（30mg/m2） | |
| Pralatrexate | 0.1000 | 0.1000 | 0.1000 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | L/h (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Day 1 (30 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Week 6 (20 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Week 6 (30 mg/m2) | |
| Pralatrexate | 17.1914 | 16.3789 | 19.8406 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | h (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Day 1 (30 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (20 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (30 mg/m2) | |
| Pralatrexate | 10.8634 | 26.2505 | 24.8987 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | h (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Day 1 (30 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Week 6 (20 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-R Cycle 1 Week 6 (30 mg/m2) | |
| Pralatrexate | 8.5040 | 14.6089 | 11.8249 |
The PK endpoints was analysed using the PK population. The overall PK population is defined as all subjects who receive at least one dose of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) and have at least one primary PK parameter. Subjects with non-zero baseline concentrations of >5% of Cmax for either analyte (R-pralatrexate or S-pralatrexate) will be removed from the PK population. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 day 1, Cycle 1 week 6（Pre-injection, end-injection, 30 and 60 minutes, and 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-end injection）
| Intervention | L (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Day 1 (30 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (20 mg/m2) | Pralatrexate-S Cycle 1 Week 6 (30 mg/m2) | |
| Pralatrexate | 517.1628 | 1110.6541 | 1680.6116 |
Duration of response was measured from first day of documented response to disease progression or death, whatever comes first. (NCT03349333)
Timeframe: 4 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Pralatrexate | 8.67 |
The percentage of patients with hematocrit measurements more than 30% from week 22 to week 26. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: Week 22 to week 26
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 86.76 |
| Eprex® | 92.86 |
The percentage of patients with Hb measurements more than 10.0 g/dl from week 22 to week 26. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: Week 22 to week 26
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 55 |
| Eprex® | 48 |
The first safety endpoint is the proportion of patients with at least one Hb measurement above 13 g/dL. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 31 |
| Eprex® | 42 |
The mean weekly epoetin dosage per kg body weight during the last four weeks of treatment necessary to maintain the Hb level within 10-12 g/dl during the last four weeks of treatment is considered as the second primary endpoint. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: Week 22 to week 26
| Intervention | IU/Kg/week (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 117.02 |
| Eprex® | 110.01 |
The primary endpoints of this study is to assess mean Hb change level during the last four weeks of treatment. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: Week 22 to week 26
| Intervention | g/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.4 |
| Eprex® | 0.74 |
Treatment success is considered as Hb concentration equal to or more than 11.0 g/dl and two consecutive weeks without any blood transfusion within the preceding three months (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: Week 12 to week 26
| Intervention | proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.41 |
| Eprex® | 0.44 |
The incidence of adverse events during 26 weeks. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 23 |
| Eprex® | 18 |
Maintenance success is considered as maintenance success is considered as maintenance of mean Hb concentration of 11.0 ± 1.0 g/dl for at least four consecutive weeks (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.71 |
| Eprex® | 0.43 |
The proportion of patients with any Hb measurement outside the target range (10-12 g/dl) during 26 weeks. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.92 |
| Eprex® | 1 |
The proportion of patients with any permanent or transient dose change during 26 weeks. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.9 |
| Eprex® | 0.95 |
The proportion of patients needed blood transfusions during 26 weeks. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 0.04 |
| Eprex® | 0.04 |
The proportion of patients with an increase in Hb concentration of > 1.0 g/dl for four consecutive weeks during 26 weeks. (NCT03408639)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CinnaPoietin® | 44 |
| Eprex® | 41 |
The average pressure in a patient's arteries during one cardiac cycle (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours
| Intervention | mmHg (Median) |
|---|---|
| B12a | 6 |
| Placebo | -0.5 |
Vasopressors are administered and adjusted to maintain blood pressure. The combined dose of vasopressor dosage was calculated as norepinepheine equivalents listed in Table 1 of the protocol appendix and measured as a secondary outcome through the first 4 hours after intevention. (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours
| Intervention | mcg/kg/min (Median) |
|---|---|
| B12a | -0.035 |
| Placebo | 0.02 |
The maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours
| Intervention | mmHg (Median) |
|---|---|
| B12a | 5.5 |
| Placebo | 0.5 |
Number subject deaths (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: 30 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| B12a | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Number of days subjects are hospitalized (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: 30 days
| Intervention | days (Median) |
|---|---|
| B12a | 11.5 |
| Placebo | 15 |
Number of days subjects are in the intensive care unit (NCT03735316)
Timeframe: 30 days
| Intervention | days (Median) |
|---|---|
| B12a | 6 |
| Placebo | 8.50 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | aldehyde | carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| adenine [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 5.58 | 13 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) | 6.94 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic bromine | |
| carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. | 4.69 | 5 | 0 | carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound | biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent |
| carnitine [no description available] | 3.72 | 10 | 0 | amino-acid betaine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC). | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound | bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas |
| choline [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride | mouse metabolite |
| salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety. | 6.27 | 10 | 0 | gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride | Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent |
| methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. | 12.59 | 52 | 8 | C4-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| 2-methylcitric acid 2-methylcitric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | |
| creatine [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 4.41 | 6 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | dimethylbenzimidazole | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| ethanolamine [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 3.32 | 7 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aldotriose | fundamental metabolite |
| glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
| hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom | 9.29 | 26 | 1 | hydracid; one-carbon compound | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| histamine [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity | antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite |
| hydroquinone [no description available] | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | benzenediol; hydroquinones | antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge.. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | diatomic iodine | nutrient |
| thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid | fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| melatonin [no description available] | 4.31 | 1 | 1 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 4.02 | 3 | 1 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group. | 3.34 | 2 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
| nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
| nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. | 2.61 | 2 | 0 | gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide | analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent |
| 1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | metabolite; protic solvent |
| propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid | antifungal drug |
| pteridines [no description available] | 3.21 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines | |
| pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate | coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 7.75 | 16 | 4 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | benzenetriol; phenolic donor | plant metabolite |
| pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid. | 8.1 | 42 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | human metabolite |
| sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 5.57 | 14 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | oxadiazoloquinoxaline | EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor |
| mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | alkanethiol; primary alcohol | geroprotector |
| amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; triazoles | carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| 4-aminopyridine [no description available] | 3.38 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; aromatic amine | avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | imidazolium ion | apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 3.77 | 3 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid | agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | pentacarboxylic acid | copper chelator |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 3.09 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 4.53 | 4 | 0 | pyrazoles | antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent |
| vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone | antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor |
| meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| milrinone [no description available] | 3.51 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. | 3.23 | 5 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
| papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt | fertilizer |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| corticosterone [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 7.38 | 2 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| thymidine [no description available] | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 8.2 | 6 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 3.03 | 1 | 0 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 7.85 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 8.19 | 6 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. | 13.88 | 143 | 4 | pseudohalide anion | EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor |
| physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 4.02 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
| adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | tetrachlorophenol | xenobiotic metabolite |
| phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 3.15 | 5 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 4.44 | 7 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. | 8.42 | 21 | 0 | organic chloride salt | acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 5.22 | 4 | 3 | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 5.03 | 3 | 3 | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 10.08 | 14 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid | chelator |
| barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | allergen; xenobiotic |
| histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | quinazolines | GABA agonist; sedative |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| acetylene [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound | |
| propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | alkane; gas molecular entity | food propellant |
| triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| 2,3-dichloro-1-propene 2,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | chloroethenes | inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite |
| pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | pantothenic acid; vitamin B5 | antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
| quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene | |
| phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazine | ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
| acrylonitrile [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound | antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent |
| deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents. | 3.34 | 1 | 1 | ethanolamines; tertiary amine | curing agent; radical scavenger |
| methyl malonate methyl malonate: do not confuse with methylmalonate, i.e., malonic acid substituted with a methyl group on C2; structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. | 2 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid | plant metabolite |
| sulfan blue sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt | EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor |
| ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur. | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | dithiocarbamic acids | chelator; copper chelator |
| potassium cyanide [no description available] | 5.67 | 18 | 1 | cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt | EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin |
| thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate. | 3.44 | 2 | 0 | organic chloride salt; vitamin B1 | |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| calcium gluconate [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt | nutraceutical |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 6.94 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid | human metabolite |
| homocystine [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; homocystines | human metabolite |
| n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group. | 5.31 | 5 | 0 | nitrite esters | vasodilator agent |
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| 3,5-dichlorophenol 3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | dichlorophenol | |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 3.5 | 2 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| deoxyuridine [no description available] | 7.87 | 4 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative | antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| 4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound | |
| sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; antimalarial |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 8.07 | 5 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide | EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer |
| mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | elemental mercury; zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
| cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom | |
| cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | D-galactosamine; primary amino compound | toxin |
| ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC. | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | iron molecular entity; metal sulfate | reducing agent |
| bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | diatomic bromine | |
| sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 7.45 | 30 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent |
| cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | cadmium coordination entity | |
| ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic chloride | ferroptosis inhibitor |
| sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S) | 4.57 | 5 | 0 | ||
| iodine [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic iodine | human metabolite |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 3.19 | 6 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones). | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | |
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | sulfonium betaine | human metabolite |
| dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 3.51 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. | 3.81 | 11 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. | 2 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol | adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist |
| fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols | agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| amyl nitrate [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | D-glucopyranose | epitope; mouse metabolite |
| trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination: combination of sulfadoxine & trimethoprim | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenanthrolines | chelator; copper chelator |
| anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid | |
| 1,7-phenanthroline [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenanthroline | |
| reuterin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals | |
| cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | ||
| coenzyme a [no description available] | 4.66 | 9 | 0 | adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate | coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol. | 3.27 | 1 | 0 | iditol | fungal metabolite |
| homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration. | 12.72 | 37 | 10 | amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid | fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 6.58 | 19 | 1 | cobalt group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound | bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule |
| diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N). | 6.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | O-acylcarnitine | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug |
| s-nitrosomercaptoethanol S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES). | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
| dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide | cholinergic drug; provitamin |
| triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone | human metabolite |
| 3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid 3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. | 3.03 | 1 | 0 | biotins; vitamin B7 | coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II | human metabolite |
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | ||
| s-nitroso-coenzyme a [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cortisone [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bradykinin [no description available] | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | oligopeptide | human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. | 3.26 | 6 | 0 | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; mouse metabolite |
| ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | acyl-CoA | acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 2.85 | 4 | 0 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). | 6.39 | 7 | 2 | flavin; vitamin B2 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | triterpenoid | |
| isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 4.93 | 12 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
| flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) | 2.63 | 3 | 0 | flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group |
| malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | malonyl-CoAs | EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| amygdalin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound | |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning. | 3.09 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid | chelator |
| 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source | 3.26 | 6 | 0 | benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical | apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| nadp [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants. | 3.4 | 2 | 0 | cobalt salt; inorganic chloride | allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator |
| nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen oxide | |
| 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cystine [no description available] | 10.35 | 4 | 1 | ||
| naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bilirubin [no description available] | 2.95 | 4 | 0 | biladienes; dicarboxylic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid | fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 4.03 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| biliverdine [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium | |
| rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | metal atom; pnictogen | |
| arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | metalloid atom; pnictogen | micronutrient |
| sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | macronutrient |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 9.42 | 8 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid | animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; metalloid atom | |
| oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure. | 2.63 | 2 | 0 | ||
| fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| corrin corrin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the core macrocycle of vitamin B12. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ammonium ion derivative | |
| s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound | hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| zd 7155 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | cysteine derivative | |
| oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). | 3.51 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sulfitocobalamin [no description available] | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| titanium citrate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety. | 4.15 | 5 | 0 | organophosphate oxoanion | cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cob(ii)alamin cob(II)alamin : A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | cobalamin | cofactor; human metabolite |
| glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | peptide hormone | |
| tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | ||
| natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | glycoside | |
| thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | alkylmercury compound | antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen |
| sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning. | 6.94 | 20 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison |
| s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | organic cation; sulfonium compound | coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS. | 3.83 | 12 | 0 | ||
| cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
| methylmalonyl-coenzyme a [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE). | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 5.49 | 21 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| charybdotoxin [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| aquacobalamin [no description available] | 2.93 | 4 | 0 | ||
| caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X). | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cobinamide [no description available] | 4.33 | 7 | 0 | ||
| cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12. | 6.83 | 20 | 1 | ||
| hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12. | 15.53 | 326 | 17 | ||
| zinc tannate kastrin: injected intratesticularly; effects chemical sterilization in male rats | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | ||
| digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 5.15 | 11 | 1 | 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| inosine [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 18.47 | 61 | 11 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer | 2 | 1 | 0 | tetrahydrofolic acid | |
| 5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | ||
| nitritocobalamin [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | ||
| phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available] | 0 | 11.19 | 45 | 2 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 3 | 0 |
| Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms. | 0 | 7.96 | 3 | 0 |
| Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 9.59 | 36 | 0 |
| Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Pressure, Low [description not available] | 0 | 6.63 | 18 | 1 |
| Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. | 0 | 6.63 | 18 | 1 |
| Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like. | 0 | 4.8 | 10 | 0 |
| Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available] | 0 | 6.64 | 28 | 0 |
| Chronic Lung Injury [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available] | 0 | 17.55 | 165 | 32 |
| Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848) | 0 | 22.55 | 165 | 32 |
| CBS Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 5.76 | 33 | 0 |
| Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979) | 0 | 5.76 | 33 | 0 |
| Circulatory Collapse [description not available] | 0 | 4.98 | 8 | 0 |
| Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs. | 0 | 4.98 | 8 | 0 |
| Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.28 | 5 | 0 |
| Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Endotoxin Shock [description not available] | 0 | 5.62 | 6 | 1 |
| Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status. | 0 | 5.62 | 6 | 1 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 6.11 | 21 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 5.12 | 15 | 0 |
| Bleeding [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 2 | 0 |
| Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 3 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. | 0 | 2.69 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Cognitive Decline [description not available] | 0 | 7.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results. | 0 | 7.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Abortion, Tubal [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available] | 0 | 2.5 | 2 | 0 |
| Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 3.54 | 8 | 0 |
| Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH. | 0 | 2.5 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 4.14 | 5 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions. | 0 | 9.14 | 5 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Larynx [description not available] | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer. | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS. | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Addison's Anemia [description not available] | 0 | 9.35 | 80 | 3 |
| Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available] | 0 | 5.82 | 16 | 0 |
| Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed) | 0 | 5.82 | 16 | 0 |
| Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis. | 0 | 2.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. | 0 | 9.65 | 10 | 0 |
| Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment. | 0 | 2.61 | 2 | 0 |
| Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. | 0 | 3.23 | 5 | 0 |
| Lassitude [description not available] | 0 | 4.75 | 7 | 1 |
| Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 5.89 | 9 | 1 |
| Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. | 0 | 4.75 | 7 | 1 |
| Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. | 0 | 5.89 | 9 | 1 |
| Infections, Coronavirus [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection. | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE). | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Cholera Infantum [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age. | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Anoxemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms. | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Liver Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed. | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. | 0 | 4.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure. | 0 | 11.55 | 53 | 4 |
| Asystole [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 8 | 0 |
| Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation. | 0 | 3.57 | 8 | 0 |
| Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS. | 0 | 5.48 | 25 | 0 |
| Hypermelanosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysesthesia [description not available] | 0 | 2.97 | 4 | 0 |
| Hand Dermatosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. | 0 | 2.86 | 3 | 0 |
| Blood Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Malnourishment [description not available] | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
| Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. | 0 | 3.5 | 7 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available] | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Day Blindness [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Abortion, Recurrent [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Child Development Deviations [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed) | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased. | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 4.45 | 5 | 1 |
| Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals. | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. | 0 | 3.09 | 1 | 0 |
| Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients. | 0 | 3.37 | 7 | 0 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 2.97 | 4 | 0 |
| Food Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 4.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function. | 0 | 3.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation. | 0 | 4.61 | 5 | 0 |
| Exanthem [description not available] | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 3.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 3.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE). | 0 | 2.54 | 2 | 0 |
| Complication, Postoperative [description not available] | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's). | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated ( | 0 | 10.98 | 9 | 1 |
| Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychoses [description not available] | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
| Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179) | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION. | 0 | 2.96 | 4 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 5.1 | 5 | 2 |
| Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 5.1 | 5 | 2 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 4 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Central Hypothyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Abdominal Migraine [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 4 | 0 |
| DDD MPGNII [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction. | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) | 0 | 2.94 | 4 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Myelopathy [description not available] | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). | 0 | 6.1 | 22 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Infections, Helicobacter [description not available] | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Amentia [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 6 | 0 |
| Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. | 0 | 4.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 3.3 | 6 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available] | 0 | 5.44 | 24 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES. | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. | 0 | 5.44 | 24 | 0 |
| Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Nervous System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 5.51 | 9 | 2 |
| Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. | 0 | 10.51 | 9 | 2 |
| Gasser Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 4.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE. | 0 | 4.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 12.7 | 27 | 25 |
| Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 12.7 | 27 | 25 |
| Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 3.25 | 6 | 0 |
| Malignant Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Bradyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575) | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Patent Foramen Ovale [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Complication, Intraoperative [description not available] | 0 | 3.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Foramen Ovale, Patent A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| CACH Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 1 |
| Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 1 |
| Craniofacial Pain [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN. | 0 | 5.81 | 23 | 0 |
| Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemia, Cooley's [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM). | 0 | 4.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Abnormalities, Maxillofacial [description not available] | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 3.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 0 | 3.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Concomitant Strabismus [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. | 0 | 7.97 | 4 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Mental [description not available] | 0 | 4.27 | 4 | 1 |
| Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28) | 0 | 4.27 | 4 | 1 |
| Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 4 | 0 |
| Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.). | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Aphthae [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Microglossia [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscular Weakness [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions. | 0 | 4.6 | 3 | 2 |
| Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251) | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Lactic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Consciousness, Loss of [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Microbial Superinvasion [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Metabolic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.7 | 11 | 0 |
| Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. | 0 | 4.7 | 11 | 0 |
| Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Injuries, Multiple [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Arson [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Drop Attack [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) | 0 | 7.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Celiac Sprue [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Ischemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 7.53 | 14 | 1 |
| Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. | 0 | 2.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72) | 0 | 2.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 4.82 | 4 | 2 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 4.82 | 4 | 2 |
| Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available] | 0 | 4.82 | 4 | 2 |
| Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death. | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) | 0 | 4.82 | 4 | 2 |
| Autoimmune Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. | 0 | 2.92 | 4 | 0 |
| Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Myoclonic Jerk [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Action Tremor [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Luft Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukocytopenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| P carinii Pneumonia [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000). | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS). | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergy, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Itching [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Clot [description not available] | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel. | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Asthma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Pyrexia [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Respiratory [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Steatosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 4.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 9.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.85 | 4 | 0 |
| Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325) | 0 | 7.85 | 4 | 0 |
| Cerebromeningitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available] | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Nerve Pain [description not available] | 0 | 4.83 | 8 | 1 |
| Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. | 0 | 4.83 | 8 | 1 |
| Appetite Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Allodynia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Rheumatism [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Back Ache [description not available] | 0 | 4.58 | 6 | 1 |
| Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available] | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Low Back Ache [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions. | 0 | 4.58 | 6 | 1 |
| Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA. | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 0 |
| Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 0 |
| Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye. | 0 | 6.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Occupational [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Adipocere [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition. | 0 | 10.03 | 10 | 1 |
| Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available] | 0 | 7.3 | 23 | 2 |
| Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. | 0 | 12.3 | 23 | 2 |
| Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Stunted Growth [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Clerambault Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| BH4 Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393) | 0 | 4.91 | 6 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Fragility [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 1 | 1 |
| Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Anorectal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Nutritional Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition. | 0 | 3.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia L 1210 [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. | 0 | 3.94 | 13 | 0 |
| Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available] | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available] | 0 | 4.7 | 2 | 1 |
| Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54) | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239) | 0 | 4.7 | 2 | 1 |
| Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg. | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS). | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Erosive Duodenitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Paralysis, Legs [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 4.05 | 3 | 1 |
| Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Air Sickness [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Alcohol Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Hepatic Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4) | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed) | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Glandular Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions. | 0 | 3.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Edema, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988) | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical Dependence [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Meniscitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroid [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Sterility, Female [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER. | 0 | 4.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Elliptocytosis, Hereditary An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Alloxan Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Esophagus [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| ENT Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Pharynx [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of the Tongue [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Auricular Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR). | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available] | 0 | 4.3 | 2 | 2 |
| Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6) | 0 | 4.3 | 2 | 2 |
| Brain Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Aura [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Facial Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Shingles [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthropathies [description not available] | 0 | 4.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Infectious Myelitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS. | 0 | 4.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Deaf Mutism [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases of Immune System [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Consumption [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ovine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Kahler Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythremia [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastric Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Eye [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
| Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177) | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Poisoning, Mercury [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cornea Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries. | 0 | 6.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Parodontosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Mucositis, Oral [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187) | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Slow Virus Diseases Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Breathlessness [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hives [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eczema, Atopic [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Metabolic [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hydrarthrosis Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |