Compounds > buserelin
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buserelin

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Description

Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID50225
CHEMBL ID2110824
CHEBI ID135907
SCHEMBL ID13354
SCHEMBL ID19459955
SCHEMBL ID19409318
MeSH IDM0003073

Synonyms (61)

Synonym
buserelina [inn-spanish]
d-ser-(tbu)(sup 6)-lhrh-ethylamide
d-ser(tbu(sup 6))-lh-rh-(1-9)-nonapeptide ethylamide
buserelin [inn:ban]
ccris 2657
busereline [inn-french]
s 746766
ici 123215
(d-ser(tbu)(sup 6)-ea(sup 10))-lhrh
buserelinum [inn-latin]
(d-ser(bu(sup t)(sup 6)))-lh-rh(1-9)nonapeptide-ethylamide
etilamide
einecs 261-061-9
tiloryth
NCGC00181295-01
buserelin (inn)
tiloryth (tn)
57982-77-1
D07259
buserelin
CHEBI:135907
(2s)-n-[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2r)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-5-[bis(azanyl)methylideneamino]-1-[(2s)-2-(ethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxidanylidene-pentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxidanylidene-pentan-2-yl]amino]-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-1-oxi
A831694
(2s)-n-[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2r)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-[(2s)-2-(ethylcarbamoyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hy
AKOS015994645
buserelina
pxw8u3yxdv ,
buserelinum
unii-pxw8u3yxdv
busereline
CHEMBL2110824
hoe 766a
metrelef
gtpl3860
SCHEMBL13354
HS-2005
W-105422
(des-gly10,d-ser(tbu)6,pro-nhet9)-lhrh
buserelin [who-dd]
5-oxo-l-prolyl-l-histidyl-l-tryptophyl-l-seryl-l-tyrosyl-o-tert-butyl-d-seryl-l-leucyl-l-arginyl-n-ethyl-l-prolinamide
buserelin [mart.]
buserelin [mi]
buserelin [ep monograph]
buserelin [inn]
AKOS030213242
SCHEMBL19459955
SCHEMBL19409318
Q414745
buserelin for nmr identification
buserelin for peak identification
DTXSID301024155
buserelinum (inn-latin)
l02ae01
s74-6766
bsrl
6-(o-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-d-serine)-9-(n-ethyl-l-prolinamide)-10-deglycinamide luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig)
6-(o-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-d-serine)-9-(n-ethyl-l-prolinamide)-10-deglycinamide-luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig)
buserelin (mart.)
buserelina (inn-spanish)
buserelin (ep monograph)
busereline (inn-french)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Buserelin is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog which is more potent than natural GnRH. It is an effective treatment for inducing frequent and meaningful remissions in advanced prostatic cancer.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Buserelin is a GnRH agonist peptide drug, comprising a nine amino acid sequence (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(tBu)-Leu-Arg-Pro-NH-Et) and most commonly known for its application in hormone dependent cancer therapy, e.g. "( Dry heat forced degradation of buserelin peptide: kinetics and degradant profiling.
D'Hondt, M; De Spiegeleer, B; Fedorova, M; Gevaert, B; Hoffmann, R; Peng, CY; Taevernier, L, 2014)		2.13
"Busereline acetate is an LH-RH agonist that was found to induce local reactions at the injection site or generalized minor skin reactions in some patients. "( Non-specific histamine release activity of busereline, LH-releasing hormone.
Bousquet, J; Chanal, I; Hédon, B; Hejjaoui, A; Michel, FB, 1988)		1.98
"Buserelin is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog which is more potent than natural GnRH. "( Buserelin in the treatment of prostatic cancer.
Roila, F, 1989)		3.16
"Buserelin (B) is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of native LHRH. "( Efficacy of buserelin in advanced prostate cancer and comparison with historical controls.
Soloway, MS, 1988)		2.1
"Buserelin is an effective treatment for inducing frequent and meaningful remissions in advanced prostatic cancer."( Buserelin as primary therapy in advanced prostatic carcinoma.
Ford, KS; Kennedy, PS; Klioze, SS; Kosola, JW; Mendez, RG; Naessig, VL; Presant, CA; Soloway, MS; Wyres, MR; Yakabow, AL, 1985)		2.43

Effects

Buserelin has been applied intranasal in 31 women of the reproductive age for endometriosis that had been diagnosed by laparoscopic and bioptic means.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Buserelin acetate has a potentiating effect on the proliferation of ventral prostatic epithelial cells of castrated rat in the presence of a physiological level of exogenous testosterone. "( Potentiating effect of buserelin acetate, an LHRH agonist, on the proliferation of ventral prostatic epithelial cells in testosterone-treated castrated rats.
Kawaoi, A; Komatsu, H; Maezawa, H; Ueno, A, 1997)		2.05
"Buserelin acetate has a potentiating effect on the proliferation of ventral prostatic epithelial cells of castrated rat in the presence of a physiological level of exogenous testosterone. "( Potentiating effect of buserelin acetate, an LHRH agonist, on the proliferation of ventral prostatic epithelial cells in testosterone-treated castrated rats.
Kawaoi, A; Komatsu, H; Maezawa, H; Ueno, A, 1997)		2.05
"Buserelin has been applied intranasal in 31 women of the reproductive age for endometriosis that had been diagnosed by laparoscopic and bioptic means. "( [Hormonal changes in buserelin therapy].
Fuchs, U; Zwirner, M, 1989)		2.04

Actions

Buserelin did not inhibit exogenous estrogen-dependent tumor growth in DMBA-induced rat mammary cancers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Buserelin did not inhibit the growth of DMBA-induced tumors."( Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on rat ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
Kataoka, A; Maruuchi, T; Nishida, T; Sugiyama, T; Yakushiji, M, 1998)		1.02
"Buserelin did not inhibit exogenous estrogen-dependent tumor growth in DMBA-induced rat mammary cancers."( The mechanisms of antitumor effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary cancer.
Andoh, T; Horiguchi, J; Iino, Y; Koibuchi, Y; Maemura, M; Matsumoto, H; Morishita, Y; Sugamata, N; Takei, H; Yokoe, T, 1999)		1.25

Treatment

Buserelin treatment caused significant loss of submucous and myenteric neurons in the fundus, ileum, and colon. Both groups given buserelin had significantly smaller uteri than controls.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Buserelin treatment led to significant impairment of constipation (p = 0.004), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.035), psychological well-being (p = 0.000), and the intestinal symptoms' influence on daily life (p = 0.027)."( Autoantibodies and gastrointestinal symptoms in infertile women in relation to in vitro fertilization.
Bengtsson, M; Hammar, O; Mandl, T; Ohlsson, B; Roth, B, 2013)		1.11
"Buserelin treatment transiently increased the body weight after 5 and 9 weeks (p < 0.001). "( Structural and functional consequences of buserelin-induced enteric neuropathy in rat.
Bonn, P; Ekblad, E; Ohlsson, B; Roth, B; Sand, E; Weström, B, 2014)		2.11
"Buserelin treatment reduced the number of neurons along the entire gastrointestinal tract, with increased relative numbers of CRF-immunoreactive submucosal and myenteric neurons in colon (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively)."( Buserelin treatment to rats causes enteric neurodegeneration with moderate effects on CRF-immunoreactive neurons and Enterobacteriaceae in colon, and in acetylcholine-mediated permeability in ileum.
Egecioglu, E; Ekblad, E; Linninge, C; Lozinska, L; Molin, G; Ohlsson, B; Roth, B; Sand, E; Weström, B, 2015)		2.58
"Buserelin‑treated rats were shown to have a lower body weight at sacrifice, as compared with the controls (P<0.05)."( Long‑term follow‑up of buserelin‑induced enteric neuropathy in rats.
Ekblad, E; Jönsson, A; Ohlsson, B; Sand, E, 2016)		1.47
"Buserelin in vivo treatment at days 9 and 13 decreased plasma progesterone levels for 48 and 24  h respectively."( Expression of type I GNRH receptor and in vivo and in vitro GNRH-I effects in corpora lutea of pseudopregnant rabbits.
Boiti, C; Brecchia, G; Dall'Aglio, C; Gobbetti, A; Guelfi, G; Lilli, L; Maranesi, M; Parillo, F; Zerani, M, 2010)		1.08
"Buserelin treatment caused significant loss of submucous and myenteric neurons in the fundus, ileum, and colon."( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog buserelin causes neuronal loss in rat gastrointestinal tract.
Alm, R; Ekblad, E; Fredrikson, GN; Hammar, O; Ohlsson, B; Sand, E; Voss, U, 2013)		1.38
"Buserelin treatment induced accessory corpora lutea in ewes (4/7; 57%) but not in ewe lambs (0/7; 0%)."( Effect of post-mating GnRH analogue (buserelin) treatment on PGF2alpha release in ewes and ewe lambs.
Beck, NF; Khalid, M; Khan, TH; Mann, GE, 2006)		1.33
"Buserelin treatment may be an alternative to surgery in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate."( Sustained suppression of testosterone production by the luteinising-hormone releasing-hormone agonist buserelin in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma. A new therapeutic approach?
Adenauer, H; Borgmann, V; Hardt, W; Nagel, R; Schmidt-Gollwitzer, M, 1982)		1.2
"Buserelin treatment inhibits the growth of the normal prostate, but does not cause its regression."( The effect of the chronic administration of a potent luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog on the rat prostate.
Trachtenberg, J, 1982)		0.99
"Buserelin-treated rats developed similarly depressed plasma oestradiol-17 beta values in the presence and absence of progestogen, and both groups given buserelin had significantly smaller uteri than controls or rats given norethindrone without buserelin."( Norethindrone acetate only partially protects the skeleton of rats treated with the LHRH agonist buserelin from oestrogen-deficiency osteopaenia.
Gold, E; Goulding, A, 1993)		1.22
"Buserelin acetate treatment induced early, marked hypotrophy of the vaginal mucosa with aspects typical of the menopause. "( Vaginal patterns during danazol and buserelin acetate therapy for endometriosis: structural and ultrastructural study.
Baglioni, A; Bianchi, S; Fedele, L; Marchini, M; Zanotti, F, 1993)		2
"Buserelin-treated rats showed significantly low values of LH and testosterone than the untreated rats."( Evidence to suggest that gonadotropin-releasing hormone inhibits its own secretion by affecting hypothalamic amino acid neurotransmitter release.
Feleder, C; Jarry, H; Leonhardt, S; Moguilevsky, JA; Wuttke, W, 1996)		1.02
"Buserelin treatment induced a rise in LH concentration during the 48 h period of the experiment, and LH concentrations before ovulation were significantly higher in buserelin treated cycles than in placebo cycles."( Use of buserelin to induce ovulation in the cyclic mare.
Barrier-Battut, I; Bertrand, J; Bruyas, JF; Egron, L; Fiéni, F; Grandchamp des Raux, A; Hecht, S; Hoier, R; Le Poutre, N; Nicaise, JL; Renault, A; Tainturier, D; Trocherie, E; Vérin, X, 2001)		1.49
"Buserelin pretreatment appeared to delay or prevent complete luteolysis by the injected PGF2 alpha."( Effects of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on ovarian follicles in cattle.
Macmillan, KL; Thatcher, WW, 1991)		1
"Thus buserelin treatment appears to be indicated for infertile patients when surgery is contra-indicated or could cause adhesions, and for hysterectomy candidates in perimenopausal age and/or with secondary anemia."( Intranasal buserelin versus surgery in the treatment of uterine leiomyomata: long-term follow-up.
Arcaini, L; Baglioni, A; Bianchi, S; Bocciolone, L; Fedele, L; Marchini, M, 1991)		1.13
"Buserelin treatment was continued and no further menstruation occurred over the following year."( Management of submucous uterine fibroid with buserelin, gemeprost and hysteroscopic resection.
Healy, DL; Hill, D; Lawrence, AS; Paterson, PJ, 1991)		1.26
"Buserelin treatment was characterized by menopausal-like symptoms in most women, as well as by headache and nausea."( Efficacy and safety of intranasal buserelin acetate in the treatment of endometriosis: a review of six clinical trials and comparison with danazol.
de Looze, S; Trabant, H; Widdra, W, 1990)		1.28
"Buserelin treatment caused a reduction in the peak luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responses to LHRH, mostly to prepubertal levels, and also suppressed basal FSH."( Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (Buserelin) treatment for central precocious puberty: a multi-centre trial.
Antony, G; Byrne, GC; Cowell, CT; Ennis, G; Gold, H; Howard, N; Quigley, C; Silink, M; Warne, GL; Werther, GA, 1990)		1.26
"In buserelin-treated cycles, 2 pregnancies resulted but no oocyte was recovered in 2 of the 3 poor responders."( Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization using buserelin and gonadotropin in patients with previous failed cycles.
Chan, MY; Chiu, TT; Lau, J; Loong, EP; Panesar, NS; Tam, PP, 1990)		1.03
"Buserelin treatment was recommended to start at least 7 days prior to the tumor treatment, the interval ranged between 7 and 43 days."( Treatment with the gonadotropin-releasinghormone agonist buserelin to protect spermatogenesis against cytotoxic treatment in young men.
Krause, W; Pflüger, KH, )		1.1
"Buserelin treatment was discontinued only in the presence of a positive pregnancy test result."( Administration of pure follicle-stimulating hormone during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy in patients with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovarian disease: hormonal evaluations and clinical perspectives.
Anserini, P; De Cecco, L; Lanera, P; Remorgida, V; Venturini, PL, 1989)		1
"Treatment with buserelin at a dose above 10 µg and with hCG at a dose above 2,500 IU was associated with increased chances of P/AI compared with lower doses."( Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows: A meta-analysis.
Abdelli, A; Belabdi, I; Besbaci, M; Kaidi, R; Minviel, JJ; Raboisson, D, 2020)		0.9
"Treatment with buserelin and hCG increased (p<0.05) P(4) on Day 15 compared with controls (456+/-27, 451+/-24 and 346+/-28 pg/ml, respectively)."( Corpus luteum function and embryonic mortality in buffaloes treated with a GnRH agonist, hCG and progesterone.
Campanile, G; D'Occhio, MJ; Di Palo, R; Galiero, G; Gasparrini, B; Neglia, G; Prandi, A; Vecchio, D, 2007)		0.68
"Pretreatment with buserelin resulted in significantly decreased serum LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and androstenedione (ASD)."( [Efficacy and endocrinological analysis of combined buserelin-pure FSH-hCG therapy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome].
Hayashi, M; Horinaka, T; Ohkura, T; Segawa, Y; Watabe, H; Yaoi, Y, 1994)		0.86
"Treatment with buserelin implants (3.3 mg peptide) every 56 days or with buserelin microparticles (3.6 mg peptide) every 28 days and the treatment with ramorelix microparticles (1.8 mg peptide) every 7 days prevented the development of tumours."( Effects of the luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist ramorelix (hoe013) and the LHRH agonist buserelin on dimethylbenz[]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma: studies with slow-release formulations.
Sandow, J; Stoeckemann, K, 1993)		0.84
"Treatment with buserelin caused estrous cycles to cease, as indicated by basal (.2 ng/mL) concentrations of progesterone, for 48.4 +/- 3.8 d (mean +/- SEM) in Group B2, which was less (P = .6) than the 87.4 +/- 17.4 d in Group B4."( Controlled, reversible suppression of estrous cycles in beef heifers and cows using agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Aspden, WJ; D'Occhio, MJ; Whyte, TR, 1996)		0.63
"Treatment with buserelin increased the number of spermatozoa, improved motility and increased the number of normal forms of spermatozoa."( Treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue after successful orchiopexy markedly improves the chance of fertility later in life.
Hadziselimović, F; Herzog, B, 1997)		0.64
"When treated with buserelin the difference disappeared."( Binding of [3H]paroxetine to serotonin uptake sites and of [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide to 5-HT2A receptors in platelets from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during gonadotropin releasing hormone treatment.
Allard, P; Bäckström, T; Bixo, M; Mjörndal, T; Nyberg, S; Spigset, O; Sundström-Poromaa, I, 2001)		0.63
"Pretreatment with buserelin completely abolished the LH and FSH responses to a bolus injection of LHRH."( Inhibitory effects of a luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist implant on ovine fetal gonadotrophin secretion and pituitary sensitivity to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone.
Brooks, AN; McNeilly, AS, 1992)		0.61
"Treatment with buserelin was continued in the luteal phase."( Outcome of treatment subsequent to the elective cryopreservation of all embryos from women at risk of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Buck, P; Hughes, S; Lieberman, BA; Matson, PL; Troup, SA; Wada, I, 1992)		0.62
"Treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinising hormone releasing hormone, and human menopausal gonadotrophin was compared with the conventional treatment of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin in the outcome of in vitro fertilisation. "( Improvement of in vitro fertilisation after treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinising hormone releasing hormone.
Dawson, KJ; Franks, S; Margara, RA; Rutherford, AJ; Subak-Sharpe, RJ; Winston, RM, 1988)		0.87

Toxicity

Chronic intermittent treatment of LH-RH superagonist Buserelin alone or in combination with testosterone enanthate were given to adult male langurs for 90 days. The aim was to evaluate antispermatogenic activity of alone and combination therapy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Chronic intermittent treatment of LH-RH superagonist Buserelin alone or in combination with testosterone enanthate were given to adult male langurs for 90 days to evaluate antispermatogenic activity of alone and combination therapy, maintenance of normal androgenicity, possible toxic effects of agonist treatment, related side effects of testosterone supplementation and complete reversibility of the procedure."( Experience with a potent LH-RH agonist, buserelin, alone and in combination with testosterone for antispermatogenic activity, reversibility and toxicity in langur monkey.
Ansari, AS; Jayaprakash, D; Kumar, M; Lohiya, NK; Sharma, K; Sharma, S, 1991)		0.8
" Buserelin would thus appear to be a safe and effective alternative to the standard therapy, danazol, in the treatment of endometriosis."( Efficacy and safety of intranasal buserelin acetate in the treatment of endometriosis: a review of six clinical trials and comparison with danazol.
de Looze, S; Trabant, H; Widdra, W, 1990)		1.47
" From the data available today Gn-RH analogues in overstimulatory dosage can be expected to be safe and effective in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer and would thus prove a true alternative to conventional contrasexual measures."( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: untoward side effects of high-dose regimens acquire a therapeutical dimension.
Jacobi, GH; Wenderoth, UK, 1982)		0.26
" Evaluation of all safety data indicated that the ganirelix regimen was safe and well tolerated."( Treatment with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone is effective, safe and convenient: results of a controlled, randomized, multicentre trial. The Eu
Borm, G; Mannaerts, B, 2000)		0.31
"GnRH antagonists are an effective, safe and well tolerated alternative to agonists for COS."( A randomised study of GnRH antagonist (cetrorelix) versus agonist (busereline) for controlled ovarian stimulation: effect on safety and efficacy.
Calejo, L; Gamboa, C; Martinez-de-Oliveira, J; Nunes, A; Silva, J; Stevenson, D; Xavier, P, 2005)		0.56
" These drugs are at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) adverse events (AEs)."( Cardiovascular adverse events-related to GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists: analysis of real-life data from Eudra-Vigilance and Food and Drug Administration databases entries.
Cicione, A; De Nunzio, C; Franco, A; Gravina, C; Grimaldi, MC; Guercio, A; Lombardo, R; Nacchia, A; Tema, G; Tubaro, A, 2023)		0.91
"EV and FDA databases were queried and the number of CV adverse events (AEs) for degarelix, buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin, triptorelin until September 2021 were recorded."( Cardiovascular adverse events-related to GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists: analysis of real-life data from Eudra-Vigilance and Food and Drug Administration databases entries.
Cicione, A; De Nunzio, C; Franco, A; Gravina, C; Grimaldi, MC; Guercio, A; Lombardo, R; Nacchia, A; Tema, G; Tubaro, A, 2023)		1.13

Pharmacokinetics

After high dose injection, buserelin has a half-life of 80 min. therapeutic plasma concentrations are maintained for 8-12 h. Urinary excretion of buse Relin showed a similar pharmacokinetic profile.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Urinary excretion of buserelin showed a similar pharmacokinetic profile."( Pharmacokinetics of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist buserelin after injection of a slow-release preparation in normal men.
Behre, HM; Nieschlag, E; Sandow, J, 1992)		0.84
" Six of these patients also received a 250-microgram SC bolus of ICI 118630, for pharmacokinetic studies, before starting the infusion or the depot."( Pharmacokinetic and endocrinological parameters of a slow-release depot preparation of the GnRH analogue ICI 118630 (zoladex) compared with a subcutaneous bolus and continuous subcutaneous infusion of the same drug in patients with prostatic cancer.
Arkell, DG; Bailey, LC; Blackledge, G; Clayton, RN; Cottam, J; Farrar, D; Holder, G; Lynch, SS; Perren, TJ; Young, CH, 1986)		0.27

Compound-Compound Interactions

Ten men with advanced breast cancer were evaluated for response to treatment with buserelin alone or in combination with the antiandrogen, flutamide.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"We studied the effects of hormonal manipulation by orchiectomy, alone or in combination with the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (AGT), and by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LH-RH-A) (goserelin) treatment on the development of early putative (pre)neoplastic lesions induced in the pancreas of rats and hamsters by azaserine and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine respectively."( Effects of castration, alone and in combination with aminoglutethimide, on growth of (pre)neoplastic lesions in exocrine pancreas of rats and hamsters.
Bakker, GH; de Jong, FH; Foekens, JA; Klijn, JG; Meijers, M; van Garderen-Hoetmer, A; Woutersen, RA, 1991)		0.28
"Chronic intermittent treatment of LH-RH superagonist Buserelin alone or in combination with testosterone enanthate were given to adult male langurs for 90 days to evaluate antispermatogenic activity of alone and combination therapy, maintenance of normal androgenicity, possible toxic effects of agonist treatment, related side effects of testosterone supplementation and complete reversibility of the procedure."( Experience with a potent LH-RH agonist, buserelin, alone and in combination with testosterone for antispermatogenic activity, reversibility and toxicity in langur monkey.
Ansari, AS; Jayaprakash, D; Kumar, M; Lohiya, NK; Sharma, K; Sharma, S, 1991)		0.8
"This prospective randomized phase III trial compares orchidectomy as standard androgen-deprivative therapy of advanced (metastatic) prostatic cancer with treatment using the LHRH agonist Buserelin administered as nasal spray 3 daily doses of 400 micrograms, and combined with cyproterone acetate (CPA) 3 daily doses of 50 mg orally for 2 weeks initially to prevent flare-up of the disease, or continuously as complete androgen blockade."( Orchidectomy versus Buserelin in combination with cyproterone acetate, for 2 weeks or continuously, in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer. Preliminary results of EORTC-trial 30843.
De Pauw, M; de Voogt, HJ; Klijn, JG; Schröder, F; Studer, U; Sylvester, R, 1990)		0.79
" In order to investigate the optimal way to eliminate tumor flare, we have treated patients with one of three different antiandrogen regimens used in combination with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist."( The clinical and endocrine assessment of three different antiandrogen regimens combined with a very long-acting gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue.
Abel, P; Cox, J; Farah, N; Fleming, J; Hewitt, G; O'Donoghue, EP; Sandow, J; Sikora, K; Waxman, J; Williams, G, 1988)		0.27
" Combined with an appropriate P complement, it could be a useful contraceptive approach."( Fourteen-day versus twenty-one-day regimens of intermittent intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist combined with an oral progestogen as antiovulatory contraceptive approach.
Faure, N; Lemay, A, 1986)		0.27
"Ten men with advanced breast cancer were evaluated for response to treatment with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue, buserelin, alone or in combination with the antiandrogen, flutamide."( Advanced male breast cancer treatment with the LH-RH analogue buserelin alone or in combination with the antiandrogen flutamide.
Doberauer, C; Niederle, N; Schmidt, CG, 1988)		0.72
" In conclusion, intermittent administration of appropriate LH-RH agonist dosing in combination with a progestogen would effectively block ovulation while preserving adequate cyclic estradiol secretion and could be an alternative contraceptive approach."( Inhibition of ovulation during discontinuous intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist dosing in combination with gestagen-induced bleeding.
Faure, N; Fazekas, AT; Labrie, F; Lemay, A, 1985)		0.27
" In conclusion, intermittent administration of appropriate LH-RH agonist dosing in combination with a progestogen would effectively block ovulation while preserving adequate cyclic estradiol secretion and could be an alternative contraceptive approach."( Inhibition of ovulation during discontinuous intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist dosing in combination with gestagen-induced bleeding.
Faure, N; Fazekas, AT; Labrie, F; Lemay, A, 1985)		0.27
" Multicenter trials will be necessary to delineate the place of LHRH agonist alone or LHRH agonist combined with an antiandrogen in the treatment of prostatic cancer."( Preliminary results on the clinical efficacy and safety of androgen inhibition by an LHRH agonist alone or combined with an antiandrogen in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.
Faure, N; Fazekas, AT; Jean, C; Laroche, B; Lemay, A; Plante, R; Robert, G; Roy, R; Thabet, M, 1983)		0.27
" After addition and in combination with tamoxifen this LHRH-agonist treatment caused an objective response in about half (8/17) of the patients."( Long-term LHRH-agonist treatment in metastatic breast cancer as a single treatment and in combination with other additive endocrine treatments.
Klijn, JG, 1984)		0.27
" However, the effect of long term treatment with GnRH in combination with an antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate) to block the possible effect of adrenal androgens has not previously been evaluated."( Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 levels are increased in central precocious puberty: effects of two different treatment regimens with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, without or in combination with an antiandrog
Juul, A; Krabbe, S; Müller, J; Nielsen, CT; Scheike, T; Skakkebaek, NE, 1995)		0.29
"These preliminary data concur with previous studies in demonstrating that Gonal-F is as effective and safe as Metrodin (when given in combination with a "long" protocol of GnRH analog) in inducing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF purposes."( Superovulation before IVF by recombinant versus urinary human FSH (combined with a long GnRH analog protocol): a comparative study.
Avrech, OM; Fisch, B; Loumaye, E; Neri, A; Ovadia, J; Pinkas, H; Rufas, O, 1995)		0.29
" We describe here our experience from a programme based on assisted ejaculation combined with in vitro fertilization (IVF)."( Assisted ejaculation combined with in vitro fertilisation: an effective technique treating male infertility due to spinal cord injury.
Garoff, L; Hillensjö, T; Hultling, C; Levi, R; Nylund, L; Rosenborg, L; Sjöblom, P, 1994)		0.29
"The luteal phase was studied in 12 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients following ovulation induction using exogenous gonadotrophins combined with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a)."( Luteal function following ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome patients using exogenous gonadotrophins in combination with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist.
de Jong, FH; Donderwinkel, PF; Fauser, BC; Hop, WC; Pache, TD; Schoot, DC, 1993)		0.29
" In this study, we investigated the effect of the antiestrogen tamoxifen and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate in combination with the LH-RH agonist buserelin in 9 patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma."( Tamoxifen or cyproterone acetate in combination with buserelin are ineffective in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Arnold, R; Havemann, K; Swarovsky, B; Wolf, M, )		0.58

Bioavailability

The rate and extent of nasal bioavailability of buserelin were remarkably increased by coadministration of oleic acid and HP-beta-CyD, compared with the sole use of the enhancer. Of the cyclodextrins tested, dimethyl- beta-cyclodextrin was the most effective.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Analysis of the trials in this series, where the results were not satisfactory, suggests that the bioavailability of the product used intranasally, may be in question."( [Preliminary study of the use of intranasal buserelin in the long-term protocol of ovarian stimulation with the view toward fertilization in vitro].
Arlot, S; Camier, B; Gagneur, O; Thépot, F; Vitse, M, 1989)		0.54
" The nonsteroid flutamide is a prodrug converted to the active metabolite, hydroxyflutamide; anandron is well absorbed on oral administration of an active dose and intact compound disappears slowly from plasma."( Pharmacology of an antiandrogen, anandron, used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Fiet, J; Moguilewsky, M; Raynaud, JP; Tournemine, C, 1986)		0.27
" Calculated relative bioavailability data indicated maximal nasal absorption of 6%."( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog D-Ser(TBU)-6EA-10luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (buserelin) after subcutaneous and intranasal administration in children with central precocious puberty.
Costigan, DC; Fishman, L; Holland, FJ; Leeder, S; Luna, L, 1986)		0.47
" These results indicate that this method for radioimmunoassay of buserelin is suitable for analyzing the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of buserelin in man."( Radioimmunoassay of an analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, [D-Ser(tBu)]6des-Gly-NH2(10) ethylamide (Buserelin).
Hosoi, E; Iwahana, H; Komatsu, M; Maeda, T; Saito, H; Saito, S; Yamasaki, R, 1985)		0.72
" The rate and extent of nasal bioavailability of buserelin were remarkably increased by coadministration of oleic acid and HP-beta-CyD, compared with the sole use of the enhancer."( Enhanced nasal delivery of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist buserelin by oleic acid solubilized and stabilized in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.
Abe, K; Irie, T; Uekama, K, 1995)		0.78
" Of the cyclodextrins tested, dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CyD) was the most effective in improving the rate and extent of the nasal bioavailability of buserelin."( Improvement of nasal bioavailability of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, buserelin, by cyclodextrin derivatives in rats.
Abe, K; Irie, T; Matsubara, K; Uekama, K, 1995)		0.71
" Furthermore, IGFBP-3 proteolysis regulates the bioavailability of IGF-I."( Serum concentrations of free and total insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF binding proteins -1 and -3 and IGFBP-3 protease activity in boys with normal or precocious puberty.
Flyvbjerg, A; Frystyk, J; Juul, A; Müller, J; Skakkebaek, NE, 1996)		0.29
"Empty follicle syndrome is associated with very low bioavailability of beta-hCG and can be predicted by measuring serum beta-hCG level 36 hours after IM hCG administration."( Predicting empty follicle syndrome.
al-Hassan, S; Dowell, K; Fishel, S; Hunter, A; Ndukwe, G; Thornton, S, 1996)		0.29
" The higher bioavailability with chitosan hydrochloride compared to C934P and FNaC934P indicates that for buserelin the intestinal transmucosal transport enhancing effect of the polymer plays a more dominant role than the protection against proteases such as alpha-chymotrypsin."( Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. VI. Carbomer and chitosan improve the intestinal absorption of the peptide drug buserelin in vivo.
de Boer, AB; de Leeuw, BJ; Junginger, HE; Langemeÿer, MW; Luessen, HL; Verhoef, JC, 1996)		0.71
" We conclude that the bioavailability of buserelin acetate when added to the seminal dose appears to be determined by the activity of the existing aminopeptidases and is consequently affected by the dilution rate used to prepare the artificial insemination doses."( Aminopeptidase activity in seminal plasma and effect of dilution rate on rabbit reproductive performance after insemination with an extender supplemented with buserelin acetate.
Lavara, R; Marco-Jiménez, F; Mocé, E; Vicente, JS; Viudes-de-Castro, MP, 2014)		0.87
"The bioavailability of buserelin acetate when added to the seminal dose appears to be determined by the activity of the existing aminopeptidases."( Does the inclusion of protease inhibitors in the insemination extender affect rabbit reproductive performance?
Casares-Crespo, L; Talaván, AM; Vicente, JS; Viudes-de-Castro, MP, 2016)		0.74
"Performed studies indicate that GnRH analogs in the form of suspension have higher bioavailability than their solution counterparts."( Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of the GnRH Analogs in the Form of Solution and Zn
Danch, A; Dec, R; Dolińska, B; Filipczyk, Ł; Ryszka, F; Suszka-Świtek, A; Wiaderkiewicz, R, 2017)		0.46

Dosage Studied

Buserelin (d-Ser-[TBU]6 LHRH ethylamide) was prescribed in two different dosage schedules to twenty men, and in a single dosage schedule to eight women. Similar dose-response relationships were found for LH-RH and buserelin as concerns the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary glands from intact and ovariectomized rats.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The differences in conception rate and in services per conception after treatment with 20 or 50 micrograms buserelin in favour of the higher dosage cannot be attributed to the medication."( [Gonadotropin release and course of diseases after administration of a GnRH-analog in cattle with follicular-thecal cysts].
Grunert, E; Schallenberger, E; Schams, D; Völker, R, 1992)		0.5
" three times daily at a daily dosage of 3 mg the first week and subsequently of 2 mg daily."( [Buserelin therapy in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast carcinoma].
Carpano, S; Di Lauro, L; Lopez, M; Veltri, E; Vici, P, 1991)		1.19
" The sustained-release dosage form contains goserelin acetate dispersed in a biodegradable copolymer matrix and is designed to release active drug over 28 days."( Goserelin acetate implant: a depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog for advanced prostate cancer.
Goldspiel, BR; Kohler, DR, )		0.13
" In the following 25 weeks the same drug was given intranasally, at a dosage of 300 micrograms again three times a day."( Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist therapy and its effect on bone mass.
Barbieri-Carones, M; Nencioni, T; Ortolani, S; Penotti, M; Polvani, F; Trevisan, C, 1991)		0.28
" The dosage of 900 mcg/d was administered 3 times daily intranasally for 6 months."( [Ovarian suppression by the GnRH analog buserelin in the treatment of endometriosis. Clinical, biochemical and pelviscopic studies].
Raitz von Frentz, M; Schweppe, KW, 1990)		0.55
"From August 1986 to September 1988, 76 eligible patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma, measurable or evaluable disease, no previous hormonal treatment, were treated with Buserelin at a dosage of 500 micrograms every 8 h for 7 days, followed by 400 micrograms intranasally three times a day."( Buserelin treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: a phase II study.
Dal Bo, V; Della Valentina, M; Francini, M; Lo Re, G; Magri, MD; Merlo, A; Monfardini, S; Talamini, R; Veronesi, A, 1989)		1.91
" Using various dosing regimens and routes of administration in animal experiments and in clinical trials, these peptides invariably produce paradoxical inhibitory effects on reproductive function."( Inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis by chronic administration of a potent LHRH agonist in adult men.
Faure, N; Lemay, A, 1985)		0.27
" No dose-response relationship was found for either compound with respect to LH release, but ICI 118630 appeared more potent than LH-RH."( Comparison of mammalian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), and of an analog (ICI 118630), on luteinizing hormone and ovarian steroid (progesterone, oestradiol) secretions in laying hens. (Gallus domesticus).
Guémené, D; Williams, JB, 1986)		0.27
" The most appropriate dosage regimen for potential contraception was 200 micrograms/12 hours for 21 days because it was associated with small follicles and serum E2 was in the range of control cycles."( Ovarian sonographic findings during intermittent intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist sequentially combined with an oral progestogen as antiovulatory contraceptive approach.
Bastide, A; Faure, N; Lemay, A, 1987)		0.27
" The most appropriate dosage regimen for potential contraception is 200 mcg/12 hours for 21 days."( Ovarian sonographic findings during intermittent intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist sequentially combined with an oral progestogen as antiovulatory contraceptive approach.
Bastide, A; Faure, N; Lemay, A, 1987)		0.27
"53 ng/ml and were not significantly different among the three dosage forms."( Zoladex (ICI 118,630): clinical trial of new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog in metastatic prostatic carcinoma.
Chin, JL; deHaan, HA; Greco, JM; Huben, RP; Murphy, GP; Scott, M, 1987)		0.27
" No differences between the 3 treatment arms were observed except for medroxy-progesterone acetate, which showed less therapeutic effect in the dosage used."( Results of a Dutch trial with the LHRH agonist buserelin in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer and results of EORTC studies in prostatic cancer.
Debruyne, FM, 1988)		0.53
" Buserelin (d-Ser-[TBU]6 LHRH ethylamide) was prescribed in two different dosage schedules to twenty men, and in a single dosage schedule to eight women."( Failure to preserve fertility in patients with Hodgkin's disease.
Ahmed, R; Besser, GM; Crowther, D; Gregory, W; Malpas, JS; Rees, LH; Shalet, S; Smith, D; Waxman, JH; Wrigley, PF, 1987)		1.18
" After a treatment period of 6-20 weeks the patients received 2 X 20 micrograms Buserelin/kg per day for 1 week and thereafter a maintenance dosage of 20 micrograms/kg per day to obtain full suppression (i."( The effect of treatment with an LH-RH agonist (Buserelin) on gonadal activity growth and bone maturation in children with central precocious puberty.
Bot, A; de Jong, FH; Drop, SL; Gons, M; Meradji, M; Odink, RJ; Otten, BJ; Rouwé, C; Slijper, FM; Van Maarschalkerweerd, MW, 1987)		0.76
" Buserelin was infused subcutaneously in a dosage of 400 micrograms/d for 26-44 days using a portable external osmotic minipump system."( [Stimulation of ovarian function with gonadotropins following suppression of endogenous gonadotropin secretion by long-term infusion of the LHRH analog buserelin].
Bliefert, R; Breckwoldt, M; Geisthövel, F; Geyer, H; Sandow, J, 1987)		1.38
"A patient presenting a recurrent episode of pulmonary leiomyomatosis has been treated with the LH-RH agonist buserelin at a dosage of 200 micrograms tid SC for 7 days, then 500 micrograms SC daily for a total period of 6 months."( Utilization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in pulmonary leiomyomatosis.
Farid, NR; Jean, C; Maheux, R; Parent, JG; Samson, Y, 1987)		0.49
" Regression of breast or genital development required a daily dosage of buserelin greater than or equal to 34 microgram/kg."( Evaluation and significance of the degree of pituitary-gonadal inhibition during intranasal administration of buserelin.
Bourguignon, JP; Craen, M; Delire, M; Du Caju, M; Heinrichs, C; Lambrechts, L; Malvaux, P; Van Vliet, G; Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx, M; Vandeweghe, M, 1987)		0.72
" The two dosage regimens had also a comparable efficacy in alleviating endometriosis symptoms and in reducing the revised American Fertility Society scoring at laparoscopic examination."( Efficacy of intranasal or subcutaneous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist inhibition of ovarian function in the treatment of endometriosis.
Blanchet, J; Faure, N; Huot, C; Lemay, A; Maheux, R, 1988)		0.27
" The inhibition of acute luteinizing hormone response during luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment was proportional to the dosage used and remained constant during the treatment period."( Dose-related inhibition of acute luteinizing hormone response during luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment for uterine leiomyoma.
Lemay, A; Maheux, R; Turcot-Lemay, L, 1988)		0.27
" Early work showed these agents to be an effective treatment of prostatic cancer, establishing an intranasal dosage regimen that suppressed serum testosterone into the castrate range."( A review of the Hammersmith Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Institute of Urology studies of buserelin in advanced prostatic cancer.
Waxman, J, 1988)		0.49
" We conclude that: (1) Efficient long-term suppression of central precocious puberty--including accelerated growth and skeletal maturation--can be maintained by intranasal dosage of BUS."( Long-term treatment of central precocious puberty with an intranasal LHRH analogue: control of pituitary function by urinary gonadotropins.
Blumberg, A; Girard, J; Hadziselimovic, F; Rime, JL; Zumsteg, U; Zurbrügg, RP, 1988)		0.27
"A treatment with the GnRH-agonist, buserelin, was given intranasally in a dosage of 400 micrograms once daily, to induce anovulation in 26 women with premenstrual tension syndrome; 23 patients completed the study course."( Induced anovulation as treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome. A double-blind cross-over study with GnRH-agonist versus placebo.
Bäckström, T; Hammarbäck, S, 1988)		0.55
" In conclusion, intermittent administration of appropriate LH-RH agonist dosing in combination with a progestogen would effectively block ovulation while preserving adequate cyclic estradiol secretion and could be an alternative contraceptive approach."( Inhibition of ovulation during discontinuous intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist dosing in combination with gestagen-induced bleeding.
Faure, N; Fazekas, AT; Labrie, F; Lemay, A, 1985)		0.27
" In conclusion, intermittent administration of appropriate LH-RH agonist dosing in combination with a progestogen would effectively block ovulation while preserving adequate cyclic estradiol secretion and could be an alternative contraceptive approach."( Inhibition of ovulation during discontinuous intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist dosing in combination with gestagen-induced bleeding.
Faure, N; Fazekas, AT; Labrie, F; Lemay, A, 1985)		0.27
" Two of 5 patients treated with the 600 micrograms regimen and 23 of 25 patients receiving the higher dosage regimens showed subjective and objective evidence of response."( A long term follow-up of patients with advanced prostatic cancer treated with buserelin.
Hendry, WF; Oliver, RT; Waxman, JH; Whitfield, HN, 1985)		0.5
" Pretreatment of the membranes with trypsin and chymotrypsin abolished the specific binding of both agonist and antagonist, in a dose-response manner, with the former being less affected."( Some characteristics of GnRH receptors in rat-pituitary membranes: differences between an agonist and and antagonist.
Hazum, E, 1981)		0.26
" From the data available today Gn-RH analogues in overstimulatory dosage can be expected to be safe and effective in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer and would thus prove a true alternative to conventional contrasexual measures."( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: untoward side effects of high-dose regimens acquire a therapeutical dimension.
Jacobi, GH; Wenderoth, UK, 1982)		0.26
" Pretreatment of the membranes with neuraminidase abolished the specific binding of both antagonist and agonist, in a dose-response manner, with the former being less affected."( GnRH-receptors of rat pituitary is a glycoprotein: differential effect of neuraminidase and lectins on agonists and antagonists binding.
Hazum, E, 1982)		0.26
" HOE766 reduced Leydig cell sensitivity to hCG (ED50) stimulation, but did not alter the slope of the dose-response curves."( Biphasic effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its agonist analog (HOE766) on in vitro testosterone production by purified rat Leydig cells.
Browning, JY; D'Agata, R; Grotjan, HE; Steinberger, A; Steinberger, E, 1983)		0.27
" Similar dose-response relationships were found for LH-RH and buserelin as concerns the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary glands from intact and ovariectomized rats."( Comparison between the biological effects of LH-RH and buserelin on the induction of LH release from hemi-pituitary glands of female rats in vitro.
de Koning, J; Koiter, TR; Schuiling, GA; Tijssen, AM; van Rees, GP, 1984)		0.76
" Dose-response curves showed non-parallelism between LH-RH and the analogue."( Response of luteinizing hormone from columns of dispersed rat pituitary cells to a highly potent analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.
Belchetz, P; Besser, GM; Grossman, A; Yeo, T, 1981)		0.26
" Hoe 766 was given either as subcutaneous injections of 2 x 200 micrograms/day over 14 days and pernasal application (3 x 400 micrograms/day) thereafter, or as subcutaneous injections of 3 x 1,000 micrograms/day over 6 days and pernasal application thereafter in the dosage mentioned above."( Endocrine studies with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue to achieve withdrawal of testosterone in prostate carcinoma patients.
Adenauer, H; Happ, J; Jacobi, GH; Krause, U; Wenderoth, UK, 1982)		0.26
" CONCLUSION -- The model was found to be responsive to the GnRH agonist agents evaluated and could discriminate between dosage levels."( Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, nafarelin, buserelin, and leuprolide, on experimentally induced endometriosis in the rat.
Mizutani, T; Sakata, M; Terakawa, N, )		0.37
"00 years), mean total dosage of HMG (61."( Pituitary down-regulation prior to in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a comparison between a single dose of Zoladex depot and multiple daily doses of Suprefact.
Abdurazak, N; Cheng, WC; Lee, FY; Oyesanya, OA; Quah, E; Teo, SK, 1995)		0.29
" A study of 93 first cycles using uFSH-HP showed that the dosage required was usually (expressed as medians) 24 ampoules over 12 days (2 ampoules/day) resulting in 9 oocytes (range 2-36) of which 93% were mature and 64% resulted in cleaving embryos."( Experience using preparations of follicle-stimulating hormone alone to stimulate the ovaries for assisted conception after pituitary desensitisation and simplified management of treatment.
Ashcroft, SA; Hull, MG; Joels, LA; Prosser, CJ, 1995)		0.29
" The dosage of PEP 160 mg monthly seems, however, to be insufficient in the treatment of prostatic cancer."( Polyestradiol phosphate (160 mg/month) or LHRH analog (buserelin depot) in the treatment of locally advanced or metastasized prostatic cancer. The Finnprostate Group.
Aro, J; Hansson, E; Juusela, H; Permi, J; Ruutu, M, 1993)		0.53
"We monitored the follicular growth ultrasonographically from the eighth day of the menstrual cycle, and assessed E2 and LH daily dosage from the tenth day."( Induction of multifollicular growth in patients non responding to clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins or gonadotropins only.
Diaferia, A; Loizzi, P; Nicastri, PL; Tartagni, M, 1995)		0.29
" Patients were randomized to either GnRH-agonist intranasally in a dosage of 100 microg once daily for two months or placebo for two months before the cross-over was made."( Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in a low dose regimen.
Bäckström, T; Bixo, M; Hammarbäck, S; Nyberg, S; Sundström, I, 1999)		0.3
" The clinical dosage of GnRHa should be reconsidered with regard to its apoptosis-inducing effect."( Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the incidence of apoptosis in porcine and human granulosa cells.
Hiroi, M; Kaneko, T; Saito, H; Saito, T; Wang, X; Zhao, S, 2000)		0.31
" However, the high dosage of FSH we employed in group A and B patients could account, at least in part, for this result."( Effects of low day 3 luteinizing hormone levels on in vitro fertilization treatment outcome.
Biagiotti, R; Fuzzi, B; Maggi, M; Marchionni, M; Noci, I; Ricci, F, 2000)		0.31
") total dosage of hMG (ampoules) (37."( Clinical evaluation of three different gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues in an IVF programme: a prospective study.
Al-Mizyen, E; Al-Shawaf, T; Bhide, M; El-Nemr, A; Gillott, C; Grudzinskas, JG; Khalifa, Y; Lower, AM, 2002)		0.31
" In conclusion, peri-pubertal colts exhibited a dose-response release of LH following buserelin treatment, but individual colts responded in an "all or nothing" manner, such that each either had an LH response or did not."( LH and testosterone responses to five doses of a GnRH analogue (buserelin acetate) in 12-month-old Thoroughbred colts.
Brown-Douglas, CG; Fennessy, PF; Firth, EC; Parkinson, TJ, 2004)		0.79
" The mean dosage of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) required for COH (2,354."( Comparison of clinical efficacy between a single administration of long-acting gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and daily administrations of short-acting GnRHa in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles.
Cheon, KW; Choi, BC; Lee, HB; Lee, SC; Song, SJ; Yoo, KJ; Yu, SY, 2008)		0.35
" When the CA-125 level normalized, the GnRHa dosage was adjusted to 150-750 microg/day to achieve a plasma estradiol (E2) concentration of 20-50 pg/ml (i."( Efficacy of long-term, low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy (draw-back therapy) for adenomyosis.
Akira, S; Kuwabara, Y; Mine, K; Takeshita, T, 2009)		0.35
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
oligopeptideA peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (18)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1136738Ovulation-inducing activity in androgen-sterilized constant-estrus rat at 0.10 ug, iv1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis and biological activity of highly active alpha-aza analogues of luliberin.
AID1345981Mouse GnRH1 receptor (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors)2016Biosensors & bioelectronics, May-15, Volume: 79Persistent GnRH receptor activation in pituitary αT3-1 cells analyzed with a label-free technology.
AID1346002Human GnRH1 receptor (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors)2016British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 173, Issue:1
Characterization of 12 GnRH peptide agonists - a kinetic perspective.
AID1346002Human GnRH1 receptor (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors)2016Biosensors & bioelectronics, May-15, Volume: 79Persistent GnRH receptor activation in pituitary αT3-1 cells analyzed with a label-free technology.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,070)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990731 (35.31)18.7374
1990's874 (42.22)18.2507
2000's281 (13.57)29.6817
2010's156 (7.54)24.3611
2020's28 (1.35)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 58.65

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index58.65 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.86 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.35 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index102.69 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (58.65)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials432 (20.12%)5.53%
Reviews98 (4.56%)6.00%
Case Studies146 (6.80%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.05%)0.25%
Other1,470 (68.47%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (22)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Phase III Study of Image Guided Radiation Therapy With or Without Androgen Suppression for Intermediate Risk Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT01492972]Phase 3192 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
Phase III Trial of Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy and Standard Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) With a GNRH Agonist vs. Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy and Enhanced ADT With a GNRH Agonist and TAK-700 For Men With High Risk Prostate Cancer [NCT01546987]Phase 3239 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Active, not recruiting
The Use of Mild Stimulation Protocol in Poor Responders : a Randomized Trial [NCT01213147]Phase 4159 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
A Phase III Study of Neoadjuvant Docetaxel and Androgen Suppression Plus Radiation Therapy Versus Androgen Suppression Alone Plus Radiation Therapy for High-Risk Localized Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT00651326]Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-02Terminated(stopped due to Poor accrual)
A Phase I Study Of Combination Neoadjuvant Hormone Therapy And Weekly OGX-011 (Clusterin Antisense Oligonucleotide) Prior To Radical Prostatectomy In Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer [NCT00054106]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-10Completed
Can Fresh Embryo Transfers be Replaced by Cryopreserved-thawed Embryo Transfers in Assisted Reproductive Cycles? [NCT00823121]Phase 1/Phase 2500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-08-31Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized Open Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of an Ovarian Stimulation Protocol Based on FSH Receptor Genotype [NCT00749853]Phase 3165 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Suspended(stopped due to PI left the institution)
Comparison Between GnRH Agonist Long Protocol And GnRH Antagonist Protocol In Outcome Of The First Cycle ART [NCT00823602]Phase 32 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-03-31Recruiting
GnRH Antagonist /Letrozole Versus Microdose GnRH Agonist Flare Protocol in Poor Responders Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization [NCT00823004]Phase 1/Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Parallel Phase III Randomized Trials of Genomic-Risk Stratified Unfavorable Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer: De-Intensification and Intensification Clinical Trial Evaluation (GUIDANCE) [NCT05050084]Phase 32,050 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-03Recruiting
Parallel Phase III Randomized Trials for High Risk Prostate Cancer Evaluating De-Intensification for Lower Genomic Risk and Intensification of Concurrent Therapy for Higher Genomic Risk With Radiation (PREDICT-RT*) [NCT04513717]Phase 32,478 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-15Recruiting
Comparisin CC/Gonadotropin/GnRH Antagonist and Gonadotropin/GnRH Agonist in IVF Outcome. [NCT00830492]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Half-Dose Depot Triptorelin Versus Reduced-Dose Daily Buserelin in a Long Protocol of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation for ICSI/ET [NCT00461916]Phase 4182 participants Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Phase III Prospective Randomized Trial of Dose-Escalated Radiotherapy With or Without Short-Term Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Patients With Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer [NCT00936390]Phase 31,538 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Active, not recruiting
A Phase III Trial of Short Term Androgen Deprivation With Pelvic Lymph Node or Prostate Bed Only Radiotherapy (SPPORT) in Prostate Cancer Patients With a Rising PSA After Radical Prostatectomy [NCT00567580]Phase 31,792 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Androgen Suppression and Elective Pelvic Nodal Irradiation Followed by High Dose 3-D Conformal Boost Versus Androgen Suppression and Elective Pelvic Nodal Irradiation Followed by 125-Iodine Brachytherapy Implant Boos [NCT00175396]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-05-31Active, not recruiting
[NCT01636505]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Phase III Randomized Trial Comparing Intermittent Versus Continuous Androgen Suppression for Patients With Prostate-Specific-Antigen Progression in the Clinical Absence of Distant Metastases Following Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00003653]Phase 31,386 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-01-05Completed
Age Versus Ovarian Reserve Markers Based Therapy in IN Vitro Fertilization [NCT01816789]Phase 4194 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Optimal response: 63% nomogram, 42% controls, overcoming the stopping rule for interim analysis)
Phase III Randomized Trial Comparing Total Androgen Blockade Versus Total Androgen Blockade Plus Pelvic Irradiation in Clinical Stage T3-4, N0, M0 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT00002633]Phase 3361 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-02-08Completed
A Prospective Randomised Study to Evaluate the Effect of Triggering Ovulation With GnRHa (Buserelin) and Low Dose hCG (Pregnyl) as Compared to the Use of Conventional Doses of hCG (Pregnyl) [NCT00627406]Phase 4384 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Phase Ib Dose Finding Study of BKM 120 in Combination With LH-RH Agonists and Bicalutamide in Men With Non Castrate Metastatic Prostate Cancer [NCT02487823]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Defect of recruitment)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure)
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality)
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Local Failure
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease)
NCT00567580 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality)
NCT00627406 (2) [back to overview]Pregnancy Rate
NCT00627406 (2) [back to overview]Frequency of Moderate to Severe OHSS.
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Local Recurrence
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Bowel Domain Score
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Hormonal Domain Score
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Sexual Domain Score
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Urinary Domain Score
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Domain Score
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Survival) by Radiation Therapy Modality
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Dead Due to Prostate Cancer (Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality)
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Acute Adverse Events
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Survival)
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Dead Due to Cause Other Than Prostate Cancer (Non-Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality)
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Late Grade 3+ Adverse Events
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Failed (Freedom From Failure)
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Receiving Salvage Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)
NCT00936390 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Biochemical Failure
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Change in Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Short Form at One Year
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Median Testosterone Recovery Time
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Biochemical Failure (Primary Endpoint of Revised Protocol)
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Death Due to Prostate Cancer
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastases
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Local Progression
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Alive [Overall Survival] (Primary Endpoint of Original Protocol)
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Serum Testosterone
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Testosterone Recovery at 12 and 24 Months
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Serum High-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Serum High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Clinical Survivorship Events
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Highest Grade Adverse Event
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With General Clinical Treatment Failure
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Fasting Total Cholesterol
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Quality of Life as Measured by Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Short Form at One Year
NCT01546987 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Late adverse events (AE) are defined as occurring > 90 days from the completion of RT. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first late grade 2 or grade 3 adverse event, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times between Arm 2 and Arm 1 and between Arm 3 and Arm 2, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: AE: from 91 days after completion of RT (approximately 7-8 weeks) to last follow-up. Vital status: from randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 2+Grade 3+
PBRT + STAD54.811.4
PBRT Alone52.810.3
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD58.614.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. Pairwise comparisons of Arm 2 vs Arm 1 and Arm 3 vs. Arm 2 are reported in the statistical analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to 90 days after completion of radiotherapy (approximately 7-8 weeks).

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 2+Grade 3+
PBRT + STAD36.38.7
PBRT Alone18.84.4
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD43.612.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure)

Secondary biochemical (failure) is defined as either of two occurrences: 1. For detectable post-baseline PSA values (≥ 0.1), the first occurrence of a PSA value that is both ≥ 0.4 and a second rise above nadir; 2.The start of second salvage therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone35.7
PBRT + STAD22.3
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD14.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis

Distant metastasis (failure) is defined as the occurrence of distant metastasis determined by imaging. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone8.3
PBRT + STAD5.9
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD4.7

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality)

Cause-specific mortality (failure) is defined as death due to prostate cancer or complications of protocol treatment (centrally reviewed), or death following disease progression (clinical or biochemical) in the absence of or after the initiation of any salvage therapy. [Biochemical progression is indicated by any rise in PSA.] Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone2.7
PBRT + STAD1.1
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD0.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Local Failure

Local failure is defined as first occurrence of local clinical progression. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone3.1
PBRT + STAD1.2
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD0.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years

Progression is defined as the first occurrence of the following events: biochemical failure by the Phoenix definition (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] ≥ 2 ng/ml over the nadir PSA), clinical failure (local, regional or distant), or death from any cause. The initiation of second salvage therapy before progression was a protocol violation and resulted in censoring. Progression time is defined as time from randomization to the date of progression, second salvage therapy (censored), or last known follow-up (censored). Freedom from progression rates are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to five years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone70.3
PBRT + STAD81.3
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD87.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease)

Hormone-refractory disease (failure) is defined as three rises in PSA after the start of second salvage androgen deprivation therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone2.9
PBRT + STAD2.4
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD1.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality)

Survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Pairwise comparisons of the overall distributions of failure times are reported in statistical analysis section, with five-year rates reported here. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. (NCT00567580)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PBRT Alone93.9
PBRT + STAD96.1
PLNRT + PBRT + STAD95.7

[back to top]

Pregnancy Rate

(NCT00627406)
Timeframe: from stimulation day 1 until last ultrasound scan 7 weeks after a positive pregnancy test

Interventionparticipants (Number)
A: >14 Follicles; GnRHa Trigger + 1500 hCG17
B: >14 Follicles; hCG Trigger15
C:<15 Follicles; GnRHa Trigger + 1500 hCG x 237
D: <15 Follicles; hCG Trigger36

[back to top]

Frequency of Moderate to Severe OHSS.

(NCT00627406)
Timeframe: From the date of triggering ovulation until 2 weeks after pregnancy test. group C and D. 12 days after pregnancy test

Interventionparticipants (Number)
A: >14 Follicles; GnRHa Trigger + 1500 hCG0
B: >14 Follicles; hCG Trigger2
C:<15 Follicles; GnRHa Trigger + 1500 hCG x 22
D: <15 Follicles; hCG Trigger0

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis

"Distant metastasis (failure) is defined as metastatic disease documented by any method. If diagnosed on diagnostic imaging prompted by biochemical failure, then the event date will be the date of biochemical progression.~Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (competing risk), or death without failure (censored). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported." (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone3.1
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation0.6

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Local Recurrence

Local recurrence (failure) is defined as clinical (palpable) suspicion of local recurrence [this date is used] confirmed by biopsy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone2.6
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Bowel Domain Score

The EPIC assesses disease-specific aspects of prostate cancer and it's therapies and consists of four summary domains (bowel, urinary, sexual, and hormonal), each ranging from 0-100, with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life. Change is calculated as time point value - baseline value, such that a positive change indicates improvement. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: Last week of RT (approximately 9 and 17 weeks from start of protocol treatment for Arm 1 and 2, respectively), then 6 months, 1 year and 5 years from end of RT.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
End of RTSix months post-RTOne year post-RTFive years post-RT
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone-9.7-2.6-4.0-2.7
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation-10.5-3.8-5.2-2.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Hormonal Domain Score

The EPIC assesses disease-specific aspects of prostate cancer and it's therapies and consists of four summary domains (bowel, urinary, sexual, and hormonal), each ranging from 0-100, with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life. Change is calculated as time point value - baseline value, such that a positive change indicates improvement. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: Last week of RT (approximately 9 and 17 weeks from start of protocol treatment for Arm 1 and 2, respectively), then 6 months, 1 year and 5 years from end of RT.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
End of RTSix months post-RTOne year post-RTFive years post-RT
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone-1.8-0.7-0.8-0.3
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation-18.4-13.7-7.8-2.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Sexual Domain Score

The EPIC assesses disease-specific aspects of prostate cancer and it's therapies and consists of four summary domains (bowel, urinary, sexual, and hormonal), each ranging from 0-100, with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life. Change is calculated as time point value - baseline value, such that a positive change indicates improvement. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: Last week of RT (approximately 9 and 17 weeks from start of protocol treatment for Arm 1 and 2, respectively), then 6 months, 1 year and 5 years from end of RT.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
End of RTSix months post-RTOne year post-RTFive years post-RT
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone-6.7-7.9-8.5-10.0
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation-22.6-19.9-16.6-9.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Urinary Domain Score

The EPIC assesses disease-specific aspects of prostate cancer and it's therapies and consists of four summary domains (bowel, urinary, sexual, and hormonal), each ranging from 0-100, with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life. Change is calculated as time point value - baseline value, such that a positive change indicates improvement. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: Last week of RT (approximately 9 and 17 weeks from start of protocol treatment for Arm 1 and 2, respectively), then 6 months, 1 year and 5 years from end of RT.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
End of RTSix months post-RTOne year post-RTFive years post-RT
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone (Arm 1)-12.4-0.1-1.9-0.4
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation (Arm 2)-13.8-3.6-1.60.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Domain Score

The PROMIS Fatigue short form 8a contains 8 questions, each with 5 responses ranging from 1 to 5, evaluating self-reported fatigue symptoms over the past 7 days. The total score is the sum of all questions which is then converted into a pro-rated T-score with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, with a possible range of 33.1 to 77.8. Higher scores indicate more fatigue. Change is defined as value at one year - value at baseline. Positive change from baseline indicates increased fatigue at one year. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: Last week of RT (approximately 9 and 17 weeks from start of protocol treatment for Arm 1 and 2, respectively), then 6 months, 1 year and 5 years from end of RT.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
End of RTSix months post-RTOne year post_RTFive years post-RT
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone0.801.090.990.97
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation1.841.210.860.80

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Survival) by Radiation Therapy Modality

Overall survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Overall survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
EBRTEBRT +LDR Brachytherapy BoostEBRT +HDR Brachytherapy Boost
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone89.410091.7
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation90.397.2100

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Dead Due to Prostate Cancer (Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality)

Prostate cancer specific mortality (failure) is defined as death due to prostate cancer or a complication from treatment. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone0.90
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation0

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Number of Participants With Acute Adverse Events

Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. Acute adverse events are defined as occuring within 30 days of completion of radiation therapy. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone152
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation504

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Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Survival)

Overall survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Overall survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone90.0
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation91.0

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Percentage of Participants Dead Due to Cause Other Than Prostate Cancer (Non-Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality)

Non-prostate cancer specific mortality is defined as a death without evidence of prostate cancer or a complication from treatment. . Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone9.1
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation9.0

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Percentage of Participants With Late Grade 3+ Adverse Events

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. Late adverse events are defined as occurring more than 30 days after the end of radiation therapy. Failure is defined as grade 3 or higher late adverse event. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone12.8
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation15.2

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Percentage of Participants Failed (Freedom From Failure)

Failure is defined as biochemical failure, local failure, or distant metastasis. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone14.8
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation7.9

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Percentage of Participants Receiving Salvage Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)

Salvage (non-protocol) ADT administration is defined as the first administration of subsequent ADT (either LHRH agonist or anti-androgen) Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Salvage ADT rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of salvage ADT times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone6.1
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation4.2

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Percentage of Participants With Biochemical Failure

Biochemical failure is defined as an increase of at least 2 ng/ml above the nadir PSA. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. Five-year rates are provided here. Analysis was planned to occur after 218 deaths were reported. (NCT00936390)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: end of RT (2nd arm only), then every 3 months for a year, every 4 months for 4 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.3 years. Five-year rates reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy Alone13.9
Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Short-Term Androgen-Deprivation7.7

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Change in Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Short Form at One Year

The PROMIS Fatigue short form 8a contains 8 questions, each with 5 responses ranging from 1 to 5, evaluating self-reported fatigue symptoms over the past 7 days. The total score is the sum of all questions which is then converted into a pro-rated T-score with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, with a possible range of 33.1 to 77.8. Higher scores indicate more fatigue. Change is defined as value at one year - value at baseline. Positive change from baseline indicates increased fatigue at one year. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, one year

InterventionT-score (Mean)
ADT + RT2.78
TAK-700 + ADT + RT3.16

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Median Testosterone Recovery Time

Testosterone recovery is defined as testosterone level after treatment greater than 230 ng/dL. Testosterone recovery rates are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, censoring for biochemical, local, or distant failure, salvage therapy, death, and otherwise alive without event. Testosterone recovery time is defined as time from randomization to testosterone recovery or censoring. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionyears (Median)
ADT + RTNA
TAK-700 + ADT + RTNA

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Percentage of Participants With Biochemical Failure (Primary Endpoint of Revised Protocol)

Note, the revised protocol (see Limitations and Caveats) changed this outcome measure from secondary (original protocol) to primary. Biochemical failure will be defined by the Phoenix definition (PSA ≥ 2 ng/ml over the nadir PSA, the presence of local, regional, or distant recurrence, or the initiation of salvage androgen deprivation therapy. Time to failure is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, while treatment effect comparisons are based on cause-specific hazards (deaths censored). Five-year rates are provided here. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT17.3
TAK-700 + ADT + RT12.8

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Percentage of Participants With Death Due to Prostate Cancer

Time to prostate cancer death is defined as time from randomization to the date of death due to prostate cancer, last known follow-up (censored), or death due to other causes (competing risk). Failure rates were to be estimated using the cumulative incidence method. If too few events occur for meaningful estimates, then only counts of events will be reported. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ADT + RT1
TAK-700 + ADT + RT0

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Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastases

Distant metastases (failure) is defined as imaging or biopsy demonstrated evidence for systemic recurrence. Biopsy was not required, however it was encouraged in absence of a rising PSA. Time to failure is defined as time from randomization to the date of first failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, while treatment effect comparisons are based on cause-specific hazards (deaths censored). Five-year rates are provided here. Note, the protocol lists this endpoint as regional or distant metastasis, but regional progression data was not collected. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT6.8
TAK-700 + ADT + RT2.9

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Percentage of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events

Time to grade 3 or higher adverse event (event) is defined as time from randomization to the date of first event, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Event rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, while treatment effect comparisons are based on cause-specific hazards (deaths censored). Five-year rates are provided here. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT34.9
TAK-700 + ADT + RT58.9

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Percentage of Participants With Local Progression

Local recurrence (failure) is defined as biopsy proven recurrence within the prostate gland. Time to failure is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, while treatment effect comparisons are based on cause-specific hazards (deaths censored). Five-year rates are provided here. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates reported.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT2.9
TAK-700 + ADT + RT0.0

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Percentage of Patients Alive [Overall Survival] (Primary Endpoint of Original Protocol)

Note, the revised protocol (see Limitations and Caveats) changed this outcome measure from primary (original protocol) to secondary. Overall survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Overall survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The protocol specifies that the distributions of failure times be compared between the arms, which is reported in the statistical analysis results. 5-year rates are provided. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT89.4
TAK-700 + ADT + RT88.1

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Serum Testosterone

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline,12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT355.7535.6886.47
TAK-700 + ADT + RT357.7325.2217.36

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Testosterone Recovery at 12 and 24 Months

Testosterone recovery is defined as testosterone level after treatment greater than 230 ng/dL. Time to testosterone recovery is defined as time from randomization to the date of testosterone recovery, biochemical, local, or distant failure (competing risk), salvage therapy (competing risk), death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Testosterone recovery rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From registration to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
12 months24 months
ADT + RT19.432.9
TAK-700 + ADT + RT12.517.4

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Serum High-density Lipoprotein (LDL)

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT88.7886.1881.35
TAK-700 + ADT + RT87.8583.7395.34

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Serum High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT40.9144.9442.16
TAK-700 + ADT + RT41.3244.5044.85

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Number of Patients With Clinical Survivorship Events

"Clinical survivorship events are defined as the following newly diagnosed non-fatal cardiovascular events or other clinical endpoints relevant to prostate cancer survivorship:~type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and osteoporotic fracture." (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Type 2 diabetesCoronary artery diseaseMyocardial infarctionStrokePulmonary embolismDeep vein thrombosisOsteoporotic fracture
ADT + RT3016651086
TAK-700 + ADT + RT181486571

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Number of Participants by Highest Grade Adverse Event

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From registration to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3Garde 4Grade 5
ADT + RT17543143
TAK-700 + ADT + RT2455591

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Percentage of Participants With General Clinical Treatment Failure

General clinical treatment failure (GCTF) is defined as: PSA > 25 ng/ml, documented local disease progression, regional or distant metastasis, or initiation of salvage androgen deprivation therapy. Failure time is defined as time from registration to the date of failure, last known follow-up (censored), or death without failure (competing risk). Failure rates are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, while treatment effect comparisons are based on cause-specific hazards (deaths censored). Five-year rates are provided here. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Follow-up schedule: every 3 months from start of treatment for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, then yearly. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 9.1 years. Five-year rates are reported here.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ADT + RT12.5
TAK-700 + ADT + RT6.8

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Hemoglobin A1c

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT6.126.336.30
TAK-700 + ADT + RT6.015.956.04

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Fasting Total Cholesterol

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT149.71160.27163.20
TAK-700 + ADT + RT154.20154.74160.61

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Fasting Plasma Glucose

(NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline12 months24 months
ADT + RT98.99102.27104.24
TAK-700 + ADT + RT100.52117.39105.51

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Change in Patient-reported Quality of Life as Measured by Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Short Form at One Year

The EPIC-Short Form is a 26-item, validated self-administered tool to assess disease-specific aspects of prostate cancer and its therapies consisting of five summary domains (bowel, urinary incontinence, urinary irritation/obstruction, sexual, and hormonal function). Responses for each item form a Likert scale which are transformed to a 0-100 scale. A domain score is the average of the transformed domain item scores, ranging from 0-100 with higher scores representing better health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Change at one year is defined as one-year value - baseline value. Positive change at one year indicates improved quality of life. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline, one year

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bowel domainUrinary domainSexual domainHormonal domain
ADT + RT-5.45-1.67-24.18-17.31
TAK-700 + ADT + RT-7.04-5.31-27.26-17.45

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Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms (or pounds) divided by the square of height in meters (or feet). Change from baseline = time point value - baseline value. (NCT01546987)
Timeframe: Baseline and yearly to five years.

,
Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
1 year2 years3 years4 years5 years
ADT + RT0.640.670.75-0.02-0.52
TAK-700 + ADT + RT-0.84-0.340.250.460.15

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1510halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		1.9810(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.42202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4120sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9710carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		3.3511aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
melatonin
[no description available]		1.9810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		1.9910metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.4120long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9710glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		1.9710saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.1310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		1.9710sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
taurine
[no description available]		1.9910amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		3.1310pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.6630benzenes;
organic amino compound
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		1.9710
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.3920dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		1.9710
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		10.9681dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.3320benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.2150(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		210
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.4220pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		10.0252nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		16.765329(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9710catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.6730dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
letrozole
[no description available]		2.2510nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.2711nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0210aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		6.6143guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		1.9710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		1.9910alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		2.420
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.3920C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		9.13266(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		1.97103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.3820inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		4.6821benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		210phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.3820fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9610haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.821benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9710N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.973111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		3.3911ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
thymidine
[no description available]		8.2360pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.87814-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.9402-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		9.27413-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.31203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
lynestrenol
Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		9.0531steroid
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.461111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		6.2511117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		3.478017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		1.9910aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.1350aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.3711carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		5.798117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.2360ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		210quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		10.7934717-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		210pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.3720aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		1.9910alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.3920diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		12.3213317beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		8.1523317alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		8.1519520-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		1.9910alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.0210amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		210
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.66305-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.4220mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
sulfan blue
sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure		1.9710organic molecular entity
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		1.9810hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.663020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		1.971020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.452020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.01101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		1.9710corticosteroid hormone
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9710organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		1.9910heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		9.87381520-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		6.914217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		8.0822417alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		1.951017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		3.7611017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formestane
[no description available]		7.537417-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		9.868120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.2110acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		1.9710
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		4.616117-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
boldenone
boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.		1.961017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0310lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		1.9710aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.3820benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		9.868117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		1.9710amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.0610copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		1.9810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		4.0731
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		2.0310
gestrinone
Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.		6.89122oxo steroid
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		4140acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		11.76611717beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0610cephalosporinantibacterial drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		6.9993indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.1310benzenes;
phenyl acetates
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.42113-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		1.96103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		3.762117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.3720pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		1.9910ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.3720butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.68305-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0510alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		3.312017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		1.9710ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.3911aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		10.2631N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		8.76303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		1.9910
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.38203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
follicle stimulating hormone
Urofollitropin: A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine.		2.0410
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		1.9710steroid ester
dienogest
[no description available]		11.914217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		210erythromycin derivative
annatto
annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia		7.5820
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
ici 164384
ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.		1.971017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		2.420organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		2.420
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		1.96101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination
[no description available]		3.3711
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.38202-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
anserine
Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.		2.0610beta-alanine derivative;
dipeptide;
zwitterion		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone-3-glucuronide
[no description available]		1.971017-oxo steroid;
beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		210
lhrh, leu(6)-n-et-glynh2(10)-
[no description available]		2.3720
methotrexate
[no description available]		9.6132dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
ym 529
YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source		2.1310
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.11103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
16-hydroxyprogesterone
16-hydroxyprogesterone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710corticosteroid hormone
lhrh, lys(6)-
[no description available]		1.9610
folligen
[no description available]		440
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		2.2510corticosteroid hormone
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		1.9710biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		4.0631amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fertirelin
fertirelin: analog of luteinizing hormone releasing factor; more potent than LHFSHRH; RN given is for releasing factor from pig; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4220oligopeptide
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		6.138417beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.94011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.884017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.420inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		1.9610peptide
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9610D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		8.0950heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.9140myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		1.9710cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.0310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.940cyclodextrin
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		210butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		3.3611
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		15.573315olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
imidazolidines
[no description available]		9.13266azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		1.9710carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.3820vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		13.6610516oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		13.958221
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		1.9710cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		10.58447stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin
[no description available]		1.9810
nadp
[no description available]		2.0110
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		1.971011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
fosfestrol
fosfestrol: Rx of prostatic carcinoma; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		3.0610aryl phosphate
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		210
tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate
tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate: affects nasal absorption of insulin in sheep		1.9710
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
quinagolide
quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist		3.8630organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		7.6630
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.3611biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.2460prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		14.52478monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		8.3611epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		1.9710prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		1.9710linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		6.9710aliphatic alcohol
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.7730organic molecular entity
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.		2.0310ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.3620hydrochloride
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		9.24301017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.341morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		7.52217prostanoid
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		2.2510heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		16.7534591organic molecular entity
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.0810cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.9340cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
ay 25,205
surfagon: potent LHRH agonist; RN given refers to (D-Ala-L-Pro)-isomer		3.0650
lhrh, n-et-alanh2(6)-
[no description available]		1.9710
pregnanediol
[no description available]		2.6630
luprostenol
luprostenol: RN given refers to 1S-(1alpha(Z),2beta(*R),3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		5.2643
tiaprost
[no description available]		2.4220prostanoid
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		1.9810gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		9.9421diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.6830cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.6830ammonium ion derivative
norgestomet
norgestomet: synthetic 19-norprogesterone that synchronizes estrus in cattle without reducing fertility; affects pituitary gonadotropins & the menstrual cycle in humans; minor descriptor (79-86), on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PREGNENEDIONES (79-86); RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer		2.4620
ay 25,205
alarelin: gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog widely used in China for the treatment of endometriosis and uterine leiomyoma		2.5420
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		2.5820diterpenoid
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		1.9710
altrenogest
altrenogest: a synthetic PROGESTERONE agonist; used in estrus synchronization		1.97103-hydroxy steroid
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		1.9910
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.3720
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.8940benzoxazole
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.11101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		1.9710
lhrh, ala(6)-gly(10)-ethylamide-
LHRH, Ala(6)-Gly(10)-ethylamide-: a growth hormone agonistic analog; RN given is for acetate salt		3.6430
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		9.04279
6-o-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin
6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin: structure given in first source; forms inclusion complexes with p-nitrophenol		1.9910
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		3.7730
detirelix
detirelix: LHRH antagonist		1.9710
iturelix
iturelix: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist		3.4170
lhrh, his(5)-trp(7)-tyr(8)-
LHRH, His(5)-Trp(7)-Tyr(8)-: isolated from chicken hypothalamus; also ostrich; RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer		2.4120
ganirelix
[no description available]		9.4395polypeptide
adrenocorticotropin zinc
[no description available]		3.0610
lhrh,(n)-ac-(4-cl-phe)(1)-(4-cl-phe)(2)-trp(3)-phe(6)-alanh2(10)-
LHRH,(N)-Ac-(4-Cl-Phe)(1)-(4-Cl-Phe)(2)-Trp(3)-Phe(6)-AlaNH2(10)-: gonadorelin antagonist		2.3820
lhrh, acetyl-2-(2-naphthyl)-ala(1)-4-f-phe(2)-trp(3)-arg(6)-
LHRH, acetyl-2-(2-naphthyl)-Ala(1)-4-F-Phe(2)-Trp(3)-Arg(6)-: gonadorelin antagonist; RN given refers to all D-isomer		1.9610
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		1.9710
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.3611peptide hormone
acyline
[no description available]		3.8521
lhrh, n-ac-2-nal(1)-4-cl-phe(2)-trp(3)-hci(6)-alanh2(10)-
LHRH, N-Ac-2-Nal(1)-4-Cl-Phe(2)-Trp(3)-Hci(6)-AlaNH2(10)-: RN given refers to (D-Ala-D-Phe-D-Trp-L-Ser-L-Tyr-D-Lys-L-Leu-L-Arg-L-Pro-D-Ala)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/90; LHRH antagonist		2.3820
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		4.2941
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		210
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		210
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		17.4623879
chitosan
[no description available]		2.9540
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		210
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		2.89403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		14.9911019
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		11.582712oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
lhrh, n-acetyl-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(1)-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(2)-tryptophyl(3)-arginyl(6)-alanine(10)-
LHRH, N-acetyl-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(1)-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(2)-tryptophyl(3)-arginyl(6)-alanine(10)-: gonadorelin antagonist		2.3820
nafarelin
Nafarelin: A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS.. nafarelin : An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women.		12.774513oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
deslorelin
deslorelin: Ovuplant is tradename for a short-term-release implant containing deslorelin acetate; RN given refers to D-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90		11.78102oligopeptide
lutrelin acetate
lutrelin acetate: LH-FSH agonist		1.9710
histrelin
histrelin: gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. histrelin : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, 1-benzyl-D-histidyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the diacetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		440oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
lhrh, n-ac-ala(1)-(4-cl-phe)(2)-trp(3,6)-
LHRH, N-Ac-Ala(1)-(4-Cl-Phe)(2)-Trp(3,6)-: gonadorelin antagonist		1.9710
lhrh, pglu(1)-phe(2)-trp(3,6)-
LHRH, pGlu(1)-Phe(2)-Trp(3,6)-: gonadorelin antagonist; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.6630
ovurelin
ovurelin: GnRH agonist		3.7830
lhrh, phe(6)-
LHRH, Phe(6)-: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9510
lhrh, n-epsilon-azidobenzoyl-lys(6)-
[no description available]		2.3720
lhrh, biotin-lys(6)-
LHRH, biotin-Lys(6)-: RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha)(D-Lys))-isomer		1.9710
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.1631
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.0810
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		210
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.0610
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9710hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		3.3770
lecirelin
[no description available]		8.8821
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		4.9532
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.3820angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		2.3820
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9610
lewis y antigen
[no description available]		1.9910
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9810guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.3920nucleoside triphosphate analogue
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		3.411
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.1310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0610
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.0610
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		021.64460162
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		04.7332
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		06.66154
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		011.08111
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		016.930999
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		118.930999
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.3541
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		06.15121
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		011.15121
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.8120
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		016.114239
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		016.114239
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.4220
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		017.1117942
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.9140
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.2110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.4220
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		017.1117942
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.9140
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		04.7221
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		04.7221
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.2510
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		010.87148
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.4220
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		05.2162
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		07.4220
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		05.2162
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		011.19619
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		011.19619
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		013.089719
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		013.089719
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		014.564818
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		014.564818
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.1510
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		07.1510
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		05.99101
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		05.99101
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.4280
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		04.4280
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		08.8288
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		08.8288
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.0810
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.0810
Emesis
[description not available]		02.0810
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.0331
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.0810
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.0810
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.0810
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.0331
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.0810
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		07.110
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		07.98289
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.0831
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.8221
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		07.98289
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.0831
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.8221
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		14.1110
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.7730
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		07.7730
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.1110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.69100
Fibroid
[description not available]		012.8410620
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		013.1412523
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		012.8410620
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		013.1412523
Adenomyosis
The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.		02.1310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.4220
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.1110
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.4220
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.08358
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.0510
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.08358
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.7921
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.0510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		08.01182
Ache
[description not available]		07.65174
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		04.3511
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		04.3511
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.65174
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		04.3511
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.4220
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.4120
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		02.0510
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.6773
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		08.69224
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		07.73184
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		013.69224
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		07.73184
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0510
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		010.63211
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.34131
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		014.719025
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		014.719025
Pyometra
An accumulation of PUS in the uterine cavity (UTERUS). Pyometra generally indicates the presence of infections.		02.0610
Follicular Cyst
Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.		02.6930
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		06.54183
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0510
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		010.78237
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		112.78237
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		06.98113
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		03.8121
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		06.98113
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.4220
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.0610
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		05.5661
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		04.341
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		04.341
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.4611
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.4611
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.28190
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.4220
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		05.0452
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		05.0452
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.41232
Gestational Luteoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.41232
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		08.6996
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		08.6996
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.0110
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		04.0731
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		04.3422
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		03.821
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.0831
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		04.0831
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		08.18132
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		08.18132
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0210
Delayed Puberty
[description not available]		010.7842
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.0210
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		02.0210
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.940
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		09.2941
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		07.7293
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0210
ADDH
[description not available]		02.0210
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.0210
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		02.0210
Ear Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.		02.0210
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		02.0210
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0210
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0210
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4120
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		05.0133
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		07.94279
Impotence
[description not available]		05.5332
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		012.94279
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		05.5332
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.3320
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		05.991
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.3320
Collagenous Fibroma
[description not available]		02.0310
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.0310
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		03.7821
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.3920
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.3920
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0310
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		07.9296
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		07.9296
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		06.22131
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		04.6261
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		04.6261
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		08.97215
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		013.97215
Metastase
[description not available]		011.113313
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		010.514610
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		011.113313
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.5890
Adenoma, Chromophobe
A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.		02.3720
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.5890
Acne
[description not available]		07.3720
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.3720
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		01.9610
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		05.62102
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		04.8242
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9510
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		01.9510
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		01.9510
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.3720
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.3720
Recrudescence
[description not available]		07.48144
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.3120
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		03.5930
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.3120
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.0750
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.0750
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9810
Cystadenoma, Papillary
A benign neoplasm of the ovary.		01.9810
Cystadenoma, Mucinous
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.		01.9810
Cystadenoma, Serous
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)		01.9810
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.6332
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.6730
Anasarca
[description not available]		01.9810
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		01.9810
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)		01.9810
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		01.9810
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		05.0252
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.3951
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.320
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.5930
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		03.320
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		08.5930
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.3711
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.3711
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.6730
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.6730
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9810
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		01.9810
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.910
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.910
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		01.9810
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		01.9810
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		03.4880
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		03.4880
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		01.9810
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		01.9810
Lymphangiomyomatosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).		01.9810
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9810
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		06.9810
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.3322
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		03.0950
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		03.0950
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9810
Hives
[description not available]		01.9810
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9810
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		06.9810
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.320
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.910
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		03.320
Infarct
[description not available]		06.9810
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube
[description not available]		02.3820
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms
Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.		02.3820
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		01.9810
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		04.2941
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		04.2941
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.23120
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.3270
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		05.3270
Polyploid
[description not available]		01.9810
Hematometra
Blood-filled UTERUS.		01.9810
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		04.0631
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.2360
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.2360
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.6771
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.8940
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.4651
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.8940
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3811
Injuries, Prenatal
[description not available]		01.9910
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3920
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.3920
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		01.9910
Cyst
[description not available]		02.420
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		01.9910
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		01.9910
Tuberculosis, Female Genital
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9910
Anosmic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		01.9910
Kallmann Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.		01.9910
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		01.9910
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		01.9910
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		01.9910
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		01.9910
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		01.9910
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		01.9910
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		01.9910
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		01.9910
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		01.9910
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		01.9910
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		01.9910
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		07.3920
Porphyria
[description not available]		04.2841
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		04.2841
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.6730
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		0210
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.6730
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		04.6921
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		04.6921
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		0210
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		0210
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5930
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.9210
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		0210
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.9210
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.9210
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		0210
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		0210
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.3820
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3611
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		01.9810
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		01.9810
Aura
[description not available]		01.9810
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		01.9810
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9810
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9810
Feminization
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.		01.9810
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9810
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		01.9810
Hidradenitis
The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions.		01.9810
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.2841
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.2841
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		01.9810
Lymphangioleiomyoma
[description not available]		02.6730
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9810
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		01.9810
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.3820
Androgenization
[description not available]		02.3820
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.3820
Absence Status
[description not available]		01.9710
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		01.9710
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		01.9710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9810
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.8910
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.8910
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9710
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.3820
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9710
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.59100
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.59100
Lymphangitis
A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9710
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		06.0484
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		03.2920
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.8910
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		03.2920
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.8910
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		01.9710
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		01.9710
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		01.9710
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		01.9710
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9710
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		01.9710
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		01.9710
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		01.9710
Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		01.9710
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		01.9710
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		02.8840
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of SERTOLI CELLS or may have a component of GRANULOSA CELLS. Some of the Sertoli cell tumors produce ESTROGEN or ANDROGENS, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as FEMINIZATION or masculinization (VIRILISM).		01.9710
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.3820
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.3820
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		03.3611
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.3611
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		01.9610
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9710
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9710
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		01.9710
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9710
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.3720
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		01.9710
Cancer of Granulosa Cells
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		01.9710
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		06.9710
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		01.9710
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.3720
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.3720
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		01.9710
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9710
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		01.9710
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9710
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9710
Paraphilias
[description not available]		02.3720
Pederasty
[description not available]		02.3720
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9610
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9610
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9710
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		01.9710
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.		01.9710
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		01.9710
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		01.9710
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		01.9710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		01.9610
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3511
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.3511
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		08.3511
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		01.9710
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		01.9710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9710
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		01.9710
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		01.9710