Compounds > symmetric dimethylarginine
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symmetric dimethylarginine

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Description

N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID169148
CHEBI ID25682
SCHEMBL ID287988
SCHEMBL ID13484056
MeSH IDM0083681

Synonyms (53)

Synonym
HSCI1_000216
n(g1),n(g2)-dimethylarginine
(s)-2-amino-5-(n',n''-dimethylguanidino)pentanoic acid
n3,n4-dimethyl-l-arginine
symmetric dimethylarginine
ng,n'g-dimethylarginine
n3,n4-dimethylarginine
guanidino-n(1),n(2)-dimethylarginine
DB02302
n,n'-dimethylarginine
sdma
CHEBI:25682
(2s)-2-amino-5-(n',n''-dimethylcarbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
30344-00-4
n(3),n(4)-dimethylarginine
n(omega),n'(omega)-dimethyl-l-arginine
n(5)-(n,n'-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)-l-ornithine
2mr ,
n3, n4-dimethylarginine
(2s)-2-amino-5-[(n,n'-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)amino]pentanoic acid
49787g1ulv ,
unii-49787g1ulv
l-ornithine, n5-((methylamino)(methylimino)methyl)-
S5838
gtpl5271
(2s)-2-amino-5-[(e)-2,3-dimethylcarbamimidamido]pentanoic acid
SCHEMBL287988
(s)-2-amino-5-((bis(methylamino)methylene)amino)pentanoic acid
SCHEMBL13484056
l-ornithine, n5-[bis(methylamino)methylene]-
ng,n'g-dimethyl-l-arginine
omega-n,omega-n'-dimethyl-l-arginine
(2s)-2-amino-5-[(e)-1,2-dimethylcarbamimidamido]pentanoic acid
symmetric dimethyl-l-arginine
AKOS026674174
n5-[bis(methylamino)methylene]-l-ornithine
n5-((methylamino)(methylimino)methyl)-l-ornithine
ng,ng'-dimethylarginine
n5-(n,n'-dimethylamidino)-l-ornithine
HY-101410
CS-6304
n~5~-(n,n'-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)-l-ornithine
mfcd14705169
HVPFXCBJHIIJGS-LURJTMIESA-N
AS-47105
Q23759026
l-ornithine, n5-[(methylamino)(methylimino)methyl]-
ng,ng'-dimethyl-l-arginine
symmetric dimethylarginine; ng,ng'-dimethyl-l-arginine
DTXSID00952691
n~5~-(n,n'-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)ornithine
F12063
(s)-2-amino-5-((bis(methylamino)methylene)amino)pentanoicacid

Research Excerpts

Overview

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a renal biomarker correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) It is incorporated into the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines for diagnosing, staging, and treating chronic kidney disease.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a ubiquitous analyte that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and can be detected in serum."( Symmetric Dimethylarginine Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Glomerular Injury in Rats.
Biswas, S; Dunn, C; Himmel, L; Kohnken, R; LeRoy, B; Logan, M; Peterson, R, 2022)		2.89
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a renal biomarker correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR)."( Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in healthy neonatal foals and mares.
Bozorgmanesh, R; Coyne, M; Fletcher, C; Hegarty, E; Mack, R; Murphy, R; Slovis, N; Snyder, J; Thornton, J, 2021)		3.51
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an excretory renal function biomarker shown to correlate well with glomerular filtration rate in dogs, cats, humans, and rats. "( Evaluation of Renal Biomarkers, Including Symmetric Dimethylarginine, following Gentamicin-Induced Proximal Tubular Injury in the Rat.
Coyne, MJ; Cross, J; Drake, C; Hamlin, DM; Leissinger, MK; Mack, R; McCrann, DJ; Murphy, RE; Schultze, AE; Strong-Townsend, M; Yerramilli, M, 2022)		2.43
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a valuable surrogate marker for decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and is incorporated into the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines for diagnosing, staging, and treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). "( Symmetrical Dimethylarginine: Evaluating Chronic Kidney Disease in the Era of Multiple Kidney Biomarkers.
Clements, C; Mack, R; Michael, H; Szlosek, D, 2022)		2.16
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a serum biomarker of excretory renal function which consistently correlates with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) across multiple species including rats, dogs, and humans. "( Evaluation of renal injury and function biomarkers, including symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), in the rat passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model.
Coyne, MJ; Cross, J; Drake, C; Mack, R; McCrann, DJ; Murphy, RE; Schultze, AE; Strong-Townsend, M, 2022)		2.4
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in patients with chronic kidney diseases, which is mostly excreted through renal tubules."( SDMA attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis through inhibition of STAT4.
Chen, D; Huang, D; Lin, P; Tan, B; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Ye, C, 2023)		1.63
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a methylated arginine derived from intranuclear methylation of l-arginine by protein-arginine methyltransferase and released into circulation after proteolysis. "( Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with International Renal Interest Society stage 4 chronic kidney disease undergoing intermittent hemodialysis.
Coyne, M; Geraldes, SS; Guimarães-Okamoto, PTC; Le Sueur, ANV; Melchert, A; Murphy, R; Szlosek, D; Takahira, RK, 2019)		3.4
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) acts as an inhibitor of eNOS."( Increased Serum Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Decreased Levels of Arginine in Sudanese Patients with Essential Hypertension.
Abdalrahman, IBB; Bakheit, KH; Erdmann, J; Gamil, S; Mohamed, AO; Schwedhelm, E, 2020)		1.48
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a serum biomarker of renal damage in dogs. "( Symmetric dimethylarginine in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease at various stages of disease severity.
Contiero, B; Domenech, O; Guglielmini, C; Poser, H; Valente, C; Zini, E, 2020)		3.44
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a cardiac biomarker in humans, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) a renal biomarker in humans, cats, and dogs. "( Asymmetric dimethylarginine-A potential cardiac biomarker in horses.
Bollinger, L; Ertelt, A; Gehlen, H; Kuban, S; Liertz, S; Merle, R; Stumpff, F, 2021)		2.44
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a promising renal marker that correlates well with the glomerular filtration rate and could allow earlier detection of impaired renal function. "( Serum symmetric dimethylarginine shows a relatively consistent long-term concentration in healthy dogs with a significant effect of increased body fat percentage.
Broeckx, BJG; Daminet, S; Hesta, M; Hillaert, A; Liu, DJX; Paepe, D; Stock, E; Vanderperren, K, 2021)		2.54
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a sensitive surrogate marker for glomerular filtration rate; however, there are uncertainties as to how to interpret mild increases (SDMA 15-19 μg/dL). "( Longitudinal evaluation of symmetric dimethylarginine and concordance of kidney biomarkers in cats and dogs.
Grauer, GF; Hegarty, E; Mack, RM; McCrann, DJ; Michael, HT, 2021)		2.36
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an inactive stereoisomer of ADMA."( High asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine and L-arginine levels in migraine patients.
Asil, T; Celik, Y; Gunduz, O; Karadag, H; Reyhani, A; Sut, N, 2017)		1.66
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases that limits nitric oxide bioavailability. "( Cardiomyocyte dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1) plays an important role in attenuating ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction.
Atzler, D; Böger, RH; Chen, P; Chen, Y; Fassett, J; Guo, H; Hu, X; Kwak, D; Liu, X; Lu, Z; Schwedhelm, E; Wang, H; Xu, X; Yue, W; Zhang, P, 2017)		1.37
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a screening tool for early kidney dysfunction and monitoring treatment in cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD). "( Variability of Symmetric Dimethylarginine in Apparently Healthy Dogs.
Burchell, RK; Burton, SE; Gal, A; Kopke, MA; Lopez-Villalobos, N; Ruaux, CG, 2018)		2.28
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a renal biomarker in humans, dogs, and cats that correlates with serum creatinine and GFR and appears to be an earlier and more specific biomarker for kidney disease."( RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF SERUM SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (SDMA) CONCENTRATIONS IN CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS).
Brandão, J; Cole, GA; Cross, J; D'Agostino, J; Hardy, S; Li, J; Lyon, S; Rakitin, A; Strong-Townsend, M; Waugh, L; Yerramilli, M, 2018)		1.46
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a novel kidney biomarker that reflects glomerular filtration rate, increasing earlier than sCr with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease."( Comparative performance of IDEXX SDMA Test and the DLD SDMA ELISA for the measurement of SDMA in canine and feline serum.
Clements, C; Coyne, M; Cross, J; Drake, C; Ernst, R; Friis, H; McCrann, D; Murphy, R; Ogeer, J; Strong-Townsend, M, 2018)		1.2
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor known as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. "( ADMA/SDMA in elderly subjects with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: values and site-specific association.
Bucciarelli, T; D'Orazio, N; Gallina, S; Riccioni, G; Scotti, L; Speranza, L; Speziale, G, 2014)		1.31
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an accurate and precise biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans and cats. "( Relationship between lean body mass and serum renal biomarkers in healthy dogs.
Hall, JA; Jewell, DE; Melendez, LD; Obare, E; Yerramilli, M, )		1.57
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a small molecule formed by methylation of arginine, and released into blood during protein degradation. "( Symmetric Dimethylarginine Assay Validation, Stability, and Evaluation as a Marker for the Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs.
Aguiar, J; Boggess, MM; Lees, GE; Nabity, MB; Obare, E; Rakitin, A; Relford, R; Yerramilli, M, )		3.02
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a catabolic product of arginine-methylated proteins and is an emerging biomarker for kidney function. "( Comparison of symmetric dimethylarginine with creatinine, cystatin C and their eGFR equations as markers of kidney function.
Bunch, DR; El-Khoury, JM; Hu, B; Payto, D; Reineks, EZ; Wang, S, 2016)		2.24
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a sensitive circulating kidney biomarker whose concentrations increase earlier than creatinine as glomerular filtration rate decreases."( Symmetric Dimethylarginine: Improving the Diagnosis and Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease in Small Animals.
Clements, C; Relford, R; Robertson, J, 2016)		2.6
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) that is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis may impair the effective coronary collateral vessel development."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine and coronary collateral vessel development.
Akyel, A; Biberoglu, G; Cengel, A; Hasanoglu, A; Kocaman, SA; Sahinarslan, A; Timurkaynak, T, 2008)		1.88
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a product of protein hydrolysis and an endogenous competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. "( Asymmetric dimethylarginine in hematological malignancies: a preliminary study.
Andrzejak, R; Antonowicz-Juchniewicz, J; Chachaj, A; Dzietczenia, J; Kuliczkowski, K; Mazur, G; Szuba, A; Wróbel, T, 2008)		2.17
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous modulator of endothelial function and oxidative stress, and increased levels of this molecule have been reported in some metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. "( Time course of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and oxidative stress in fructose-hypertensive rats: a model related to metabolic syndrome.
Collin, B; Cottin, Y; Duvillard, L; Goirand, F; Guilland, JC; Korandji, C; Lauzier, B; Moreau, D; Rochette, L; Sicard, P; Vergely, C; Zeller, M, 2011)		1.63
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis causing endothelial dysfunction, an early sign of atherogenesis. "( Asymmetric dimethylarginine as an independent risk marker for mortality in ambulatory patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Atzler, D; Benndorf, RA; Böger, RH; Darius, H; Diehm, C; Endres, HG; Lüneburg, N; Maas, R; Schwedhelm, E; Thiem, U; von Stritzky, B, 2011)		2.19
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases. "( The role of asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines in renal disease.
Böger, RH; Schwedhelm, E, 2011)		1.58
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a stereoisomer produced alongside ADMA, and has recently been described as a risk factor for cardiovascular events."( Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is raised in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study.
Barry, JA; Hardiman, PJ; Kay, AR; Lakhani, K; Leiper, J, 2011)		2.53
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor that competes with L-arginine for binding to NOS. "( Asymmetric dimethylarginine is increased in asthma.
Belik, J; Grasemann, H; Huang, H; North, ML; Pencharz, P; Rafii, M; Scott, JA; Subbarao, P, 2011)		2.19
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) which plays an important role in controlling vascular tone and regulates the contractile properties of cardiac myocytes. "( The biological effect of pharmacological treatment on dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAH-1) and cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1) expression in patients with acute congestive heart failure.
Bucciarelli, T; D'Orazio, N; Felaco, M; Franceschelli, S; Gaeta, R; Grilli, A; Riccioni, G; Speranza, L, 2011)		1.28
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a by-product of protein methylation. "( Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine reference limits from the Framingham offspring cohort.
Atzler, D; Böger, RH; Glazer, NL; Lüneburg, N; Maas, R; Riederer, U; Schwedhelm, E; Sullivan, LM; Vasan, RS; Xanthakis, V, 2011)		2.27
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) seems to be a good marker of multiorgan failure, especially renal failure."( Diagnostic value of plasma asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine levels in liver transplant recipients.
Kokot, F; Kunsdorf-Wnuk, A; Wnuk, Z, 2012)		1.36
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. "( Estradiol, acting through estrogen receptor alpha, restores dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity and nitric oxide production in oxLDL-treated human arterial endothelial cells.
Bueno-Betí, C; Hermenegildo, C; Laguna-Fernández, A; Lázaro-Franco, M; Monsalve, E; Novella, S; Sanchís, J; Sobrino, A; Tarín, JJ, 2013)		1.3
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, which has been associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in various clinical settings. "( Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine and risk of secondary cardiovascular disease events and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the KAROLA follow-up study.
Böger, R; Breitling, LP; Brenner, H; Koenig, W; Maas, R; Rothenbacher, D; Schwedhelm, E; Siegerink, B; Vossen, CY, 2013)		1.65
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. "( High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and arginine in human plasma by derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde.
Bonfigli, AR; Coppa, G; Gambini, A; Marra, M; Testa, I; Testa, R, 2003)		1.48
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide and plasma level of ADMA is often elevated in HH."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine is not elevated in exfoliation syndrome but symmetric dimethylarginine is related to exfoliative glaucoma.
Blomster, H; Kontkanen, M; Puustjärvi, T; Teräsvirta, M; Uusitalo, H; Valtonen, P, 2007)		1.87
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide production. "( Health-associated reference values for arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) measured with high-performance liquid chromatography.
Asberg, A; Bigonah, A; Hov, GG; Sagen, E, 2007)		1.5
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous and competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. "( Does ADMA cause endothelial dysfunction?
Cooke, JP, 2000)		1.22

Effects

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been increasingly used as a marker of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. Little is known about the influence of comorbidities on SDMA in this species.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been shown to increase earlier than creatinine in cats with renal dysfunction, and, unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean muscle mass."( A retrospective evaluation of the relationship between symmetric dimethylarginine, creatinine and body weight in hyperthyroid cats.
Clements, C; Coyne, MJ; Mack, R; McCrann, DJ; Ogeer, J; Quimby, J; Robertson, J; Szlosek, D, 2020)		1.53
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been shown to be a valuable biomarker for early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in canine and feline patients. "( EVALUATION OF SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE AS AN EARLY BIOMARKER OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN CAPTIVE CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS).
Lamglait, B; Vandenbunder-Beltrame, M, 2017)		2.26
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been increasingly used as a marker of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, but little is known about the influence of comorbidities on SDMA in this species."( Symmetric Dimethylarginine in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Diabetes Mellitus.
Christiansen, LB; Jessen, LR; Kieler, IN; Koch, J; Langhorn, R, 2018)		3.37
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has limited studies in cats with changing thyroid status."( Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.
Chang, YM; Covey, HL; Elliott, J; Syme, HM, 2019)		1.24
"Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been shown to be an accurate and precise biomarker for calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans, as well as a more sensitive biomarker than serum creatinine concentration (sCr) for assessing renal dysfunction."( Comparison of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine as kidney function biomarkers in cats with chronic kidney disease.
Hall, JA; Jewell, DE; Obare, E; Yerramilli, M, )		1.85
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been implicated in the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF)."( Increased Symmetric Dimethylarginine Level Is Associated with Worse Hospital Outcomes through Altered Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Cottin, Y; Guenancia, C; Guilland, JC; Lorin, J; Rochette, L; Stamboul, K; Vergely, C; Zeller, M, 2017)		1.77
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has raised considerable interest, as it is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. "( Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines are of similar predictive value for cardiovascular risk in the general population.
Egger, G; Holt, DW; Kiechl, S; Lee, T; Mayr, M; Santer, P; Thompson, G; Tsimikas, S; Willeit, J; Xu, Q, 2009)		1.62
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been suggested as a possible marker of endothelial dysfunction, and interest in its use in clinical practice is increasing. "( HPLC determination of plasma dimethylarginines: method validation and preliminary clinical application.
Artusi, C; Boffa, GM; Ivanova, M; Plebani, M; Zaninotto, M, 2010)		1.27
"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been reported to affect the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells by inhibiting endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity and to cause endothelial dysfunction in humans. "( Nebivolol reduces asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial cells by increasing dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) expression and activity.
Boccioletti, V; Cominacini, L; Garbin, U; Manfro, S; Pasini, AF; Stranieri, C, 2007)		1.58

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Symmetric dimethylarginine was lower (P < .01) in Percherons and Belgians, than in Clydesdales."( Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations in serum of healthy draft horses.
Coyne, M; Cross, J; Gallant, LR; Li, J; Murphy, R; Schott, HC; Strong-Townsend, M; Szlosek, D; Yerramilli, M, 2021)		2.79

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"001) or in combination with L-arginine (9."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine determines the improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by simvastatin: Effect of combination with oral L-arginine.
Benndorf, RA; Bierend, A; Böger, GI; Böger, RH; Dumbadze, E; Maas, R; Rudolph, TK; Schwedhelm, E, 2007)		1.25

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension have been associated with decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial dysfunction."( Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, l-arginine, and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and hypertension.
Elliott, J; Jepson, RE; Syme, HM; Vallance, C, )		0.57
" In conclusion, an unfavourable NOS substrate/inhibitor ratio may contribute to the reduced NO bioavailability associated with inflammation."( Systemic inflammation is linked to low arginine and high ADMA plasma levels resulting in an unfavourable NOS substrate-to-inhibitor ratio: the Hoorn Study.
Dekker, JM; Heine, RJ; Scheffer, PG; Stehouwer, CD; Teerlink, T; van der Zwan, LP, 2011)		0.37
" The higher ADMA level after cesarean birth compared with vaginal birth may contribute to decreased nitric oxide production and bioavailability in neonatal vascular beds."( Birth by cesarean section is associated with elevated neonatal plasma levels of dimethylarginines.
Bode-Böger, SM; Ertl, T; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Sulyok, E; Vida, G, 2012)		0.38
"In hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction due to reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide is a consistent finding."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine in adults with cystathionine β-synthase deficiency.
Blom, HJ; Castro, R; Jakobs, C; Janssen, MC; Kluijtmans, LA; Rivera, I; Rocha, MS; Smulders, Y; Tavares de Almeida, I; Teerlink, T, 2012)		1.29
" Increased oxidative stress impairs NO bioavailability and has been described in plasma of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients."( Nitric oxide synthetic pathway in red blood cells is impaired in coronary artery disease.
Cavalca, V; Chiorino, E; Crisci, M; Eligini, S; Garlaschè, A; Giovannardi, M; Lualdi, A; Porro, B; Squellerio, I; Tremoli, E; Veglia, F; Werba, JP, 2013)		0.39
" Nebivolol increases the bioavailability of NO."( Digital plethysmography and arginine metabolism in prehypertension: effect of nebivolol therapy.
Delafontaine, P; Egan, P; Fernandez, C; Giles, TD; Kandavar, R; Kim, C; Roffidal, LE; Sander, GE; Sukhanov, S; Velaga, S, 2015)		0.42
"Pathways of oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability and L-arginine derivatives are hypothesized to be related to atrial fibrillation (AF)."( ADMA, subclinical changes and atrial fibrillation in the general population.
Appelbaum, S; Atzler, D; Bauer, C; Blankenberg, S; Böger, RH; Hoffmann, B; Lackner, KJ; Münzel, T; Ojeda, FM; Ramuschkat, M; Schnabel, RB; Schwedhelm, E; Sinning, CR; Wild, PS; Zeller, T, 2016)		0.43
"In 71 in-patients with major depression and 48 healthy controls the Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (GABR), arginase activity (arginine/ornithine ratio), the L-arginine/ADMA ratio, ADMA, and SDMA were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography."( Nitric Oxide-Related Biological Pathways in Patients with Major Depression.
Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai, O; Baranyi, A; Baranyi, M; Hlade, P; Koppitz, M; Meinitzer, A; Reicht, G; Robier, C; Rothenhäusler, HB; Theokas, S, 2015)		0.42
" In addition, after a first improvement of depression at the time of hospital discharge, a significant decrease in arginase activity, an increased L-arginine/ADMA ratio and a trend for increased global arginine bioavailability were observed."( Nitric Oxide-Related Biological Pathways in Patients with Major Depression.
Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai, O; Baranyi, A; Baranyi, M; Hlade, P; Koppitz, M; Meinitzer, A; Reicht, G; Robier, C; Rothenhäusler, HB; Theokas, S, 2015)		0.42
" Test food contained functional lipids (fish oil), antioxidants (vitamins C and E), L-carnitine, botanicals (vegetables), highly bioavailable protein, and amino acid supplements."( Positive Impact of Nutritional Interventions on Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Creatinine Concentrations in Client-Owned Geriatric Cats.
Hall, JA; Jewell, DE; MacLeay, J; Obare, E; Paetau-Robinson, I; Schiefelbein, H; Yerramilli, M, 2016)		0.68
" Test food contained functional lipids (fish oil), antioxidants (lipoic acid, vitamins C and E), L-carnitine, botanicals (fruits and vegetables), controlled sodium concentration, and high quality protein sources (high bioavailability and an ideal amino acid composition)."( Positive Impact of Nutritional Interventions on Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Creatinine Concentrations in Client-Owned Geriatric Dogs.
Hall, JA; Jewell, DE; MacLeay, J; Obare, E; Paetau-Robinson, I; Schiefelbein, H; Yerramilli, M, 2016)		0.68
", the global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) and related serum amino acids, between MDD patients and non-depressed controls, and between remitted and non-remitted MDD patients."( Global arginine bioavailability ratio is decreased in patients with major depressive disorder.
Ali-Sisto, T; Honkalampi, K; Koivumaa-Honkanen, H; Lehto, SM; Mäntyselkä, P; Nandania, J; Ruusunen, A; Tolmunen, T; Valkonen-Korhonen, M; Velagapudi, V; Viinamäki, H, 2018)		0.48
"Arginine bioavailability may be decreased in MDD."( Global arginine bioavailability ratio is decreased in patients with major depressive disorder.
Ali-Sisto, T; Honkalampi, K; Koivumaa-Honkanen, H; Lehto, SM; Mäntyselkä, P; Nandania, J; Ruusunen, A; Tolmunen, T; Valkonen-Korhonen, M; Velagapudi, V; Viinamäki, H, 2018)		0.48
" These data define a role for dysregulation of NO biosynthetic pathways in the pathogenesis of MIP and support the evaluation of interventions to enhance l-arginine bioavailability as strategies to improve birth outcomes."( Malaria in pregnancy alters l-arginine bioavailability and placental vascular development.
Cahill, LS; Conroy, AL; Elphinstone, R; Gamble, JL; Gazdzinski, LM; Kain, KC; Kalilani-Phiri, L; Madanitsa, M; McDonald, CR; Mwapasa, V; Philson, AC; Sled, JG; Ter Kuile, FO; Zhong, KJY, 2018)		0.48
"Global L-arginine bioavailability was diminished, whereas plasma arginase activity, ADMA, and SDMA levels were elevated, in patients with RA compared with healthy control subjects."( Elevated levels of plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and increased arginase activity as potential indicators of cardiovascular comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Chandrasekharan, UM; Elaine Husni, M; Hazen, SL; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Wilson Tang, WH; Wu, Y, 2018)		0.78
" We conclude that arginine bioavailability is important in T2D pathophysiology."( Changes in arginine are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes: A case-cohort study in the PREDIMED trial.
Arós, F; Bullo, M; Clish, C; Cofán, M; Corella, D; Dennis, C; Estruch, R; Fitó, M; Guasch-Ferré, M; Gutiérrez-Bedmar, M; Hu, FB; Lapetra, J; Liang, L; Martínez-González, MA; Papandreou, C; Razquin, C; Romaguera, D; Ros, E; Ruiz-Canela, M; Salas-Salvadó, J; Serra-Majem, L; Sorlí, JV; Toledo, E; Wang, DD; Yu, E, 2019)		0.51
" Hence they affect production and bioavailability of eNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) and consequently healthy blood vessels."( AGXT2 and DDAH-1 genetic variants are highly correlated with serum ADMA and SDMA levels and with incidence of coronary artery disease in Egyptians.
Abdel Rahman, MF; Amir, M; Gad, MZ; Hassanein, SI, 2018)		0.48
" Wound character seems to affect NO bioavailability and wound etiology-arginine bioavailability."( Metabolites of the Nitric Oxide (NO) Pathway Are Altered and Indicative of Reduced NO and Arginine Bioavailability in Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases Complicated with Chronic Wounds of Lower Extremities: Targeted Metabolomics Approach (LC-MS/MS).
Bednarz-Misa, I; Bronowicka-Szydełko, A; Fleszar, MG; Gacka, M; Gamian, A; Kędzior, K; Krzystek-Korpacka, M; Masłowski, L; Wiśniewski, J; Witkiewicz, W, 2019)		0.51
" Impaired bioavailability of the nitric oxide precursor molecule L-arginine and higher concentrations of methylarginines (endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis) are known to impair nitric oxide synthesis in numerous gastrointestinal cell types."( Serum L-arginine and endogenous methylarginine concentrations predict irritable bowel syndrome in adults: A nested case-control study.
Attia, JR; Hancock, SJ; Holliday, E; Mangoni, AA; McEvoy, MA; Oldmeadow, C; Peel, R; Smith, WT; Talley, NJ; Walker, MM, 2021)		0.62
" Increased plasma ADMA has been widely recognized as a "trigger" initiating impaired NO bioavailability and vascular dysfunction, which ultimately leads to oxidative stress."( Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine gingival crevicular fluid levels in periodontitis.
Güney, Z; Günhan, M; Kurgan, S; Mammadov, C; Önder, C; Serdar, MA, 2023)		1.26

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Dose-response relations were assessed by restricted cubic spline regression models and potential non-linearity was evaluated using a likelihood ratio test."( Asymmetric and Symmetric Dimethylarginine as Risk Markers for Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.
Lieb, W; Maas, R; Schlesinger, S; Sonntag, SR, 2016)		0.79
" Rats were randomly assigned to one of three dose levels of gentamicin (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or a vehicle control group and dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection for either four or ten days."( Evaluation of Renal Biomarkers, Including Symmetric Dimethylarginine, following Gentamicin-Induced Proximal Tubular Injury in the Rat.
Coyne, MJ; Cross, J; Drake, C; Hamlin, DM; Leissinger, MK; Mack, R; McCrann, DJ; Murphy, RE; Schultze, AE; Strong-Townsend, M; Yerramilli, M, 2022)		0.99
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitorAn EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
guanidinesAny organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acidAny L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
L-arginine derivativeA proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-arginine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the guanidyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-arginine by a heteroatom.
dimethylarginineAn arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.
amino acid zwitterionThe zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
eNOS activation and regulation1326
Nitric oxide metabolism in cystic fibrosis06

Research

Studies (408)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904 (0.98)18.7374
1990's4 (0.98)18.2507
2000's72 (17.65)29.6817
2010's239 (58.58)24.3611
2020's89 (21.81)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index48.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.12 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.87 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index74.48 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (48.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials27 (6.31%)5.53%
Reviews29 (6.78%)6.00%
Case Studies3 (0.70%)4.05%
Observational13 (3.04%)0.25%
Other356 (83.18%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.0810carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		6.4441amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		2.1510N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		17.2623020alpha-amino acid
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.13102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0610methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.1510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		4.4322dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
melatonin
[no description available]		2.610acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.7461monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.7461monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		2.5120amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		2.2110tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		8.350uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.0240isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.610aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.0510indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0410
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0310ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.3911secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.2510piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.8220
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.110carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.2510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.3911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0510nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0110dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.151011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.12402-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.151011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.11011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.13102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.3110nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.1710amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.7230aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.8430adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		1.9910phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.0510ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.7830amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.5780aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		4.6790non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.4211L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		7.1710erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		19.2140327arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.0510alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.3110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.0410fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.0410aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		11.46190homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.0410indazole
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		7.39161amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.7630dialdehydebiomarker
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.9810acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.7821alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		4.1610sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.47201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		3.1450alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.0510alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		9.3411delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		9.35113-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		8.4211biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.2510adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.1522D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
3-aminoisobutyric acid
3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		metabolite
3-methylhistidine
3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.		1.9610L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.610iditolfungal metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		6.14111amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-epsilon-acetyllysine
N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine where the N(6)-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.2110acetyl-L-lysine;
amino acid zwitterion;
N(6)-acyl-L-lysine		human metabolite
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM		2.4420
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		4.3511
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.0510ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.3911alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		17.2623020dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine
N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.		2.9610amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
2-methylarginine
2-methylarginine: amino acid with antibiotic properties produced by Streptomyces X-11837; RN given refers to (L-Arg)-isomer		1.9610
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		7.42200amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0810azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
gamma-glutamylglutamine
gamma-glutamylglutamine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Gln : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of glutamine		2.1710dipeptidehuman metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		7.21101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.78302-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		2.110adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine
5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.		7.4110thioadenosinealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		2.0810dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indican
[no description available]		2.1510beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.0510tripeptide
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		7.5320macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0510butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.1102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.0610cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.4711cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		1.9610
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.1110sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.3911monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		4.4811D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.0810stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		3.3911F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer		2.0510octadecadienoic acid
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.1110sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.610medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		7.1510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		8.4211azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0810cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.9330monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.6620
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.4811(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		3.4411enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0610aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		6.1522aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		8.96261
empagliflozin
[no description available]		6.1522aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0310benzoxazole
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.1510polypeptide
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.1331
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.41201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.8730organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.5720
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.2510
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.1450polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.1110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.610
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		4.3511
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		2.0310
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.33203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.03105,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.0431folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
vardenafil dihydrochloride
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.		3.511
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.4620
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.19130
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		04.19130
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.6930
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.6930
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		09.83590
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.4150
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		09.83590
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.53350
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		05.93190
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		010.05150
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.15195
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		09.15195
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.4620
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.4110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.4620
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.4110
Bleeding
[description not available]		07.4110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.4110
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.4110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		011.87562
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.4110
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.4110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.4110
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.610
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.610
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.610
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		08.9240
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		07.610
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.29110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.8220
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.610
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		08.39111
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		08.34194
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		08.34194
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.8530
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.5220
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.8530
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.67121
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.67121
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.2110
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.2110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.6280
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		08.6280
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.6380
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.7730
Amentia
[description not available]		02.2110
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.4651
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.460
Embolus
[description not available]		02.2110
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		08.460
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.2110
Azotaemia
[description not available]		03.140
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.2510
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.2510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.09103
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.5480
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		09.5480
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.1750
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.1750
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.730
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.730
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.6620
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		06.23111
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.5320
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		06.23111
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.5320
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.07152
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.07152
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.8110
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.8110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.6990
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		08.0292
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.0292
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		02.2510
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		07.2510
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.2510
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		010.3141
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.5920
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		05.3141
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.5920
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.8130
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.8130
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.		02.2510
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.3110
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.7220
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.3110
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.8330
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.8330
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.6781
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		08.06102
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.5720
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.6781
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		08.06102
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.3110
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.3110
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		02.3110
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		02.3110
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.4110
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.3110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.3110
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.3110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.3110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.3110
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.3110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.3110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.3110
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.3110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		07.3110
Asystole
[description not available]		02.4110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.4110
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.3110
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.3110
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.79100
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.79100
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		07.1510
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.1510
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.1510
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1510
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.1510
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.1510
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.1510
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		010.2941
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.2941
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.1510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.5320
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.1510
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.520
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.420
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.17101
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.1510
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.520
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		04.2360
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		09.2360
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.5420
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.5420
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		09.8940
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.5720
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		07.8630
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.8630
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.5420
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.5420
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.1710
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.1710
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.1250
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.0340
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.0340
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.1710
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1710
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.1710
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.1710
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.1710
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.1710
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		06.0352
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		011.0352
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.0140
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		07.5220
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.1710
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1710
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.5520
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.5520
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.5320
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.2110
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.8330
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.8330
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.2110
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.2110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.5220
Masked Hypertension
Phenomenon where increased BLOOD PRESSURE readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING) do not replicate in clinical settings.		02.2510
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.2110
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		02.2110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.2110
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.8921
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		0340
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		0340
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.7930
MODS
[description not available]		02.0810
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.0810
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.0810
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.0810
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0810
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.9760
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.1631
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		07.0810
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.0810
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.0810
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.4720
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.110
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.110
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.4720
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		04.231
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		04.231
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		07.110
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.4820
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.4820
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		07.5662
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		07.5662
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.110
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.110
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		02.110
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		02.110
Pre-Hypertension
[description not available]		03.511
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		07.1110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.1110
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.1110
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.7430
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		07.9640
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.1110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.1310
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.1310
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.1310
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.1310
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		05.7721
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.0410
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		05.7721
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.1310
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.1310
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.1310
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.1310
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.1310
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.1310
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.1510
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.1510
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		07.1510
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.1510
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		07.0410
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		02.9610
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		02.9610
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.0410
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		07.4620
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.0410
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.0410
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.0410
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.0410
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.0410
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0510
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0510
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.3720
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.3720
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.3720
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.3720
Harelip
[description not available]		02.0510
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.0510
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.0510
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.0510
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.0510
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0510
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.7530
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.7530
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.0510
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.8221
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.8221
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.0510
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.0510
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.0510
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.0510
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.0510
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		02.0510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0510
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		03.4411
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.0510
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.0510
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		07.0610
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.0610
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.0610
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.0610
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		07.0610
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.9810
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0610
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0610
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0610
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		07.0610
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.4620
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.4220
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0710
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0710
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		02.0710
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0710
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.0710
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		07.0710
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.0710
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.0710
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.0710
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		02.0710
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.0710
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0710
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.0710
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0710
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.0710
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0710
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.9210
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.0110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9410
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.9410
Exfoliation Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Exfoliation Syndrome
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)		07.0310
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		07.0310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		09.1131
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0410
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.0410
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.0410
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.0410
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0410
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.3820
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.3820
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9810
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		01.9910
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9910
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.0110