Compounds > diminazene aceturate
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

diminazene aceturate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5284544
CHEMBL ID380216
CHEBI ID82615
SCHEMBL ID11311441
MeSH IDM0045045
PubMed CID65060
CHEMBL ID124025
SCHEMBL ID120718
MeSH IDM0045045

Synonyms (80)

Synonym
n-acetylglycine - 4-[(1e)-3-{4-[amino(imino)methyl]phenyl}triaz-1-en-1-yl]benzenecarboximidamide (2:1)
diminazene diaceturate
908-54-3
diminazene aceturate
CHEMBL380216
chebi:82615 ,
HMS3264M22
SCHEMBL11311441
S4104
FT-0624974
AKOS025310610
CCG-213828
diminazene aceturate [mi]
diminazene aceturate [mart.]
(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(iminomethanaminium) bis(acetamidoacetate)
diminazene bis(n-acetylglycinate)
W-100324
DTXSID4022945
diminazene aceturate, analytical standard
AKOS030243015
HMS3652K14
mfcd00058386
4,4'-(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidamide bis(acetylglycinate)
SW219273-1
(e)-4,4'-(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidamide bis(2-acetamidoacetate)
diminazene (aceturate)
CS-0011255
HY-12404
Q27156132
AS-14290
diminazene (diaceturate)
4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bis[benzenecarboximidamide] bis(n-acetylglycinate)
4,4'-(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidamide bis(2-acetamidoacetate)
4-[2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazinyl]benzene-carboximidamide diaceturate
A916389
diminazene aceturate is known as an anti-protozoal diamidine.
diminazene aceturate 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile:water
2-acetamidoacetic acid;4-[2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazinyl]benzenecarboximidamide
diminazene 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile:water
einecs 212-999-2
di-(4-amidinophenyl)-triazen-(n-1,3)-diaceturat [german]
4,4'-(diamino)dibenzamide diaceturate
nsc 114835
di-(4-amidinophenyl)-triazine-(n-1,3)-diaceturate
1,3-bis(4-guanylphenyl)triazene diaceturate
n-acetylglycine, compound with 4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bis(benzenecarboxamidine) (2:1)
diminazenaceturate
beronal
4,4'-diamidinodiazoaminobenzene diaceturate
ganasag
berenil
diaminazene aceturate
diminazine aceturate
azidin
p,p'-diguanyldiazoaminobenzene diaceturate
nsc114835
4,4'-(diazoamino)dibenzamidine diaceturate
nsc-114835
ganaseg
1,3-bis(p-amidinophenyl)triazene bis(n-acetylglycinate)
azidine
1,3-bis[4-guanylphenyl]triazene diaceturate
bevenil
CHEMBL124025
nsc759843
pharmakon1600-01502349
nsc-759843
di-(4-amidinophenyl)-triazen-(n-1,3)-diaceturat
unii-ji8sad85no
ji8sad85no ,
smr004701261
MLS006010139
SCHEMBL120718
AKOS026750040
bis(2-acetamidoacetic acid); 4-[(2e)-3-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)triaz-2-en-1-yl]benzene-1-carboximidamide
M011GS5PF5 ,
diminazene monoaceturate
unii-m011gs5pf5
15114-96-2
Q27281516

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Additionally, cats were monitored for adverse drug reactions by daily observation and examination."( Failure of efficacy and adverse events associated with dose-intense diminazene diaceturate treatment of chronic Cytauxzoon felis infection in five cats.
Birkenheuer, AJ; Cohn, LA; Lewis, KM; Marr, HS, 2014)		0.4
"The aims of this study were to develop nerolidol-loaded nanospheres, and to evaluate their efficacy in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma evansi, as well as to determine their physicochemical properties, morphology, and any possible side effect in vitro against peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)."( Nerolidol nanospheres increases its trypanocidal efficacy against Trypanosoma evansi: New approach against diminazene aceturate resistance and toxicity.
Baldissera, MD; Cossetin, LF; da Silva, AP; Da Silva, AS; Dalla Lana, DF; Grando, TH; Monteiro, SG; Nascimento, K; Sagrillo, MR; Souza, CF; Stefani, LM, 2016)		0.43
" Following randomised trypanocidal treatment (diminazene diaceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride or isometamidium chloride), animals were observed for immediate adverse drug reactions and follow-up assessment was performed at 1 and 2 weeks."( Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial.
Jallow, S; Raftery, AG; Rodgers, J; Sutton, DGM, 2019)		0.51
" However, DA has been reported to have toxic side effects that limit its application."( Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of a novel diminazene aceturate derivative in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
Jia, F; Li, X; Ma, W; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated in which bioequivalence data (n = 10) together with data from an additional four cattle were used."( A bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two commercial diminazene aceturate formulations administered intramuscularly to cattle.
Du Preez, JL; Gummow, B; Swan, GE, 1994)		0.29

Compound-Compound Interactions

Susceptibility patterns of sensitive and resistant parasites were evaluated against calcium antagonists of several chemical classes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"0 micrograms/ml in combination with diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride."( The effect of verapamil alone and in combination with trypanocides on multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
Kaminsky, R; Zweygarth, E, 1991)		0.28
" Susceptibility patterns of sensitive and resistant parasites were evaluated against calcium antagonists of several chemical classes (verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlopromazine), alone and in combination with suramin, diminazene aceturate or melarsen oxide cyteamine."( Trypanocidal resistance in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro: effects of verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlorpromazine alone and in combination with trypanocides.
Anene, BM; Anika, SM; Chukwu, CC; Ross, CA, 1996)		0.29

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It therefore appears that drug bioavailability is altered or drug biotransformation occurs during the in vivo test."( In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, MelCy, quinapyramine and isometamidium.
Baltz, T; Giroud, C; Zhang, ZQ, 1991)		0.28
"Ingestion of proteinase inhibitors leads to hyperproduction of digestive proteinases, limiting the bioavailability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis, which affects insect growth and development."( Enzymatic response of the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) to a bis-benzamidine proteinase Inhibitor. i.
Guedes, RN; Lourenção, AL; Marinho-Prado, JS; Oliveira, JA; Oliveira, MG; Pallini, A, 2012)		0.38
" In accordance with that, pharmacological ACE2 activation by DIZE treatment reduced ROS production and NADPH oxidase expression, and elevated nNOS and eNOS expression and NO bioavailability in the penis of ApoE(-/-) mice."( Diminazene protects corpus cavernosum against hypercholesterolemia-induced injury.
Costa-Fraga, FP; da Silva, RF; Faye, Y; Fraga-Silva, RA; Mach, F; Montecucco, F; Pelli, G; Raizada, MK; Santos, RA; Shenoy, V; Stergiopulos, N; Sturny, M, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The activity of each drug was expressed as: 1) in vitro: the minimal effective concentration which killed trypanosome population by 100% within 24 h of drug exposure (MEC100); the maximum tolerated concentration in which trypanosomes could propagate at the same rate as the controls during 48 h of drug exposure (MTC100); 2) in vivo: the curative dosage in 100% of infected mice (CD100); the highest ineffective dosage: 100% of infected mice remain infected (ID100)."( In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, MelCy, quinapyramine and isometamidium.
Baltz, T; Giroud, C; Zhang, ZQ, 1991)		0.28
" When this third group was treated, the frequency of trypanosomes resistant to the drug dosage was estimated to be less than 1 in 10(3)."( Apparent rarity of diminazene-resistant trypanosomes in goats infected with a diminazene-resistant population of Trypanosoma congolense.
Mamman, M; Murphy, NB; Peregrine, AS; Williams, DJ, 1995)		0.29
" The EC50 values calculated by means of dose-response curves were 45, 80, 165, 259 and 600 microM for 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), dibromo propamidine, pentamidine 2-hydroxy stilbamidine and stilbamidine, respectively, although no inhibitory effects on cell growth were found at 1 mM propamidine, phenamidine and amicarbalide."( Putrescine uptake inhibition by aromatic diamidines in Leishmania infantum promastigotes.
Alvarez Bujidos, ML; Balaña Fouce, R; Cubria, JC; Ordoñez, D; Reguera, R, 1994)		0.29
", when the same flies were allowed to feed on clean goats, the resultant infections were sensitive to treatment with the same drug dosage when administered 24 h following infection."( Variation in sensitivity of Trypanosoma congolense to diminazene during the early phase of tsetse-transmitted infection in goats.
Katende, J; Mamman, M; Moloo, SK; Peregrine, AS, 1993)		0.29
" Underdosing with trypanocides appeared to be uncommon and the indications were that farmers generally gave the drugs at dosage rates above the recommended standard dose."( The use of trypanocides and antibiotics by Maasai pastoralists.
Mwendia, C; Okech, G; Roderick, S; Stevenson, P, 2000)		0.31
" Following the free of charge treatment of the adult cattle at intervals of 7 weeks and at a dosage of 15 ml/100 kg body weight, there was an increase in the average packed cell volume in the herd although the decline in the incidence of trypanosomal infections was more prolonged."( A large-scale trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin (Cylence, Bayer) in controlling bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Zambia.
Jooste, R; Lumamba, D; Mubanga, J; Munsimbwe, L; Van den Bossche, P, 2004)		0.32
" Method had the potential to determine these drugs simultaneously from dosage forms without any interference with each other."( Validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of diminazene diaceturate and phenazone in injectable veterinary granules and bulk powders.
Bekhit, AA; Genete, G; Hymete, A; Kassaye, L, 2012)		0.38
" Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level."( Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs.
Alusi, PM; Auma, JE; Chemuliti, JK; Kurgat, RK; Mdachi, RE; Mugunieri, LG; Mukiria, PW; Ogolla, KO; Okoth, SO; Wamwiri, FN; Wanjala, KB, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
antiparasitic agentA substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
trypanocidal drugA drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
N-acetylglycinate saltAny salt prepared using N-acetylglycine as the acid component.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (74)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1435163Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 40 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1435160Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 37 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1426364Anti-parasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as reduction in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip bid administered on day 21 to 30 post infection measured on day 180 by microscopic method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-09, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Urea Derivatives of 2-Aryl-benzothiazol-5-amines: A New Class of Potential Drugs for Human African Trypanosomiasis.
AID1689543Competitive binding affinity to Escherichia coli XL-1 pUC18 plasmid DNA at 20 uM after 30 to 120 mins by DAPI staining based spectrofluorimetric method relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1585774Antiparasitic activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain 427 after 48 hrs by resazurin dye-based assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-27, Volume: 61, Issue:24
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Nitroimidazopyrazin-one/-es with Antitubercular and Antiparasitic Activity.
AID1435162Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 39 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1689521Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 infected in 449_Grx-roGFP2 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1695260Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by resazurin assay
AID1435159Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 36 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID266332Activity against Trypanosoma brucei GVR35 in infected NMRI mouse at 40 mg/kg, ip2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
DNA binding affinity of bisguanidine and bis(2-aminoimidazoline) derivatives with in vivo antitrypanosomal activity.
AID1689550Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei AnTaT 1.1 infected in Balb/cJ mouse assessed as reduction in parasitemia at 40 mg/kg, ip for single dose and measured after 7 to 17 days2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1368576Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 667 infected in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as mean relapse time at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post-infection (Rvb = 31 days)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides.
AID1689538Induction of cell cycle arrest in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 assessed as accumulation at 0K+1N cells at 41 nM after 24 hrs by DAPI. staining based epifluorescence microscopic analysis relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1435157Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 34 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1435161Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 38 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1689544Competitive binding affinity to Escherichia coli XL-1 pUC18 K-DNA at 20 uM after 30 to 120 mins by DAPI staining based spectrofluorimetric method relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1435165Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 43 to 45 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1689522Selectivity index, ratio of EC50 for cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells to EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 4272020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID213470In vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Bisguanidine, bis(2-aminoimidazoline), and polyamine derivatives as potent and selective chemotherapeutic agents against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation.
AID1689536Induction of cell cycle arrest in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 41 nM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 49%)2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1689537Induction of cell cycle arrest in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 assessed as accumulation at 1K+1N cells at 41 nM after 24 hrs by DAPI. staining based epifluorescence microscopic analysis (Rvb = 80%)2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1689535Induction of cell cycle arrest in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 41 nM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 20%)2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Novel distamycin analogues that block the cell cycle of African trypanosomes with high selectivity and potency.
AID1435164Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 41 to 42 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1695263Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 infected in human HEK293 cells assessed as parasite growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay
AID1368580Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 667 infected in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as infection cure rate at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 4 post-infection (Rvb = 0%)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides.
AID1435180Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasite levels in brain at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1368581Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 667 infected in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as infection cure rate at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post-infection (Rvb = 0%)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides.
AID1435179Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasite levels in peripheries at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1435166Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 50 to 51 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID1435158Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU667 infected in mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia at 10 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on day 21 post infection measured on day 35 by microscopic method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Discovery of N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-benzyloxyphenyl benzamides: New potent Trypanosoma brucei inhibitors.
AID576019Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2238-encoded QacBIV gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID110827Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.4 mg/kg; 24/451984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110963Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 100 mg/kg; 5/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID111001Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 25 mg/kg; 3/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110993Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 2.5 mg/kg; 9/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID576021Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2238-encoded QacBIV S151I mutant gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID576022Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2238-encoded QacBIV A184V mutant gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID111145Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 6 mg/kg; 10/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110975Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 150 mg/kg; 3/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID46169Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:Calf thymus DNA(0.1:1) binding at pH 51997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID608617Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 46, Issue:7
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-nitro-substituted 1,3-diaryltriazenes as a novel class of potent antitumor agents.
AID660873Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 (BS221) after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-08, Volume: 2, Issue:12
Synthesis of marine-derived 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids with potent antiprotozoal activity.
AID576014Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZN10 containing cat and bla genes by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID110820Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.06 mg/kg; 0/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID576016Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2182-encoded QacBII gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID111138Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 60 mg/kg; 5/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110983Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 15 mg/kg; 3/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID608831Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells at 32 uM2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 46, Issue:7
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-nitro-substituted 1,3-diaryltriazenes as a novel class of potent antitumor agents.
AID111122Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 40 mg/kg; 5/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID660874Antitrypanosomal activity against TbAt1-deficient bloodstraem form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 (BS221) after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-08, Volume: 2, Issue:12
Synthesis of marine-derived 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids with potent antiprotozoal activity.
AID311567Antibabesial activity against Babesia gibsoni2007Journal of natural products, Oct, Volume: 70, Issue:10
Screening of Indonesian medicinal plant extracts for antibabesial activity and isolation of new quassinoids from Brucea javanica.
AID55499Concentration required to give 50% fluorescence quenching of bound ethidium for [ethidium]: [(poly dG-dC)]2 DNA in ratio of 0.1:1 at pH 51997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID110957Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 1.5 mg/kg; 19/201984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID111127Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 4 mg/kg; 10/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID463400Selectivity ratio of EC50 for Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 to EC50 for Trypanosoma brucei brucei deltaTbat1-KO2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.
AID110949Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.6 mg/kg; 23/251984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110825Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.25 mg/kg; 28/401984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID662819Antileishmanial activity against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana MNYC/BZ/62/M379 after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-08, Volume: 2, Issue:12
Synthesis of marine-derived 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids with potent antiprotozoal activity.
AID576015Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2396-encoded QacA gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID576017Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2162-encoded QacBIII gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID377793Antibabesial activity against Babesia gibsoni in dog erythrocytes after 72 hrs2005Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4
Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri.
AID98563Cytotoxic potency required to inhibit L1210 cell growth by 50% after cell drug contact for 48 hrs1997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID110972Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 10 mg/kg; 5/51984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID110952Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 1.0 mg/kg; 9/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID55500Concentration required to give 50% fluorescence quenching of bound ethidium for [ethidium]: [poly(dA-dT)]2 DNA in ratio of 0.1:1 at pH 51997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID110822Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.15 mg/kg; 6/201984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID576018Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2162-encoded QacBIII E320A mutant gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID46135Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:Calf thymus DNA (1.26:1) binding at pH 71997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID1812896Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei measured after 3 to 4 days by Z2 coulter counter based analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Self-Masked Aldehyde Inhibitors: A Novel Strategy for Inhibiting Cysteine Proteases.
AID113850Effective dose against Trypanosoma brucei infection in mice1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID46133Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:calf thymus DNA (1.26:1) binding at pH 51997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23
1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID576023Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2238-encoded QacBIV E377G mutant gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
AID110823Compound was tested for Trypanocidal Activity in mice at 0.1 mg/kg; 1/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Trypanocidal 1,3-arylene diketone bis(guanylhydrazone)s. Structure-activity relationships among substituted and heterocyclic analogues.
AID576020Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RDN1 harboring cloned pTZ2238-encoded QacBIV A19T mutant gene by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
Fluoroquinolone efflux by the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (557)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990130 (23.34)18.7374
1990's145 (26.03)18.2507
2000's74 (13.29)29.6817
2010's154 (27.65)24.3611
2020's54 (9.69)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 51.47

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index51.47 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.30 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.95 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index75.75 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (51.47)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials16 (2.85%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews14 (2.49%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies6 (1.07%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other526 (93.59%)84.16%
Other9 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Safety of Trypan Blue Capsule Staining to Corneal Endothelium in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy [NCT03755752]65 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Membranepeeling With Trypan Blue Versus Membranpeeling With Brillant Blue for Patients With Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes [NCT00757380]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Descriptive Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of the Dye Compound of the Combination of Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Trypan Blue to Stain the Anterior Lens Capsule During Cataract Phacoemulsification. [NCT01621789]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.5820monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.69306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.1510acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.7830halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.2110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.411glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		1.9710aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.07102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9610sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.2510aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.2510carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.610aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		1.9910elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0610alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.2510monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
putrescine
[no description available]		3.76110alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.610azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.07102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		3.0750polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		2.940polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		7.3110amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.6630isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.0210
albendazole
[no description available]		2.7330aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		9.3341pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		1.9810aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
benzamidine
benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.		2.4520benzenes;
carboxamidine		serine protease inhibitor
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		15.6353315carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		5.61140bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
caffeine
[no description available]		2.0110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.9140aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9810aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9910organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		7.5920monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		7.4620aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		1.9910piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		5.1140indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		1.9710substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.2110acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9910dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		3.85120alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		1.9910organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dimetridazole
Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
stallimycin
[no description available]		5.29100
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.6120N-acyl-amino acid
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.110trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		210aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.1710resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		1.9610nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.2510
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		4.5240phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.2510one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.1710carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.1510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.25101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.9540C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.37201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		6.12170
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.4110benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		1.9710aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.05101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.97380aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0110barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		1.9910arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0110inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.2110isoquinolines
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		210benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.5820naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		1.9810aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ronidazole
Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.		2.3720C-nitro compound;
carbamate ester;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.9710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4220isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		5.48210naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		1.9710aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.0210mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.940pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
idoxuridine
[no description available]		1.9610organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		7.4120C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		6.9810glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.3720pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.7330amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		3.1860anilines;
primary arylamine
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9710aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		1.9710non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		1.9310pyrrolidin-2-ones
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		2.1110xanthonesinsecticide
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		210mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		1.9910aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		2.0210biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.0410trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.1310cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,2,2,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) ester
[no description available]		2.1710piperidines
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.6630pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.8630mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0110aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
quinuronium sulfate
quinuronium sulfate: structure		2.6630
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9610azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.420acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.420isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		2.1510diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.0810pyrrolizidine alkaloid
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.06102-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
rhein
[no description available]		2.110dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.110aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.21101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810aminoquinoline
melarsoprol
Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.		3.6190triazines
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		3.3670C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		340dialdehydebiomarker
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.1310terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		1.9610aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dibrompropamidine
[no description available]		2.4120aromatic ether
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.1510acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.3720
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.3620cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		7.1310cadmium molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0610alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
streptomycin
[no description available]		7.610antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
quinacrine mustard
Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.		1.9710hydrochlorideintercalator
imidocarb
Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.		3.4980ureasantiprotozoal drug
coralyne
coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist		2.0310isoquinolines
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.4120elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.2510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.4120elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		7.1710D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.9140delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
phosphoryl chloride
phosphoryl chloride: structure		210phosphorus coordination entity
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		7.0610inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
melarsonic acid
melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		9.12316-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
ipronidazole
Ipronidazole: An antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. It also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
octylguanidine
octylguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
melarsen oxide
melarsen oxide: inhibits glutathione reductase		1.9910
ethonium
Ethonium: Russian drug; RN given refers to dichloride		1.9610
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.2510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9810pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.1310alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7330aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		2.1510biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.3970adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
halofuginone
[no description available]		1.9610quinazolines
phenamidine
phenamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6730
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.3920aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
thymidine 5'-triphosphate
thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allicin
[no description available]		2.110botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
melarsomine
melarsomine: structure given in first source		4.2331
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.2110benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		1.9710steroid ester
fexinidazole
fexinidazole: structure given in first source		2.4120
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
buparvaquone
buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source		2.3920
parvaquone
parvaquone: structure given in first source		1.9610
pyrithidium bromide
[no description available]		2.3620
trypan red
[no description available]		2.3420
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.9130hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
melarsen
melarsen: product of the decomposition in aqueous solution of melarsamine HCl; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure		1.9810
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		7.1310
isometamidium chloride
isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames		8.64722organic molecular entity
nimbolide
nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source		2.110
cyfluthrin
cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.2510
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.1510aminoquinoline
mk 436
MK 436: structure		1.9510
lexitropsin
lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide		1.9910
quinapyramine
quinapyramine: RN given refers to hydride; structure		9140
melarsomine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		5.96142
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		5.46200amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
sn 18071
SN 18071: bisquarternary ammonium heterocycle; RN given refers to 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid[1:2] salt; structure given in first source		1.9610
furamidine
furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this		2.4120
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		1.9810
ro 15-0216
[no description available]		6.9710
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.6830oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
4,4'-(2,2-bis((4-(aminoiminomethyl)-2-bromophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(3-bromobenzenecarboximidamide
4,4'-(2,2-bis((4-(aminoiminomethyl)-2-bromophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(3-bromobenzenecarboximidamide: structure given in first source		1.9810
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		4.02120amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
nogalamycin
Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.		3.4720
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		1.9710
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.4110bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.3920inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
puromycin
[no description available]		2.1710puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		2.6630
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.4320
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.2510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
mln 4760
2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid: MLN-4760 is the (S,S)-isomer; an ACE2 inhibitor; structure in first source. MLN-4760 : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which a hydrogen of the primary amino group is substituted by a (1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl group and the ring NH group is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorobenzyl group. It is a potent and selective human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) which was in clinical development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.		2.5520dichlorobenzene;
L-histidine derivative;
L-leucine derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.4.17.23 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		2.5820
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		1.9610actinomycinmutagen
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		2.4420tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.1310
4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4h-pyran
2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile: structure in first source		2.1310
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.1710cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
8-azidoethidium
8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.081011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.5220cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.1310
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.6730
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310monocarboxylic acid anion
quercetin
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		1.9610biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.3820antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.110dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.110ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
anthramycin
[no description available]		3.0610
nerolidol
nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.		7.1310nerolidol
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		3.3670guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8740
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.66203metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.15106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		7.2110dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.0210carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
gedunin
gedunin: isolated from neem (Azadirachta indica); structure in first source. gedunin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product found particularly in Azadirachta indica and Cedrela odorata.		2.110limonoid
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.0610ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.1310chalcogen;
metalloid atom
sibiromycin
[no description available]		3.0610aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine
[no description available]		2.1310
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.940nitrofuran antibiotic
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.3611biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
bis((3-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl)methylene)carbonimidic dihydrazide trihydrochloride
bis((3-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl)methylene)carbonimidic dihydrazide trihydrochloride: structure given in first source		210
norleu3-a(1-7)
norLeu3-A(1-7): accelerates healing, reduction of fibrotic scar, and normalization of tissue architecture		2.1110
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.4110bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.6320aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
alloin
alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure		2.110diastereoisomeric mixtureEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
laxative
cc 1065
CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc		3.0610
imidocarb dipropionate
[no description available]		3.2660
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.5120
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.4820
amicarbalide diisethionate
amicarbalide diisethionate: structure		2.8840
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.4120
mdl 73811
MDL 73811: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		1.9910
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.3920
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.4920
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.9140
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.110
robenidine
Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.		210
chitosan
[no description available]		2.1110
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0210
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		1.9710
echinomycin
Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.		3.4820cyclodepsipeptide
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.420organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3-di-(4-amidinophenoxy)-2,2-bis-(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)propane
1,3-di-(4-amidinophenoxy)-2,2-bis-(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)propane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9810
scyx 7158
[no description available]		2.5720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		1.9610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.5820ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
coumermycin
coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.		2.3820aromatic amide;
coumarins;
glycoside;
heteroarenecarboxylate ester;
pyrroles		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		1.9710carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.1710
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.8940
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.3820benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tetrocarcin a
tetrocarcin A: from cultures of strain No. T-90 designated as Micromonospora chalcea subsp. kazunoensis		1.9710
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		1.9710
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.4110
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.5220benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
pyrethrins
[no description available]		4.6961
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		5.4190angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.0210
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9610
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.5520
guanine
[no description available]		1.97102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		1.9910guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		2.6930nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.6930inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		1.9510
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		1.9810
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0510
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		2.0310
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0210trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
acridone
acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.		1.9910acridines;
cyclic ketone
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		2.0510carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4420aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
stallimycin
[no description available]		1.9910
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		1.9910dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.4620aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.0610arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acriflavine chloride
3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine.		2.0510organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
histological dye;
intercalator
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		1.9910aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
benzethonium chloride
benzethonium chloride : A (synthetic) quaternary ammonium salt that is benzyldimethylamine in which the nitrogen is quaternised by a 2-{2-[p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy}ethyl group, with chloride as the counter-ion. An antiseptic and disinfectant, it is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, moulds and viruses.		2.0510aromatic ether;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
antiviral agent;
disinfectant
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		1.9910acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
ethidium bromide
[no description available]		2.0510organic bromide saltgeroprotector;
intercalator;
trypanocidal drug
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.3110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
bruceine d
bruceine D: from fructus of Brucea javanica (Chinese name Yadanzi). bruceine D : A quassinoid that is 13,20-epoxypicras-3-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 16. Isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem of Brucea mollis, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.0310
melarsomine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0610
tetrahydrocurcumin
tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.		2.0510beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
polyphenol		metabolite
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.05109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
bruceine a
bruceine A: quassinoid which inhibits protein synthesis & DNA synthesis in cells; RN given refers to (11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310quassinoid
bruceine b
bruceine B: quassinoid which inhibits protein synthesis & DNA synthesis in cells; structure in first source		2.0310triterpenoid
tetraphenylphosphonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0510
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.02103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
hirsutanone
hirsutanone: from methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Viscum cruciatum (Viscaceae)		2.0510diarylheptanoid
gingerenone a
gingerenone A: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Zingiber officinale; structure in first source		2.0510diarylheptanoid
bisdemethoxycurcumin
curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.		2.0510beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
metabolite
hexahydrocurcumin
hexahydrocurcumin: from Zingiber officinale; structure in first source		2.0510diarylheptanoid
tetrahydroxycurcumin
[no description available]		2.0510beta-diketone;
catechols;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
quercetin 3-sambubioside
quercetin 3-sambubioside: isolated from Actinidia arguta. quercetin 3-O-[beta-D-xylosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside] : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sambubiosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidc linkage.		2.0210disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
diacetylcurcumin
diacetylcurcumin: structure in first source		2.0510
sja 6017
N-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-L-valyl-L-leucinal: structure in first source		2.3110
dimethoxycurcumin
dimethoxycurcumin: has antineoplsatic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: from Curcuma longa; structure in first source		2.0510diarylheptanoid
(E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one
[no description available]		2.0510diarylheptanoid
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		011.051718
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		011.051718
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		08.98533
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.89330
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3550
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.6920
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.6920
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		06.39391
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.3110
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.3110
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		06.27351
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.830
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.1140
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.830
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		09.1140
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.4110
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.4110
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.4110
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.4110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.5320
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.5320
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		06.22123
Corridor Disease
[description not available]		05.24121
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.62325
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.4110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.4110
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.4110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.6490
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.4110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.6490
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.4110
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.4110
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.610
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.610
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.610
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.61282
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.7100
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.4620
Ache
[description not available]		02.7620
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.7620
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.2110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.2110
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.2110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.5520
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.17111
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.2110
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		03.6411
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.1710
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.6620
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.6620
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.6620
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.6620
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.2510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.2510
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.2510
Dourine
A disease of horses and donkeys caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease occurs in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.		07.2510
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.5520
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.5520
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.6930
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.5520
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.5520
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.9840
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.9840
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.2510
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.2510
Carditis
[description not available]		07.2510
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.2510
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		03.1250
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.2510
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		07.2510
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		07.2510
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		03.1250
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.2510
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.2510
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.6620
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.2510
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.6620
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.2510
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		08.0240
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.0240
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.2510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.19111
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.3110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.3110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.3110
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.9440
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.7230
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		07.1710
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.1710
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.1710
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1710
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine
Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.		06.3590
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.1710
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.1710
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.1710
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		02.1710
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.1710
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.8330
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.1710
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.8330
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.72201
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		06.1894
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.5720
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.2110
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.5720
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.2110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.5720
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.2110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.9240
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5720
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.5720
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.4120
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.4120
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.0810
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.520
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.520
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0810
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0810
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.0750
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.4420
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.0750
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.940
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.940
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.110
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5120
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.4220
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.4220
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.110
Impotence
[description not available]		03.0310
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.0310
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		07.1110
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.1110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4920
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.1110
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.1110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4920
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		02.1310
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1310
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		02.1310
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.5320
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.5320
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1310
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.1310
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.1310
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.1310
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.5220
Infections, Tick-Borne
[description not available]		02.0510
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.4320
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.7130
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.7130
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.3920
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.0610
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0610
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.0610
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.0610
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.0610
Infection
[description not available]		02.3320
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.3320
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		03.1960
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.3120
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.0210
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.420
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0210
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.9240
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.5990
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		02.6930
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.730
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.3720
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9610
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		01.9610
Anaplasma Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3920
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9810
Palsy
[description not available]		01.9910
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		01.9910
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.940
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.940
Tick Infestations
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.		02.3820
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		0210
Cattle Plague
[description not available]		0210
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		0210
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		0210
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		0210
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		0210
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.3920
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		0210
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		0210
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		0210
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		0210
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		0210
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		01.9510
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		01.9510
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9810
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9810
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9810
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		03.3611
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		03.3611
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9710
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		01.9710
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		01.9710
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9710
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		01.9710
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9710
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9710
Chromosomal Fragility
[description not available]		01.9710
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9610
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Choroiditis
Inflammation of the choroid.		01.9610
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		01.9610
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		01.9610
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		01.9610