misonidazole profile

Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	26105
CHEMBL ID	42161
SCHEMBL ID	51943
MeSH ID	M0013924

Synonym
1-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole
imidazole-1-ethanol, .alpha.-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitro-
nsc-261037
.alpha.-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol
1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol
mls003115361 ,
NCI60_002086
ro-7-0582
nsc-261,037
sri 1354
ccris 1160
misonidazol [inn-spanish]
ro 07-0582
brn 0613655
alpha-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitro-1h-imidazole-1-ethanol
alpha-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol
sr 1354
einecs 236-931-6
1h-imidazole-1-ethanol, alpha-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitro-
misonidazolum [inn-latin]
ro-07-0582
ro 7-0582
1h-imidazole-1-ethanol, .alpha.-(methoxymethyl)-2-nitro-
nsc261037
1-methoxy-3-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol
misonidazole
13551-87-6
D05052
misonidazole (usan/inn)
CHEMBL42161
ro-70582
smr001830939
NCGC00241115-01
95120-44-8
misonidazolum
8fe7ltn8xe ,
unii-8fe7ltn8xe
misonidazol
misonidazole [usan:inn:ban]
(+-)-misonidazole
misonidazole [inn]
misonidazole [who-dd]
misonidazole [usan]
misonidazole [mart.]
SCHEMBL51943
1-methoxy-3-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol
1-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methoxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole
OBBCSXFCDPPXOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1-methoxy-3-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-2-propanol
AKOS027322846
DB11716
ro 7-0582; sr 1354
Q6875874
DTXSID80864420
HY-105061
EN300-180393
CS-0024849

Research Excerpts

Overview

Misonidazole (MIS) is a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials in the treatment of cancer by radiation. It induces a peripheral neuropathy in humans after exceeding a schedule-dependent cumulative threshold dose.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Misonidazole (MIS), which is a known radiosensitizing drug, microwave hyperthermia (delta), and X-radiation (X) were used as therapeutic agents."	( Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations induced by radiosensitizing agents in bone marrow cells of treated tumor-bearing mice. Banerjee, R; Goldfeder, A; Mitra, J, 1983)	0.99
"Misonidazole (MIS) is a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials in the treatment of cancer by radiation. "	( Role of glutathione in the hypoxic cell cytotoxicity of misonidazole. Brown, JM; Bump, EA; Taylor, YC, 1983)	1.95
"Misonidazole (MISO) is a nitroimidazole drug currently undergoing clinical trials as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic tumour cells. "	( In vitro metabolism of misonidazole. Josephy, PD; Palcic, B; Skarsgard, LD, 1981)	2.02
"Misonidazole is a 2-nitroimidazole compound currently being assessed as a radiosensitizing agent. "	( Effect of misonidazole therapy on human granulopoietic stem cells. Allalunis, MJ; Partington, JP; Turner, AR; Urtasun, RC, )	1.98
"Misonidazole is a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer that induces a peripheral neuropathy in humans after exceeding a schedule-dependent cumulative threshold dose. "	( Neurotoxicity of misonidazole in rats following intravenous administration. Gough, AW; Graziano, MJ; Henck, JW; Meierhenry, EF, 1996)	2.08
"Misonidazole is a metabolically active drug. "	( Biochemistry of reduction of nitro heterocycles. Astor, MB; Biaglow, JE; Clark, EP; Epp, ER; Hall, EJ; Roizen-Towle, L; Varnes, ME, 1986)	1.71
"Misonidazole is a known hypoxic cell sensitizer that binds covalently in hypoxic cells. "	( Synthesis and characterization of congeners of misonidazole for imaging hypoxia. Freauff, SJ; Grunbaum, Z; Krohn, KA; Magee, S; Rasey, JS; Wilbur, DS, 1987)	1.97

Effects

Misonidazole has been shown to affect the pharmacokinetics of both cyclophosphamide (CY) and melphalan (MEL) in WHT mice resulting in increased plasma levels of the cytotoxic drugs. The mechanism of action as a chemosensitizer, though still unknown, is thought to be dependent upon hypoxia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Misonidazole has a complex effect on oral CCNU pharmacokinetics."	( Misonidazole protects mouse tumour and normal tissues from the toxicity of oral CCNU. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1985)	2.43
"Misonidazole has entered Phase III clinical trials as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. "	( A comparison of the cytological effects of three hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Geard, CR; Rutledge-Freeman, MH; Spunberg, JJ, 1982)	1.71
"Misonidazole (MISO) has been shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) in a number of different animal tumor systems. "	( Survival in subpopulations of cells derived from solid KHT sarcomas by centrifugal elutriation following treatment with CCNU and MISO. Hill, SA; Keng, PC; Siemann, DW, 1984)	1.71
"Misonidazole has been studied for its sensitizing effect of radiation on hypoxic cells in vitro and in vivo. "	( The effect of a hypoxic cell sensitizer on cancer radiotherapy: an analysis by a model. Okajima, S; Okumura, Y, 1984)	1.71
"Misonidazole (MISO) has been shown to affect the pharmacokinetics of both cyclophosphamide (CY) and melphalan (MEL) in WHT mice resulting in increased plasma levels of the cytotoxic drugs. "	( The effect of radiosensitizers on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the mouse. Hinchliffe, M; McNally, NJ; Stratford, MR, 1983)	1.71
"Misonidazole (MISO) has produced differential enhancement of tumor cell killing with a range of cytotoxic drugs including 5-fluorouracil (FU) in experimental mouse tumors and human xenografts. "	( The combination of 5-fluorouracil with misonidazole in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Bugden, RD; Peckham, MJ; Spooner, D; Wist, EA, )	1.84
"Misonidazole has been demonstrated to enhance the cytotoxicity of several common antineoplastic drugs in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action as a chemosensitizer, though still unknown, is thought to be dependent upon hypoxia. "	( Chemosensitization by misonidazole in CCNU-treated spheroids and tumours. Chaplin, DJ; Durand, RE, 1987)	2.03
"Misonidazole has a complex effect on oral CCNU pharmacokinetics."	( Misonidazole protects mouse tumour and normal tissues from the toxicity of oral CCNU. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1985)	2.43
"Misonidazole has been shown to bind selectively to hypoxic cells in tissue culture and to cells which are presumed to be chronically hypoxic in EMT6 spheroids and tumors. "	( Hypoxic fraction and binding of misonidazole in EMT6/Ed multicellular tumor spheroids. Franko, AJ, 1985)	2

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Misonidazole prevented the increase in mitochondrial size normally seen during exposure of these cells to conditions of moderate hypoxia (2 X 10(3) ppm O2)."	( Changes in ultrastructure and function of hypoxic V79 fibroblast cells after treatment with misonidazole. Inch, WR; Jacobson, EA; Tustanoff, ER, 1985)	1.21

Treatment

Pretreatment with misonidazole (M ISO) enhances the number of cross-links formed in a fibrosarcoma and in the spleen and gut of mice for periods up to 48 h following a single injection of melphalan (MEL) Pre-treatment with MISO caused a significant reduction in survival and delay in recovery of bone marrow CFUc.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In misonidazole treated patients, extensive washing of post-treatment bone marrow samples failed to return CFU-C growth to control values."	( Effect of misonidazole therapy on human granulopoietic stem cells. Allalunis, MJ; Partington, JP; Turner, AR; Urtasun, RC, )	1.05
"Pretreatment with misonidazole at doses of 300-900 mg/kg yielded tumor sensitization with a DMF of 0.71-0.92."	( Radioprotection combined with hypoxic sensitization during radiotherapy of a solid murine tumor. Beach, JL; Grigsby, PW; Mendiondo, OA, 1983)	0.59
"Pretreatment with misonidazole (MISO) enhances the number of cross-links formed in a fibrosarcoma and in the spleen and gut of mice for periods up to 48 h following a single injection of melphalan (MEL)."	( Enhancement of the DNA cross-linking activity of melphalan by misonidazole in vivo. Meyn, RE; Murray, D, 1983)	0.83
"Pre-treatment with misonidazole, however, caused a significant reduction in survival and delay in recovery of bone marrow CFUc (p less than .01)."	( Misonidazole enhances cyclophosphamide toxicity to bone marrow. Allalunis, MJ; Chapman, JD; Turner, AR, )	1.89

Toxicity

Internal, hypoxic cells of V79 spheroids are preferentially killed by misonidazole. Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonsidazile. We have found nitracrine to be selectively toxic.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The enhanced lethality may be associated with the production of toxic intermediates of MISO."	( Effects of local hyperthermia on the tissue levels and toxicity of three radiosensitizers in mice. George, KC; Rücker, A; Streffer, C; Tamuelvicius, P, )	0.13
" CTX (100 mg kg-1) was found to be considerably more toxic towards hypoxic than aerobic cells (SF 4% versus 52%)."	( Cytotoxic effect of misonidazole and cyclophosphamide on aerobic and hypoxic cells in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo. Bentzen, SM; Grau, C; Overgaard, J, 1990)	0.6
" This result suggests the possibility that a diffusible toxic product may be released from cells."	( Toxicity of RSU-1069 for KHT cells treated in vivo or in vitro: evidence for a diffusible toxic product. Gulyas, S; Hill, RP; Whitmore, GF, 1989)	0.28
" Recently it has been shown that less toxic analogues of RSU 1069 can be produced by the introduction of alkyl substituents to moderate the reactivity of the aziridine function."	( The chemosensitizing and cytotoxic effects of RSU 1164 and RSU 1165 in a murine tumor model. Siemann, DW, 1989)	0.28
"The metabolism of SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-bentotriazine-1,4-dioxide), recently reported as highly toxic to hypoxic cells in vitro, was studied by using suspensions of Chinese hamster ovary cells."	( Metabolism of SR 4233 by Chinese hamster ovary cells: basis of selective hypoxic cytotoxicity. Baker, MA; Brown, JM; Hirst, VK; Zeman, EM, 1988)	0.27
", dose required to cause a peak skin reaction of 2 in 50% of treated hind limbs) and LD50 (i."	( Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and combined drug effects of ascorbic acid with misonidazole in vivo on FSaII murine fibrosarcomas. Okunieff, P; Suit, HD, 1987)	0.49
" Such reduced tumor oxygenation would increase the cytotoxic effects of RSU-1069 which is known to be more toxic to cells at reduced oxygen levels."	( The effect of hydralazine on the tumor cytotoxicity of the hypoxic cell cytotoxin RSU-1069: evidence for therapeutic gain. Acker, B; Chaplin, DJ, 1987)	0.27
" Substitution of acetohydroxamic acid side chains at the N-1 position of the parent 3-nitropyrazole resulted in compounds which were preferentially toxic to cells treated under hypoxic conditions, and which were capable of enhancing the toxicity of CCNU in hypoxia."	( Enhancement of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) toxicity by acetohydroxamic acid analogues of 3-nitropyrazole in vitro. Hark, RR; Kende, AS; Mulcahy, RT; Wustrow, DJ, 1987)	0.27
" trans-[PtCl2(NH3)-(misonidazole)] is more toxic than the cis isomer."	( Platinum complexes with one radiosensitizing ligand [PtCl2(NH3) (sensitizer)]: radiosensitization and toxicity studies in vitro. Adomat, H; Farrell, NP; Skov, KA, 1987)	0.6
" In addition, recent experiments suggest that the compound is highly toxic to hypoxic tumor cells in vivo."	( Studies on the toxicity of RSU-1069. Gulyas, S; Whitmore, GF, 1986)	0.27
"45 times less toxic to normal tissue, although the dose-limiting organ may be different for the two routes."	( Misonidazole protects mouse tumour and normal tissues from the toxicity of oral CCNU. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1985)	1.71
"The toxic side-effects of misonidazole (MISO) have been studied in two strains of mice over a wide weight range."	( Misonidazole toxicity and pharmacokinetics in mice: dependence on strain and size. Minchinton, AI; Stratford, MR; Terry, NH, 1985)	2.01
" The results of this study suggest that the neurotoxic effects of MISO are species-specific, and that while the rat model may be useful for comparison of the relative toxic effects of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers, it is not a model suited for measurement of neurotoxicity caused by MISO in humans and nonhuman primates."	( Misonidazole neurotoxicity in rats: Part I. Evaluation of misonidazole neurotoxicity in rats by analysis of brain stem auditory and cortical evoked potentials. Edwards, MS; Gordon, DG; Levin, VA; Phillips, TL, 1984)	1.71
"0 g of misonidazole, severe nausea and vomiting are prominent, so that this side effect is a determining factor in the treatment fractionation."	( The role of microsomal enzyme inducers in the reduction of misonidazole neurotoxicity. Bleehen, NM; Jones, DH; Smith, NC; Workman, P, 1983)	0.96
" We have found nitracrine to be selectively toxic to the Chinese hamster ovary cell line AA8 under hypoxic conditions in culture, with a potency approximately 100,000 times higher than that of misonidazole."	( Selective toxicity of nitracrine to hypoxic mammalian cells. Baguley, BC; Denny, WA; Probert, JC; Twigden, SJ; Wilson, WR, 1984)	0.46
" In contrast, chlorozotocin (CHLZ) was slightly more toxic toward hypoxic cells while Bis-OH CyNU more effectively killed aerobic cells."	( Enhancement of nitrosourea cytotoxicity by misonidazole in vitro: correlation with carbamoylating potential. Dembs, NL; Mulcahy, RT; Ublacker, GA, 1984)	0.53
" However, MISO was more toxic than was 5-TG to P815-X2 mastocytoma cells of mice."	( Comparison of the cytotoxicity of 5-thio-D-glucose and misonidazole on hypoxic cells in vitro. Lee, CK; Levitt, SH; Rhee, JG; Song, CW, )	0.38
" However, binding does occur, and this depletes intracellular glutathione which is capable both of inactivating these toxic radicals and repairing the target lesions."	( The mechanisms of cytotoxicity and chemosensitization by misonidazole and other nitroimidazoles. Brown, JM, )	0.38
" Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonidazole."	( Misonidazole in patients receiving radical radiotherapy: pharmacokinetic effects of phenytoin, tumor response and neurotoxicity. Dawes, PJ; Henk, JM; Moore, JL; Paterson, IC, )	1.79
"The internal, hypoxic cells of V79 spheroids are preferentially killed by misonidazole, whereas adriamycin is preferentially toxic to the external cells due to diffusion limitations."	( Combination adriamycin/misonidazole toxicity in V79 spheroids. Brown, SM; Durand, RE, )	0.67
" Studies showed that BCNU was more toxic in serum-free medium and that MISO had little or no effect on BCNU toxicity for hypoxic cells in the absence of serum."	( Misonidazole increases the toxicity of BCNU for hypoxic cells. Guttman, P; Tannock, I, )	1.57
"5 mM was only slightly toxic to hypoxic L1210 cells and allowed a greater than 90% survival following a 2-hr exposure."	( The effect of misonidazole on the cytotoxicity and DNA cross-linking activity of an activated sulfidocyclophosphamide in hypoxic mouse leukemia cells. Erickson, LC; McManus, ME; Ramonas, LM, 1982)	0.62
" The results can be explained if the mechanisms of toxicity involves a redox reaction, since it would be expected that the least toxic compound (lowest electron affinity) would have the largest activation energy and hence the greatest temperature effect."	( Enhancement of the cytotoxicity of radiosensitizers by modest hyperthermia: the electron-affinity relationship. Adams, GE; Clarke, C; Rajaratnam, S; Stratford, IJ, 1982)	0.26
" We studied the ocular toxic effects of a desmethyl derivative of misonidazole after subconjunctival administration of 140 and 70 mg."	( Ocular absorption and toxicity of a radiosensitizer and its effect on hypoxic cells. Adomat, H; Josephy, PD; Palcic, B; Rootman, J, 1982)	0.5
" In contrast, radiochromatograms obtained from cells treated with toxic levels of MISO (75 mM) under aerobic conditions indicated no drug metabolism."	( Sulphydryls, ascorbate and oxygen as modifiers of the toxicity and metabolism of misonidazole in vitro. Rauth, AM; Taylor, YC, 1980)	0.49
"A proven biochemical method for assessing chemically induced neurotoxicity has been applied to the study of the toxic effects of misonidazole (MISO) in the rat."	( A biochemical method for assessing the neurotoxic effects of misonidazole in the rat. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP; Stratford, IJ, 1980)	0.71
"01) less toxic than RK-28 at this dose, as reflected in a lower increase in the brain glucose level (0."	( Metabolic studies and neurotoxicity in tumors and brain of mice after hypoxic cell sensitizers. Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1994)	0.29
" The oxygen dependence of the toxic response has not previously been characterized."	( Unusual oxygen concentration dependence of toxicity of SR-4233, a hypoxic cell toxin. Koch, CJ, 1993)	0.29
" Our 100% locoregional control rate suggests that intratreatment functional imaging used to selectively de-escalate node(s) to 60 Gy was confirmed safe using our stringent imaging criteria."	( Strategy of Using Intratreatment Hypoxia Imaging to Selectively and Safely Guide Radiation Dose De-escalation Concurrent With Chemotherapy for Locoregionally Advanced Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma. Baxi, S; Beattie, B; Boyle, J; Chan, S; Ganly, I; Humm, J; Katabi, N; Lanning, R; Lee, N; Li, D; McBride, S; Mitrani, L; Morris, LG; Pfister, DG; Riaz, N; Schoder, H; Sherman, E; Wong, R; Yarusi, B; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43

Pharmacokinetics

Bilateral kidney ligation of mice immediately before injection of misonidazole (MIS) prolongs the plasma half-life of this radiosensitizer from about 2 h (in normal mice) to 10-11 h.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Bilateral kidney ligation of mice immediately before injection of misonidazole (MIS) prolongs the plasma half-life of this radiosensitizer from about 2 h (in normal mice) to 10-11 h, similar to that in man."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations in testing hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in mouse tumours. Brown, JM; Workman, P; Yu, NY, 1979)	0.5
" However, the apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2) for MIS was reduced by 20-67%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was decreased by 23-49% in plasma, brain and tumour."	( Effects of pretreatment with phenobarbitone and phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of misonidazole in mice. Workman, P, 1979)	0.46
" This report presents the results of pharmacokinetic studies performed in 10 of the 17 patients who were administrated intravenous or intratumoral RK-28 during intraoperative radiation therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of intratumoral RK-28, a new hypoxic radiosensitizer. Abe, M; Baba, N; Manabe, T; Sakaguchi, M; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Takahashi, M, 1992)	0.28
" Reasoning that this may lie in a more beneficial pharmacokinetic profile, we investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and metabolism of RB 6145 in mice using a specially developed reversed-phase HPLC technique."	( Pharmacokinetic contribution to the improved therapeutic selectivity of a novel bromoethylamino prodrug (RB 6145) of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer/cytotoxin alpha-(1-aziridinomethyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol (RSU 1069). Binger, M; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
" In unclamped tumours, the peak concentration was 50 micrograms g-1 with an elimination t1/2 of 36."	( Pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity of RSU-1069 in subcutaneous 9L tumours under oxic and hypoxic conditions. Koch, CJ; Wallen, CA; Wheeler, KT; Wong, KH, 1991)	0.28
"Complete pharmacological data from 71 patients treated on the phase I trial of SR 2508 were analyzed to see if the dose-limiting toxicity of peripheral neuropathy is related to the individual patient's pharmacokinetic profile."	( Relationship between the neurotoxicity of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer SR 2508 and the pharmacokinetic profile. Blaschke, T; Coleman, CN; Cox, RS; Halsey, J; Hancock, S; Hirst, VK; Howes, AE; Pajak, T; Urtasun, RC; Wasserman, TH, 1987)	0.27
" These studies should provide a pharmacokinetic basis for the evaluation and development of improved mixed-function sensitizers."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer prototype RSU 1069 in mice. Walton, MI; Workman, P, 1988)	0.27
" Conversely, the hydrophilic MISO metabolite Ro 05-9963 was a poor chemosensitizer and produced only very weak pharmacokinetic effects."	( Altered pharmacokinetics in the mechanism of chemosensitization: effects of nitroimidazoles and other chemical modifiers on the pharmacokinetics, antitumour activity and acute toxicity of selected nitrogen mustards. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1986)	0.27
" It was found that the effectiveness of these compounds in producing pharmacokinetic effects correlated directly with their lipophilicity, viz."	( Nitroimidazoles as modifiers of nitrosourea pharmacokinetics. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1984)	0.27
" Such a pharmacokinetic effect could account for part of the potentiation of MEL and CY action observed in tumours with large single doses of MISO."	( The effect of radiosensitizers on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the mouse. Hinchliffe, M; McNally, NJ; Stratford, MR, 1983)	0.27
" Reduced clearance of FU by MISO was associated with an earlier onset of the period of nonlinearity of FU pharmacokinetics and an increased half-life of elimination."	( Pharmacokinetic rationale for the interaction of 5-fluorouracil and misonidazole in humans. Martin, WM; McDermott, BJ; Murphy, RF; Van den Berg, HW, 1983)	0.5
"The pharmacokinetics of misonidazole have been studies in 6 patients with special emphasis on determination of the peak concentration in plasma and saliva."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations of misonidazole in therapeutics. Johnston, A; Matheson, I; Plowman, PN, 1984)	0.85
" in a 2-liter volume to 6 patients affected by advanced ovarian carcinoma, and the pharmacokinetic course of the two drugs was studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of the hypoxic radiosensitizers misonidazole and demethylmisonidazole after intraperitoneal administration in humans. Collins, JM; Gianni, L; Greene, RF; Jenkins, JF; Lichter, AS; Myers, CE, 1983)	0.52
" Cimetidine inhibited MISO demethylation and increased its half-life and area under the curve."	( Effects of cimetidine, antipyrine, and pregnenolone carbonitrile on misonidazole pharmacokinetics. Donaldson, J; Smith, NC; Workman, P, )	0.37
" Peak plasma levels were obtained one to four hours after administration of MIS, with a half-life of five to ten hours."	( Misonidazole as a radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of glioblastomas and oesophageal cancer. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. Bamberg, M; Scherer, E; Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1981)	1.71
" The pharmacokinetic constants (absorption and elimination coefficients) were determinated."	( Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of misonidazole after intraperitoneal administration to the mouse. Labat, C; Malmary-Nebot, MF; Martin, B; Oustrin, J; Terrissol, M, )	0.39
" Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonidazole."	( Misonidazole in patients receiving radical radiotherapy: pharmacokinetic effects of phenytoin, tumor response and neurotoxicity. Dawes, PJ; Henk, JM; Moore, JL; Paterson, IC, )	1.79
" This paper reports the pharmacokinetic data observed in those patients who received multiple doses to a total of 12 gm-2."	( Desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-9963): clinical pharmacokinetics after multiple oral administration. Anderson, P; Dische, S; Minchinton, AI; Saunders, MI; Stratford, MR, )	0.55
" The plasma pharmacokinetic data indicates no evidence of a MISO-BCNU drug interaction."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of BCNU and misonidazole in humans. Agboola, O; Fulton, D; Koziol, D; Rabin, HR; Raleigh, J; Tanasichuk, H; Turner, R; Urtasun, RC, )	0.4
"We have examined the pharmacokinetic properties of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole (MISO)."	( The pharmacokinetics in mice and dogs of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole. Owen, L; White, R; Workman, P, )	0.55
" The resulting plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urinary concentrations were measured by HPLC analysis; various pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained and compared with similar data for the parent compound, misonidazole (MISO), in the dog."	( Pharmacokinetic and tumour-penetration properties of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-Ro-9963) in dogs. White, RA; Workman, P, 1980)	0.67
" Evaluation of pharmacokinetics in the peripheral nerves showed that the apparent biological half-life of SR-2508 increased with the increases in the number of administrations, whereas that of KU-2285 became shorter."	( Radiosensitizing activity and pharmacokinetics of multiple dose administered KU-2285 in peripheral nerve tissue in mice. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Matsuno, E; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y, 1994)	0.29
" 1H and 13C are likely to be useful as non-perturbing NMR probes for future pharmacokinetic studies."	( New techniques in the pharmacokinetic analysis of cancer drugs. III. Nuclear magnetic resonance. Maxwell, RJ, 1993)	0.29
" After intravenous injection, RK-28 was rapidly removed from the plasma (biological half-life of 17 min) and its area under the curve (AUC) was proportional to the amount of RK-28 administered."	( Pharmacokinetics of RK-28 (a new radiosensitizer) and pharmaceutical design of a suppository form using rats. Goto, S; Inoue, H; Kato, T; Kim, NS; Mikami, Y; Miyata, K; Okubo, M; Sagitani, H; Umejima, H, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic characterization of radiopharmaceuticals, specifically radiopharmaceuticals for imaging tissue hypoxia, has not been a central theme in their development."	( Pharmacokinetics of SPECT radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxic tissues. Stypinski, D; Wiebe, LI, 1996)	0.29
"Elimination half-life in blood (mono-exponential fit) reached 81."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, metabolism and hypoxia-dependent uptake of [18F]-EF3 and [18F]-MISO in rodent tumor models. Cheguillaume, A; De Bast, M; de Groot, T; Gillart, J; Grégoire, V; Haustermans, K; Labar, D; Mahy, P, 2008)	0.35
"This study used pharmacokinetic analysis of (18)F-labeled fluoromisonidazole ((18)F-FMISO) dynamic PET to assist the identification of regional tumor hypoxia and to investigate the relationship among a potential tumor hypoxia index (K(i)), tumor-to-blood ratio (T/B) in the late-time image, plasma-to-tissue transport rate (k(1)), and local vascular volume fraction (beta) for head and neck cancer patients."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of hypoxia (18)F-fluoromisonidazole dynamic PET in head and neck cancer. Georgi, JC; Guillem, J; Humm, JL; Lee, NY; Narayanan, M; Schöder, H; Wang, W, 2010)	0.85

Compound-Compound Interactions

The radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole (M ISO) in combination with radiation were studied. From 1979 through July 1983, 859 patients were enrolled in a Phase III RTOG Protocol (7916)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"From 1979 through July 1983, 859 patients were enrolled in a Phase III RTOG Protocol (7916) evaluating the role of Misonidazole combined with radiation in the treatment of brain metastasis."	( A randomized phase III protocol for the evaluation of misonidazole combined with radiation in the treatment of patients with brain metastases (RTOG-7916). Asbell, S; Isaacson, S; Komarnicky, LT; Martz, K; Phillips, TL; Urtasun, R, 1991)	0.74
" The degree of cytopenia with 2 Gy total-body irradiation when combined with either radiosensitizer was not significantly greater than that seen with 2 Gy alone, and the neutropenia was significantly less than that seen with 3 Gy alone."	( Bone marrow toxicity of total-body irradiation combined with radiosensitizers. Allalunis-Turner, J; Applebaum, FR; Chapman, JD; Deeg, HJ; Graham, T; Shields, AF; Storb, R, 1989)	0.28
"From September 1979 to February 1983, 268 patients with unresectable, locally advanced (RTOG Stage III), non-small cell lung cancer were randomized to receive radiation therapy alone (RT) (50 Gy large field and 10 Gy boost), or combined with misonidazole (400 mg/m2 2-4 hr prior to RT daily for 5-6 weeks to a maximum dose of 12 g/m2 or until tumor progression)."	( Radiation therapy alone or combined with misonidazole in the treatment of locally advanced non-oat cell lung cancer: report of an RTOG prospective randomized trial. Bauer, M; Byhardt, RW; Doggett, RL; Emami, B; Mowry, PA; Perez, CA; Phillips, TL; Simpson, JR; Wasserman, TH, 1989)	0.72
" This extensive surgery combined with IPHP using MMC and MIS was well tolerated and is a safe antitumor treatment for gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination."	( Intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion combined with surgery effective for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal seeding. Arimizu, N; Fujimoto, S; Kiuchi, S; Kobayashi, K; Kokubun, M; Miyoshi, T; Ohta, M; Okui, K; Shrestha, RD; Takahashi, M, 1988)	0.27
"Fischer X Copenhagen rats bearing Dunning R3327-AT tumors were treated with hematoporphyrin derivative and red light (630 nm from an argon-driven dye laser) alone or in combination with the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole (MISO)."	( Treatment of Dunning R3327-AT rat prostate tumors with photodynamic therapy in combination with misonidazole. Arnfield, MR; Chapman, JD; Gonzalez, S; Lakey, WH; McPhee, MS; Meeker, BE; Tulip, J, 1986)	0.67
" When DEM was combined with MISO (100 mg/kg), ER's of the combination were larger than that of MISO alone, for doses over 400 mg/kg of DEM."	( The radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole (MISO) in combination with diethyl maleate (DEM) in mouse mammary tumors. Abe, M; Dodo, Y; Komuro, C; Nishidai, T; Ono, K; Shibamoto, Y; Shrieve, DC; Takahashi, M, 1986)	0.55
"The radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole (MISO) in combination with D,L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis, were studied in NFSa tumors of C3H/He mice."	( Radiosensitizing effect of misonidazole in combination with an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis in murine tumors. Abe, M; Komuro, C; Nishidai, T; Ono, K; Shibamoto, Y; Takahashi, M; Tsutsui, K, 1986)	0.85
" To evaluate MDF and MDF in combination with MISO, a randomized prospective trial was initiated."	( Misonidazole combined with hyperfractionation in the management of malignant glioma. Fulton, DS; Geggie, PH; Johnson, E; Mielke, B; Moody, J; Muller, PJ; Shin, KH; Tanasichuk, H; Thomas, H; Urtasun, RC, 1984)	1.71
"Between October 1979 and January 1982, a total of 39 cases were entered on a nonrandomized phase I-II protocol for the evaluation of misonidazole combined with radiation in the treatment of patients with advanced pelvic malignancies of multiple gynecological and gastrointestinal origin."	( Misonidazole combined with large-fraction pelvic irradiation in the treatment of patients with advanced pelvic malignancies. Preliminary report of an ongoing RTOG phase I-II study. Doss, L; Johnson, R; Meoz, RT; Spanos, WJ; Wasserman, TH, 1983)	1.91
"The skin of mouse feet was used to study the effects of hyperthermic treatment, either alone or combined with irradiation."	( A study of the effects of prior heat treatment on the skin reaction of mouse feet after heat alone or combined with X-rays: influence of misonidazole. Haveman, J; Wondergem, J, 1984)	0.47
"6 mg/g, were used either alone or in combination with 900 rads of gamma-radiation in a fractionated dose schedule of twice a week for 3 weeks."	( Lung tumorigenic response of strain A mice exposed to hypoxic cell sensitizers alone and in combination with gamma-radiation. Grdina, DJ; Mian, TA; Theiss, JC, 1983)	0.27
"From 1978 to the end of 1980, 179 patients with advanced head and neck tumors were accrued in a multicenter pilot study of the EORTC Radiotherapy Group, investigating the feasibility of high dose multiple daily fractionation (MDF) and its combination with misonidazole."	( The feasibility of high-dose multiple daily fractionation and its combination with anoxic cell sensitizers in the treatment of head and neck cancer. A pilot study of the Radiotherapy Group of the EORTC (European Organisation for Research on Treatment of C Arcangeli, G; Chaplain, G; Gonzalez, D; Horiot, JC; Svoboda, V; Van den Bogaert, W; van der Schueren, E, 1982)	0.44
"To compare the effect on the RIF-1 murine sarcoma of nine bioreductive agents from five different classes when used in combination with either photodynamic therapy or clamping."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"RIF-1 tumors implanted intradermally in C3H mice were treated with either 50J photodynamic therapy or with 120 min clamping in combination with either misonidazole, pimonidazole, metronidazole, nimorazole, RB6145, RSU1069, SR4233, mitomycin-C, or RB90740."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.49
"RSU1069 produced the greatest anti-tumor activity in combination with both photodynamic therapy and clamping."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"Of the bioreductive agents studied RSU1069, RB6145 and mitomycin-C showed the greatest anti-tumor response in combination with photodynamic therapy."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"The aim of this study was to define the recommended dose of oxaliplatin when combined with infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and concurrent pelvic radiotherapy."	( Oxaliplatin combined with infusional 5-fluorouracil and concomitant radiotherapy in inoperable and metastatic rectal cancer: a phase I trial. Hicks, RJ; Leong, T; Lim-Joon, D; Loi, S; Mackay, J; Michael, M; Mitchell, P; Mukesh, B; Ngan, SY; Rischin, D; Zalcberg, J, 2005)	0.33

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" bioavailability of 55%."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer prototype RSU 1069 in mice. Walton, MI; Workman, P, 1988)	0.27
" The IP bioavailability of DEMIS (1."	( Dose-dependence and related studies on the pharmacokinetics of misonidazole and desmethylmisonidazole in mice. Workman, P, 1980)	0.5
" The absolute bioavailability of RK-28 was 59."	( Pharmacokinetics of RK-28 (a new radiosensitizer) and pharmaceutical design of a suppository form using rats. Goto, S; Inoue, H; Kato, T; Kim, NS; Mikami, Y; Miyata, K; Okubo, M; Sagitani, H; Umejima, H, 1994)	0.29
"17), whereas [(18)F]FAc has the highest bioavailability (area under concentration of radiotracer vs."	( Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and PET imaging of [(18)F]FMISO, [(18)F]FDG and [(18)F]FAc in a sarcoma- and inflammation-bearing mouse model. Chang, CH; Chang, CW; Chang, TJ; Chou, TK; Lin, WJ; Liu, RS; Wang, HE; Wang, SJ; Wu, CY, 2009)	0.35

Dosage Studied

Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO), a tumor PET imaging agent, was chosen to evaluate the dose-response pharmacokinetics by administering various single intravenous doses. The results showed that desmethylmisonIDazole had a similar potential for inducing peripheral nerve damage as measured biochemically.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response curve for DNA dsb detection by PFGE was biphasic with an apparent reduction in rate of dsb induced with dose."	( Oxygen effect for DNA double-strand break induction determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. McMillan, TJ; Whitaker, SJ, 1992)	0.28
" Radiation dose-response curves for MISO and METRO with heating at 43."	( Comparative study of thermoradiosensitization by misonidazole and metronidazole in vivo: antitumour effect and pharmacokinetics. Maezawa, H; Urano, M; Wong, KH, )	0.39
" (3) Reduced cost due to the lower dosage of MISO required for regional infusion."	( Intra-hepatic-arterial infusion of misonidazole--an experimental study of regional radiosensitisation by intraarterial embolisation. Cheng, G; Tian, J; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xing, Z; Yang, D; Yang, L, 1992)	0.56
" and oral dosing and possibly contributed to the acute toxicity."	( Pharmacokinetic contribution to the improved therapeutic selectivity of a novel bromoethylamino prodrug (RB 6145) of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer/cytotoxin alpha-(1-aziridinomethyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol (RSU 1069). Binger, M; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
" Maximum tolerated single, intraperitoneal doses (MTD) were determined in C3H/He mice bearing subcutaneous KHT sarcomas, and a drug dose-response relationship for radiosensitization was established for each compound administered at the optimum time (45-60 min) before local irradiation of tumors with a 10-Gy dose of X-rays."	( Dual-function 2-nitroimidazoles as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers and bioreductive cytotoxins: in vivo evaluation in KHT murine sarcomas. Adams, GE; Cole, S; Fielden, EM; Jenkins, TC; Stratford, IJ, 1990)	0.28
" The data were analysed to give dose-response curves, using four endpoints."	( An experimental study of tumour size and radiosensitivity: analysis by regrowth delay. Denekamp, J; Hill, SA, 1989)	0.28
" Another dosage and timing of misonidazole administration in relation to the irradiation schedule, and a consideration of effects of concomitant drugs like dexamethasone and phenytoin are discussed."	( Combined modality treatment of operated astrocytomas grade 3 and 4. A prospective and randomized study of misonidazole and radiotherapy with two different radiation schedules and subsequent CCNU chemotherapy. Stage II of a prospective multicenter trial of Ganz, JC; Hagen, S; Hatlevoll, R; Kristiansen, K; Lindegaard, KF; Mella, O; Nesbakken, R; Ringkjöb, R; Rosengren, B; Torvik, A, 1985)	0.77
"5 g/M2 every six weeks, with dosage adjustments for myelotoxicity."	( Misonidazole and CCNU chemotherapy for recurrent primary brain tumor. Fulton, DS; McKinnon, S; Tanasichuk, H; Urtasun, RC, 1987)	1.72
" If MISO at a similar dosage was administered 30 min after PDT an average growth delay of 16."	( Treatment of Dunning R3327-AT rat prostate tumors with photodynamic therapy in combination with misonidazole. Arnfield, MR; Chapman, JD; Gonzalez, S; Lakey, WH; McPhee, MS; Meeker, BE; Tulip, J, 1986)	0.49
" In summary, misonidazole in this dosing schedule does not enhance the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide in renal cell carcinoma."	( Phase II trial of misonidazole (MISO) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Elson, P; Glover, D; Kvols, L; Trump, D; Vogl, S, 1986)	0.97
" The results showed that desmethylmisonidazole like misonidazole had a similar potential for inducing peripheral nerve damage as measured biochemically, but the dosing regimen had to be maintained for 10 consecutive days as opposed to the 7 days required for misonidazole."	( The neurotoxicity of radiosensitizing drugs: a biochemical assessment of desmethylmisonidazole (DMM) in the rat. Rose, GP; Taylor, JM, 1985)	0.77
" The chemotherapeutic agent was administered simultaneously with the single sensitizer dose or 3 h into the chronic sensitizer dosing schedule."	( Increased therapeutic benefit through the addition of misonidazole to a nitrosourea-radiation combination. Hill, SA; Siemann, DW, 1986)	0.52
" Dose-response curves under aerobic and hypoxic conditions showed a much depressed base damage formation under hypoxia, which was created by blowing a stream of nitrogen across the cell suspensions for 30 min on ice."	( Effect of misonidazole on formation of thymine damage by gamma rays. Remsen, JF, 1985)	0.67
"5 mg/g it is recommended that it should be administered in a dosage that will give a known blood level of the drug, rather than simply by giving a constant dose based on body weight."	( Misonidazole toxicity and pharmacokinetics in mice: dependence on strain and size. Minchinton, AI; Stratford, MR; Terry, NH, 1985)	1.71
" In absence of MIS no significant difference was found between the dose-response curves after irradiation of tumours in dead mice and of cells in suspension under hypoxic conditions."	( Sensitising effect of misonidazole on NHIK 1922 cells irradiated in vitro or as solid tumour in athymic nude mice. Brustad, T; Pettersen, EO; Rofstad, EK, 1981)	0.58
" This difference has been interpreted as due to different shapes of the underlying dose-response curves."	( Review: total doses in fractionated radiotherapy--implications of new radiobiological data. Fowler, JF, 1984)	0.27
" dosing of thiamine (0."	( Protection against misonidazole-induced neuropathy in rats: a biochemical assessment. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP; Stratford, IJ, 1983)	0.59
" This decrease, which is both time and dosage dependent, is equivalent for MISO and DMM."	( The effect of nitroimidazoles on the oxygen consumption rate and respiratory control ratio of beef heart mitochondria. Chao, CF; Johnson, RJ; Subjeck, JR; Ting, L, 1984)	0.27
" However, a chronic low dosing schedule of MISO did not affect the plasma half-life of either cytotoxic drug, although a significant potentiation of each drug in combination with a chronic MISO dose has been obtained in some tumours."	( The effect of radiosensitizers on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the mouse. Hinchliffe, M; McNally, NJ; Stratford, MR, 1983)	0.27
" The dosage and fractionation of the high voltage irradiation (2 x 5 Gy/week, total dose 60 Gy) were adapted to clinical data."	( [Treatment with misonidazole and high voltage irradiation of xenotransplanted human carcinomas in nu/nu mice with thymic aplasia]. Kleine, W; Ladner, HA; Nagy, D; Stange, S, 1982)	0.61
" The radiation dosage in each group was equal to 1702 ret."	( The Cambridge glioma trial of misonidazole and radiation therapy with associated pharmacokinetic studies. Bleehen, NM, 1980)	0.55
" The results obtained suggest that the present MIS dosage for glioblastoma patients results in a low plasma level with no observable therapeutic effect."	( Misonidazole as a radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of glioblastomas and oesophageal cancer. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. Bamberg, M; Scherer, E; Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1981)	1.71
" The SER at each concentration was determined from radiobiological dose-response curves."	( Comparative studies of hypoxic-cell radiosensitization using artificially hypoxic skin in vivo. Denekamp, J; Michael, BD; Minchinton, AI; Smithen, CE; Stewart, FA; Stratford, MR; Terry, NH, 1982)	0.26
" Sensitization to nitrogen mustard (HN2), melphalan, chlorambucil, BCNU and CCNU was seen, but the shapes of the dose-response curves and the ratio of effects for 3 h and 5 h pretreatment varied between the drugs."	( Growth delay in small EMT6 spheroids induced by cytotoxic drugs and its modification by misonidazole pretreatment under hypoxic conditions. Twentyman, PR, 1982)	0.49
" The results of our in vivo studies indicated that when various dosage schedules of misonidazole were combined with cyclophosphamide, the tumor effect was greater than when cyclophosphamide was administered alone."	( The value of combining the radiosensitizer misonidazole with cyclophosphamide in treating the murine Lewis lung tumor. Barron, G; Meeker, BE; Pedersen, JE, )	0.62
" Regrowth delay has been used as the assay, and by producing dose-response curves the effect has been classified as additive or interactive."	( Chemosensitization of mouse tumors by misonidazole. Denekamp, J; Randhawa, VS; Stewart, FA, )	0.4
" Peak DEMIS tumour concentrations, however, occurred rapidly after dosage (15-20 min) and were as much as twice those for MISO, although they declined rapidly from their initial concentration."	( Pharmacokinetic and tumour-penetration properties of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-Ro-9963) in dogs. White, RA; Workman, P, 1980)	0.48
" Radiation dose-response curves for anoxic blood containing 8 mM metronidazole or misonidazole were compared with previously obtained curves for dicentric and total aberration induction in untreated anoxic blood."	( The influence of two radiosensitizers on the induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by X-radiation. Priseman, SJ; Prosser, JS, 1980)	0.49
" In the present study, the in vivo radiosensitizing activity of KU-2285 in combination with radiation dose fractionation, and the pharmacokinetics of cumulative dosing of KU-2285 in the peripheral nerves were examined."	( Radiosensitizing activity and pharmacokinetics of multiple dose administered KU-2285 in peripheral nerve tissue in mice. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Matsuno, E; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y, 1994)	0.29
" Since route of exposure can potentially influence the toxicity of xenobiotics, the objective of this study was to assess the neurotoxicity of misonidazole in rats following intravenous dosing using a battery of routine clinical, neurofunctional, biochemical, and histopathologic screening methods."	( Neurotoxicity of misonidazole in rats following intravenous administration. Gough, AW; Graziano, MJ; Henck, JW; Meierhenry, EF, 1996)	0.83
" In this paper, fluoromisonidazole (FMISO), a tumor PET imaging agent, was chosen to evaluate the dose-response pharmacokinetics by administering various single intravenous doses (0."	( Dose-response relationships of FMISO between trace dose and various macro-doses in rat by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and radioactivity analysis. Deng, A; Du, J; Qiao, J; Yin, W; Zhou, X; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.69
" There was no obvious difference in dosage distributions on original target volume compared with those in conventional radiotherapy."	( Dosimetry study of Dong, M; Guo, S; Han, X; Li, G; Li, H; Lin, Y; Mi, Y; Ruan, Q; Wang, B; Xu, D; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0411	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (66)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1454798	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells incubated for 4 hrs under anaerobic condition measured after 5 days by sulforhodamine B assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID9664	Concentration required to increase radiation sensitivity by 1.3 when AA8 cells are exposed to drug for 30 min before and during irradiation under hypoxic condition.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID1454799	Hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio of IC50 for human HCT116 cells under oxic condition to IC50 for human HCT116 cells under anoxic condition	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID213953	Reduction of optical density by 50% compared to controls when assay was performed under air in Hypoxic V79 Cells.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID215300	Hypersensitivity (HF) factor in chinese hamster cell line UV4 [HF= ratio (IC50 in AA8 cells)/(IC50 in UV4 cells)]	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID47688	Molar concentration required to give a sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.6 in hypoxic CHO (V79) cells.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 33, Issue:9	Synthesis and evaluation of novel electrophilic nitrofuran carboxamides and carboxylates as radiosensitizers and bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID694008	Cytotoxicity against mouse EMT6 cells assessed as survival fraction ratio under hypoxic condition relative to control	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-12, Volume: 55, Issue:13	Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of 6-O-glucose-azomycin adducts for diagnosis and therapy of hypoxic tumors.
AID26811	Partition coefficient (logP)	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID229908	Sensitizer enhancement ratio was reported at 10E-3 mol/dmE-3 concentration	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Synthesis and activity of novel nitropyrazines for use as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
AID9473	Average intracellular compound concentration where the hypoxia sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER)=1.6	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID232183	Ratio of growth inhibitory concentrations against AA8 cells and UV4 cells exposed to the compound for 18 hr under aerobic(air) conditions	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID235011	In vitro therapeutic index as ratio of CT10 and C1.3 calculated for AA8 cells.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID51916	In vitro radiosensitizing activity against Chinese Hamster cells at a conc of 1 mM measured as sensitizer enhancement ratio	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Potential radiosensitizing agents. 6. 2-Nitroimidazole nucleosides: arabinofuranosyl and hexopyranosyl analogues.
AID9641	Concentration required to reduce AA8 cell numbers to 50% of controls in a growth inhibition microassay	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID21051	Partition coefficient value between phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) and octanol at room temperature	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Potential radiosensitizing agents. 6. 2-Nitroimidazole nucleosides: arabinofuranosyl and hexopyranosyl analogues.
AID110683	In vitro concentration of gamma-radiation to give an enhancement ratio of 1.6 in mice when compared to control V79.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID21136	Solubility in mMol was measured by UV spectrophotometry.	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID67621	Aerobic cytotoxicity against murine mammary carcinoma EMT6 cells in a growth inhibition microassay	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID1454826	Hypoxia radiosensitization activity in human HCT116 cells assessed as survival ratio by measuring ratio of cell survival with radiation in absence to presence of compound at 0.5 mM preincubated for 1 hr followed by 6 to 29 Gy irradiation measured after 10	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID216722	Reduction of optical density by 50% compared to controls when assay was performed under nitrogen in Hypoxic V79 Cells.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID1454887	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells at anoxic IC50 incubated for 1 hr at 21 degC by sulforhodamine B assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID215302	Aerobic cytotoxicity against UV4 cells in a growth inhibition microassay	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID233803	The ratio of aerobic CT10 to hypoxic CT10.	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID231703	Ratio between aerobic CT10 and hypoxic CT10	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID219602	Reaction rate was evaluated for the compound with hypoxanthine as reducing substrate in 0% DMF expressed as nM/min/unit XOD	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1	TcO(PnA.O-1-(2-nitroimidazole)) [BMS-181321], a new technetium-containing nitroimidazole complex for imaging hypoxia: synthesis, characterization, and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reduction.
AID112714	The maximum factor by which the cells were sensitized to radiation in mice	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID72160	Hypersensitivity (HF) factor in human melanoma FME cells [HF= ratio (IC50 in AA8 cells)/(IC50 in FME cells)]	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID233559	The ratio of C50(AIR) to that of C50(N2)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID9487	Aerobic growth inhibition in Chinese hamster cell line AA8	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID72162	Aerobic cytotoxicity against human melanoma FME cells in a growth inhibition microassay	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID1454801	Hypoxia radiosensitization activity in human HCT116 cells assessed as survival ratio by measuring ratio of cell survival with 15 Gy radiation in absence to presence of compound at anoxic IC50 preincubated for 1 hr followed by 15 Gy irradiation measured af	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID9481	Compound concentration required to reduce cell survival to 10% of control values under hypoxic condition.	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID67619	Hypersensitivity (HF) factor in murine mammary carcinoma EMT6 cells [HF= ratio (IC50 in AA8 cells)/(IC50 in EMT6)]	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID219603	Reaction rate was evaluated for the compound with hypoxanthine as reducing substrate in 5% DMF expressed as nM/min/unit XOD	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1	TcO(PnA.O-1-(2-nitroimidazole)) [BMS-181321], a new technetium-containing nitroimidazole complex for imaging hypoxia: synthesis, characterization, and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reduction.
AID84671	Compound was evaluated for the chronic aerobic cytotoxicity in chinese hamster lung fibroblast like cells after 7 days exposure in air at 37 degree Centigrade	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Synthesis and activity of novel nitropyrazines for use as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
AID1454797	Solubility of the compound in alphaMEM containing 5% FCS and 1% DMSO by HPLC analysis	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID84169	Compound was evaluated for the acute cytotoxicity chinese hamster lung fibroblast like cells after 2 hr exposure in nitrogen at 22 degree Centigrade	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Synthesis and activity of novel nitropyrazines for use as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
AID235010	In vitro therapeutic index (aerobic IC50 / hypoxic C1.6)	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID232995	Differential toxicity expressed as the ratio of C50 (air) to C50 (nitrogen)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 33, Issue:9	Synthesis and evaluation of novel electrophilic nitrofuran carboxamides and carboxylates as radiosensitizers and bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID47690	Cytotoxicity in air (MMT assay).	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 33, Issue:9	Synthesis and evaluation of novel electrophilic nitrofuran carboxamides and carboxylates as radiosensitizers and bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID9482	Concentration x time (uM h) to reduce cell survival to 10% of control values under hypoxic conditions by clonogenic assay	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-26, Volume: 38, Issue:11	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 10. bis(nitroimidazoles) and related Bis(nitroheterocycles): development of derivatives with higher rates of metabolic activation under hypoxia and improved aqueous solubility.
AID219604	Reaction rate was evaluated for the compound with xanthine as reducing substrate in 0% DMF expressed as nM/min/unit XOD	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1	TcO(PnA.O-1-(2-nitroimidazole)) [BMS-181321], a new technetium-containing nitroimidazole complex for imaging hypoxia: synthesis, characterization, and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reduction.
AID115145	Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in C3H/HeN mice (single ip dose)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID1123542	Induction of sensitization to irradiation in Escherichia coli AB1157 under hypoxic condition assessed as reduction in colony formation at 1 mM measured after irradiation	1979	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5	Potential radiosensitizing agents. Dinitroimidazoles.
AID232822	Ratio of mean intracellular to extracellular compound concentration determined under hypoxic conditions 30 mins after exposure to compound at C1.6 concentration	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID47691	Cytotoxicity in nitrogen (MMT assay).	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 33, Issue:9	Synthesis and evaluation of novel electrophilic nitrofuran carboxamides and carboxylates as radiosensitizers and bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID9474	Average intracellular compound concentration where the sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER)=1.6 under hypoxia	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-04, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 8. Bis(nitroimidazolyl)alkanecarboxamides: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers.
AID24914	Half life for the nitro group loss in xanthine oxidase enzyme assay in 5%DMF at 0.1 mM	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1	TcO(PnA.O-1-(2-nitroimidazole)) [BMS-181321], a new technetium-containing nitroimidazole complex for imaging hypoxia: synthesis, characterization, and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reduction.
AID232184	Ratio of concentrations inhibiting AA8 cell growth (18 hr exposure) under aerobic (air) and hypoxic (air/N2) conditions	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID1454888	Electrophilicity of the compound in pH 7 phosphate buffer assessed as one-electron reduction potential	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-08, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Next-Generation Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers: Nitroimidazole Alkylsulfonamides.
AID115159	The maximum tolerated dose described as the highest single intraperitoneal dose which did not produce severe or persistent clinical signs or death of the adult non-tumor bearing mice within 24 hours.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Synthesis of a series of nitrothiophenes with basic or electrophilic substituents and evaluation as radiosensitizers and as bioreductively activated cytotoxins.
AID189629	The capillary permeability of radioligand was measured in Rat brain	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID9836	Growth inhibition in CHO subline AA8 cells exposed for 18 hr under aerobic(air) conditions	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID231784	Ratio of concentration required to reduce cell (AA8) survival by 10% under aerobic to hypoxic (air/N2) conditions.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
AID21242	Partition coefficient which was measured in octanol-buffer system at pH 7, 22 degree Centigrade	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Synthesis and activity of novel nitropyrazines for use as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
AID9672	Concentration required to reduce AA8 cell survival by 10%	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 6. 4-(Alkylamino)nitroquinolines: a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	910 (62.80)	18.7374
1990's	216 (14.91)	18.2507
2000's	101 (6.97)	29.6817
2010's	195 (13.46)	24.3611
2020's	27 (1.86)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	139 (8.90%)	5.53%
Reviews	90 (5.76%)	6.00%
Case Studies	16 (1.02%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.13%)	0.25%
Other	1,315 (84.19%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Assessment of Treatment-Induced Tissue Hypoxia After Transcatheter Arterial Embolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Feasibility Study With [18F]FMISO PET/CT [NCT02695628]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-13	Completed
Multimodal Imaging Analysis of Tissue Changes Occurring During Treatment With Antiangiogenic (Bevacizumab) in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma [NCT02841332]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to lack of recruitment)
Biomarker Correlates of Hypoxia in Metastatic Melanoma [NCT02061007]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to no accrual)
Multicenter, Phase II Assessment of Tumor Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Using 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) With PET and MRI [NCT00902577]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-24	Completed
Evaluation of Hypoxia by PET With 18-FluoroMisonidazole During Radiation Therapy of Prostate Cancer [NCT01898065]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
A Feasibility Study Using Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluoro-Misonidazole Positron Emission Tomography to Detect Hypoxia in Locally Advanced (T3-T4 and./or N1)Primary Rectal Cancer Patients [NCT00574353]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Withdrawn
Feasibility of [¹⁸F]-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) in Assessment of Malignant Brain Tumors [NCT03649880]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Recruiting
Randomized Phase II Trial of Individualized Adaptive Radiotherapy Using During-Treatment FDG-PET/CT and Modern Technology in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) [NCT01507428]	Phase 2	138 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-22	Active, not recruiting
Molecular Imaging of the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment to Predict Response to Yttirum-90 Selective Internal Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma- Pilot Study [NCT05250895]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-28	Recruiting
A Study Using Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluoro-Misonidazole Positron Emission Tomography To Detect Hypoxia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients [NCT00606294]		216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
A Phase 2 Study of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib in Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT02498613]	Phase 2	126 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Correlation Between T/Cmax and T/Bmax
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Hypoxic Volume as a Measure of Tumor Hypoxia
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	"Reproducibility of the Baseline FMISO PET Uptake Parameters as Assessed by Baseline Test and Retest PET Scans"
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With OS as Assessed Using Cox-regression Model
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Correlation Between MRS Markers and MR Imaging Markers of Vascularity as Well as Between MRS Markers and PET Markers of Tumor Hypoxia
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	DWI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Normalized Relative Cerebral Blood Volume (nRCBV) and Normalized Cerebral Blood Flow (nCBF)
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Overall and Progression Free Survival
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Summary of Mean and Median Ktrans Across Participants.
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	SUVpeak and T/Bmax as Measures of Tumor Hypoxia
NCT00902577 (11) [back to overview]	Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With Time-to-Progression (TTP)
NCT02695628 (2) [back to overview]	Adverse Events Related to 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO)
NCT02695628 (2) [back to overview]	Post-treatment Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) in Tumor and Normal Tissue

Correlation Between T/Cmax and T/Bmax

Pearson correlation coefficient will be used to quantify the correlation between T/Bmax, the maximum tissue-to-blood ratio activity value, and T/Cmax, the tissue-to-cerebellum activite value Since T/Cmax does not requiring blood sampling and is image derived, a high correlation would indicate that T/Cmax could be an advantageous surrogate for T/Bmax. (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: At baseline

Intervention	correlation coefficient (Number)
DSC MRI	0.98

[back to top]

Hypoxic Volume as a Measure of Tumor Hypoxia

"The hypoxic volume (HV) was determined as the volume of pixels in the tumor on in the FMISOPET with a tumor to blood activity ratio ≥ 1.2.~HV is a measure of the spatial extent of tumor hypoxia (in milliliters)" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention	milliliters (Mean)
FMISO-PET	14.21

[back to top]

"Reproducibility of the Baseline FMISO PET Uptake Parameters as Assessed by Baseline Test and Retest PET Scans"

"Reproducibility, defined as the variation of repeated measurements in an experiment performed under the same conditions, will be measured as the within subject coefficient of variation with upper an lower repeatability coefficients (LRC, URC) computed as percents from log-transformed data, per Velaquez, et al (J Nucl Med. 2009 Oct;50(10):1646-54. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.063347. Epub 2009 Sep 16. PMID: 19759105 ).~Where Within Subject Coefficient of Variation (wCV) is a percentage defined as wCV(%)=100* (exp( SD[ld]/√2) - 1)~and LRC and URC are calculated as: RC=100 (exp(±1.96 SD[ld]) -1).~here SD[ld] is the standard deviation of the difference of the log-transformed PET measurements. These bounds provide an estimate of the lower and upper bounds of percent change observed between scans for each measurement." (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: Baseline and retest within 1 to 7 days after (but prior to the start of therapy)

Intervention	Within Subj. Coefficient of Variation % (Number)
	SUVmax : Average across all lesions by participant	SUVmax : Maximum across all lesions by participant	SUVmax : Target Lesion	SUVpeak: Average across all lesions by participant	SUVpeak: Maximum across all lesions by participant	SUVpeak: Target Lesion
FMISO Reproducibility	7.03	9.60	8.18	7.08	9.20	8.24

[back to top]

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With OS as Assessed Using Cox-regression Model

"Overall Survival (OS) was evaluated every 3 months through end of the study (up to 5 years). A variety of continuous quantitative (functional) imaging features measuring abnormal tumor vasculature (MRI) and hypoxia (FMISO) were evaluated at baseline for their association with Survival time.~Features include~PET Hypoxia measures:~Peak standardized uptake values (SUVpeak); maximum tumor:blood ratio (T/Bmax); and Hypoxia Volume (HV)~DCE MRI perfusion measures:~Mean/median volume transfer constant for gadolinium between blood plasma and the tissue extravascular extracellular space (ktrans)~DSC MRI tumor vasculature:~Normalized Relative cerebral blood volume (nRCBV); and Cerebral blood flow (CBF)~DWI MRI magnitude of diffusion of water through tissue (cell density):~Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using low and high Gaussian distributions" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: "assessed from baseline up to 5 years, survival status at 1-year reported"

,,,,

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	OS-1 Alive	OS-1 Death
DCE MRI	20	11
DSC MRI	24	13
DWI-MRI	24	15
Evaluable	25	17
FMISO-PET	22	16

[back to top]

Correlation Between MRS Markers and MR Imaging Markers of Vascularity as Well as Between MRS Markers and PET Markers of Tumor Hypoxia

"Correlation between MRS markers and MR imaging markers and PET markers of tumor hypoxia~MRS markers include:~NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr, Lac/Cr, and Lac/NAA measured within tumor and at the periphery.~MR imaging markers of vascularity include: CBV, CBF, and ktrans PET tumor hypoxia marker: SUVmax" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

,,,

Intervention	correlation coefficient (Number)
	NAA/Cho Tumor	NAA/Cho Periphery	Cho/Cr Tumor	Cho/Cr Periphery	Lac/Cr Tumor	Lac/Cr Periphery	Lac/NAA Tumor	Lac/NAA Periphery
Median K-trans	-0.08	0.14	-0.2	-0.27	-0.06	0.10	0.23	0.33
nCBF	-0.41	-0.34	0.28	0.20	-0.25	-0.11	-0.01	-0.01
nrCBV	-0.38	-0.33	0.24	0.17	-0.27	-0.09	-0.02	-0.01
SUV Max	-.33	-0.41	0.03	0.11	-0.29	-0.15	-0.18	-0.04

[back to top]

DWI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)

"Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) measures water diffusion through tissue (mm^2/s). Cerebral infarction leads to diffusion restriction resulting in a low ADC signal in the infarcted area.~A double Gaussian mixed model was fit to the ADC histogram and the mean of the lower and the mean of the higher ADC curves were evaluated" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention	mm^2/s (Mean)
	Low	High
DWI-MRI	0.99	1.48

[back to top]

Normalized Relative Cerebral Blood Volume (nRCBV) and Normalized Cerebral Blood Flow (nCBF)

Relative cerebral blood volume (RCBV) maps, computed from the integral of ∆R2*(t), were corrected for leakage effects and normalized to normal appearing white matter (nRCBV); nRCBV provides a measure of tumor vasculature Cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps were was normalized to the mean of the region of interest (ROI) in normal appearing white matter (nCBF); nCBF provides a measure of vascular permeability and perfusion (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	nRCBV	nCBF
DSC MRI	3.13	3.36

[back to top]

Overall and Progression Free Survival

Disease progression was defined by Macdonald criteria. Survival and Progression were evaluated every 3months and at the end of study (up to 5 years) and time to event evaluated. (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: Baseline, every 3 months through study completion (up to 5 years for progression and survivorship)

Intervention	days (Median)
	Median OS time	Median PFS
Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients	408	258

[back to top]

Summary of Mean and Median Ktrans Across Participants.

"ktrans is a measure of vascular permeability and reflects the rate of gadolinium moves from plasma to extravascular extracellular space (predominantly though blood flow and capillary leakage), which can be represented by the mean or median rate.~Mean & Median ktrans within subject were computed using a matrix-based linearization method to fit tissue ∆R1(t) to the extended Tofts model.~The mean across subjects is presented below (Mean (Mean-ktrans) and Mean(Median-Ktrans))" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention	1/min (Mean)
	Mean kTrans	Median kTrans
DCE MRI	0.04	0.03

[back to top]

SUVpeak and T/Bmax as Measures of Tumor Hypoxia

"The FMISO image data were normalized by the average blood activity to produce pixel level tissue-to-blood ratio (T/B) values for all image slices. And the severity of the hypoxia was determined by the pixel with the maximum T/B value (TBmax).~FMISO SUVpeak was determined as the average SUV from a 1 cm circular ROI centered over the hottest pixel. Since FMISO selectively binds to hypoxic tissues, SUVpeak within a region provides a measure of tumor hypoxia." (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	SUVpeak	T/Bmax
FMISO-PET	2.49	2.13

[back to top]

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With Time-to-Progression (TTP)

"Disease progression was defined by Macdonald criteria. PFS was evaluated every 3months through the end of study (up to 5yrs), features were measured at baseline.~Quantitative imaging features measuring abnormal tumor vasculature (MRI) and hypoxia (FMISO) were evaluated for their association with TTP (cox model) and to discriminate between responders and non-responders at 6 and 9 mos (PFS6 and PFS9) (logistic) Features include~PET Hypoxia measures:~Peak standardized uptake values (SUVpeak); maximum tumor:blood ratio (T/Bmax); and Hypoxia Volume (HV)~DCE MRI perfusion measures:~Mean/median volume transfer constant for gadolinium between blood plasma and the tissue extravascular extracellular space (ktrans)~DSC MRI tumor vasculature:~Normalized Relative cerebral blood volume (nRCBV); and Cerebral blood flow (CBF)~DWI MRI magnitude of diffusion of water through tissue (cell density):~Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using low and high Gaussian distributions" (NCT00902577)
Timeframe: assessed from baseline up to 5 years, progression status at months 6 and 9 reported

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	6 month Progression Status72350827		6 month Progression Status72350828	6 month Progression Status72350829	6 month Progression Status72350830	6 month Progression Status72350831	9 Month Progression Status72350827	9 Month Progression Status72350829	9 Month Progression Status72350830	9 Month Progression Status72350831	9 Month Progression Status72350828
	Progression Free	Progressed
Evaluable	29
FMISO-PET	26
DSC MRI	27
DCE MRI	20
DWI-MRI	28
Evaluable	13
FMISO-PET	12
DSC MRI	10
DCE MRI	11
DWI-MRI	11
Evaluable	19
FMISO-PET	17
DSC MRI	18
DCE MRI	12
DWI-MRI	18
Evaluable	23
FMISO-PET	21
DSC MRI	19
DCE MRI	19
DWI-MRI	21

[back to top]

Adverse Events Related to 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO)

Toxicity to 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) was assessed by the number of adverse events that occurred within 18 hours of administration (about 10 half-lives), that were also unanticipated and related to 18F-FMISO. The outcome is reported as the number of adverse events that were unanticipated and related to 18F-FMISO, a number without dispersion. (NCT02695628)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Intervention	Number of adverse events (Number)
Diagnostic (18F-fluoromisonidazole, PET/CT, Embolization)	0

[back to top]

Post-treatment Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) in Tumor and Normal Tissue

All participants undergo transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) and 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans were conducted. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were determined at the tumor lesion and in normal tissue, represented by liver. The variability of 18F-FMISO uptake in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors post-TACE was assessed as the ratio of the SUVmax as observed in the tumor vs liver (tumor-to-liver ratio, TLR). The outcome is reported as the mean TLR, with standard deviation. (NCT02695628)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
Diagnostic (18F-fluoromisonidazole, PET/CT, Embolization)	0.76

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
adenine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	1.96	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	8.61	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	1.96	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.76	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	1.96	1	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.88	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.95	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	1.96	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.1	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	1.96	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	5.89	7	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.4	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	1.96	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
phenol [no description available]	6.96	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	7.37	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	1.96	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	9.16	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.36	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.37	2	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
phenytoin [no description available]	5.92	14	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.37	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	8.99	24	3	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
theophylline [no description available]	1.98	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.36	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	6.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
caffeine [no description available]	8.76	3	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	8.81	28	4	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	1.96	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	8.46	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	7.37	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.38	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dimetridazole Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.96	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	11.75	69	7	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	1.99	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	8.53	15	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	7.65	3	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.84	12	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyurea [no description available]	6.3	5	3	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ifosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	7.38	2	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.95	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
letrozole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomustine [no description available]	14.03	47	2	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.06	5	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	6.96	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	11.1	77	5	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	6.96	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	1.98	1	0	carbazoles
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.21	6	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	9.95	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.65	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sodium fluoride [no description available]	3.19	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	2.05	1	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	7.07	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.46	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	11.13	16	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
thymidine [no description available]	4.45	7	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.95	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.36	2	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	1.95	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	2.08	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.46	7	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.19	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.37	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	8.35	7	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	1.96	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	1.97	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.95	4	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.96	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mannitol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
acrylamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	1.95	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
methylmercury ii [no description available]	1.96	1	0	methylmercury compound
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	1.98	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
4-nitroacetophenone 4-nitroacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.	4.44	7	0	acetophenones; C-nitro compound
glyoxal [no description available]	2.88	4	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	4.16	3	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	1.95	1	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; thiazoles
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.96	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.37	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	7.66	3	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	1.99	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	1.96	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
thiazoles [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	1.96	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	1.97	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	1.96	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.96	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.59	1	1
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	22.58	641	51	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	1.97	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.89	4	0
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.97	1	0
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.98	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	3.85	2	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.	2.38	2	0	bipyridines
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	1.96	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.38	2	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	6.28	29	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.75	3	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.	2.37	2	0	acridines
1-methyl-5-chloro-4-nitroimidazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	6.28	29	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	8.47	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
nimorazole Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.	10.72	6	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	1.96	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.08	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	4.16	5	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	1.96	1	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	1.96	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	8.53	2	0	manganese group element atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.45	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.06	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.37	2	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.95	1	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.67	3	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.66	3	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	1.97	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.97	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.36	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
desmethylmisonidazole [no description available]	10.65	56	6
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure	1.95	1	0
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.66	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	3.86	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	1.95	1	0
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.3	3	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	6.96	1	0	formamides
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	6.32	12	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.01	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
alovudine [no description available]	6.88	11	1	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.01	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
etoposide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
spirogermanium spirogermanium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.37	2	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
spiromustine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
fialuridine [no description available]	2.43	2	0
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	16.37	45	5
fluorodopa f 18 fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.1	1	0	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; 6-fluoro-L-dopa
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	3.85	2	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.97	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	4.63	6	1
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.07	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.98	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.29	6	0	1,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	14.29	74	12	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
bw 12c79 5-(2-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)pentanoic acid: aromatic aldehyde; aldehyde group interacts with N-terminal amino group of both alpha-globin chains	1.97	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	6.96	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.41	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
5-phenoxysulfonyl-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole 5-phenoxysulfonyl-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole: structure given in first source	2.65	3	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	1.97	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	1.96	1	0
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	3.07	5	0
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	18.86	307	32
sr 2555 [no description available]	4.31	6	0
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	2.37	2	0
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.	1.97	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; phosphorodiamide	alkylating agent; metabolite
1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-aziridino-2-propanol 1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-aziridino-2-propanol: structure given in first source	11.68	100	3
rsu 1131 RSU 1131: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.96	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	4.17	5	0
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
aluminum phthalocyanine aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
4-hydroxypyrazole [no description available]	6.96	1	0
1-(2-nitro-1-imidazoly)-3-(2,3-dimethylaziridino)-2-propanol [no description available]	3.99	14	0
6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
rb 88716 RB 88716: structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
8,5'-cycloadenosine 8,5'-cycloadenosine: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7alpha,8alpha,9alpha,10alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
rb 6145 RB 6145: structure given in first source; prodrug to RSU 1069; PD 144872 is the R-enantiomer of RB 6145	5.84	18	0
2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol 2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol: structure	8.06	5	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.66	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
cci 103f CCI 103F: hexafluorinated nitroimidazole; hypoxic cell marker; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
rsu 1172 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
rb 7040 [no description available]	3.07	5	0
rp 170 RP 170: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
nlp 1 NLP 1: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
4-s-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide 4-S-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline 7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline: a hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer	1.98	1	0
2-nitroimidazole-1-methylacetohydroxamate 2-nitroimidazole-1-methylacetohydroxamate: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2h)-isoquinolinone 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolinone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
vatalanib [no description available]	2.94	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
4-methoxynitracrine 4-methoxynitracrine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.36	2	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
2-nitroimidazole-1-acetohydroxamic acid [no description available]	4.68	5	0
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available]	2	1	0	ribonolactone	metabolite
formyl phosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.04	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
4-nitro-3-dimethylaminopropiophenone 4-nitro-3-dimethylaminopropiophenone: NO(2) group responsible for required electron affinity; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	iron coordination entity
sorafenib [no description available]	7.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ku 2285 KU 2285: structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
2-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-n-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide: a pentafluorinated derivative of etanidazole	2.04	1	0
fluorocholine fluorocholine: a radiopharmaceutical agent	7.11	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2	1	0
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	1.95	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
teniposide [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.96	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	8.34	41	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	3.06	5	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
glycosides [no description available]	2.07	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0	isomethyleugenol
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.97	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.98	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	1.96	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
nadp [no description available]	1.97	1	0
norpseudopelleterine-n-oxyl [no description available]	2.65	3	0
maltose tetrapalmitate maltose tetrapalmitate: immunopotentiator	6.96	1	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.98	1	0
iodoazomycin arabinoside iodoazomycin arabinoside: marker of tissue hypoxia; structure given in first source	3.79	3	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	5.14	15	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	3.06	5	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	1.96	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	3.23	6	0
irisquinone irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.13	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	4.16	3	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	8.46	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.96	1	0	alkali metal atom
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	4.57	8	0
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.37	2	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.88	4	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	1.98	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	3.77	3	0	indoles
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	1.96	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	1.96	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	1.96	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	6.96	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole 1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole: structure given in first source	7.22	18	1
s72055 S72055: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	8.35	7	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	1.96	1	0	glycopeptide
bms 181321 BMS 181321: structure given in first source	3.5	2	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.05	1	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	5.78	8	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.99	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.11	1	0
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.76	2	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	2.43	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.96	1	0
carbon-11 methionine carbon-11 methionine: RN refers to L-methionine labeled with carbon-11	3.45	1	1
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	1.96	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.59	1	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.92	4	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	1.99	1	0
florbenazine f 18 florbenazine F 18: a PET tracer; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine 4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine: used as a target cpd for boron neutron capture therapy; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer 18F-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92	3.21	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	1.96	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.36	2	0
skepinone-l skepinone-L: a dibenzosuberone-type p38 MAPK inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.35	7	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
calicheamicin gamma(1)i calicheamicin gamma(1)I: structure given in first source; isolated from Micromonospora echinospora sp. calichensis; acts as a DNA double-stranded cleaving agent. calicheamicin gamma1(I) : A calcheamicin in which contains 3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnosyl, 2,6-dideoxy-4-thio-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl, and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-[2,4-dideoxy-4-(ethylamino)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-threo-pentopyranosyl]-alpha-L-idopyranose units and in which the aromatic ring contains an iodo substituent.	1.99	1	0	calicheamicin; enediyne antibiotic; organoiodine compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol 3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol: a radiosensitizing agent used for PET imaging of hypoxia; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	6.97	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.97	1	0
lutetium orthosilicate lutetium orthosilicate: LSO crystal layer is used in High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners	2.08	1	0
gallium ga 68 dotatate gallium Ga 68 dotatate: A radioactive diagnostic agent used for POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) imaging of SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR positive neuroendocrine tumors and malignant abdominal paraganglioma.	3.19	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.65	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.08	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.07	1	0	dacarbazine
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.35	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	13.43	19	2	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
eye [no description available]	2.36	2	0
technetium tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine technetium Tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine: renal imaging agent; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.98	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.99	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
EHS Tumor [description not available]	5.6	75	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.31	20	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.56	72	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.31	20	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	14.07	144	8
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	14.07	144	8
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.78	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	15.03	136	15
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	15.03	136	15
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	7.23	9	4
Cancer of Head [description not available]	15.65	107	30
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	7.23	9	4
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	15.65	107	30
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.63	2	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	11.81	37	11
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	11.81	37	11
Apoplexy [description not available]	6.29	13	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.6	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	6.29	13	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	11.48	28	10
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	13.77	75	19
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	11.48	28	10
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	18.77	75	19
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	14.15	81	26
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	14.15	81	26
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.6	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	10.33	32	9
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	3.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	13.8	103	28
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.79	12	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	13.8	103	28
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.79	12	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	6.3	13	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.82	34	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	6.3	13	1
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.31	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	10.73	7	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.73	7	1
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.31	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	8.25	13	2
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.23	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	3.23	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.23	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.23	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	9.25	23	6
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	11.04	49	16
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	9.8	20	3
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	11.04	49	16
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	5.76	11	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.29	6	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	12.42	149	2
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.55	2	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.63	18	4
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.63	18	4
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.14	5	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	6.84	7	4
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	7.15	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	7.5	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	5.46	15	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	5.46	15	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	11.31	14	3
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	6.31	14	3
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	7.38	9	2
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	6.7	7	2
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	6.7	7	2
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Lassitude [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.59	1	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.35	2	2
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.59	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	6.76	10	7
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	4.75	7	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4.62	6	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.75	7	1
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.1	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	7.1	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	4.18	3	1
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.1	1	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	8.37	7	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.43	2	2
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	3.48	1	1
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.08	44	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.53	39	4
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	12.53	39	4
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	10.74	29	14
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.68	3	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	10.74	29	14
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.77	11	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	6.56	10	2
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	6.56	10	2
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.18	11	1
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.13	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.13	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	3.34	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	3.87	2	1
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	5.88	9	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	5.88	9	1
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	5.67	7	3
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	5.67	7	3
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.9	9	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.9	9	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.8	7	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.8	7	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.71	3	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	6.75	14	5
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.42	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	6.75	14	5
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.05	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.94	4	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	5.22	4	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.91	4	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.67	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.06	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.06	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.06	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.06	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Metastase [description not available]	8.43	13	4
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.32	4	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.32	4	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	8.43	13	4
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.98	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.98	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.77	7	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	8.36	7	0
Anaplasia Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells.	3.46	1	1
Neoplasms, Skull Base [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.84	12	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.84	12	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	2.08	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	4.05	3	1
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.02	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.41	1	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	3.41	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.03	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	3.99	5	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	8.76	14	6
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	8.76	14	6
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	7.73	22	9
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	5.87	9	3
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	7.73	22	9
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	5.87	9	3
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	8.18	24	13
Bilharziasis [description not available]	4.31	2	2
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	8.18	24	13
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	4.31	2	2
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.83	12	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	5.36	5	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.36	5	1
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	3.75	2	1
Cancer of Granulosa Cells [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.06	5	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	7.36	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.36	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.57	3	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	4.59	3	2
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.82	4	2
Aura [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.34	1	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	4.59	3	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.34	7	0
Emesis [description not available]	6.24	8	5
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.24	8	5
Thrombopenia [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	3.34	1	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	7.77	13	6
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.77	13	6
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.36	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	1.96	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.75	2	1
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	3.35	1	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.75	2	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	5.14	11	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	6.14	12	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	5.14	11	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	6.14	12	1
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.75	2	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.79	4	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	3.06	5	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	4.45	5	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	1.96	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	1.96	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.36	2	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.36	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.65	3	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.96	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Palatal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.	1.96	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	1.96	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.37	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.36	2	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.96	1	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	1.96	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	7.66	3	0
Exanthem [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	1.96	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.37	2	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	1.95	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.95	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.96	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	2.39	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	1.99	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	1.99	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	1.99	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	1.99	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	1.99	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.8	4	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.74	2	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	1.95	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	1.95	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.95	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	1.95	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1.95	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	1.95	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	3.76	2	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.95	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.38	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.98	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.98	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.89	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.89	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	1.97	1	0
Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Situs Inversus A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.	1.97	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	1.97	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	3.29	2	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	1.97	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.97	1	0
Foot Deformities, Acquired Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.	1.97	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.35	1	1
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.35	1	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of the Tonsil [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tonsillar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.	1.96	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.96	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	1.96	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	3.35	1	1
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	1.96	1	0

misonidazole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (57)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (66)

Research

Studies (1,449)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.28

Study Types

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Correlation Between T/Cmax and T/Bmax

Hypoxic Volume as a Measure of Tumor Hypoxia

"Reproducibility of the Baseline FMISO PET Uptake Parameters as Assessed by Baseline Test and Retest PET Scans"

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With OS as Assessed Using Cox-regression Model

Correlation Between MRS Markers and MR Imaging Markers of Vascularity as Well as Between MRS Markers and PET Markers of Tumor Hypoxia

DWI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)

Normalized Relative Cerebral Blood Volume (nRCBV) and Normalized Cerebral Blood Flow (nCBF)

Overall and Progression Free Survival

Summary of Mean and Median Ktrans Across Participants.

SUVpeak and T/Bmax as Measures of Tumor Hypoxia

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With Time-to-Progression (TTP)

Post-treatment Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) in Tumor and Normal Tissue

misonidazole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (57)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (66)

Research

Studies (1,449)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.28

Study Types

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Correlation Between T/Cmax and T/Bmax

Hypoxic Volume as a Measure of Tumor Hypoxia

"Reproducibility of the Baseline FMISO PET Uptake Parameters as Assessed by Baseline Test and Retest PET Scans"

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With OS as Assessed Using Cox-regression Model

Correlation Between MRS Markers and MR Imaging Markers of Vascularity as Well as Between MRS Markers and PET Markers of Tumor Hypoxia

DWI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)

Normalized Relative Cerebral Blood Volume (nRCBV) and Normalized Cerebral Blood Flow (nCBF)

Overall and Progression Free Survival

Summary of Mean and Median Ktrans Across Participants.

SUVpeak and T/Bmax as Measures of Tumor Hypoxia

Association of Baseline FMISO PET and MRI Features With Time-to-Progression (TTP)

Adverse Events Related to 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO)

Post-treatment Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) in Tumor and Normal Tissue

Related Drugs (316)

Related Conditions (360)